Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ottawa - GatineauMore information: Ontario/Quebec [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,488,307	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,371,576^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.5	...	...	8.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	638,013	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	604,721	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	185.0	...	...	185.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,046.99	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,488,305	727,245	761,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	251,345	127,990	123,350	16.9	17.6	16.2
0 to 4 years	74,165	37,585	36,585	5.0	5.2	4.8
5 to 9 years	86,825	44,180	42,650	5.8	6.1	5.6
10 to 14 years	90,350	46,230	44,120	6.1	6.4	5.8
15 to 64 years	983,785	484,155	499,625	66.1	66.6	65.6
15 to 19 years	85,865	43,875	41,995	5.8	6.0	5.5
20 to 24 years	95,515	48,410	47,110	6.4	6.7	6.2
25 to 29 years	101,490	50,710	50,785	6.8	7.0	6.7
30 to 34 years	101,450	49,900	51,550	6.8	6.9	6.8
35 to 39 years	101,965	49,580	52,385	6.9	6.8	6.9
40 to 44 years	97,820	47,160	50,670	6.6	6.5	6.7
45 to 49 years	96,800	46,880	49,920	6.5	6.4	6.6
50 to 54 years	97,960	47,875	50,080	6.6	6.6	6.6
55 to 59 years	107,175	52,750	54,425	7.2	7.3	7.2
60 to 64 years	97,735	47,025	50,705	6.6	6.5	6.7
65 years and over	253,180	115,100	138,075	17.0	15.8	18.1
65 to 69 years	80,115	38,240	41,875	5.4	5.3	5.5
70 to 74 years	67,345	31,765	35,580	4.5	4.4	4.7
75 to 79 years	45,455	21,080	24,380	3.1	2.9	3.2
80 to 84 years	29,605	12,990	16,620	2.0	1.8	2.2
85 years and over	30,660	11,030	19,625	2.1	1.5	2.6
85 to 89 years	18,400	7,255	11,145	1.2	1.0	1.5
90 to 94 years	9,285	3,045	6,235	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	2,625	660	1,965	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	350	65	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.9	17.6	16.2	16.9	17.6	16.2
15 to 64 years	66.1	66.6	65.6	66.1	66.6	65.6
65 years and over	17.0	15.8	18.1	17.0	15.8	18.1
85 years and over	2.1	1.5	2.6	2.1	1.5	2.6
Average age of the population	40.8	39.9	41.6	40.8	39.9	41.6
Median age of the population	40.4	39.2	41.2	40.4	39.2	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	604,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	272,125	...	...	45.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	43,225	...	...	7.1	...	...
Row house	98,330	...	...	16.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	16,795	...	...	2.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	87,770	...	...	14.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	84,155	...	...	13.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	845	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,480	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	175,875	...	...	29.1	...	...
2 persons	204,795	...	...	33.9	...	...
3 persons	90,600	...	...	15.0	...	...
4 persons	85,105	...	...	14.1	...	...
5 or more persons	48,355	...	...	8.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,464,500	717,525	746,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,236,965	599,255	637,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	698,880	349,090	349,785	56.5	58.3	54.9
Married	542,430	270,635	271,790	43.9	45.2	42.6
Living common-law	156,450	78,455	77,995	12.6	13.1	12.2
Living common law - Never married	120,225	60,035	60,190	9.7	10.0	9.4
Living common law - Separated	4,975	2,780	2,190	0.4	0.5	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	28,225	14,310	13,915	2.3	2.4	2.2
Living common law - Widowed	3,025	1,330	1,695	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	538,080	250,165	287,920	43.5	41.7	45.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	373,635	196,880	176,760	30.2	32.9	27.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	31,235	13,055	18,180	2.5	2.2	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	74,805	27,515	47,290	6.0	4.6	7.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	58,410	12,720	45,690	4.7	2.1	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	408,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	205,070	...	...	50.2	...	...
3 persons	85,495	...	...	20.9	...	...
4 persons	81,435	...	...	19.9	...	...
5 or more persons	36,695	...	...	9.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	408,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	341,435	...	...	83.5	...	...
Married couples	263,250	...	...	64.4	...	...
With children⁶	145,305	...	...	35.6	...	...
Without children	117,945	...	...	28.9	...	...
Common-law couples	78,180	...	...	19.1	...	...
With children⁶	30,480	...	...	7.5	...	...
Without children	47,710	...	...	11.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	67,260	...	...	16.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	52,010	...	...	12.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	15,245	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,464,500	717,525	746,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,190,305	587,960	602,350	81.3	81.9	80.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	682,870	341,500	341,370	46.6	47.6	45.7
Parents in one-parent families	67,260	15,245	52,015	4.6	2.1	7.0
Children⁶	440,175	231,210	208,970	30.1	32.2	28.0
In a two-parent family	333,495	174,280	159,220	22.8	24.3	21.3
In a one-parent family	106,680	56,930	49,745	7.3	7.9	6.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	274,190	129,560	144,625	18.7	18.1	19.4
Living alone	175,875	78,455	97,415	12.0	10.9	13.0
Living with other relatives⁷	35,335	14,990	20,340	2.4	2.1	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	62,980	36,115	26,870	4.3	5.0	3.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	604,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	367,650	...	...	60.8	...	...
Couple-family households	312,915	...	...	51.7	...	...
With children⁶	161,380	...	...	26.7	...	...
Without children	151,535	...	...	25.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	54,735	...	...	9.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	13,515	...	...	2.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,625	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	15,875	...	...	2.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	29,185	...	...	4.8	...	...
One-person households	175,875	...	...	29.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,213,380	589,650	623,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,167,200	565,930	601,270	96.2	96.0	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,200	54,400	45,200	49,200	54,400	45,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,167,885	566,275	601,610	96.3	96.0	96.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	46,800	40,400	43,200	46,800	40,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,065,725	524,910	540,815	87.8	89.0	86.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	52,000	40,000	45,600	52,000	40,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	868,770	440,645	428,125	71.6	74.7	68.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,400	50,800	42,400	46,400	50,800	42,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,005,450	473,635	531,820	82.9	80.3	85.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,950	6,200	9,100	7,950	6,200	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,315	41,865	50,450	7.6	7.1	8.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,480	6,000	5,720	5,480	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	287,365	142,555	144,810	23.7	24.2	23.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,213,350	589,520	623,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,167,295	565,975	601,320	96.2	96.0	96.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,900	69,200	55,000	61,900	69,200	55,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,167,985	566,335	601,650	96.3	96.1	96.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,440	55,300	45,840	50,440	55,300	45,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,065,735	525,580	540,150	87.8	89.2	86.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,450	66,600	50,520	58,450	66,600	50,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	868,785	441,420	427,365	71.6	74.9	68.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,700	64,000	51,200	57,700	64,000	51,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,006,065	474,025	532,035	82.9	80.4	85.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,930	8,830	10,900	9,930	8,830	10,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,405	41,935	50,465	7.6	7.1	8.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,130	5,900	8,160	7,130	5,900	8,160
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	286,475	142,230	144,245	23.6	24.1	23.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,890	8,830	8,940	8,890	8,830	8,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,213,355	589,525	623,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	459,015	245,650	213,365	37.8	41.7	34.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	78,500	70,000	74,000	78,500	70,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	85,500	92,100	77,900	85,500	92,100	77,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	309,765	145,340	164,430	25.5	24.7	26.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	18,600	16,600	17,400	18,600	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,080	31,880	26,640	29,080	31,880	26,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.2	89.4	82.4	86.2	89.4	82.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.4	72.0	66.2	69.4	72.0	66.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.8	10.7	17.5	13.8	10.7	17.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.2	0.9	0.6	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.1	3.5	4.7	4.1	3.5	4.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	3.2	3.9	3.5	3.2	3.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,213,380	589,655	623,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	46,180	23,715	22,460	3.8	4.0	3.6
With total income	1,167,205	565,935	601,265	96.2	96.0	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	88,990	39,600	49,385	7.6	7.0	8.2
$10,000 to $19,999	119,405	52,075	67,325	10.2	9.2	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	147,010	65,185	81,830	12.6	11.5	13.6
$30,000 to $39,999	122,850	54,750	68,100	10.5	9.7	11.3
$40,000 to $49,999	112,950	50,905	62,045	9.7	9.0	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	103,025	46,800	56,220	8.8	8.3	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	93,830	44,450	49,380	8.0	7.9	8.2
$70,000 to $79,999	78,370	39,220	39,150	6.7	6.9	6.5
$80,000 to $89,999	65,490	34,290	31,205	5.6	6.1	5.2
$90,000 to $99,999	52,665	27,625	25,045	4.5	4.9	4.2
$100,000 and over	182,630	111,040	71,590	15.6	19.6	11.9
$100,000 to $149,999	129,670	74,800	54,860	11.1	13.2	9.1
$150,000 and over	52,965	36,235	16,725	4.5	6.4	2.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,213,380	589,655	623,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	45,495	23,375	22,120	3.7	4.0	3.5
With after-tax income	1,167,885	566,275	601,610	96.3	96.0	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	95,395	41,395	54,000	8.2	7.3	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	125,165	54,820	70,345	10.7	9.7	11.7
$20,000 to $29,999	168,220	75,395	92,820	14.4	13.3	15.4
$30,000 to $39,999	148,585	67,805	80,785	12.7	12.0	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	139,310	63,590	75,720	11.9	11.2	12.6
$50,000 to $59,999	124,935	59,195	65,740	10.7	10.5	10.9
$60,000 to $69,999	98,765	49,410	49,350	8.5	8.7	8.2
$70,000 to $79,999	77,390	40,615	36,770	6.6	7.2	6.1
$80,000 to $89,999	61,295	32,425	28,875	5.2	5.7	4.8
$90,000 to $99,999	41,940	24,285	17,655	3.6	4.3	2.9
$100,000 and over	86,885	57,340	29,545	7.4	10.1	4.9
$100,000 to $124,999	48,115	30,275	17,845	4.1	5.3	3.0
$125,000 and over	38,770	27,065	11,705	3.3	4.8	1.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,213,380	589,655	623,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	344,610	149,010	195,605	28.4	25.3	31.4
With employment income	868,770	440,640	428,130	71.6	74.7	68.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	109,580	53,565	56,015	12.6	12.2	13.1
$5,000 to $9,999	64,245	29,120	35,120	7.4	6.6	8.2
$10,000 to $19,999	89,565	41,735	47,830	10.3	9.5	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	67,455	32,100	35,355	7.8	7.3	8.3
$30,000 to $39,999	63,000	30,680	32,320	7.3	7.0	7.5
$40,000 to $49,999	63,300	30,200	33,100	7.3	6.9	7.7
$50,000 to $59,999	64,655	30,670	33,985	7.4	7.0	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	63,970	30,715	33,255	7.4	7.0	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	53,095	27,255	25,840	6.1	6.2	6.0
$80,000 to $89,999	48,775	25,700	23,075	5.6	5.8	5.4
$90,000 to $99,999	41,365	21,595	19,775	4.8	4.9	4.6
$100,000 and over	139,760	87,305	52,455	16.1	19.8	12.3
$100,000 to $124,999	70,495	40,650	29,850	8.1	9.2	7.0
$125,000 and over	69,260	46,660	22,600	8.0	10.6	5.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,213,380	589,650	623,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,141,270	552,640	588,625	94.1	93.7	94.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,800	52,400	42,400	46,800	52,400	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,141,925	552,735	589,185	94.1	93.7	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	45,200	38,000	41,200	45,200	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,046,400	515,260	531,140	86.2	87.4	85.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	51,200	39,600	45,200	51,200	39,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	863,385	436,835	426,550	71.2	74.1	68.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,000	41,200	45,200	50,000	41,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	939,415	441,080	498,335	77.4	74.8	79.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,420	1,280	4,640	2,420	1,280	4,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	71,455	31,595	39,860	5.9	5.4	6.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,080	6,500	5,680	5,080	6,500
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,213,350	589,520	623,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,140,685	552,300	588,385	94.0	93.7	94.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,650	66,200	51,550	58,650	66,200	51,550
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,141,285	552,385	588,905	94.1	93.7	94.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,720	52,800	42,960	47,720	52,800	42,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,046,305	515,705	530,600	86.2	87.5	85.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,650	65,900	49,640	57,650	65,900	49,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	863,565	437,190	426,375	71.2	74.2	68.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,450	62,950	49,760	56,450	62,950	49,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	938,420	440,720	497,700	77.3	74.8	79.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,030	5,895	8,030	7,030	5,895	8,030
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,635	32,370	40,265	6.0	5.5	6.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,750	6,225	8,980	7,750	6,225	8,980
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,213,355	589,525	623,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	456,130	243,865	212,260	37.6	41.4	34.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	75,000	64,500	69,500	75,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,300	86,200	71,400	79,300	86,200	71,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	287,915	134,860	153,055	23.7	22.9	24.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	24,000	21,200	22,400	24,000	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,120	37,440	31,240	34,120	37,440	31,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	92.8	86.8	90.2	92.8	86.8
Employment income (%)	72.8	75.2	70.0	72.8	75.2	70.0
Government transfers (%)	9.9	7.1	13.2	9.9	7.1	13.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.2	0.8	0.6	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	604,720	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	175,875	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,000	...	...	52,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...	44,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	428,845	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	604,720	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	119,500	...	...	119,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	97,400	...	...	97,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	175,675	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,100	...	...	61,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,080	...	...	50,080	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	429,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	143,400	...	...	143,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,800	...	...	116,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,910	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,395	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	6,710	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	9,410	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	17,735	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	14,480	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,875	...	...	2.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,660	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	17,485	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	17,955	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	37,100	...	...	6.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	38,860	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	37,955	...	...	6.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	36,715	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	34,195	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	295,275	...	...	48.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	76,280	...	...	12.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	59,580	...	...	9.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	78,240	...	...	12.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	81,175	...	...	13.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	6,620	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,505	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	6,905	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	9,880	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	19,235	...	...	3.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,005	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	18,090	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	20,750	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	21,875	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	22,635	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	47,365	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	46,675	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	44,975	...	...	7.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	42,550	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	39,580	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	237,070	...	...	39.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	79,740	...	...	13.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	56,540	...	...	9.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	100,785	...	...	16.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	407,930	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	154,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	176,745	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,000	...	...	157,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	63,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	238,855	114,570	124,285	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600	45,200	46,000	45,600	45,200	46,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	40,000	40,800	40,400	40,000	40,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	407,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...	144,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,600	...	...	117,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	154,025	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...	131,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,500	...	...	105,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	177,200	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	178,400	...	...	178,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,800	...	...	143,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	63,125	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,500	...	...	89,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	238,730	114,285	124,445	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,200	56,350	54,200	55,200	56,350	54,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,840	46,120	45,560	45,840	46,120	45,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,464,495	717,520	746,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	302,195	154,130	148,065	20.6	21.5	19.8
0 to 5 years	90,720	46,050	44,665	6.2	6.4	6.0
18 to 64 years	926,500	453,730	472,770	63.3	63.2	63.3
65 years and over	235,805	109,660	126,140	16.1	15.3	16.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	128,500	60,315	68,185	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	29,545	15,065	14,480	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	9,805	5,000	4,805	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	74,555	35,625	38,930	...	...	...
65 years and over	24,395	9,625	14,770	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.8	8.4	9.1	8.8	8.4	9.1
0 to 17 years (%)	9.8	9.8	9.8	9.8	9.8	9.8
0 to 5 years (%)	10.8	10.9	10.8	10.8	10.9	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	7.9	8.2	8.1	7.9	8.2
65 years and over (%)	10.4	8.8	11.7	10.4	8.8	11.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,464,500	717,520	746,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	302,200	154,135	148,070	20.6	21.5	19.8
0 to 5 years	90,720	46,050	44,670	6.2	6.4	6.0
18 to 64 years	926,495	453,730	472,770	63.3	63.2	63.3
65 years and over	235,800	109,660	126,140	16.1	15.3	16.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	79,070	39,850	39,225	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	14,485	7,405	7,080	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,720	2,370	2,350	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	57,005	29,270	27,740	...	...	...
65 years and over	7,580	3,170	4,405	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.6	5.3	5.4	5.6	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.2	5.2	5.3	5.2	5.2	5.3
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.5	5.9	6.2	6.5	5.9
65 years and over (%)	3.2	2.9	3.5	3.2	2.9	3.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,464,495	717,520	746,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	587,380	281,635	305,750	40.1	39.3	40.9
In bottom decile	122,070	59,515	62,555	8.3	8.3	8.4
In second decile	106,190	49,850	56,335	7.3	6.9	7.5
In third decile	112,220	53,765	58,455	7.7	7.5	7.8
In fourth decile	118,035	56,490	61,545	8.1	7.9	8.2
In fifth decile	128,860	62,010	66,850	8.8	8.6	8.9
In top half of the distribution	877,115	435,885	441,230	59.9	60.7	59.1
In sixth decile	140,910	68,590	72,325	9.6	9.6	9.7
In seventh decile	154,165	75,690	78,475	10.5	10.5	10.5
In eighth decile	173,330	85,975	87,355	11.8	12.0	11.7
In ninth decile	201,925	100,940	100,985	13.8	14.1	13.5
In top decile	206,785	104,695	102,085	14.1	14.6	13.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,464,500	...	...	1,464,500	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.421	...	...	0.421	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290	...	...	0.290	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,473,200	721,135	752,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	713,765	364,540	349,230	48.4	50.6	46.4
French only	107,400	48,030	59,370	7.3	6.7	7.9
English and French	634,425	301,700	332,725	43.1	41.8	44.2
Neither English nor French	17,610	6,870	10,745	1.2	1.0	1.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,473,200	721,135	752,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	977,640	485,205	492,435	66.4	67.3	65.5
French	439,030	210,155	228,870	29.8	29.1	30.4
English and French	39,525	19,225	20,300	2.7	2.7	2.7
Neither English nor French	17,000	6,550	10,450	1.2	0.9	1.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,473,200	721,135	752,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,389,400	680,915	708,490	94.3	94.4	94.2
Official languages	1,116,605	550,690	565,920	75.8	76.4	75.2
English	715,670	357,840	357,835	48.6	49.6	47.6
French	400,940	192,850	208,085	27.2	26.7	27.7
Non-official languages	272,795	130,220	142,575	18.5	18.1	19.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	780	320	455	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	335	150	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	205	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	420	155	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	415	155	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	272,020	129,900	142,115	18.5	18.0	18.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	65,195	32,780	32,420	4.4	4.5	4.3
Berber languages	1,100	620	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	830	450	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	235	155	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	7,945	3,440	4,510	0.5	0.5	0.6
Bilen	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	210	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	7,475	3,195	4,280	0.5	0.4	0.6
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	55,935	28,620	27,320	3.8	4.0	3.6
Amharic	1,680	780	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	52,060	26,705	25,355	3.5	3.7	3.4
Aramaic languages	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	510	285	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,430	735	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,400	3,785	4,610	0.6	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,335	605	725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	7,055	3,175	3,880	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	9,620	3,640	5,980	0.7	0.5	0.8
Bikol	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	180	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	430	145	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	205	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	735	295	440	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	410	150	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,090	2,665	4,420	0.5	0.4	0.6
Waray-Waray	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	155	60	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5,980	2,610	3,375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian Creole	4,565	1,980	2,585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	270	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	975	405	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,105	3,200	2,905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	330	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,475	795	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	3,030	1,520	1,510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	1,225	695	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	117,310	56,370	60,940	8.0	7.8	8.1
Albanian	840	425	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	555	280	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	24,720	11,140	13,580	1.7	1.5	1.8
Baltic languages	455	190	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	240	100	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	220	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	24,265	10,950	13,315	1.6	1.5	1.8
Belarusian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,120	530	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	915	400	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	5,800	2,535	3,265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	8,555	3,795	4,765	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,860	2,365	2,495	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	975	480	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,215	575	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	2,525	1,240	1,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	585	250	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	200	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	2,045	910	1,135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	9,450	4,315	5,140	0.6	0.6	0.7
Frisian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,800	2,560	3,240	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	5,370	2,360	3,010	0.4	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	295	125	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	130	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,805	1,360	1,445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,440	1,175	1,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	780	360	420	0.1	0.0	0.1
Danish	320	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,185	1,135	1,045	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	37,890	19,410	18,485	2.6	2.7	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages	26,030	13,490	12,535	1.8	1.9	1.7
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,115	2,060	2,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	2,920	1,680	1,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	4,395	2,310	2,085	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	495	250	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,025	505	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,860	3,100	2,760	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	960	465	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	5,660	2,840	2,820	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	11,855	5,905	5,945	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	900	460	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,325	680	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	9,555	4,725	4,830	0.6	0.7	0.6
Dari	2,540	1,230	1,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	6,305	3,130	3,180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	705	360	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	41,565	19,620	21,945	2.8	2.7	2.9
Catalan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	8,610	4,250	4,360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	8,510	4,065	4,445	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	3,810	1,745	2,065	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	20,545	9,520	11,030	1.4	1.3	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,120	340	780	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	2,890	1,240	1,645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	11,690	5,415	6,275	0.8	0.8	0.8
Akan (Twi)	405	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	225	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	220	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	355	195	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	230	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,685	720	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	565	245	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,830	1,300	1,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Shona	135	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,940	895	1,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	480	250	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	700	340	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,155	555	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	440	220	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	320	170	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	36,640	17,065	19,575	2.5	2.4	2.6
Chinese languages	35,770	16,655	19,115	2.4	2.3	2.5
Hakka	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	24,175	11,215	12,960	1.6	1.6	1.7
Min Dong	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	660	305	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	305	130	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10,050	4,725	5,330	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	370	195	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	815	380	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	300	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	920	335	585	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	435	200	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	475	130	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,200	1,715	1,490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,755	1,495	1,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,015	950	1,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	295	120	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,570	755	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	83,795	40,225	43,570	5.7	5.6	5.8
English and French	35,860	17,210	18,650	2.4	2.4	2.5
English and non-official language(s)	30,270	14,790	15,485	2.1	2.1	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	9,425	4,350	5,070	0.6	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,095	2,455	2,645	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	3,150	1,420	1,725	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,473,200	721,135	752,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	750,170	374,830	375,340	50.9	52.0	49.9
French	297,010	143,530	153,480	20.2	19.9	20.4
Non-official language	69,640	32,715	36,920	4.7	4.5	4.9
Indigenous³⁹	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	69,515	32,670	36,850	4.7	4.5	4.9
English and French	129,660	61,225	68,440	8.8	8.5	9.1
English and non-official language(s)	159,675	78,030	81,645	10.8	10.8	10.9
French and non-official language(s)	19,295	8,635	10,660	1.3	1.2	1.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	42,615	19,765	22,850	2.9	2.7	3.0
Multiple non-official languages	5,125	2,400	2,730	0.3	0.3	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,473,200	721,135	752,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,386,940	680,045	706,895	94.1	94.3	94.0
Official languages	1,242,285	610,735	631,555	84.3	84.7	84.0
English	888,365	440,355	448,010	60.3	61.1	59.6
French	353,920	170,380	183,540	24.0	23.6	24.4
Non-official languages	144,655	69,310	75,340	9.8	9.6	10.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	230	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	144,425	69,210	75,220	9.8	9.6	10.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	37,520	18,220	19,300	2.5	2.5	2.6
Berber languages	455	245	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	350	185	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	4,410	1,840	2,575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	4,130	1,695	2,435	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	32,595	16,100	16,490	2.2	2.2	2.2
Amharic	885	390	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	30,555	15,135	15,425	2.1	2.1	2.1
Aramaic languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	815	420	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,955	2,280	2,680	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	615	285	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	4,340	1,990	2,350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,805	2,085	2,720	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	395	180	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	70	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,645	1,570	2,070	0.2	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,880	1,200	1,685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	2,175	900	1,270	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	475	180	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,740	1,915	1,825	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	870	475	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,975	950	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	705	400	310	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	56,080	27,230	28,850	3.8	3.8	3.8
Albanian	385	190	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	11,525	5,460	6,060	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baltic languages	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	11,430	5,420	6,005	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belarusian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	525	245	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,960	875	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	5,175	2,450	2,720	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,495	1,240	1,255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	470	230	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	450	215	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	1,535	770	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	805	385	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,015	465	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	95	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	595	270	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	530	230	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	230	120	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	640	300	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	22,895	11,580	11,315	1.6	1.6	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages	15,535	8,020	7,520	1.1	1.1	1.0
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,500	1,230	1,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	1,660	950	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	2,380	1,240	1,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	210	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	720	360	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,975	2,105	1,870	0.3	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	540	255	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	3,355	1,675	1,680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	7,350	3,560	3,795	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	515	245	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	895	435	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	5,915	2,865	3,045	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	1,460	695	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	4,040	1,965	2,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	415	200	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	19,345	9,100	10,250	1.3	1.3	1.4
Catalan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,080	935	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	4,115	1,985	2,130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	1,870	875	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	11,255	5,295	5,960	0.8	0.7	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	430	160	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,680	765	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,230	1,890	2,345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	140	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	650	275	380	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lingala	200	80	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,350	630	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	815	340	475	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	530	305	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	340	190	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	24,580	11,685	12,895	1.7	1.6	1.7
Chinese languages	23,995	11,405	12,590	1.6	1.6	1.7
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	17,605	8,450	9,155	1.2	1.2	1.2
Min Dong	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	255	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,680	2,610	3,075	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	105	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	535	255	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	145	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	355	150	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,990	1,045	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	60	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,775	940	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	430	195	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	395	180	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	86,255	41,090	45,165	5.9	5.7	6.0
English and French	32,530	15,265	17,270	2.2	2.1	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	40,280	19,695	20,585	2.7	2.7	2.7
French and non-official language(s)	7,245	3,210	4,030	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,370	2,535	2,830	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	830	385	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,473,200	721,135	752,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,186,770	584,525	602,245	80.6	81.1	80.1
English	95,040	46,035	49,005	6.5	6.4	6.5
French	67,810	31,730	36,080	4.6	4.4	4.8
Non-official language	81,125	38,635	42,485	5.5	5.4	5.6
Indigenous³⁹	540	210	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	80,585	38,430	42,155	5.5	5.3	5.6
English and French	7,460	3,530	3,925	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	12,295	6,030	6,265	0.8	0.8	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	13,470	6,105	7,365	0.9	0.8	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	780	395	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	8,450	4,145	4,310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,464,500	717,420	747,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,446,870	710,480	736,395	98.8	99.0	98.6
English	1,340,410	662,755	677,655	91.5	92.4	90.7
French	737,865	347,810	390,060	50.4	48.5	52.2
Non-official languages	411,975	195,270	216,705	28.1	27.2	29.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,805	790	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	890	390	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	445	200	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	415	180	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	65	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	370	135	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	95	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	260	100	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	160	50	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	745	310	440	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	740	300	440	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	410,375	194,605	215,775	28.0	27.1	28.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	96,775	48,975	47,795	6.6	6.8	6.4
Berber languages	1,550	840	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	1,190	640	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	380	220	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	720	385	335	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hausa	405	210	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	310	175	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	11,395	5,170	6,225	0.8	0.7	0.8
Bilen	170	110	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	335	155	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10,665	4,770	5,890	0.7	0.7	0.8
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	315	170	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	85,775	43,930	41,845	5.9	6.1	5.6
Amharic	3,290	1,630	1,655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	79,340	40,735	38,600	5.4	5.7	5.2
Aramaic languages	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	2,405	1,275	1,130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,075	1,045	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10,845	4,975	5,870	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,835	805	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	9,085	4,195	4,890	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	14,060	5,515	8,545	1.0	0.8	1.1
Bikol	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	215	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	770	275	505	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	520	260	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,475	575	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	965	410	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	70	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	285	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	110	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	395	160	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	11,795	4,520	7,270	0.8	0.6	1.0
Waray-Waray	115	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	635	270	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	14,665	6,515	8,150	1.0	0.9	1.1
Haitian Creole	12,180	5,335	6,845	0.8	0.7	0.9
Jamaican English Creole	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	675	330	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,700	745	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	505	245	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	9,190	4,860	4,340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kannada	860	480	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	2,105	1,185	920	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	5,095	2,585	2,515	0.3	0.4	0.3
Telugu	2,220	1,190	1,020	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	194,015	91,935	102,080	13.2	12.8	13.7
Albanian	1,060	560	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	915	480	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	32,305	15,025	17,285	2.2	2.1	2.3
Baltic languages	595	260	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	305	155	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	290	110	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	31,815	14,820	16,995	2.2	2.1	2.3
Belarusian	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,290	640	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,540	735	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	7,600	3,435	4,165	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	13,885	6,660	7,225	0.9	0.9	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	6,540	3,090	3,440	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bosnian	1,885	900	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,835	1,310	1,525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	3,940	1,900	2,040	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,030	435	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	250	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,785	1,660	2,125	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	595	290	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	370	210	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	95	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	21,555	10,320	11,235	1.5	1.4	1.5
Frisian	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	16,040	7,695	8,345	1.1	1.1	1.1
German	15,555	7,465	8,090	1.1	1.0	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	395	155	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	315	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,405	2,065	2,345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	745	375	365	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dutch	3,550	1,645	1,910	0.2	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	140	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,780	895	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	595	245	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	425	240	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	830	450	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,350	1,730	1,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	55,190	28,345	26,845	3.8	4.0	3.6
Indo-Aryan languages	40,930	21,140	19,785	2.8	2.9	2.6
Assamese	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	5,540	2,880	2,660	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	4,560	2,525	2,035	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hindi	19,240	10,075	9,170	1.3	1.4	1.2
Kacchi	345	155	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	290	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,235	605	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,300	660	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,850	5,680	5,170	0.7	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,550	770	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	10,990	5,605	5,385	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	305	185	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15,525	7,880	7,645	1.1	1.1	1.0
Baluchi	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,280	665	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	60	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,100	1,075	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	13,085	6,670	6,415	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	3,840	1,965	1,870	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	8,585	4,325	4,255	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	935	515	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	88,095	39,425	48,665	6.0	5.5	6.5
Catalan	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	17,745	8,375	9,375	1.2	1.2	1.3
Portuguese	13,095	6,290	6,800	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	4,970	2,215	2,750	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	58,730	25,470	33,255	4.0	3.6	4.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	230	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,465	1,640	1,820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	4,085	1,780	2,300	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	110	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	27,855	13,020	14,835	1.9	1.8	2.0
Akan (Twi)	1,000	460	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	670	360	315	0.0	0.1	0.0
Edo	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	495	205	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	910	450	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	455	190	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	95	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,130	550	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,320	1,435	1,880	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lingala	4,805	2,135	2,670	0.3	0.3	0.4
Luba-Kasai	665	325	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	265	140	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,980	2,370	2,610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Shona	295	95	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	7,435	3,695	3,745	0.5	0.5	0.5
Wojenaka	290	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,245	625	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	2,450	1,225	1,225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,790	2,420	2,370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	890	385	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	155	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	105	25	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	635	285	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	280	125	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,695	1,000	1,700	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	2,145	760	1,380	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	390	170	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	310	135	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	44,235	20,625	23,610	3.0	2.9	3.2
Chinese languages	43,340	20,165	23,170	3.0	2.8	3.1
Hakka	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	32,670	14,945	17,725	2.2	2.1	2.4
Min Dong	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,165	510	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	525	240	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	14,235	6,640	7,595	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	445	220	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	875	450	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	310	155	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	360	195	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	345	185	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,545	590	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	655	290	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,065	385	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	4,915	2,540	2,380	0.3	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	420	265	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	4,240	2,170	2,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	105	75	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	110	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,870	1,355	1,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	240	100	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	490	220	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	2,160	1,035	1,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	395	175	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,464,500	717,420	747,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	46,545	22,140	24,395	3.2	3.1	3.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	44,415	21,130	23,285	3.0	2.9	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	23,395	10,975	12,415	1.6	1.5	1.7
Métis	19,290	9,350	9,940	1.3	1.3	1.3
Inuk (Inuit)	1,730	795	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,045	475	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,085	540	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	1,417,955	695,280	722,680	96.8	96.9	96.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,464,500	717,420	747,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	10,345	4,945	5,395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,454,155	712,475	741,680	99.3	99.3	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	395,725	...	...	65.4	...	...
Renter	208,990	...	...	34.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	88,655	...	...	14.7	...	...
Not condominium	516,065	...	...	85.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	4,735	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	80,615	...	...	13.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	139,520	...	...	23.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	227,695	...	...	37.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	152,160	...	...	25.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	167,165	...	...	27.6	...	...
5 rooms	86,960	...	...	14.4	...	...
6 rooms	86,225	...	...	14.3	...	...
7 rooms	81,235	...	...	13.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	183,140	...	...	30.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	593,880	...	...	98.2	...	...
More than one person per room	10,840	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	576,360	...	...	95.3	...	...
Not suitable	28,360	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	93,315	...	...	15.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	162,085	...	...	26.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	93,520	...	...	15.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	74,180	...	...	12.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	43,620	...	...	7.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	46,505	...	...	7.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	43,660	...	...	7.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	47,830	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	571,405	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	33,315	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	298,490	...	...	49.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	281,930	...	...	46.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	24,305	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	604,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	20,230	...	...	3.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	91,460	...	...	15.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	109,280	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	112,480	...	...	18.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	122,015	...	...	20.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	89,160	...	...	14.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	45,510	...	...	7.5	...	...
85 years and over	14,590	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	601,110	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	490,335	...	...	81.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	110,775	...	...	18.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	99,285	...	...	16.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	604,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	157,770	...	...	26.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	98,330	...	...	16.3	...	...
Not suitable only	21,345	...	...	3.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	23,735	...	...	3.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,780	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	7,345	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,915	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	325	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	446,950	...	...	73.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	589,625	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	55,245	...	...	9.4	...	...
Not in core need	534,370	...	...	90.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	394,430	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.5	...	...	62.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.9	...	...	10.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562	...	...	1,562	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	548,000	...	...	548,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	585,000	...	...	585,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	208,920	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.9	...	...	12.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.7	...	...	32.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.3	...	...	20.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,230	...	...	1,230	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,296	...	...	1,296	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,464,495	717,420	747,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	21,550	10,200	11,355	1.5	1.4	1.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	21,115	10,025	11,090	1.4	1.4	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	15,565	7,515	8,050	1.1	1.0	1.1
Métis single ancestry	4,515	2,075	2,445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	1,035	435	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	435	170	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	370	140	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	58,965	27,640	31,325	4.0	3.9	4.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	57,780	27,195	30,585	3.9	3.8	4.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	43,795	20,490	23,300	3.0	2.9	3.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,985	6,255	6,735	0.9	0.9	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	995	450	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,185	445	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,050	410	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	20	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,383,980	679,590	704,395	94.5	94.7	94.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,464,495	717,425	747,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,348,435	660,065	688,365	92.1	92.0	92.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	281,800	143,280	138,515	19.2	20.0	18.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,066,635	516,790	549,845	72.8	72.0	73.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	116,060	57,355	58,710	7.9	8.0	7.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,464,495	717,425	747,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,115,495	550,335	565,155	76.2	76.7	75.6
Immigrants⁸¹	313,845	148,710	165,135	21.4	20.7	22.1
Before 1980	49,870	24,210	25,660	3.4	3.4	3.4
1980 to 1990	34,740	16,445	18,300	2.4	2.3	2.4
1991 to 2000	60,105	28,080	32,030	4.1	3.9	4.3
2001 to 2010	70,535	32,250	38,285	4.8	4.5	5.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	98,590	47,725	50,865	6.7	6.7	6.8
2011 to 2015	40,295	18,915	21,380	2.8	2.6	2.9
2016 to 2021	58,295	28,815	29,485	4.0	4.0	3.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	35,160	18,375	16,780	2.4	2.6	2.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	313,845	148,710	165,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	31,690	15,620	16,070	10.1	10.5	9.7
5 to 14 years	57,090	28,935	28,150	18.2	19.5	17.0
15 to 24 years	56,540	25,460	31,080	18.0	17.1	18.8
25 to 44 years	141,845	66,510	75,330	45.2	44.7	45.6
45 years and over	26,685	12,180	14,500	8.5	8.2	8.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	313,845	148,710	165,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	47,395	20,925	26,470	15.1	14.1	16.0
Brazil	2,445	1,150	1,300	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	3,535	1,520	2,020	1.1	1.0	1.2
El Salvador	2,640	1,245	1,400	0.8	0.8	0.8
Guyana	1,355	605	750	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haiti	9,480	4,045	5,440	3.0	2.7	3.3
Jamaica	3,440	1,470	1,965	1.1	1.0	1.2
Mexico	2,370	925	1,445	0.8	0.6	0.9
Peru	1,155	480	670	0.4	0.3	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	1,395	565	830	0.4	0.4	0.5
United States of America	10,500	4,860	5,640	3.3	3.3	3.4
Other places of birth in Americas	9,070	4,065	5,005	2.9	2.7	3.0
Europe	69,055	33,070	35,990	22.0	22.2	21.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,530	1,205	1,325	0.8	0.8	0.8
Croatia	1,035	465	565	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	5,160	2,480	2,680	1.6	1.7	1.6
Germany	4,250	1,945	2,300	1.4	1.3	1.4
Greece	890	470	425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungary	840	410	435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	5,005	2,560	2,440	1.6	1.7	1.5
Netherlands	2,110	1,070	1,035	0.7	0.7	0.6
Poland	4,485	1,890	2,595	1.4	1.3	1.6
Portugal	3,480	1,780	1,705	1.1	1.2	1.0
Romania	3,675	1,660	2,020	1.2	1.1	1.2
Russian Federation	3,750	1,615	2,135	1.2	1.1	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	985	440	540	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	3,005	1,365	1,645	1.0	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	17,445	8,850	8,600	5.6	6.0	5.2
Other places of birth in Europe	10,415	4,870	5,550	3.3	3.3	3.4
Africa	61,620	29,755	31,860	19.6	20.0	19.3
Algeria	3,405	1,740	1,665	1.1	1.2	1.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	5,805	2,650	3,150	1.8	1.8	1.9
Egypt	4,885	2,610	2,270	1.6	1.8	1.4
Eritrea	1,550	865	685	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ethiopia	2,955	1,410	1,545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Morocco	4,740	2,410	2,330	1.5	1.6	1.4
Nigeria	3,440	1,780	1,665	1.1	1.2	1.0
Somalia	4,710	1,860	2,850	1.5	1.3	1.7
South Africa, Republic of	1,430	685	745	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	28,705	13,755	14,955	9.1	9.2	9.1
Asia	134,650	64,360	70,290	42.9	43.3	42.6
Afghanistan	3,110	1,545	1,565	1.0	1.0	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	6,640	3,370	3,270	2.1	2.3	2.0
Iraq	4,745	2,420	2,330	1.5	1.6	1.4
Lebanon	14,490	7,480	7,005	4.6	5.0	4.2
Syria⁸⁹	7,080	3,635	3,445	2.3	2.4	2.1
Turkey	1,880	980	895	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	22,020	9,575	12,450	7.0	6.4	7.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,315	1,650	1,670	1.1	1.1	1.0
Korea, South⁹²	2,470	1,085	1,385	0.8	0.7	0.8
Taiwan	1,090	495	600	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	11,805	4,600	7,200	3.8	3.1	4.4
Viet Nam	6,565	2,980	3,585	2.1	2.0	2.2
Bangladesh	3,350	1,720	1,635	1.1	1.2	1.0
India	16,975	8,770	8,200	5.4	5.9	5.0
Pakistan	5,830	2,910	2,920	1.9	2.0	1.8
Sri Lanka	3,040	1,475	1,565	1.0	1.0	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	20,240	9,665	10,575	6.4	6.5	6.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,130	595	530	0.4	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	58,300	28,810	29,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,500	3,095	3,400	11.1	10.7	11.5
Brazil	860	425	430	1.5	1.5	1.5
Colombia	525	220	300	0.9	0.8	1.0
Haiti	1,365	620	745	2.3	2.2	2.5
Jamaica	220	115	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexico	420	175	240	0.7	0.6	0.8
United States of America	1,790	915	875	3.1	3.2	3.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	155	60	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	1,165	550	610	2.0	1.9	2.1
Europe	5,020	2,575	2,450	8.6	8.9	8.3
France	995	495	495	1.7	1.7	1.7
Germany	220	135	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	140	100	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Italy	75	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	555	235	320	1.0	0.8	1.1
Ukraine	665	330	335	1.1	1.1	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	830	480	345	1.4	1.7	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,555	745	810	2.7	2.6	2.7
Africa	17,595	8,615	8,985	30.2	29.9	30.5
Algeria	830	425	410	1.4	1.5	1.4
Burundi	1,885	925	965	3.2	3.2	3.3
Cameroon	1,235	555	685	2.1	1.9	2.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,465	675	785	2.5	2.3	2.7
Côte d'Ivoire	865	410	455	1.5	1.4	1.5
Egypt	775	420	355	1.3	1.5	1.2
Eritrea	580	300	275	1.0	1.0	0.9
Ethiopia	470	225	250	0.8	0.8	0.8
Morocco	1,290	660	635	2.2	2.3	2.2
Nigeria	1,900	980	925	3.3	3.4	3.1
Somalia	590	310	280	1.0	1.1	0.9
South Africa, Republic of	380	170	215	0.7	0.6	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	175	120	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Tunisia	715	320	395	1.2	1.1	1.3
Other places of birth in Africa	4,420	2,120	2,295	7.6	7.4	7.8
Asia	29,005	14,425	14,580	49.8	50.1	49.4
Afghanistan	795	400	390	1.4	1.4	1.3
Bangladesh	615	275	340	1.1	1.0	1.2
China⁹⁰	3,605	1,600	2,010	6.2	5.6	6.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	6,005	3,290	2,710	10.3	11.4	9.2
Iran⁸⁸	855	440	420	1.5	1.5	1.4
Iraq	995	500	490	1.7	1.7	1.7
Israel	155	95	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Japan	75	15	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jordan	390	180	215	0.7	0.6	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	415	175	240	0.7	0.6	0.8
Lebanon	1,275	665	610	2.2	2.3	2.1
Nepal	110	45	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	1,045	515	530	1.8	1.8	1.8
Philippines	2,910	1,300	1,610	5.0	4.5	5.5
Saudi Arabia	635	345	295	1.1	1.2	1.0
Sri Lanka	275	125	155	0.5	0.4	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	4,940	2,575	2,365	8.5	8.9	8.0
Turkey	785	405	380	1.3	1.4	1.3
United Arab Emirates	615	315	300	1.1	1.1	1.0
Viet Nam	490	195	300	0.8	0.7	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	1,910	920	985	3.3	3.2	3.3
Oceania and other⁹³	175	100	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	115	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,464,500	717,420	747,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	367,930	176,465	191,470	25.1	24.6	25.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	258,425	129,070	129,350	17.6	18.0	17.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	838,145	411,890	426,255	57.2	57.4	57.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	263,975	124,495	139,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	127,620	64,140	63,485	48.3	51.5	45.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	55,125	33,220	21,900	20.9	26.7	15.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	72,500	30,915	41,585	27.5	24.8	29.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	68,975	27,580	41,395	26.1	22.2	29.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	63,700	31,275	32,430	24.1	25.1	23.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,675	1,505	2,170	1.4	1.2	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	263,975	124,495	139,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	24,140	11,555	12,585	9.1	9.3	9.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	21,380	9,590	11,790	8.1	7.7	8.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,270	4,315	3,955	3.1	3.5	2.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,080	8,940	8,135	6.5	7.2	5.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,660	645	1,020	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	191,440	89,455	101,995	72.5	71.9	73.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,464,500	717,420	747,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	386,925	187,875	199,050	26.4	26.2	26.6
South Asian	60,780	31,425	29,355	4.2	4.4	3.9
Chinese	50,030	23,185	26,850	3.4	3.2	3.6
Black	114,230	54,680	59,540	7.8	7.6	8.0
Filipino	16,105	6,775	9,330	1.1	0.9	1.2
Arab	69,210	35,660	33,555	4.7	5.0	4.5
Latin American	20,620	9,435	11,185	1.4	1.3	1.5
Southeast Asian	16,895	7,920	8,970	1.2	1.1	1.2
West Asian	14,525	7,360	7,170	1.0	1.0	1.0
Korean	4,680	2,180	2,495	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	2,750	1,210	1,540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,435	2,025	2,400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	12,665	6,010	6,655	0.9	0.8	0.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,077,575	529,545	548,035	73.6	73.8	73.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,464,495	717,420	747,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	233,275	115,710	117,565	15.9	16.1	15.7
English	196,190	96,800	99,385	13.4	13.5	13.3
Irish	256,320	122,625	133,695	17.5	17.1	17.9
Scottish	204,170	100,335	103,835	13.9	14.0	13.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	250,030	122,265	127,765	17.1	17.0	17.1
German	95,710	47,025	48,680	6.5	6.6	6.5
Chinese	52,450	24,220	28,235	3.6	3.4	3.8
Italian	55,945	27,915	28,035	3.8	3.9	3.8
Indian (India)	33,800	17,310	16,490	2.3	2.4	2.2
Ukrainian	28,295	13,665	14,630	1.9	1.9	2.0
Dutch	32,670	15,725	16,940	2.2	2.2	2.3
Polish	37,120	17,745	19,365	2.5	2.5	2.6
Québécois	37,075	18,480	18,595	2.5	2.6	2.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	46,950	22,830	24,120	3.2	3.2	3.2
Filipino	16,175	6,900	9,275	1.1	1.0	1.2
French Canadian	63,460	30,540	32,915	4.3	4.3	4.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,545	16,130	16,415	2.2	2.2	2.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	24,700	11,735	12,965	1.7	1.6	1.7
Métis	18,985	8,895	10,090	1.3	1.2	1.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	23,255	11,540	11,720	1.6	1.6	1.6
Russian	15,470	7,220	8,250	1.1	1.0	1.1
Norwegian	8,500	4,245	4,255	0.6	0.6	0.6
Welsh	19,960	9,795	10,160	1.4	1.4	1.4
Portuguese	15,045	7,505	7,545	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	14,170	6,910	7,265	1.0	1.0	1.0
Spanish	15,110	6,970	8,140	1.0	1.0	1.1
Swedish	7,960	3,910	4,055	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hungarian	9,930	4,780	5,145	0.7	0.7	0.7
Acadian	12,510	6,035	6,475	0.9	0.8	0.9
Pakistani	7,885	3,970	3,915	0.5	0.6	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	20,640	10,060	10,580	1.4	1.4	1.4
Jewish	11,870	6,155	5,710	0.8	0.9	0.8
Punjabi	3,550	1,905	1,655	0.2	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	11,170	5,275	5,900	0.8	0.7	0.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	25,195	12,910	12,290	1.7	1.8	1.6
Greek	8,550	4,480	4,070	0.6	0.6	0.5
Jamaican	7,755	3,820	3,940	0.5	0.5	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,680	2,645	3,035	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,860	1,285	1,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	4,805	2,280	2,525	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	7,665	3,550	4,120	0.5	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	29,515	14,895	14,625	2.0	2.1	2.0
Iranian	8,185	4,155	4,035	0.6	0.6	0.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	7,860	3,825	4,035	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	6,180	3,010	3,170	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	8,200	3,900	4,300	0.6	0.5	0.6
Sikh	1,800	960	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	5,795	2,845	2,960	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	6,930	3,270	3,660	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	14,455	6,610	7,845	1.0	0.9	1.1
Hindu	4,390	2,440	1,955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	4,560	2,015	2,545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	1,395	695	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	5,425	2,590	2,830	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	4,805	2,400	2,405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	3,190	1,565	1,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	4,175	2,105	2,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	3,725	1,620	2,110	0.3	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,460	1,820	1,635	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	4,100	1,950	2,145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,160	2,025	2,140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	5,765	2,795	2,965	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	7,975	4,180	3,795	0.5	0.6	0.5
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	4,565	2,180	2,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,470	1,280	1,190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	1,790	915	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	4,250	1,915	2,330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	5,360	2,740	2,620	0.4	0.4	0.4
Czech	3,780	1,775	2,000	0.3	0.2	0.3
Syrian	7,785	3,865	3,920	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyanese	2,365	1,060	1,305	0.2	0.1	0.2
Afghan	4,825	2,425	2,400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	5,125	2,535	2,585	0.3	0.4	0.3
Serbian	3,505	1,710	1,795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	1,785	830	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	3,015	1,455	1,560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	1,235	625	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	8,130	3,915	4,225	0.6	0.5	0.6
Persian	3,335	1,735	1,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,420	1,160	1,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	4,805	2,425	2,385	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	2,220	940	1,275	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladeshi	3,765	1,895	1,870	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	3,200	1,605	1,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazilian	3,205	1,620	1,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	4,200	2,020	2,185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	2,190	1,150	1,050	0.1	0.2	0.1
Slovak	3,000	1,385	1,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	3,100	1,415	1,685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	11,070	5,045	6,030	0.8	0.7	0.8
Taiwanese	1,380	660	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	4,145	2,080	2,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	2,780	1,350	1,430	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	3,090	1,320	1,765	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,810	865	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,425	2,795	2,625	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,855	1,260	1,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	11,200	5,070	6,130	0.8	0.7	0.8
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,145	540	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	2,425	1,140	1,290	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	1,735	845	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	1,635	800	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	5,155	2,635	2,530	0.4	0.4	0.3
Chilean	1,325	635	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	8,110	3,735	4,370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Nova Scotian	1,405	685	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	2,780	1,445	1,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,565	735	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	1,790	870	920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	2,040	1,110	930	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,930	1,325	1,610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	2,490	1,345	1,145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	1,325	690	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	780	375	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	580	260	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,140	585	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,180	1,035	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	1,150	505	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,030	540	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	2,135	1,100	1,030	0.1	0.2	0.1
African Canadian	1,420	655	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	1,090	525	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	2,510	1,180	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	820	385	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	1,875	890	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	290	165	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	1,445	710	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	1,310	660	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	1,010	505	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,095	510	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	1,740	885	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,600	795	810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	1,685	810	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	1,915	950	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	1,330	625	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	870	425	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,325	680	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,290	700	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	2,860	1,385	1,480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guatemalan	710	325	385	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	1,085	485	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	1,035	470	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	495	245	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	1,240	605	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,465	735	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	285	125	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	440	170	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	9,005	4,150	4,865	0.6	0.6	0.7
Argentinian	720	325	400	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	1,010	495	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	1,305	680	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	990	525	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	1,125	550	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,245	470	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	1,105	510	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	935	485	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	655	355	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	290	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,390	685	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	1,140	525	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	435	210	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	705	320	385	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldovan	540	225	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,380	610	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	595	345	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	830	415	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	720	355	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	290	100	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	645	305	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,465	750	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	1,250	635	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	470	205	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	440	185	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	410	195	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	935	510	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	800	385	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	1,940	910	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	615	295	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	4,520	2,210	2,310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tigrinya	410	220	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	755	350	410	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	780	385	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	670	260	410	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	365	135	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	1,605	845	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	355	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	380	170	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	2,845	1,320	1,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Grenadian	335	175	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	575	310	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	670	355	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	385	150	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	330	175	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	410	170	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	195	60	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	315	120	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	460	210	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	640	305	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	1,105	545	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	325	180	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	365	190	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	545	300	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	330	145	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,425	725	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	395	160	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	490	215	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	485	210	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	470	225	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	950	455	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	235	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	640	315	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	435	235	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	435	210	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	1,055	530	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	1,170	550	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	1,520	760	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	530	275	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	230	90	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	505	240	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	685	305	375	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igorot	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	775	380	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	915	435	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	690	295	390	0.0	0.0	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	270	140	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	240	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	845	430	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	235	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	450	210	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	385	215	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	320	145	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	370	200	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	445	205	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,464,500	717,420	747,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	12,185	5,235	6,950	0.8	0.7	0.9
Christian	824,655	385,385	439,270	56.3	53.7	58.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	95,005	44,540	50,465	6.5	6.2	6.8
Anabaptist	985	425	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	50,900	23,620	27,280	3.5	3.3	3.7
Baptist	10,625	4,835	5,790	0.7	0.7	0.8
Catholic	524,040	246,330	277,710	35.8	34.3	37.2
Christian Orthodox	25,905	12,525	13,380	1.8	1.7	1.8
Jehovah's Witness	4,765	2,090	2,675	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,540	760	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	7,965	3,610	4,355	0.5	0.5	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,790	1,230	1,560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,725	6,620	8,110	1.0	0.9	1.1
Presbyterian	11,815	5,495	6,325	0.8	0.8	0.8
Reformed	1,410	685	725	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	44,005	19,685	24,320	3.0	2.7	3.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	28,180	12,950	15,225	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hindu	21,205	11,130	10,070	1.4	1.6	1.3
Jewish	11,395	5,695	5,700	0.8	0.8	0.8
Muslim	114,780	57,715	57,065	7.8	8.0	7.6
Sikh	6,730	3,430	3,305	0.5	0.5	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	745	315	430	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	10,250	4,320	5,930	0.7	0.6	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	462,555	244,195	218,360	31.6	34.0	29.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,450,630	710,500	740,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,261,530	616,690	644,845	87.0	86.8	87.1
Movers	189,100	93,810	95,290	13.0	13.2	12.9
Non-migrants	126,025	62,685	63,335	8.7	8.8	8.6
Migrants	63,075	31,120	31,950	4.3	4.4	4.3
Internal migrants	50,130	24,495	25,635	3.5	3.4	3.5
Intraprovincial migrants	31,965	15,630	16,340	2.2	2.2	2.2
Interprovincial migrants	18,160	8,865	9,295	1.3	1.2	1.3
External migrants	12,945	6,630	6,315	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,390,440	679,590	710,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	819,280	399,810	419,470	58.9	58.8	59.0
Movers	571,150	279,775	291,375	41.1	41.2	41.0
Non-migrants	305,585	149,340	156,245	22.0	22.0	22.0
Migrants	265,565	130,435	135,130	19.1	19.2	19.0
Internal migrants	190,655	92,735	97,925	13.7	13.6	13.8
Intraprovincial migrants	126,165	61,030	65,135	9.1	9.0	9.2
Interprovincial migrants	64,495	31,700	32,790	4.6	4.7	4.6
External migrants	74,910	37,700	37,210	5.4	5.5	5.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,213,355	589,520	623,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	171,450	89,310	82,135	14.1	15.1	13.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,041,905	500,205	541,700	85.9	84.8	86.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	797,120	388,115	409,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	67,490	37,895	29,600	8.5	9.8	7.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	729,625	350,220	379,405	91.5	90.2	92.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,213,355	589,520	623,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	154,760	79,590	75,170	12.8	13.5	12.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	283,270	141,395	141,880	23.3	24.0	22.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	775,330	368,540	406,785	63.9	62.5	65.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	333,395	162,190	171,205	27.5	27.5	27.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	69,880	42,925	26,950	5.8	7.3	4.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	42,380	22,220	20,160	3.5	3.8	3.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	27,505	20,710	6,795	2.3	3.5	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	235,770	107,720	128,050	19.4	18.3	20.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,740	11,540	16,200	2.3	2.0	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	441,935	206,355	235,580	36.4	35.0	37.8
Bachelor's degree	269,590	120,795	148,795	22.2	20.5	23.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	25,900	11,170	14,730	2.1	1.9	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	9,560	4,435	5,130	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	114,980	56,415	58,560	9.5	9.6	9.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	21,900	13,530	8,370	1.8	2.3	1.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	797,115	388,115	409,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	56,900	31,890	25,010	7.1	8.2	6.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	147,150	77,955	69,195	18.5	20.1	16.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	593,070	278,275	314,800	74.4	71.7	77.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	245,090	120,540	124,545	30.7	31.1	30.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	50,765	30,865	19,900	6.4	8.0	4.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,990	15,980	15,005	3.9	4.1	3.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	19,775	14,885	4,895	2.5	3.8	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	175,650	81,685	93,960	22.0	21.0	23.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,670	7,990	10,685	2.3	2.1	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	347,980	157,735	190,250	43.7	40.6	46.5
Bachelor's degree	209,845	92,705	117,140	26.3	23.9	28.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,770	7,980	11,790	2.5	2.1	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	7,565	3,095	4,470	0.9	0.8	1.1
Master's degree	94,600	44,680	49,915	11.9	11.5	12.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	16,205	9,270	6,935	2.0	2.4	1.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,213,355	589,520	623,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	438,025	220,980	217,050	36.1	37.5	34.8
Education	42,710	9,665	33,045	3.5	1.6	5.3
13. Education	42,710	9,665	33,045	3.5	1.6	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	24,940	10,590	14,350	2.1	1.8	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,460	2,455	1,000	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	21,485	8,135	13,350	1.8	1.4	2.1
Humanities	48,440	18,105	30,335	4.0	3.1	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,490	2,005	6,480	0.7	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	10,105	3,020	7,090	0.8	0.5	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	11,400	4,040	7,360	0.9	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,195	515	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,350	2,015	1,345	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,460	1,470	985	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	7,700	4,155	3,540	0.6	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,740	885	2,860	0.3	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	136,895	50,760	86,135	11.3	8.6	13.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,980	555	1,425	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	15,790	5,720	10,070	1.3	1.0	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	14,590	1,230	13,360	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	21,160	8,105	13,050	1.7	1.4	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,355	1,630	2,725	0.4	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	20,190	4,810	15,380	1.7	0.8	2.5
45. Social sciences	58,830	28,710	30,120	4.8	4.9	4.8
Business, management and public administration	161,650	67,410	94,240	13.3	11.4	15.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	16,720	5,020	11,705	1.4	0.9	1.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	144,685	62,285	82,395	11.9	10.6	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	38,370	19,070	19,295	3.2	3.2	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	18,200	7,310	10,890	1.5	1.2	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,220	2,945	3,280	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,365	555	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	11,395	7,770	3,625	0.9	1.3	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,180	495	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	52,105	35,575	16,530	4.3	6.0	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	41,115	30,215	10,900	3.4	5.1	1.7
25. Library science	3,500	715	2,785	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,950	3,595	2,350	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,545	1,050	490	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	127,105	110,100	17,005	10.5	18.7	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	7,100	4,425	2,675	0.6	0.8	0.4
14. Engineering	50,290	40,125	10,160	4.1	6.8	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,350	25,265	3,085	2.3	4.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	19,025	18,625	400	1.6	3.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,520	15,210	315	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	6,740	6,430	315	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,810	6,920	6,885	1.1	1.2	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	8,150	3,780	4,375	0.7	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,650	3,145	2,510	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	91,530	19,935	71,600	7.5	3.4	11.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	8,085	3,910	4,175	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	80,105	14,405	65,700	6.6	2.4	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	190	35	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,160	1,580	1,575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	37,610	20,365	17,250	3.1	3.5	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	19,050	5,805	13,245	1.6	1.0	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	1,035	925	115	0.1	0.2	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	720	655	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	12,285	8,890	3,400	1.0	1.5	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,520	4,095	425	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	165	40	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	797,115	388,115	409,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	204,045	109,845	94,200	25.6	28.3	23.0
Education	29,075	6,180	22,895	3.6	1.6	5.6
13. Education	29,075	6,180	22,895	3.6	1.6	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,925	7,905	11,025	2.4	2.0	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,470	1,705	765	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	16,455	6,205	10,255	2.1	1.6	2.5
Humanities	33,635	12,170	21,465	4.2	3.1	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	6,215	1,370	4,845	0.8	0.4	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	7,265	2,185	5,080	0.9	0.6	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,485	2,575	4,910	0.9	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	815	340	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,410	1,405	1,005	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,550	925	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	5,605	2,905	2,700	0.7	0.7	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,290	470	1,820	0.3	0.1	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	108,275	38,930	69,345	13.6	10.0	17.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,610	435	1,175	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	13,080	4,695	8,385	1.6	1.2	2.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	11,250	940	10,310	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	17,240	6,020	11,220	2.2	1.6	2.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,315	1,265	2,040	0.4	0.3	0.5
42. Psychology	15,530	3,560	11,970	1.9	0.9	2.9
45. Social sciences	46,245	22,005	24,235	5.8	5.7	5.9
Business, management and public administration	126,965	51,680	75,285	15.9	13.3	18.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	175	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	13,385	3,920	9,465	1.7	1.0	2.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	113,410	47,685	65,725	14.2	12.3	16.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	27,405	12,910	14,495	3.4	3.3	3.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	14,045	5,375	8,665	1.8	1.4	2.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,290	2,005	2,290	0.5	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	585	240	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	7,775	5,045	2,735	1.0	1.3	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	720	250	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	42,710	29,555	13,155	5.4	7.6	3.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	35,100	25,900	9,200	4.4	6.7	2.2
25. Library science	2,150	425	1,720	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,185	2,385	1,800	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,280	840	440	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	96,680	82,400	14,280	12.1	21.2	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	5,420	3,255	2,165	0.7	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	39,665	30,940	8,730	5.0	8.0	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	21,360	18,905	2,460	2.7	4.9	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	14,385	14,035	350	1.8	3.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,205	10,940	270	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	4,565	4,305	260	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,725	5,095	5,635	1.3	1.3	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,000	2,555	3,445	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,730	2,540	2,190	0.6	0.7	0.5
Health and related fields	69,330	15,490	53,840	8.7	4.0	13.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,330	3,000	3,330	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	60,540	11,430	49,100	7.6	2.9	12.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	155	25	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,310	1,040	1,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	29,205	15,915	13,285	3.7	4.1	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	14,460	4,380	10,085	1.8	1.1	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	850	745	105	0.1	0.2	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	430	395	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	9,900	7,170	2,725	1.2	1.8	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,560	3,230	335	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	130	40	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	797,115	388,115	409,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	204,045	109,845	94,200	25.6	28.3	23.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	593,070	278,275	314,795	74.4	71.7	77.0
Location of study inside Canada	497,320	233,560	263,765	62.4	60.2	64.5
Same as province or territory of residence	391,670	183,385	208,285	49.1	47.3	50.9
Different than province or territory of residence	105,655	50,180	55,480	13.3	12.9	13.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	95,750	44,715	51,035	12.0	11.5	12.5
Americas	19,500	9,615	9,890	2.4	2.5	2.4
United States of America	11,415	6,130	5,280	1.4	1.6	1.3
Mexico	1,080	400	670	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	505	260	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	1,105	525	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,690	765	925	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	1,190	475	715	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peru	275	105	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	390	135	255	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,570	680	895	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	24,270	12,465	11,810	3.0	3.2	2.9
Belgium	530	295	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	4,080	2,215	1,865	0.5	0.6	0.5
Germany	830	440	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	485	265	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	395	215	180	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	270	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	875	350	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	1,315	655	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	1,650	785	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	1,250	605	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	600	290	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	7,880	4,215	3,665	1.0	1.1	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	495	195	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	345	210	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	415	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	2,660	1,310	1,350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	13,760	6,455	7,300	1.7	1.7	1.8
Nigeria	1,525	665	855	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	1,250	550	705	0.2	0.1	0.2
Morocco	1,425	655	770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisia	585	290	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	2,070	985	1,085	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	595	300	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	6,310	3,010	3,300	0.8	0.8	0.8
Asia	36,485	15,345	21,140	4.6	4.0	5.2
Iran⁸⁸	1,760	770	995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	955	515	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	460	230	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	2,460	1,140	1,320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	1,265	595	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	805	420	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	6,470	2,730	3,740	0.8	0.7	0.9
Taiwan	235	75	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	205	55	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	580	190	390	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	990	325	665	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	5,345	1,750	3,600	0.7	0.5	0.9
Viet Nam	460	170	290	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	965	400	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	390	170	225	0.0	0.0	0.1
India	8,020	3,755	4,270	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pakistan	1,590	670	920	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	3,525	1,385	2,135	0.4	0.4	0.5
Oceania	1,730	840	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	1,435	700	740	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	295	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,213,355	589,520	623,830	...	...	...
In the labour force	801,005	410,465	390,545	...	...	...
Employed	723,250	373,010	350,240	...	...	...
Unemployed	77,755	37,455	40,305	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	412,345	179,060	233,295	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.0	69.6	62.6	66.0	69.6	62.6
Employment rate	59.6	63.3	56.1	59.6	63.3	56.1
Unemployment rate	9.7	9.1	10.3	9.7	9.1	10.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,213,355	589,520	623,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	412,055	179,835	232,220	34.0	30.5	37.2
Worked	801,300	409,685	391,615	66.0	69.5	62.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	470,250	252,730	217,520	38.8	42.9	34.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	331,050	156,960	174,090	27.3	26.6	27.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.3	42.9	41.7	42.3	42.9	41.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	801,005	410,465	390,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	18,745	9,100	9,640	2.3	2.2	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	782,265	401,365	380,900	97.7	97.8	97.5
Employee	689,090	344,870	344,220	86.0	84.0	88.1
Permanent position	570,395	289,520	280,870	71.2	70.5	71.9
Temporary position	118,695	55,350	63,350	14.8	13.5	16.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	43,175	19,500	23,675	5.4	4.8	6.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	75,520	35,845	39,675	9.4	8.7	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	93,175	56,495	36,675	11.6	13.8	9.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	801,005	410,465	390,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	18,745	9,100	9,640	2.3	2.2	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	782,265	401,365	380,900	97.7	97.8	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	12,235	7,965	4,270	1.5	1.9	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	161,890	54,680	107,210	20.2	13.3	27.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	103,005	76,965	26,035	12.9	18.8	6.7
3 Health occupations	57,325	13,025	44,300	7.2	3.2	11.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	136,995	51,305	85,695	17.1	12.5	21.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	27,735	11,940	15,795	3.5	2.9	4.0
6 Sales and service occupations	168,650	84,155	84,495	21.1	20.5	21.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	94,610	86,115	8,495	11.8	21.0	2.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	9,270	7,320	1,950	1.2	1.8	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	10,550	7,895	2,660	1.3	1.9	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	801,005	410,465	390,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	18,745	9,100	9,640	2.3	2.2	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	782,265	401,365	380,900	97.7	97.8	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,795	3,030	1,770	0.6	0.7	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,095	945	150	0.1	0.2	0.0
22 Utilities	3,045	2,260	780	0.4	0.6	0.2
23 Construction	51,760	44,910	6,845	6.5	10.9	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	24,690	17,675	7,015	3.1	4.3	1.8
41 Wholesale trade	14,695	10,815	3,885	1.8	2.6	1.0
44-45 Retail trade	79,030	41,045	37,980	9.9	10.0	9.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	26,685	20,745	5,945	3.3	5.1	1.5
51 Information and cultural industries	16,205	10,045	6,160	2.0	2.4	1.6
52 Finance and insurance	24,230	11,700	12,530	3.0	2.9	3.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	11,920	6,670	5,245	1.5	1.6	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	76,330	46,055	30,280	9.5	11.2	7.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,010	510	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	33,160	20,915	12,250	4.1	5.1	3.1
61 Educational services	61,355	19,760	41,595	7.7	4.8	10.7
62 Health care and social assistance	93,495	20,810	72,685	11.7	5.1	18.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	14,135	7,290	6,845	1.8	1.8	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	39,785	19,375	20,415	5.0	4.7	5.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	30,440	13,415	17,025	3.8	3.3	4.4
91 Public administration	174,400	83,390	91,010	21.8	20.3	23.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	851,290	434,380	416,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	523,870	280,655	243,215	61.5	64.6	58.3
French	94,175	44,285	49,895	11.1	10.2	12.0
Non-official language	2,640	1,320	1,320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,640	1,320	1,320	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	213,135	99,785	113,350	25.0	23.0	27.2
English and non-official language(s)	12,390	6,050	6,335	1.5	1.4	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	465	185	280	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,535	2,065	2,470	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	851,290	434,380	416,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	811,660	415,810	395,855	95.3	95.7	94.9
Official languages	806,430	413,370	393,060	94.7	95.2	94.3
English	658,605	344,395	314,210	77.4	79.3	75.4
French	147,825	68,970	78,855	17.4	15.9	18.9
Non-official languages	5,235	2,445	2,790	0.6	0.6	0.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,190	2,415	2,770	0.6	0.6	0.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	910	485	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	855	460	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	830	440	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,735	755	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	300	90	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	300	90	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	205	60	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	160	50	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	115	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	95	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	355	190	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	210	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	895	420	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	195	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	645	305	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	170	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,730	830	900	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	1,720	825	900	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,260	585	680	0.1	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	440	225	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	95	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	95	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	39,625	18,570	21,060	4.7	4.3	5.1
English and French	36,610	17,155	19,460	4.3	3.9	4.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,400	1,120	1,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	410	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	851,290	434,380	416,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	659,080	344,300	314,780	77.4	79.3	75.5
English	55,045	25,310	29,730	6.5	5.8	7.1
French	124,700	58,675	66,025	14.6	13.5	15.8
Non-official language	8,225	4,085	4,140	1.0	0.9	1.0
Indigenous³⁹	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,020	3,995	4,025	0.9	0.9	1.0
English and French	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	675	290	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	2,400	1,135	1,265	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	995	505	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	723,245	373,010	350,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	287,140	135,655	151,485	39.7	36.4	43.3
Worked outside Canada	2,125	1,395	735	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	71,570	55,470	16,105	9.9	14.9	4.6
Usual place of work	362,410	180,495	181,915	50.1	48.4	51.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	362,410	180,495	181,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	288,790	140,665	148,120	79.7	77.9	81.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	5,745	2,535	3,210	1.6	1.4	1.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	36,065	19,500	16,565	10.0	10.8	9.1
Commute to a different province or territory	31,810	17,790	14,020	8.8	9.9	7.7
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	433,980	235,965	198,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	347,755	195,720	152,035	80.1	82.9	76.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	315,900	182,835	133,070	72.8	77.5	67.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	31,855	12,880	18,970	7.3	5.5	9.6
Public transit	41,985	18,940	23,040	9.7	8.0	11.6
Walked	25,780	11,930	13,850	5.9	5.1	7.0
Bicycle	5,630	3,780	1,845	1.3	1.6	0.9
Other method	12,830	5,585	7,245	3.0	2.4	3.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	433,980	235,965	198,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	115,985	56,795	59,195	26.7	24.1	29.9
15 to 29 minutes	168,965	91,280	77,685	38.9	38.7	39.2
30 to 44 minutes	94,470	55,995	38,475	21.8	23.7	19.4
45 to 59 minutes	30,730	18,045	12,685	7.1	7.6	6.4
60 minutes and over	23,830	13,845	9,985	5.5	5.9	5.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	433,980	235,965	198,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	28,725	21,780	6,950	6.6	9.2	3.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	84,785	52,585	32,195	19.5	22.3	16.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	117,500	58,605	58,890	27.1	24.8	29.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	87,760	42,025	45,740	20.2	17.8	23.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	51,830	25,795	26,035	11.9	10.9	13.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	63,380	35,170	28,210	14.6	14.9	14.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	308,120	157,160	150,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	101,340	51,320	50,020	32.9	32.7	33.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	206,785	105,845	100,940	67.1	67.3	66.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	228,230	116,630	111,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	76,495	38,700	37,795	33.5	33.2	33.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	56,120	27,980	28,135	24.6	24.0	25.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	20,380	10,715	9,660	8.9	9.2	8.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	151,735	77,935	73,805	66.5	66.8	66.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 12, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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