Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ottawa, City (CV)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,017,449	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	934,243	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.9	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	427,113	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	407,252	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	364.9	...	...	364.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,788.20	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,017,445	496,045	521,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	166,920	84,820	82,105	16.4	17.1	15.7
0 to 4 years	48,790	24,600	24,195	4.8	5.0	4.6
5 to 9 years	57,410	29,290	28,125	5.6	5.9	5.4
10 to 14 years	60,720	30,930	29,790	6.0	6.2	5.7
15 to 64 years	678,375	333,520	344,850	66.7	67.2	66.1
15 to 19 years	60,385	30,685	29,705	5.9	6.2	5.7
20 to 24 years	70,785	35,910	34,875	7.0	7.2	6.7
25 to 29 years	72,830	36,540	36,295	7.2	7.4	7.0
30 to 34 years	70,190	34,670	35,520	6.9	7.0	6.8
35 to 39 years	69,520	33,780	35,735	6.8	6.8	6.9
40 to 44 years	65,890	31,520	34,370	6.5	6.4	6.6
45 to 49 years	66,240	31,705	34,540	6.5	6.4	6.6
50 to 54 years	67,265	32,775	34,490	6.6	6.6	6.6
55 to 59 years	71,465	35,225	36,235	7.0	7.1	6.9
60 to 64 years	63,795	30,710	33,090	6.3	6.2	6.3
65 years and over	172,150	77,700	94,455	16.9	15.7	18.1
65 to 69 years	52,355	24,910	27,445	5.1	5.0	5.3
70 to 74 years	45,375	21,150	24,230	4.5	4.3	4.6
75 to 79 years	30,940	14,100	16,840	3.0	2.8	3.2
80 to 84 years	21,080	9,190	11,890	2.1	1.9	2.3
85 years and over	22,395	8,350	14,050	2.2	1.7	2.7
85 to 89 years	13,385	5,445	7,940	1.3	1.1	1.5
90 to 94 years	6,775	2,305	4,470	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	1,960	540	1,415	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	275	55	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4	17.1	15.7	16.4	17.1	15.7
15 to 64 years	66.7	67.2	66.1	66.7	67.2	66.1
65 years and over	16.9	15.7	18.1	16.9	15.7	18.1
85 years and over	2.2	1.7	2.7	2.2	1.7	2.7
Average age of the population	40.7	39.8	41.5	40.7	39.8	41.5
Median age of the population	40.0	38.8	40.8	40.0	38.8	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	169,760	...	...	41.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	21,675	...	...	5.3	...	...
Row house	87,045	...	...	21.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,595	...	...	1.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	43,025	...	...	10.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	76,895	...	...	18.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	460	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	795	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	407,255	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	116,370	...	...	28.6	...	...
2 persons	135,365	...	...	33.2	...	...
3 persons	61,740	...	...	15.2	...	...
4 persons	59,175	...	...	14.5	...	...
5 or more persons	34,605	...	...	8.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,000,935	489,175	511,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	850,525	411,225	439,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	474,220	237,030	237,195	55.8	57.6	54.0
Married	390,555	194,930	195,630	45.9	47.4	44.5
Living common-law	83,660	42,100	41,565	9.8	10.2	9.5
Living common law - Never married	63,475	31,825	31,650	7.5	7.7	7.2
Living common law - Separated	3,270	1,850	1,420	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	15,380	7,720	7,665	1.8	1.9	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	1,535	705	835	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	376,305	174,200	202,110	44.2	42.4	46.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	265,265	139,265	126,000	31.2	33.9	28.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	22,900	9,375	13,525	2.7	2.3	3.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	48,880	17,340	31,545	5.7	4.2	7.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	39,265	8,220	31,045	4.6	2.0	7.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	275,395	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	135,105	...	...	49.1	...	...
3 persons	57,890	...	...	21.0	...	...
4 persons	56,630	...	...	20.6	...	...
5 or more persons	25,765	...	...	9.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	275,395	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	231,060	...	...	83.9	...	...
Married couples	189,255	...	...	68.7	...	...
With children⁶	108,720	...	...	39.5	...	...
Without children	80,535	...	...	29.2	...	...
Common-law couples	41,805	...	...	15.2	...	...
With children⁶	12,885	...	...	4.7	...	...
Without children	28,920	...	...	10.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	44,335	...	...	16.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	35,065	...	...	12.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	9,270	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,000,935	489,175	511,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	809,960	399,195	410,760	80.9	81.6	80.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	462,120	231,290	230,835	46.2	47.3	45.1
Parents in one-parent families	44,335	9,270	35,065	4.4	1.9	6.9
Children⁶	303,505	158,645	144,860	30.3	32.4	28.3
In a two-parent family	231,930	120,770	111,160	23.2	24.7	21.7
In a one-parent family	71,570	37,870	33,700	7.2	7.7	6.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	190,980	89,975	101,000	19.1	18.4	19.7
Living alone	116,365	51,045	65,325	11.6	10.4	12.8
Living with other relatives⁷	25,225	10,585	14,640	2.5	2.2	2.9
Living with non-relatives only	49,385	28,350	21,035	4.9	5.8	4.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	407,255	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	245,945	...	...	60.4	...	...
Couple-family households	210,295	...	...	51.6	...	...
With children⁶	110,890	...	...	27.2	...	...
Without children	99,405	...	...	24.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	35,650	...	...	8.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	9,915	...	...	2.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,870	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	10,995	...	...	2.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	22,155	...	...	5.4	...	...
One-person households	116,370	...	...	28.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	834,205	404,450	429,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	799,200	386,555	412,640	95.8	95.6	96.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,000	55,600	45,600	50,000	55,600	45,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	799,650	386,770	412,875	95.9	95.6	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	48,400	40,800	44,000	48,400	40,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	728,470	358,275	370,195	87.3	88.6	86.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	54,000	40,800	46,800	54,000	40,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	592,955	300,705	292,250	71.1	74.3	68.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	52,400	42,800	47,600	52,400	42,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	708,155	336,015	372,140	84.9	83.1	86.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,650	4,840	8,300	6,650	4,840	8,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,350	24,065	32,285	6.8	6.0	7.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,480	6,000	5,720	5,480	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	197,900	96,185	101,715	23.7	23.8	23.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	834,140	404,315	429,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	799,175	386,475	412,700	95.8	95.6	96.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,500	73,000	56,650	64,500	73,000	56,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	799,595	386,675	412,920	95.9	95.6	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,450	58,100	47,200	52,450	58,100	47,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	728,550	358,535	370,020	87.3	88.7	86.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,750	71,000	52,750	61,750	71,000	52,750
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	592,955	301,070	291,890	71.1	74.5	67.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,650	68,000	53,150	60,650	68,000	53,150
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	708,130	336,085	372,045	84.9	83.1	86.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,340	8,240	10,340	9,340	8,240	10,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	55,125	23,630	31,500	6.6	5.8	7.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,990	5,815	7,870	6,990	5,815	7,870
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	196,650	95,610	101,040	23.6	23.6	23.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,100	9,140	9,080	9,100	9,140	9,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	834,140	404,315	429,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	313,220	168,925	144,295	37.6	41.8	33.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	77,500	83,000	72,500	77,500	83,000	72,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,800	98,400	82,000	90,800	98,400	82,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	211,910	98,085	113,830	25.4	24.3	26.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	17,600	16,400	17,000	17,600	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,480	32,400	26,960	29,480	32,400	26,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2	90.2	83.6	87.2	90.2	83.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8	72.6	66.4	69.8	72.6	66.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.8	9.8	16.4	12.8	9.8	16.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.1	0.8	0.5	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.0	3.4	4.7	4.0	3.4	4.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	3.1	3.9	3.5	3.1	3.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	834,205	404,455	429,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	35,010	17,895	17,110	4.2	4.4	4.0
With total income	799,195	386,555	412,645	95.8	95.6	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	64,735	28,505	36,225	8.1	7.4	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	81,905	35,885	46,020	10.2	9.3	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	99,655	44,000	55,660	12.5	11.4	13.5
$30,000 to $39,999	82,070	36,275	45,795	10.3	9.4	11.1
$40,000 to $49,999	72,320	32,145	40,180	9.0	8.3	9.7
$50,000 to $59,999	65,745	29,095	36,650	8.2	7.5	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	60,485	27,925	32,560	7.6	7.2	7.9
$70,000 to $79,999	51,755	25,620	26,135	6.5	6.6	6.3
$80,000 to $89,999	44,255	23,120	21,140	5.5	6.0	5.1
$90,000 to $99,999	36,745	19,310	17,430	4.6	5.0	4.2
$100,000 and over	139,520	84,675	54,845	17.5	21.9	13.3
$100,000 to $149,999	96,335	55,110	41,225	12.1	14.3	10.0
$150,000 and over	43,185	29,565	13,625	5.4	7.6	3.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	834,205	404,455	429,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	34,560	17,680	16,875	4.1	4.4	3.9
With after-tax income	799,645	386,770	412,875	95.9	95.6	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	68,945	29,655	39,285	8.6	7.7	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	85,505	37,495	48,015	10.7	9.7	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	112,255	50,030	62,225	14.0	12.9	15.1
$30,000 to $39,999	96,660	43,605	53,055	12.1	11.3	12.9
$40,000 to $49,999	87,825	38,985	48,840	11.0	10.1	11.8
$50,000 to $59,999	80,210	36,915	43,295	10.0	9.5	10.5
$60,000 to $69,999	65,560	32,530	33,030	8.2	8.4	8.0
$70,000 to $79,999	53,935	28,340	25,590	6.7	7.3	6.2
$80,000 to $89,999	45,245	23,750	21,495	5.7	6.1	5.2
$90,000 to $99,999	32,110	18,430	13,680	4.0	4.8	3.3
$100,000 and over	71,395	47,035	24,360	8.9	12.2	5.9
$100,000 to $124,999	38,570	24,160	14,415	4.8	6.2	3.5
$125,000 and over	32,825	22,880	9,945	4.1	5.9	2.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	834,205	404,455	429,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	241,250	103,750	137,500	28.9	25.7	32.0
With employment income	592,955	300,705	292,250	71.1	74.3	68.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	76,830	37,215	39,615	13.0	12.4	13.6
$5,000 to $9,999	44,305	20,170	24,135	7.5	6.7	8.3
$10,000 to $19,999	60,500	28,255	32,250	10.2	9.4	11.0
$20,000 to $29,999	43,960	21,040	22,915	7.4	7.0	7.8
$30,000 to $39,999	40,800	19,885	20,915	6.9	6.6	7.2
$40,000 to $49,999	40,555	19,160	21,390	6.8	6.4	7.3
$50,000 to $59,999	41,380	19,315	22,065	7.0	6.4	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	40,990	19,215	21,775	6.9	6.4	7.5
$70,000 to $79,999	35,050	17,715	17,335	5.9	5.9	5.9
$80,000 to $89,999	32,370	17,015	15,360	5.5	5.7	5.3
$90,000 to $99,999	29,120	14,990	14,125	4.9	5.0	4.8
$100,000 and over	107,100	66,730	40,370	18.1	22.2	13.8
$100,000 to $124,999	51,775	29,450	22,325	8.7	9.8	7.6
$125,000 and over	55,320	37,280	18,040	9.3	12.4	6.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	834,205	404,450	429,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	780,535	377,120	403,405	93.6	93.2	93.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	53,200	42,400	47,200	53,200	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	780,930	377,185	403,750	93.6	93.3	93.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	46,400	38,000	41,600	46,400	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	714,635	351,395	363,235	85.7	86.9	84.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	52,800	40,400	46,400	52,800	40,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	588,510	297,810	290,705	70.5	73.6	67.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,000	50,800	41,600	46,000	50,800	41,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	664,760	315,965	348,795	79.7	78.1	81.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,450	850	3,240	1,450	850	3,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	40,110	16,015	24,095	4.8	4.0	5.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,240	6,750	6,040	5,240	6,750
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	834,140	404,315	429,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	780,035	376,805	403,230	93.5	93.2	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,900	69,400	52,900	60,900	69,400	52,900
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	780,415	376,845	403,565	93.6	93.2	93.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,440	55,200	44,080	49,440	55,200	44,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	714,295	351,445	362,855	85.6	86.9	84.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,550	69,700	51,650	60,550	69,700	51,650
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	588,525	297,910	290,615	70.6	73.7	67.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,900	66,300	51,350	58,900	66,300	51,350
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	664,165	315,875	348,290	79.6	78.1	81.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,400	5,270	7,430	6,400	5,270	7,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	40,730	16,350	24,380	4.9	4.0	5.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,840	6,305	8,860	7,840	6,305	8,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	834,140	404,315	429,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	310,985	167,595	143,385	37.3	41.5	33.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500	78,500	67,000	72,500	78,500	67,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	83,700	91,500	74,700	83,700	91,500	74,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	196,430	90,730	105,700	23.5	22.4	24.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	22,800	20,800	21,600	22,800	20,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,480	37,920	31,520	34,480	37,920	31,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	93.6	87.8	91.0	93.6	87.8
Employment income (%)	73.0	75.4	70.0	73.0	75.4	70.0
Government transfers (%)	9.0	6.4	12.1	9.0	6.4	12.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	407,255	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	116,370	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,600	...	...	55,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...	48,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	290,885	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	407,250	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,700	...	...	126,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	116,230	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	64,800	...	...	64,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100	...	...	53,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	291,025	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...	151,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,455	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,405	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,680	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,985	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	10,820	...	...	2.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	9,080	...	...	2.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	9,475	...	...	2.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	10,320	...	...	2.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	10,715	...	...	2.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	11,070	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	23,155	...	...	5.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	24,780	...	...	6.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	24,500	...	...	6.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	24,185	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	22,710	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	208,915	...	...	51.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	50,875	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	40,410	...	...	9.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	54,675	...	...	13.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	62,955	...	...	15.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,980	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,470	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,800	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,240	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	11,615	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,425	...	...	2.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	11,305	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	12,425	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	13,055	...	...	3.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	13,980	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	29,855	...	...	7.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	29,930	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	29,450	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	28,010	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	26,500	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	172,210	...	...	42.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	54,115	...	...	13.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	39,740	...	...	9.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	78,355	...	...	19.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	274,735	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	101,595	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	122,135	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	162,000	...	...	162,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...	137,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	41,580	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	165,755	79,400	86,360	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,400	45,200	47,600	46,400	45,200	47,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	40,400	42,400	41,600	40,400	42,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	274,750	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,400	...	...	153,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,100	...	...	124,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	101,380	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...	140,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,800	...	...	112,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	122,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	186,600	...	...	186,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	41,480	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,900	...	...	92,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,200	...	...	80,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	165,700	78,980	86,720	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,900	57,600	56,300	56,900	57,600	56,300
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,360	47,360	47,360	47,360	47,360	47,360
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,000,940	489,180	511,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	202,130	102,880	99,245	20.2	21.0	19.4
0 to 5 years	59,530	30,115	29,415	5.9	6.2	5.7
18 to 64 years	638,295	312,235	326,060	63.8	63.8	63.7
65 years and over	160,515	74,065	86,450	16.0	15.1	16.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	89,205	41,925	47,285	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	21,565	10,970	10,605	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	7,035	3,560	3,470	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	52,460	24,915	27,545	...	...	...
65 years and over	15,185	6,045	9,140	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.9	8.6	9.2	8.9	8.6	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7	10.7	10.7	10.7	10.7	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8	11.8	11.8	11.8	11.8	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.2	8.0	8.5	8.2	8.0	8.5
65 years and over (%)	9.5	8.2	10.6	9.5	8.2	10.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,000,935	489,175	511,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	202,125	102,880	99,250	20.2	21.0	19.4
0 to 5 years	59,525	30,110	29,410	5.9	6.2	5.7
18 to 64 years	638,295	312,235	326,060	63.8	63.8	63.7
65 years and over	160,515	74,060	86,455	16.0	15.1	16.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	59,550	30,045	29,500	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	11,235	5,710	5,525	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,615	1,800	1,815	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	43,190	22,140	21,050	...	...	...
65 years and over	5,120	2,195	2,925	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0	6.1	5.8	6.0	6.1	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	6.0	6.2	6.1	6.0	6.2
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	7.1	6.5	6.8	7.1	6.5
65 years and over (%)	3.2	3.0	3.4	3.2	3.0	3.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,000,940	489,180	511,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	380,325	182,230	198,100	38.0	37.3	38.7
In bottom decile	86,925	42,530	44,395	8.7	8.7	8.7
In second decile	70,295	33,095	37,200	7.0	6.8	7.3
In third decile	70,060	33,670	36,390	7.0	6.9	7.1
In fourth decile	72,780	34,600	38,180	7.3	7.1	7.5
In fifth decile	80,265	38,330	41,935	8.0	7.8	8.2
In top half of the distribution	620,610	306,950	313,665	62.0	62.7	61.3
In sixth decile	88,850	42,775	46,070	8.9	8.7	9.0
In seventh decile	100,465	48,890	51,575	10.0	10.0	10.1
In eighth decile	117,410	57,895	59,520	11.7	11.8	11.6
In ninth decile	146,625	72,875	73,755	14.6	14.9	14.4
In top decile	167,260	84,515	82,745	16.7	17.3	16.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,000,935	...	...	1,000,935	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.345	...	...	0.345	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.430	...	...	0.430	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301	...	...	0.301	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,006,965	491,745	515,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	610,175	311,375	298,800	60.6	63.3	58.0
French only	14,275	5,910	8,365	1.4	1.2	1.6
English and French	367,035	168,485	198,545	36.4	34.3	38.5
Neither English nor French	15,480	5,975	9,500	1.5	1.2	1.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,006,965	491,745	515,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	824,560	408,695	415,860	81.9	83.1	80.7
French	141,555	65,135	76,425	14.1	13.2	14.8
English and French	25,845	12,200	13,650	2.6	2.5	2.6
Neither English nor French	15,000	5,710	9,290	1.5	1.2	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,006,965	491,745	515,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	944,105	461,815	482,295	93.8	93.9	93.6
Official languages	711,900	351,245	360,650	70.7	71.4	70.0
English	585,865	292,780	293,085	58.2	59.5	56.9
French	126,030	58,470	67,565	12.5	11.9	13.1
Non-official languages	232,210	110,565	121,640	23.1	22.5	23.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	595	240	360	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	365	135	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	360	135	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	231,615	110,330	121,285	23.0	22.4	23.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	55,580	27,700	27,885	5.5	5.6	5.4
Berber languages	500	275	225	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	355	190	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	125	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	7,610	3,295	4,320	0.8	0.7	0.8
Bilen	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	210	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	7,150	3,055	4,090	0.7	0.6	0.8
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	47,365	24,080	23,285	4.7	4.9	4.5
Amharic	1,615	745	870	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	43,645	22,255	21,395	4.3	4.5	4.2
Aramaic languages	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	475	265	210	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,390	715	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,685	3,470	4,210	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,085	490	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	6,590	2,980	3,610	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	8,640	3,295	5,345	0.9	0.7	1.0
Bikol	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	150	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	340	115	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	165	60	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	725	295	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	365	145	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,440	2,440	3,995	0.6	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	4,355	1,865	2,490	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian Creole	3,240	1,370	1,865	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	750	310	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	5,840	3,050	2,785	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kannada	330	165	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,350	725	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	2,920	1,465	1,455	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	1,200	675	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	97,715	46,940	50,770	9.7	9.5	9.9
Albanian	765	390	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	450	220	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20,590	9,180	11,410	2.0	1.9	2.2
Baltic languages	405	165	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20,185	9,015	11,175	2.0	1.8	2.2
Belarusian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	870	405	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	780	330	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	5,110	2,240	2,865	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	7,295	3,220	4,075	0.7	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,520	1,675	1,845	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	700	340	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	980	460	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,755	845	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	530	225	300	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	180	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,755	775	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,545	3,440	4,100	0.7	0.7	0.8
Frisian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,615	2,035	2,580	0.5	0.4	0.5
German	4,305	1,880	2,420	0.4	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	180	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,215	1,070	1,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	210	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,910	920	990	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	660	310	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	270	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,965	1,015	950	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	35,860	18,365	17,490	3.6	3.7	3.4
Indo-Aryan languages	25,015	12,975	12,040	2.5	2.6	2.3
Assamese	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,990	1,995	1,995	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	2,810	1,615	1,195	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hindi	4,225	2,230	1,995	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kacchi	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	475	235	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,005	495	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,610	2,980	2,630	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	920	440	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	5,390	2,700	2,690	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10,830	5,385	5,450	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baluchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	785	400	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,285	660	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	8,690	4,285	4,405	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	2,320	1,125	1,200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	5,735	2,840	2,900	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	630	325	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	30,450	14,285	16,165	3.0	2.9	3.1
Catalan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	7,960	3,880	4,080	0.8	0.8	0.8
Portuguese	5,655	2,715	2,935	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	2,630	1,180	1,450	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	14,140	6,475	7,660	1.4	1.3	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	970	300	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,660	1,155	1,500	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	7,710	3,500	4,215	0.8	0.7	0.8
Akan (Twi)	365	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	155	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	940	395	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	380	160	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,885	845	1,040	0.2	0.2	0.2
Shona	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,420	640	775	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wojenaka	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	640	310	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	685	315	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	355	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	240	135	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	34,275	16,020	18,255	3.4	3.3	3.5
Chinese languages	33,415	15,610	17,800	3.3	3.2	3.5
Hakka	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	22,310	10,375	11,935	2.2	2.1	2.3
Min Dong	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	600	280	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	295	125	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,675	4,565	5,110	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	355	190	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	800	380	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	300	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	730	275	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	390	115	280	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,980	1,585	1,390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,600	1,400	1,195	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,740	800	935	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	260	105	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,345	640	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	62,860	29,935	32,925	6.2	6.1	6.4
English and French	22,595	10,665	11,935	2.2	2.2	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	27,990	13,645	14,340	2.8	2.8	2.8
French and non-official language(s)	5,620	2,510	3,110	0.6	0.5	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,925	1,865	2,060	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	2,735	1,250	1,485	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,006,965	491,745	515,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	618,285	308,580	309,700	61.4	62.8	60.1
French	57,370	26,490	30,880	5.7	5.4	6.0
Non-official language	59,420	27,750	31,675	5.9	5.6	6.1
Indigenous³⁹	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	59,340	27,715	31,620	5.9	5.6	6.1
English and French	78,665	36,265	42,405	7.8	7.4	8.2
English and non-official language(s)	149,585	72,990	76,595	14.9	14.8	14.9
French and non-official language(s)	8,165	3,480	4,690	0.8	0.7	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	30,925	14,090	16,840	3.1	2.9	3.3
Multiple non-official languages	4,540	2,100	2,440	0.5	0.4	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,006,965	491,745	515,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	942,180	461,005	481,175	93.6	93.7	93.4
Official languages	817,530	401,465	416,065	81.2	81.6	80.8
English	734,735	363,575	371,155	73.0	73.9	72.0
French	82,795	37,890	44,905	8.2	7.7	8.7
Non-official languages	124,650	59,540	65,110	12.4	12.1	12.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	170	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	124,480	59,465	65,015	12.4	12.1	12.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	32,290	15,555	16,735	3.2	3.2	3.2
Berber languages	210	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	4,260	1,770	2,490	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bilen	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	3,980	1,625	2,350	0.4	0.3	0.5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	27,780	13,655	14,120	2.8	2.8	2.7
Amharic	870	385	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	25,805	12,715	13,090	2.6	2.6	2.5
Aramaic languages	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	810	410	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,625	2,115	2,510	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	515	230	280	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	4,115	1,885	2,230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,440	1,920	2,520	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	395	180	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,425	1,475	1,950	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,235	915	1,325	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	1,650	670	985	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	395	145	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,600	1,845	1,755	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	810	445	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,915	925	995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	685	390	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	46,210	22,445	23,765	4.6	4.6	4.6
Albanian	355	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	9,300	4,365	4,935	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	9,215	4,325	4,890	0.9	0.9	0.9
Belarusian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	375	170	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,765	795	970	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	4,365	2,055	2,310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,600	780	825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	310	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	320	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	955	460	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	680	325	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	730	345	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	460	205	260	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	430	185	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	190	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	570	265	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	21,700	10,970	10,730	2.2	2.2	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages	14,950	7,725	7,220	1.5	1.6	1.4
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,425	1,190	1,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	1,585	910	675	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hindi	2,285	1,195	1,090	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	710	355	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,825	2,040	1,790	0.4	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	505	240	265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Urdu	3,210	1,605	1,605	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,745	3,240	3,500	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	455	210	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	865	420	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	5,400	2,600	2,800	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	1,325	625	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,695	1,790	1,905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	375	180	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,355	6,225	7,130	1.3	1.3	1.4
Catalan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,995	885	1,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	2,890	1,410	1,480	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	1,185	535	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	7,265	3,390	3,870	0.7	0.7	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	380	145	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,555	715	840	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,040	1,320	1,725	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	415	165	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	150	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,000	455	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	645	265	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	225	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	130	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	400	225	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	295	165	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	22,960	10,900	12,060	2.3	2.2	2.3
Chinese languages	22,375	10,620	11,760	2.2	2.2	2.3
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	16,200	7,760	8,440	1.6	1.6	1.6
Min Dong	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,515	2,535	2,980	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	535	255	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	295	125	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	120	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,895	1,000	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,715	910	800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	380	170	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	345	160	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	64,785	30,740	34,045	6.4	6.3	6.6
English and French	19,180	8,785	10,395	1.9	1.8	2.0
English and non-official language(s)	37,595	18,375	19,220	3.7	3.7	3.7
French and non-official language(s)	3,505	1,500	2,010	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,785	1,745	2,040	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	720	340	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,006,965	491,745	515,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	786,960	387,530	399,430	78.2	78.8	77.5
English	67,365	32,330	35,040	6.7	6.6	6.8
French	48,965	22,695	26,265	4.9	4.6	5.1
Non-official language	70,130	33,325	36,800	7.0	6.8	7.1
Indigenous³⁹	430	165	265	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	69,695	33,160	36,535	6.9	6.7	7.1
English and French	5,080	2,335	2,740	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	9,150	4,495	4,655	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	11,250	5,085	6,170	1.1	1.0	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	580	290	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	7,485	3,665	3,820	0.7	0.7	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,000,935	489,105	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	985,515	483,135	502,380	98.5	98.8	98.2
English	971,415	477,215	494,200	97.1	97.6	96.6
French	379,320	173,190	206,130	37.9	35.4	40.3
Non-official languages	339,240	160,670	178,570	33.9	32.8	34.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,390	630	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	625	280	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	265	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	245	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	285	110	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	245	95	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	150	50	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	640	275	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	630	265	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	338,015	160,135	177,885	33.8	32.7	34.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	82,330	41,340	40,990	8.2	8.5	8.0
Berber languages	730	365	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	520	265	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	400	210	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	300	155	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10,730	4,890	5,840	1.1	1.0	1.1
Bilen	170	110	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	305	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10,040	4,510	5,535	1.0	0.9	1.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	295	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	72,430	36,845	35,585	7.2	7.5	7.0
Amharic	3,125	1,545	1,580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arabic	66,380	33,855	32,530	6.6	6.9	6.4
Aramaic languages	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	2,170	1,145	1,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,045	1,035	1,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,935	4,585	5,345	1.0	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,520	665	855	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	8,490	3,950	4,535	0.8	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	12,405	4,905	7,500	1.2	1.0	1.5
Bikol	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	645	240	405	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	375	175	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,445	570	875	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	855	380	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	70	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	380	160	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,525	4,075	6,450	1.1	0.8	1.3
Waray-Waray	110	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	510	210	300	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	10,580	4,660	5,920	1.1	1.0	1.2
Haitian Creole	8,565	3,695	4,865	0.9	0.8	1.0
Jamaican English Creole	145	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	595	300	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,355	580	770	0.1	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	410	200	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	8,700	4,595	4,105	0.9	0.9	0.8
Kannada	840	470	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	1,920	1,075	840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	4,800	2,435	2,370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	2,150	1,160	995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	154,980	73,655	81,320	15.5	15.1	15.9
Albanian	950	505	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	760	400	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	26,665	12,305	14,365	2.7	2.5	2.8
Baltic languages	480	200	285	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	250	90	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	26,270	12,150	14,115	2.6	2.5	2.8
Belarusian	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,075	540	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,345	630	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	6,645	2,990	3,660	0.7	0.6	0.7
Russian	11,590	5,520	6,070	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,685	2,220	2,460	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	1,385	670	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,135	985	1,150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,655	1,305	1,350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	945	390	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	235	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,170	1,375	1,795	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	455	220	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	300	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	70	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	17,165	8,105	9,060	1.7	1.7	1.8
Frisian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	12,755	6,045	6,710	1.3	1.2	1.3
German	12,375	5,860	6,515	1.2	1.2	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	230	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	310	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,475	1,600	1,880	0.3	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	660	340	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	2,715	1,225	1,490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	115	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,500	745	755	0.1	0.2	0.1
Danish	505	185	320	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	360	205	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	685	385	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,965	1,530	1,440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	52,110	26,755	25,350	5.2	5.5	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	39,190	20,285	18,910	3.9	4.1	3.7
Assamese	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	5,420	2,800	2,620	0.5	0.6	0.5
Gujarati	4,375	2,440	1,935	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hindi	18,430	9,705	8,725	1.8	2.0	1.7
Kacchi	340	150	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	275	105	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,205	590	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,270	650	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,240	5,435	4,805	1.0	1.1	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,485	735	755	0.1	0.2	0.1
Urdu	10,495	5,330	5,165	1.0	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	305	185	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	14,040	7,075	6,965	1.4	1.4	1.4
Baluchi	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,090	550	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,035	1,035	1,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	11,805	6,005	5,800	1.2	1.2	1.1
Dari	3,470	1,780	1,690	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iranian Persian	7,810	3,910	3,900	0.8	0.8	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	755	425	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	61,090	27,150	33,940	6.1	5.6	6.6
Catalan	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15,235	7,125	8,110	1.5	1.5	1.6
Portuguese	8,795	4,195	4,605	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	3,310	1,420	1,895	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	38,350	16,470	21,880	3.8	3.4	4.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,835	1,345	1,485	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	3,615	1,590	2,020	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	95	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	18,815	8,510	10,310	1.9	1.7	2.0
Akan (Twi)	850	395	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	360	210	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	200	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	315	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	385	155	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,085	520	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,030	845	1,185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lingala	3,105	1,270	1,840	0.3	0.3	0.4
Luba-Kasai	510	230	280	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mòoré	125	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,185	1,430	1,755	0.3	0.3	0.3
Shona	275	95	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5,310	2,495	2,815	0.5	0.5	0.5
Wojenaka	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	405	205	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	2,250	1,115	1,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,945	1,450	1,495	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	700	315	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	155	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	100	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	450	210	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	175	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,095	780	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	1,820	640	1,180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	41,125	19,215	21,910	4.1	3.9	4.3
Chinese languages	40,240	18,760	21,480	4.0	3.8	4.2
Hakka	225	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	29,995	13,735	16,265	3.0	2.8	3.2
Min Dong	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,035	455	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	490	215	280	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	13,630	6,420	7,215	1.4	1.3	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	435	220	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	875	450	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	310	155	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	360	195	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	345	185	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,220	465	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	475	200	275	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	880	325	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	4,425	2,280	2,145	0.4	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	385	250	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	3,820	1,945	1,875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	105	75	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,410	1,105	1,300	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	210	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	435	195	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,775	830	950	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	300	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,000,935	489,105	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	26,395	12,465	13,930	2.6	2.5	2.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	25,110	11,875	13,230	2.5	2.4	2.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,300	6,280	7,015	1.3	1.3	1.4
Métis	10,545	5,015	5,530	1.1	1.0	1.1
Inuk (Inuit)	1,270	585	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	665	295	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	620	295	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	974,540	476,640	497,905	97.4	97.5	97.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,000,935	489,105	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	6,635	3,155	3,475	0.7	0.6	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	994,300	485,945	508,350	99.3	99.4	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	260,220	...	...	63.9	...	...
Renter	147,030	...	...	36.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	65,705	...	...	16.1	...	...
Not condominium	341,550	...	...	83.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,830	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	59,775	...	...	14.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	85,345	...	...	21.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	150,190	...	...	36.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	108,110	...	...	26.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	117,090	...	...	28.8	...	...
5 rooms	54,625	...	...	13.4	...	...
6 rooms	57,030	...	...	14.0	...	...
7 rooms	54,520	...	...	13.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	123,985	...	...	30.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	398,225	...	...	97.8	...	...
More than one person per room	9,030	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	385,180	...	...	94.6	...	...
Not suitable	22,070	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	64,815	...	...	15.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	115,070	...	...	28.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	63,195	...	...	15.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	46,095	...	...	11.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	28,865	...	...	7.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	29,380	...	...	7.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	28,490	...	...	7.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	31,355	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	385,390	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	21,860	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	198,960	...	...	48.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	189,175	...	...	46.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	19,115	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	14,640	...	...	3.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	62,300	...	...	15.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	72,630	...	...	17.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	76,580	...	...	18.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	80,140	...	...	19.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	58,720	...	...	14.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	31,270	...	...	7.7	...	...
85 years and over	10,970	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	404,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	323,340	...	...	79.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	81,575	...	...	20.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	72,595	...	...	17.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	407,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	114,035	...	...	28.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	71,850	...	...	17.6	...	...
Not suitable only	16,150	...	...	4.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	14,840	...	...	3.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,180	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,275	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,475	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	275	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	293,215	...	...	72.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	395,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	44,435	...	...	11.2	...	...
Not in core need	351,505	...	...	88.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	259,630	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.8	...	...	59.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.7	...	...	11.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,560	...	...	1,560	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,668	...	...	1,668	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	624,000	...	...	624,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	672,000	...	...	672,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	146,985	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.1	...	...	14.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.1	...	...	35.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.3	...	...	23.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,422	...	...	1,422	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,000,935	489,105	511,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,200	3,800	4,400	0.8	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	7,950	3,690	4,255	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,255	2,460	2,790	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis single ancestry	1,945	905	1,040	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	750	325	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	255	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	200	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	33,190	15,520	17,675	3.3	3.2	3.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	32,460	15,245	17,220	3.2	3.1	3.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	23,370	10,935	12,430	2.3	2.2	2.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,340	3,935	4,400	0.8	0.8	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	755	365	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	730	275	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	640	255	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	959,545	469,790	489,755	95.9	96.1	95.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,000,940	489,105	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	905,590	442,065	463,525	90.5	90.4	90.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	185,345	94,095	91,250	18.5	19.2	17.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	720,250	347,970	372,280	72.0	71.1	72.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	95,345	47,040	48,305	9.5	9.6	9.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,000,940	489,105	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	712,100	351,370	360,735	71.1	71.8	70.5
Immigrants⁸¹	259,215	122,255	136,960	25.9	25.0	26.8
Before 1980	42,685	20,520	22,160	4.3	4.2	4.3
1980 to 1990	29,930	14,095	15,835	3.0	2.9	3.1
1991 to 2000	51,775	24,130	27,645	5.2	4.9	5.4
2001 to 2010	56,115	25,335	30,785	5.6	5.2	6.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	78,715	38,175	40,540	7.9	7.8	7.9
2011 to 2015	31,305	14,655	16,650	3.1	3.0	3.3
2016 to 2021	47,415	23,520	23,890	4.7	4.8	4.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	29,620	15,485	14,135	3.0	3.2	2.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	259,220	122,255	136,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	25,575	12,690	12,885	9.9	10.4	9.4
5 to 14 years	46,995	23,865	23,135	18.1	19.5	16.9
15 to 24 years	47,450	21,275	26,175	18.3	17.4	19.1
25 to 44 years	116,090	53,990	62,100	44.8	44.2	45.3
45 years and over	23,105	10,435	12,665	8.9	8.5	9.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	259,220	122,255	136,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	36,600	16,125	20,475	14.1	13.2	14.9
Brazil	1,980	930	1,050	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	1,755	760	995	0.7	0.6	0.7
El Salvador	2,045	960	1,090	0.8	0.8	0.8
Guyana	1,255	545	710	0.5	0.4	0.5
Haiti	6,705	2,795	3,915	2.6	2.3	2.9
Jamaica	3,175	1,360	1,815	1.2	1.1	1.3
Mexico	1,710	680	1,035	0.7	0.6	0.8
Peru	790	310	475	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	1,280	520	760	0.5	0.4	0.6
United States of America	8,795	4,110	4,690	3.4	3.4	3.4
Other places of birth in Americas	7,110	3,160	3,955	2.7	2.6	2.9
Europe	54,405	25,760	28,645	21.0	21.1	20.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,630	795	840	0.6	0.7	0.6
Croatia	780	330	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	2,665	1,195	1,465	1.0	1.0	1.1
Germany	3,390	1,535	1,860	1.3	1.3	1.4
Greece	800	415	380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungary	700	320	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	4,625	2,315	2,310	1.8	1.9	1.7
Netherlands	1,640	800	840	0.6	0.7	0.6
Poland	3,965	1,690	2,270	1.5	1.4	1.7
Portugal	1,995	1,015	975	0.8	0.8	0.7
Romania	2,550	1,105	1,450	1.0	0.9	1.1
Russian Federation	3,245	1,420	1,820	1.3	1.2	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	770	350	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	2,460	1,100	1,360	0.9	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	14,765	7,490	7,275	5.7	6.1	5.3
Other places of birth in Europe	8,420	3,870	4,550	3.2	3.2	3.3
Africa	44,290	21,085	23,205	17.1	17.2	16.9
Algeria	1,905	945	960	0.7	0.8	0.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,975	1,720	2,260	1.5	1.4	1.7
Egypt	4,410	2,340	2,070	1.7	1.9	1.5
Eritrea	1,535	850	680	0.6	0.7	0.5
Ethiopia	2,815	1,355	1,465	1.1	1.1	1.1
Morocco	2,640	1,350	1,290	1.0	1.1	0.9
Nigeria	3,220	1,660	1,560	1.2	1.4	1.1
Somalia	4,520	1,780	2,740	1.7	1.5	2.0
South Africa, Republic of	1,235	570	665	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	18,035	8,520	9,510	7.0	7.0	6.9
Asia	123,015	58,815	64,205	47.5	48.1	46.9
Afghanistan	2,850	1,405	1,445	1.1	1.1	1.1
Iran⁸⁸	6,000	3,040	2,965	2.3	2.5	2.2
Iraq	4,460	2,270	2,190	1.7	1.9	1.6
Lebanon	11,905	6,115	5,785	4.6	5.0	4.2
Syria⁸⁹	6,365	3,250	3,120	2.5	2.7	2.3
Turkey	1,655	865	785	0.6	0.7	0.6
China⁹⁰	20,320	8,865	11,450	7.8	7.3	8.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,205	1,595	1,605	1.2	1.3	1.2
Korea, South⁹²	2,195	990	1,210	0.8	0.8	0.9
Taiwan	1,025	465	560	0.4	0.4	0.4
Philippines	10,505	4,100	6,405	4.1	3.4	4.7
Viet Nam	6,155	2,820	3,335	2.4	2.3	2.4
Bangladesh	3,270	1,655	1,610	1.3	1.4	1.2
India	16,195	8,385	7,810	6.2	6.9	5.7
Pakistan	5,500	2,725	2,775	2.1	2.2	2.0
Sri Lanka	2,885	1,400	1,485	1.1	1.1	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	18,530	8,865	9,665	7.1	7.3	7.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	905	475	430	0.3	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	47,415	23,520	23,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,050	2,405	2,650	10.7	10.2	11.1
Brazil	740	380	360	1.6	1.6	1.5
Colombia	270	105	160	0.6	0.4	0.7
Haiti	985	420	570	2.1	1.8	2.4
Jamaica	200	110	90	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexico	325	150	180	0.7	0.6	0.8
United States of America	1,565	805	760	3.3	3.4	3.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	120	50	65	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	855	390	460	1.8	1.7	1.9
Europe	3,680	1,875	1,800	7.8	8.0	7.5
France	505	240	260	1.1	1.0	1.1
Germany	180	125	55	0.4	0.5	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	130	100	30	0.3	0.4	0.1
Italy	65	40	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	475	205	265	1.0	0.9	1.1
Ukraine	505	245	260	1.1	1.0	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	710	410	300	1.5	1.7	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,120	515	605	2.4	2.2	2.5
Africa	12,725	6,285	6,435	26.8	26.7	26.9
Algeria	625	315	315	1.3	1.3	1.3
Burundi	1,300	600	705	2.7	2.6	3.0
Cameroon	480	230	245	1.0	1.0	1.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,060	480	580	2.2	2.0	2.4
Côte d'Ivoire	275	115	155	0.6	0.5	0.6
Egypt	670	360	310	1.4	1.5	1.3
Eritrea	580	300	275	1.2	1.3	1.2
Ethiopia	440	200	235	0.9	0.9	1.0
Morocco	955	495	460	2.0	2.1	1.9
Nigeria	1,790	915	870	3.8	3.9	3.6
Somalia	570	295	275	1.2	1.3	1.2
South Africa, Republic of	345	150	195	0.7	0.6	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	175	120	55	0.4	0.5	0.2
Tunisia	450	220	235	0.9	0.9	1.0
Other places of birth in Africa	3,005	1,480	1,530	6.3	6.3	6.4
Asia	25,825	12,890	12,935	54.5	54.8	54.1
Afghanistan	755	380	375	1.6	1.6	1.6
Bangladesh	580	250	330	1.2	1.1	1.4
China⁹⁰	3,225	1,415	1,805	6.8	6.0	7.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	5,645	3,100	2,545	11.9	13.2	10.7
Iran⁸⁸	825	425	400	1.7	1.8	1.7
Iraq	955	490	465	2.0	2.1	1.9
Israel	145	85	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Japan	60	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jordan	340	150	195	0.7	0.6	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	315	125	185	0.7	0.5	0.8
Lebanon	1,045	555	485	2.2	2.4	2.0
Nepal	110	45	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistan	925	455	470	2.0	1.9	2.0
Philippines	2,105	915	1,190	4.4	3.9	5.0
Saudi Arabia	580	315	265	1.2	1.3	1.1
Sri Lanka	260	115	150	0.5	0.5	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	4,450	2,315	2,130	9.4	9.8	8.9
Turkey	695	365	330	1.5	1.6	1.4
United Arab Emirates	570	290	275	1.2	1.2	1.2
Viet Nam	460	190	270	1.0	0.8	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,705	840	860	3.6	3.6	3.6
Oceania and other⁹³	130	65	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,000,935	489,105	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	303,690	145,105	158,585	30.3	29.7	31.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	209,590	104,920	104,675	20.9	21.5	20.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	487,660	239,080	248,570	48.7	48.9	48.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	216,530	101,735	114,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	104,175	52,225	51,945	48.1	51.3	45.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	44,555	27,060	17,490	20.6	26.6	15.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	59,620	25,165	34,455	27.5	24.7	30.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	56,285	22,245	34,040	26.0	21.9	29.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	52,950	25,975	26,975	24.5	25.5	23.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,125	1,295	1,835	1.4	1.3	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	216,530	101,735	114,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	20,290	9,650	10,640	9.4	9.5	9.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	18,040	7,960	10,080	8.3	7.8	8.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	6,945	3,595	3,345	3.2	3.5	2.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	14,565	7,575	6,990	6.7	7.4	6.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,390	535	860	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	155,295	72,415	82,880	71.7	71.2	72.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,000,935	489,105	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	324,960	157,890	167,070	32.5	32.3	32.6
South Asian	57,820	29,940	27,880	5.8	6.1	5.4
Chinese	46,170	21,615	24,560	4.6	4.4	4.8
Black	84,765	40,255	44,515	8.5	8.2	8.7
Filipino	14,320	6,055	8,270	1.4	1.2	1.6
Arab	58,180	29,880	28,305	5.8	6.1	5.5
Latin American	14,350	6,585	7,765	1.4	1.3	1.5
Southeast Asian	14,960	7,065	7,895	1.5	1.4	1.5
West Asian	13,255	6,695	6,560	1.3	1.4	1.3
Korean	4,125	1,915	2,210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	2,315	995	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,780	1,745	2,040	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	10,910	5,160	5,750	1.1	1.1	1.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	675,975	331,215	344,765	67.5	67.7	67.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,000,940	489,100	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	114,205	57,380	56,830	11.4	11.7	11.1
English	156,485	77,185	79,300	15.6	15.8	15.5
Irish	192,250	91,835	100,410	19.2	18.8	19.6
Scottish	160,250	78,815	81,440	16.0	16.1	15.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	140,710	67,935	72,780	14.1	13.9	14.2
German	73,625	36,175	37,450	7.4	7.4	7.3
Chinese	47,925	22,335	25,590	4.8	4.6	5.0
Italian	45,685	22,695	22,985	4.6	4.6	4.5
Indian (India)	31,385	16,215	15,175	3.1	3.3	3.0
Ukrainian	23,840	11,510	12,320	2.4	2.4	2.4
Dutch	25,770	12,400	13,370	2.6	2.5	2.6
Polish	30,300	14,425	15,870	3.0	2.9	3.1
Québécois	6,730	3,200	3,535	0.7	0.7	0.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	38,750	18,815	19,935	3.9	3.8	3.9
Filipino	14,365	6,115	8,255	1.4	1.3	1.6
French Canadian	32,825	15,350	17,480	3.3	3.1	3.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	20,120	9,920	10,195	2.0	2.0	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	11,410	5,415	5,995	1.1	1.1	1.2
Métis	11,175	5,195	5,975	1.1	1.1	1.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	15,605	7,760	7,835	1.6	1.6	1.5
Russian	13,005	6,075	6,935	1.3	1.2	1.4
Norwegian	6,875	3,420	3,455	0.7	0.7	0.7
Welsh	16,410	8,135	8,275	1.6	1.7	1.6
Portuguese	9,695	4,800	4,895	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	11,045	5,345	5,700	1.1	1.1	1.1
Spanish	10,990	5,030	5,960	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	6,575	3,270	3,305	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hungarian	8,230	3,970	4,255	0.8	0.8	0.8
Acadian	7,460	3,570	3,890	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pakistani	7,485	3,735	3,750	0.7	0.8	0.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	15,090	7,240	7,850	1.5	1.5	1.5
Jewish	10,700	5,485	5,215	1.1	1.1	1.0
Punjabi	3,420	1,835	1,585	0.3	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	10,085	4,815	5,270	1.0	1.0	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	21,480	10,985	10,495	2.1	2.2	2.1
Greek	7,290	3,835	3,455	0.7	0.8	0.7
Jamaican	6,675	3,290	3,385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,085	2,390	2,690	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,815	845	970	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	4,265	2,010	2,260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	5,620	2,595	3,025	0.6	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	23,990	11,990	12,000	2.4	2.5	2.3
Iranian	7,265	3,680	3,585	0.7	0.8	0.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,845	2,360	2,490	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	5,015	2,415	2,600	0.5	0.5	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,065	1,895	2,170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	1,755	935	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	4,670	2,280	2,390	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belgian	4,230	2,025	2,205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	9,780	4,470	5,310	1.0	0.9	1.0
Hindu	4,180	2,335	1,845	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexican	3,200	1,400	1,805	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mennonite	1,190	610	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	3,790	1,760	2,030	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	4,090	2,080	2,010	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	2,960	1,450	1,500	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	3,375	1,690	1,685	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	3,105	1,310	1,790	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,335	1,750	1,575	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,315	1,120	1,195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,290	1,585	1,710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	5,230	2,530	2,695	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	6,920	3,585	3,330	0.7	0.7	0.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,200	1,525	1,675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,350	1,235	1,115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Icelandic	1,460	740	715	0.1	0.2	0.1
Colombian	2,360	1,060	1,300	0.2	0.2	0.3
Moroccan	2,910	1,485	1,425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	3,215	1,525	1,690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	6,610	3,290	3,325	0.7	0.7	0.6
Guyanese	2,010	915	1,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	4,475	2,255	2,220	0.4	0.5	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,085	1,955	2,125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	2,535	1,220	1,320	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ojibway	1,320	625	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	2,465	1,200	1,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	1,200	605	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	5,400	2,575	2,825	0.5	0.5	0.6
Persian	3,095	1,605	1,490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,090	1,000	1,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	4,175	2,125	2,050	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,635	730	905	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladeshi	3,680	1,850	1,830	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algerian	2,015	1,015	1,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazilian	2,550	1,315	1,235	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nigerian	3,850	1,845	2,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	1,670	880	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	2,665	1,225	1,440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,630	1,200	1,430	0.3	0.2	0.3
Somali	10,500	4,795	5,705	1.0	1.0	1.1
Taiwanese	1,270	600	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	3,890	1,950	1,945	0.4	0.4	0.4
Salvadorean	2,030	990	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	2,575	1,110	1,465	0.3	0.2	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,710	825	885	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,030	2,615	2,415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,395	1,075	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	4,015	1,710	2,300	0.4	0.3	0.4
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,075	510	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	2,130	1,015	1,120	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	1,540	735	805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	1,285	635	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	4,915	2,520	2,400	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chilean	865	415	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	5,130	2,260	2,875	0.5	0.5	0.6
Nova Scotian	1,185	575	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	2,600	1,355	1,245	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,255	585	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	1,325	640	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	1,815	990	825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,375	1,065	1,310	0.2	0.2	0.3
Berber	1,310	685	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	1,160	625	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	605	280	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	535	230	300	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovenian	1,015	530	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,620	780	840	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	855	370	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,025	525	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	2,095	1,085	1,010	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Canadian	1,170	530	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	955	455	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	1,780	835	945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	665	325	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	1,525	735	790	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	220	135	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	1,195	595	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	1,130	555	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	780	390	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	800	370	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	885	440	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,420	700	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	1,245	585	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	1,365	675	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	1,045	490	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	325	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,110	565	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,255	670	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	1,185	625	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	405	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	970	445	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	815	370	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	455	230	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	1,005	500	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,205	615	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	225	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	350	130	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	6,225	2,875	3,355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Argentinian	505	230	280	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	865	415	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	1,140	585	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	470	240	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,050	510	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,015	375	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	805	375	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	915	475	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	320	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,340	650	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	945	435	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	375	155	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	515	215	295	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	490	290	200	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	795	390	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	270	95	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	635	305	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,095	560	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	390	210	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	400	160	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	415	170	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	450	240	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	785	380	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	785	370	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	445	195	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	2,695	1,275	1,415	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tigrinya	405	220	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	615	285	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	635	310	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	630	240	385	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	270	95	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	1,505	790	715	0.2	0.2	0.1
Manitoban	255	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	330	145	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	1,530	705	825	0.2	0.1	0.2
Grenadian	280	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	550	300	250	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	660	340	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	290	120	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	260	140	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	315	125	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	290	110	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	345	170	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	595	265	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	440	225	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	310	170	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	270	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	540	295	245	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malay	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	315	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	830	395	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	320	125	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	465	210	265	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	425	170	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	380	195	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	220	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	590	305	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	410	220	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	380	180	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	985	485	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	630	290	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	1,430	725	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	335	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	290	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	450	205	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	310	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	320	130	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	635	265	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	240	145	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	220	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	220	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	385	215	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	310	140	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	370	200	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	415	190	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,000,935	489,105	511,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	10,800	4,740	6,060	1.1	1.0	1.2
Christian	528,700	244,560	284,140	52.8	50.0	55.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	64,320	29,935	34,385	6.4	6.1	6.7
Anabaptist	885	360	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	41,175	19,000	22,180	4.1	3.9	4.3
Baptist	7,600	3,435	4,170	0.8	0.7	0.8
Catholic	303,820	141,215	162,605	30.4	28.9	31.8
Christian Orthodox	21,350	10,220	11,125	2.1	2.1	2.2
Jehovah's Witness	3,015	1,290	1,730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	1,175	575	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	6,350	2,890	3,460	0.6	0.6	0.7
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,995	915	1,080	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	11,585	5,100	6,490	1.2	1.0	1.3
Presbyterian	9,245	4,370	4,880	0.9	0.9	1.0
Reformed	1,115	525	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	34,445	15,285	19,160	3.4	3.1	3.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	20,610	9,445	11,165	2.1	1.9	2.2
Hindu	20,300	10,690	9,610	2.0	2.2	1.9
Jewish	10,600	5,260	5,340	1.1	1.1	1.0
Muslim	98,920	49,570	49,350	9.9	10.1	9.6
Sikh	6,375	3,315	3,065	0.6	0.7	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	445	185	265	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,055	3,395	4,660	0.8	0.7	0.9
No religion and secular perspectives	316,740	167,400	149,340	31.6	34.2	29.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	992,100	484,685	507,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	860,725	419,245	441,485	86.8	86.5	87.0
Movers	131,375	65,445	65,930	13.2	13.5	13.0
Non-migrants	94,310	47,145	47,160	9.5	9.7	9.3
Migrants	37,060	18,295	18,770	3.7	3.8	3.7
Internal migrants	26,175	12,765	13,415	2.6	2.6	2.6
Intraprovincial migrants	15,845	7,690	8,160	1.6	1.6	1.6
Interprovincial migrants	10,335	5,080	5,260	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	10,885	5,530	5,360	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	952,255	464,540	487,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	561,640	272,320	289,320	59.0	58.6	59.3
Movers	390,615	192,220	198,395	41.0	41.4	40.7
Non-migrants	226,395	111,260	115,130	23.8	24.0	23.6
Migrants	164,220	80,960	83,260	17.2	17.4	17.1
Internal migrants	102,750	49,970	52,780	10.8	10.8	10.8
Intraprovincial migrants	60,055	28,950	31,110	6.3	6.2	6.4
Interprovincial migrants	42,695	21,025	21,670	4.5	4.5	4.4
External migrants	61,470	30,985	30,485	6.5	6.7	6.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	834,140	404,315	429,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	100,305	49,975	50,330	12.0	12.4	11.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	733,835	354,340	379,495	88.0	87.6	88.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	543,310	264,050	279,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,045	18,430	16,615	6.5	7.0	5.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	508,265	245,620	262,645	93.5	93.0	94.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	834,135	404,315	429,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	92,035	45,570	46,465	11.0	11.3	10.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	192,100	96,810	95,290	23.0	23.9	22.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	550,000	261,940	288,060	65.9	64.8	67.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	204,535	98,395	106,140	24.5	24.3	24.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	29,735	18,835	10,900	3.6	4.7	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,420	9,130	7,295	2.0	2.3	1.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,315	9,710	3,605	1.6	2.4	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	157,470	72,260	85,215	18.9	17.9	19.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,325	7,300	10,030	2.1	1.8	2.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	345,465	163,545	181,925	41.4	40.4	42.3
Bachelor's degree	208,395	95,085	113,310	25.0	23.5	26.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	18,710	8,060	10,655	2.2	2.0	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,015	3,725	4,290	1.0	0.9	1.0
Master's degree	91,830	45,080	46,745	11.0	11.1	10.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	18,520	11,590	6,925	2.2	2.9	1.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	543,305	264,050	279,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	30,180	16,000	14,180	5.6	6.1	5.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	95,710	51,705	44,005	17.6	19.6	15.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	417,415	196,340	221,070	76.8	74.4	79.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	148,475	72,405	76,070	27.3	27.4	27.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	19,900	12,550	7,350	3.7	4.8	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,930	6,050	4,885	2.0	2.3	1.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,965	6,505	2,460	1.7	2.5	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	117,225	54,875	62,350	21.6	20.8	22.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,355	4,980	6,370	2.1	1.9	2.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	268,935	123,940	145,000	49.5	46.9	51.9
Bachelor's degree	160,030	72,300	87,730	29.5	27.4	31.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,910	5,590	8,315	2.6	2.1	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,290	2,590	3,700	1.2	1.0	1.3
Master's degree	75,160	35,605	39,555	13.8	13.5	14.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	13,545	7,850	5,700	2.5	3.0	2.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	834,135	404,315	429,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	284,135	142,380	141,760	34.1	35.2	33.0
Education	27,600	6,120	21,485	3.3	1.5	5.0
13. Education	27,600	6,120	21,485	3.3	1.5	5.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,020	7,620	10,395	2.2	1.9	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,425	1,665	760	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	15,590	5,955	9,635	1.9	1.5	2.2
Humanities	35,490	13,000	22,490	4.3	3.2	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	5,855	1,290	4,565	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	8,820	2,575	6,250	1.1	0.6	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,885	2,350	4,540	0.8	0.6	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,025	435	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,640	1,575	1,070	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,795	1,035	765	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	6,250	3,295	2,945	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,215	445	1,770	0.3	0.1	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	104,360	39,200	65,160	12.5	9.7	15.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,635	450	1,185	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	11,740	4,305	7,435	1.4	1.1	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,185	915	9,265	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	15,980	6,220	9,760	1.9	1.5	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,410	1,285	2,125	0.4	0.3	0.5
42. Psychology	15,385	3,630	11,760	1.8	0.9	2.7
45. Social sciences	46,020	22,390	23,630	5.5	5.5	5.5
Business, management and public administration	110,230	48,455	61,775	13.2	12.0	14.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	170	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,785	3,555	8,230	1.4	0.9	1.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	98,275	44,835	53,445	11.8	11.1	12.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	30,225	14,850	15,375	3.6	3.7	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	14,880	5,985	8,895	1.8	1.5	2.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,840	2,185	2,650	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	405	105	305	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	9,330	6,290	3,040	1.1	1.6	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	770	295	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	40,150	27,220	12,930	4.8	6.7	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	31,300	22,805	8,490	3.8	5.6	2.0
25. Library science	2,545	550	1,995	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,980	2,950	2,030	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,325	915	410	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	88,310	74,715	13,595	10.6	18.5	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	5,325	3,270	2,055	0.6	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	43,170	34,265	8,905	5.2	8.5	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	19,460	17,320	2,135	2.3	4.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,690	8,530	160	1.0	2.1	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,370	8,220	145	1.0	2.0	0.0
48. Precision production	3,250	3,095	155	0.4	0.8	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,755	4,170	4,595	1.0	1.0	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,145	2,360	2,785	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,610	1,805	1,805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	64,635	14,645	49,990	7.7	3.6	11.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,930	2,820	3,110	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	55,880	10,480	45,395	6.7	2.6	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	125	30	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,700	1,315	1,385	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,090	11,910	10,185	2.6	2.9	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,455	3,685	7,765	1.4	0.9	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	895	795	100	0.1	0.2	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	435	380	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	7,000	4,935	2,060	0.8	1.2	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,315	2,110	205	0.3	0.5	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	130	35	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	543,305	264,050	279,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	125,895	67,710	58,190	23.2	25.6	20.8
Education	18,440	3,890	14,550	3.4	1.5	5.2
13. Education	18,440	3,890	14,550	3.4	1.5	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,675	5,690	7,985	2.5	2.2	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,780	1,165	615	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	11,895	4,520	7,375	2.2	1.7	2.6
Humanities	24,905	8,920	15,985	4.6	3.4	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	4,275	880	3,395	0.8	0.3	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	6,325	1,890	4,440	1.2	0.7	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,755	1,590	3,165	0.9	0.6	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	710	290	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,880	1,095	785	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,170	675	490	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	4,480	2,265	2,215	0.8	0.9	0.8
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,310	225	1,090	0.2	0.1	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	81,765	29,835	51,930	15.0	11.3	18.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,330	345	980	0.2	0.1	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,625	3,485	6,135	1.8	1.3	2.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,665	675	6,985	1.4	0.3	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	13,035	4,625	8,415	2.4	1.8	3.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,560	980	1,580	0.5	0.4	0.6
42. Psychology	11,700	2,740	8,960	2.2	1.0	3.2
45. Social sciences	35,855	16,970	18,880	6.6	6.4	6.8
Business, management and public administration	85,840	36,925	48,910	15.8	14.0	17.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,370	2,820	6,550	1.7	1.1	2.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,350	34,060	42,290	14.1	12.9	15.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	22,000	10,160	11,840	4.0	3.8	4.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,405	4,350	7,055	2.1	1.6	2.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,485	1,525	1,960	0.6	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	330	95	240	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	6,295	4,030	2,265	1.2	1.5	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	480	160	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	32,695	22,470	10,225	6.0	8.5	3.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,615	19,460	7,155	4.9	7.4	2.6
25. Library science	1,500	330	1,165	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,480	1,945	1,530	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,095	730	370	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	66,285	55,055	11,225	12.2	20.9	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	3,950	2,315	1,640	0.7	0.9	0.6
14. Engineering	33,720	26,175	7,545	6.2	9.9	2.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,425	12,780	1,645	2.7	4.8	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,200	6,070	135	1.1	2.3	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,845	5,735	110	1.1	2.2	0.0
48. Precision production	2,085	1,970	110	0.4	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,675	2,975	3,700	1.2	1.1	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,705	1,555	2,145	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,970	1,415	1,555	0.5	0.5	0.6
Health and related fields	48,185	11,265	36,910	8.9	4.3	13.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,605	2,175	2,430	0.8	0.8	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	41,505	8,220	33,285	7.6	3.1	11.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	15	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,970	860	1,110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,855	9,115	7,745	3.1	3.5	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,590	2,775	5,815	1.6	1.1	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	720	630	90	0.1	0.2	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	250	220	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,575	3,925	1,645	1.0	1.5	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,720	1,555	160	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	543,305	264,050	279,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	125,895	67,710	58,190	23.2	25.6	20.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	417,410	196,340	221,070	76.8	74.4	79.2
Location of study inside Canada	338,690	159,815	178,880	62.3	60.5	64.1
Same as province or territory of residence	279,830	131,870	147,965	51.5	49.9	53.0
Different than province or territory of residence	58,860	27,950	30,915	10.8	10.6	11.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	78,720	36,530	42,190	14.5	13.8	15.1
Americas	15,750	7,895	7,855	2.9	3.0	2.8
United States of America	9,810	5,285	4,520	1.8	2.0	1.6
Mexico	735	275	460	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	365	175	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	780	365	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	250	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,450	680	770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	720	290	435	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peru	175	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	285	100	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,180	515	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	18,820	9,640	9,180	3.5	3.7	3.3
Belgium	285	160	130	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	2,245	1,230	1,020	0.4	0.5	0.4
Germany	670	365	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	375	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	160	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	755	295	465	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	885	430	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	1,385	665	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	995	475	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	560	265	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,985	3,750	3,240	1.3	1.4	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	330	125	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italy	280	185	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	320	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	2,145	1,085	1,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	9,755	4,515	5,245	1.8	1.7	1.9
Nigeria	1,440	625	815	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algeria	715	275	440	0.1	0.1	0.2
Morocco	790	370	425	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tunisia	330	150	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	1,870	880	990	0.3	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	505	265	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	4,105	1,950	2,155	0.8	0.7	0.8
Asia	32,895	13,760	19,135	6.1	5.2	6.9
Iran⁸⁸	1,625	710	915	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraq	875	475	400	0.2	0.2	0.1
Israel	405	200	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	1,850	830	1,030	0.3	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,110	510	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	715	380	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	5,820	2,455	3,360	1.1	0.9	1.2
Taiwan	215	65	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	185	50	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	495	160	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	870	275	595	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	4,625	1,505	3,115	0.9	0.6	1.1
Viet Nam	445	170	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	935	385	560	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	365	155	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	7,625	3,530	4,095	1.4	1.3	1.5
Pakistan	1,530	640	890	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	3,205	1,255	1,940	0.6	0.5	0.7
Oceania	1,495	720	775	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	1,245	610	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	250	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	834,135	404,315	429,825	...	...	...
In the labour force	549,990	281,605	268,375	...	...	...
Employed	493,140	254,615	238,530	...	...	...
Unemployed	56,845	26,995	29,850	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	284,150	122,705	161,440	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.9	69.6	62.4	65.9	69.6	62.4
Employment rate	59.1	63.0	55.5	59.1	63.0	55.5
Unemployment rate	10.3	9.6	11.1	10.3	9.6	11.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	834,135	404,315	429,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	285,610	123,940	161,675	34.2	30.7	37.6
Worked	548,525	280,380	268,150	65.8	69.3	62.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	321,175	174,010	147,165	38.5	43.0	34.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	227,350	106,370	120,985	27.3	26.3	28.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.2	42.9	41.4	42.2	42.9	41.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	549,985	281,610	268,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	6,770	7,255	2.6	2.4	2.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	535,960	274,840	261,120	97.4	97.6	97.3
Employee	470,435	235,425	235,015	85.5	83.6	87.6
Permanent position	386,980	196,595	190,390	70.4	69.8	70.9
Temporary position	83,450	38,825	44,620	15.2	13.8	16.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	30,765	14,135	16,635	5.6	5.0	6.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	52,685	24,695	27,990	9.6	8.8	10.4
Self-employed¹⁹²	65,530	39,420	26,110	11.9	14.0	9.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	549,985	281,610	268,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	6,770	7,255	2.6	2.4	2.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	535,960	274,840	261,120	97.4	97.6	97.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,485	5,575	2,910	1.5	2.0	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	109,065	38,740	70,325	19.8	13.8	26.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	81,345	60,350	20,990	14.8	21.4	7.8
3 Health occupations	39,930	9,405	30,525	7.3	3.3	11.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	95,710	36,600	59,115	17.4	13.0	22.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,320	8,780	11,535	3.7	3.1	4.3
6 Sales and service occupations	114,705	57,375	57,330	20.9	20.4	21.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	54,825	49,335	5,480	10.0	17.5	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,320	4,160	1,160	1.0	1.5	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,280	4,530	1,750	1.1	1.6	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	549,985	281,610	268,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	6,770	7,255	2.6	2.4	2.7
All industries¹⁹¹	535,960	274,840	261,120	97.4	97.6	97.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,455	1,500	955	0.4	0.5	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	550	450	100	0.1	0.2	0.0
22 Utilities	1,605	1,110	495	0.3	0.4	0.2
23 Construction	28,080	23,870	4,210	5.1	8.5	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	16,225	11,435	4,795	3.0	4.1	1.8
41 Wholesale trade	10,925	7,960	2,965	2.0	2.8	1.1
44-45 Retail trade	53,365	27,595	25,760	9.7	9.8	9.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	18,585	14,500	4,085	3.4	5.1	1.5
51 Information and cultural industries	12,790	7,900	4,885	2.3	2.8	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	18,410	9,085	9,325	3.3	3.2	3.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,765	4,780	3,980	1.6	1.7	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	61,835	38,045	23,790	11.2	13.5	8.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	840	430	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	22,300	13,835	8,465	4.1	4.9	3.2
61 Educational services	42,010	13,800	28,210	7.6	4.9	10.5
62 Health care and social assistance	62,860	14,360	48,500	11.4	5.1	18.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,670	4,875	4,800	1.8	1.7	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	27,965	13,895	14,075	5.1	4.9	5.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	20,510	8,790	11,725	3.7	3.1	4.4
91 Public administration	116,235	56,630	59,600	21.1	20.1	22.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	583,615	297,605	286,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	437,365	233,310	204,055	74.9	78.4	71.3
French	13,590	4,735	8,855	2.3	1.6	3.1
Non-official language	2,245	1,095	1,145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,245	1,095	1,145	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and French	115,695	51,425	64,275	19.8	17.3	22.5
English and non-official language(s)	11,465	5,565	5,900	2.0	1.9	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	165	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,015	1,360	1,660	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	583,615	297,605	286,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	562,790	288,185	274,600	96.4	96.8	96.0
Official languages	558,345	286,135	272,210	95.7	96.1	95.2
English	532,150	276,455	255,690	91.2	92.9	89.4
French	26,195	9,675	16,520	4.5	3.3	5.8
Non-official languages	4,445	2,055	2,395	0.8	0.7	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,425	2,040	2,385	0.8	0.7	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	795	410	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	745	390	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	730	380	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	175	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,365	595	770	0.2	0.2	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	255	75	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	255	75	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	180	50	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	130	45	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	355	190	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	210	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	600	290	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	420	210	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,550	735	820	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chinese languages	1,540	725	815	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,085	490	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	435	220	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	95	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	95	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	20,825	9,420	11,405	3.6	3.2	4.0
English and French	18,230	8,230	10,005	3.1	2.8	3.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,210	1,020	1,185	0.4	0.3	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	125	155	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	583,615	297,605	286,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	473,205	248,225	224,975	81.1	83.4	78.7
English	14,330	5,680	8,650	2.5	1.9	3.0
French	85,670	38,575	47,095	14.7	13.0	16.5
Non-official language	7,275	3,615	3,655	1.2	1.2	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,085	3,535	3,550	1.2	1.2	1.2
English and French	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	225	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,885	890	995	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	920	465	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	493,140	254,615	238,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	215,705	104,575	111,125	43.7	41.1	46.6
Worked outside Canada	1,745	1,125	620	0.4	0.4	0.3
No fixed workplace address	43,070	32,430	10,645	8.7	12.7	4.5
Usual place of work	232,625	116,485	116,145	47.2	45.7	48.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	232,625	116,485	116,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	219,180	108,995	110,185	94.2	93.6	94.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,025	3,980	3,045	3.0	3.4	2.6
Commute to a different province or territory	6,420	3,510	2,910	2.8	3.0	2.5
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	275,700	148,915	126,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	211,755	118,880	92,880	76.8	79.8	73.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	190,190	110,600	79,585	69.0	74.3	62.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	21,565	8,275	13,290	7.8	5.6	10.5
Public transit	31,015	14,075	16,940	11.2	9.5	13.4
Walked	19,395	9,065	10,335	7.0	6.1	8.2
Bicycle	4,260	2,850	1,410	1.5	1.9	1.1
Other method	9,265	4,045	5,220	3.4	2.7	4.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	275,700	148,915	126,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	74,060	36,900	37,160	26.9	24.8	29.3
15 to 29 minutes	116,260	63,410	52,850	42.2	42.6	41.7
30 to 44 minutes	55,365	32,310	23,060	20.1	21.7	18.2
45 to 59 minutes	15,975	8,700	7,280	5.8	5.8	5.7
60 minutes and over	14,030	7,595	6,435	5.1	5.1	5.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	275,700	148,915	126,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	14,400	10,510	3,890	5.2	7.1	3.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	48,325	29,145	19,185	17.5	19.6	15.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	71,860	36,380	35,475	26.1	24.4	28.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	60,385	29,850	30,540	21.9	20.0	24.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	37,570	18,985	18,575	13.6	12.7	14.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	43,155	24,040	19,120	15.7	16.1	15.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	206,290	105,040	101,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	72,675	36,680	35,995	35.2	34.9	35.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	133,615	68,365	65,250	64.8	65.1	64.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	153,795	78,500	75,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,250	27,845	27,405	35.9	35.5	36.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	41,170	20,350	20,820	26.8	25.9	27.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	14,085	7,495	6,585	9.2	9.5	8.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	98,550	50,655	47,890	64.1	64.5	63.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 12, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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