Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Parkdale--High ParkMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	106,750	...	...
Population, 2016¹	108,805	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 1.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	53,740	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	49,436	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	7,197.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	14.83	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	106,750	51,540	55,210
0 to 14 years	15,120	7,815	7,310
0 to 4 years	4,765	2,450	2,310
5 to 9 years	5,145	2,690	2,460
10 to 14 years	5,205	2,670	2,535
15 to 64 years	75,295	36,470	38,820
15 to 19 years	4,535	2,310	2,220
20 to 24 years	4,720	2,305	2,420
25 to 29 years	7,710	3,545	4,160
30 to 34 years	10,695	5,015	5,680
35 to 39 years	9,930	4,775	5,155
40 to 44 years	8,575	4,180	4,400
45 to 49 years	8,005	3,905	4,100
50 to 54 years	7,485	3,720	3,765
55 to 59 years	7,195	3,570	3,625
60 to 64 years	6,445	3,145	3,300
65 years and over	16,340	7,255	9,080
65 to 69 years	5,300	2,515	2,785
70 to 74 years	4,370	2,030	2,345
75 to 79 years	2,665	1,195	1,475
80 to 84 years	1,835	745	1,090
85 years and over	2,160	775	1,385
85 to 89 years	1,230	465	760
90 to 94 years	660	240	420
95 to 99 years	245	60	190
100 years and over	25	10	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.2	15.2	13.2
15 to 64 years	70.5	70.8	70.3
65 years and over	15.3	14.1	16.4
85 years and over	2.0	1.5	2.5
Average age of the population	41.3	40.6	42.1
Median age of the population	40.4	40.0	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	49,440	...	...
Single-detached house	8,830	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,120	...	...
Row house	1,170	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,215	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,065	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	18,955	...	...
Other single-attached house	60	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	49,435	...	...
1 person	19,660	...	...
2 persons	15,165	...	...
3 persons	6,675	...	...
4 persons	5,795	...	...
5 or more persons	2,140	...	...
Number of persons in private households	104,670	50,525	54,150
Average household size	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	91,630	43,730	47,905
Married or living common-law	46,860	23,505	23,355
Married	34,765	17,395	17,375
Living common-law	12,095	6,115	5,980
Living common law - Never married	10,240	5,125	5,115
Living common law - Separated	295	175	115
Living common law - Divorced	1,460	765	690
Living common law - Widowed	110	50	60
Not married and not living common-law	44,770	20,220	24,550
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,075	16,060	16,015
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,710	1,150	1,560
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,445	2,365	4,080
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,540	650	2,895
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,375	...	...
2 persons	14,300	...	...
3 persons	6,055	...	...
4 persons	5,560	...	...
5 or more persons	1,460	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,370	...	...
Total couple families	22,840	...	...
Married couples	16,790	...	...
With children⁶	10,150	...	...
Without children	6,635	...	...
Common-law couples	6,050	...	...
With children⁶	1,360	...	...
Without children	4,685	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,540	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,755	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	785	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	104,675	50,520	54,150
Total - Persons in census families	76,595	37,605	38,985
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,670	22,915	22,755
Parents in one-parent families	4,535	785	3,755
Children⁶	26,380	13,905	12,480
In a two-parent family	19,770	10,320	9,450
In a one-parent family	6,615	3,585	3,025
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,080	12,915	15,160
Living alone	19,660	8,830	10,835
Living with other relatives⁷	2,300	955	1,345
Living with non-relatives only	6,115	3,130	2,990
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	49,440	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	24,995	...	...
Couple-family households	21,145	...	...
With children⁶	10,720	...	...
Without children	10,430	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,845	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	660	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	200	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,060	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,860	...	...
One-person households	19,665	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	89,615	42,735	46,875
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,400	41,090	45,315
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	49,600	44,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,450	41,120	45,330
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	43,600	40,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,675	37,200	40,475
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	50,000	41,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,085	32,340	33,750
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	51,600	44,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,910	35,905	41,005
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,900	5,760	8,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,265	3,510	4,755
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,480	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,545	12,855	13,690
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	89,700	42,705	46,990
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,375	41,050	45,330
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	72,800	83,400	63,150
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,405	41,055	45,345
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,550	62,700	50,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,585	37,200	40,385
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	71,600	83,600	60,500
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,105	32,400	33,700
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	72,000	83,100	61,300
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,260	36,060	41,195
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	8,740	10,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,380	3,580	4,800
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,600	6,020	7,030
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,640	12,870	13,770
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,940	9,990	9,900
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	89,695	42,710	46,990
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,065	17,125	15,940
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	83,000	89,000	79,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	111,500	126,500	95,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,825	11,800	14,020
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	17,600	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,840	36,400	31,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	88.4	90.8	85.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	75.8	78.6	72.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	11.7	9.2	14.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	4.0	5.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.2	3.8	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	89,610	42,735	46,880
Without total income	3,210	1,650	1,565
With total income	86,405	41,090	45,315
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,685	3,070	3,615
$10,000 to $19,999	9,000	4,275	4,720
$20,000 to $29,999	12,595	5,600	6,990
$30,000 to $39,999	9,575	4,205	5,375
$40,000 to $49,999	7,685	3,475	4,205
$50,000 to $59,999	6,415	2,865	3,550
$60,000 to $69,999	5,410	2,435	2,980
$70,000 to $79,999	4,520	2,020	2,500
$80,000 to $89,999	3,930	1,850	2,085
$90,000 to $99,999	3,395	1,590	1,805
$100,000 and over	17,195	9,705	7,490
$100,000 to $149,999	9,180	4,630	4,550
$150,000 and over	8,015	5,080	2,940
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	89,610	42,735	46,880
Without after-tax income	3,160	1,620	1,545
With after-tax income	86,450	41,115	45,335
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,015	3,225	3,790
$10,000 to $19,999	9,440	4,550	4,885
$20,000 to $29,999	14,355	6,315	8,040
$30,000 to $39,999	10,820	4,885	5,935
$40,000 to $49,999	9,030	4,065	4,970
$50,000 to $59,999	7,345	3,270	4,070
$60,000 to $69,999	5,870	2,665	3,205
$70,000 to $79,999	4,765	2,245	2,525
$80,000 to $89,999	4,295	2,020	2,280
$90,000 to $99,999	2,840	1,425	1,415
$100,000 and over	10,685	6,465	4,215
$100,000 to $124,999	4,195	2,320	1,875
$125,000 and over	6,495	4,145	2,345
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	89,610	42,735	46,880
Without employment income	23,525	10,395	13,130
With employment income	66,090	32,340	33,750
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,715	4,125	4,590
$5,000 to $9,999	5,050	2,265	2,790
$10,000 to $19,999	6,645	3,050	3,595
$20,000 to $29,999	4,795	2,205	2,590
$30,000 to $39,999	4,490	2,135	2,360
$40,000 to $49,999	4,460	2,065	2,390
$50,000 to $59,999	4,360	1,980	2,375
$60,000 to $69,999	3,825	1,785	2,035
$70,000 to $79,999	3,380	1,570	1,810
$80,000 to $89,999	3,070	1,470	1,605
$90,000 to $99,999	2,970	1,400	1,565
$100,000 and over	14,330	8,295	6,035
$100,000 to $124,999	4,905	2,475	2,430
$125,000 and over	9,420	5,815	3,605
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	89,615	42,735	46,875
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,655	40,150	44,500
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	48,800	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,670	40,160	44,510
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	42,800	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,765	36,675	40,090
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	51,200	42,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,160	32,235	33,925
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	52,000	44,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,600	33,390	38,205
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,010	750	1,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,520	1,785	2,735
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,280	5,640	7,050
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	89,700	42,705	46,990
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,480	40,090	44,390
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,800	81,600	61,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,505	40,095	44,410
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,800	60,900	49,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,590	36,615	39,975
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	72,800	85,000	61,550
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,945	32,095	33,850
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	72,600	83,700	62,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,305	33,180	38,130
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,670	4,744	6,470
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,380	1,730	2,650
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,960	6,460	8,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	89,695	42,710	46,990
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,695	16,900	15,800
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	77,500	84,000	72,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	104,700	120,300	88,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,530	11,050	13,480
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,000	28,400	26,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	44,640	46,800	42,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.2	95.2	90.8
Employment income (%)	80.0	82.2	77.6
Government transfers (%)	6.8	4.8	9.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	49,435	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	19,665	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,775	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	49,445	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	127,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	19,630	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,810	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	171,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	49,435	...	...
Under $5,000	665	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	405	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	920	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,275	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,490	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,780	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,740	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,715	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,700	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,710	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,235	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,950	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,865	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,680	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,995	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,770	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,370	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,530	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,320	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	49,435	...	...
Under $5,000	755	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	420	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	935	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,350	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,680	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,065	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,005	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,010	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,065	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,020	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,805	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,530	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,230	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,930	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,380	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,235	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,655	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,255	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,325	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,620	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,770	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	11,545	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	184,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,365	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	25,775	11,960	13,815
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	40,400	42,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	36,400	38,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,650	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	175,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	133,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,855	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,510	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	236,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	173,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,350	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	25,765	11,940	13,825
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,950	56,650	55,350
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,360	46,760	46,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	104,670	50,520	54,155
0 to 17 years	17,870	9,225	8,645
0 to 5 years	5,750	2,985	2,760
18 to 64 years	71,645	34,555	37,085
65 years and over	15,160	6,740	8,420
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,470	5,875	6,590
0 to 17 years	1,795	915	880
0 to 5 years	545	290	255
18 to 64 years	7,930	3,840	4,095
65 years and over	2,740	1,120	1,620
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.9	11.6	12.2
0 to 17 years (%)	10.0	10.0	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	9.5	9.6	9.4
18 to 64 years (%)	11.1	11.1	11.0
65 years and over (%)	18.1	16.7	19.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	104,675	50,520	54,150
0 to 17 years	17,870	9,225	8,645
0 to 5 years	5,750	2,990	2,765
18 to 64 years	71,645	34,560	37,090
65 years and over	15,155	6,735	8,415
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,965	4,060	3,910
0 to 17 years	885	445	440
0 to 5 years	290	135	155
18 to 64 years	6,160	3,170	2,995
65 years and over	920	445	475
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.6	8.0	7.2
0 to 17 years (%)	4.9	4.8	5.1
0 to 5 years (%)	5.0	4.5	5.6
18 to 64 years (%)	8.6	9.2	8.1
65 years and over (%)	6.1	6.6	5.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	104,670	50,520	54,155
In bottom half of the distribution	43,855	20,640	23,210
In bottom decile	11,725	5,710	6,020
In second decile	9,220	4,115	5,100
In third decile	7,975	3,770	4,205
In fourth decile	7,410	3,485	3,925
In fifth decile	7,525	3,555	3,965
In top half of the distribution	60,820	29,880	30,940
In sixth decile	7,615	3,605	4,015
In seventh decile	7,860	3,740	4,120
In eighth decile	9,580	4,670	4,910
In ninth decile	12,640	6,250	6,385
In top decile	23,125	11,625	11,500
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	104,675	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.437	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.523	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.372	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	105,375	50,905	54,475
English only	87,160	43,140	44,020
French only	75	35	45
English and French	16,210	7,015	9,195
Neither English nor French	1,925	715	1,215
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	105,375	50,905	54,475
English	100,595	48,855	51,740
French	2,075	980	1,100
English and French	860	405	455
Neither English nor French	1,850	675	1,180
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	105,375	50,905	54,475
Single responses	100,250	48,570	51,680
Official languages	71,200	35,465	35,740
English	69,290	34,555	34,735
French	1,910	910	1,000
Non-official languages	29,050	13,100	15,940
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	0
Algonquian languages	5	10	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,030	13,090	15,940
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,675	855	815
Berber languages	10	5	0
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	5	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	190	85	100
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	10
Somali	170	75	100
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	1,475	765	710
Amharic	330	155	175
Arabic	600	345	255
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	30	10	10
Hebrew	70	40	35
Maltese	240	110	130
Tigrigna	195	100	95
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,090	495	600
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	10
Vietnamese	1,070	480	585
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5
Austronesian languages	1,465	525	940
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Cebuano	45	15	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	5	20
Ilocano	110	35	75
Indonesian	35	15	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	5	5	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Malay	5	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,195	435	765
Waray-Waray	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	35	20	15
Haitian Creole	5	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	5	0	5
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Dravidian languages	600	300	300
Kannada	30	15	15
Malayalam	70	35	35
Tamil	395	185	205
Telugu	105	65	40
Tulu	0	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	15	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	18,225	8,250	9,975
Albanian	150	70	80
Armenian	40	20	15
Balto-Slavic languages	8,650	3,685	4,960
Baltic languages	490	175	310
Latvian	155	65	90
Lithuanian	330	115	220
Slavic languages	8,160	3,510	4,650
Belarusian	20	10	10
Bulgarian	125	65	65
Czech	215	100	115
Macedonian	65	35	30
Polish	2,850	1,190	1,660
Russian	1,540	635	905
Rusyn	5	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,610	775	835
Bosnian	95	45	55
Croatian	420	200	220
Serbian	1,055	510	545
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Slovak	135	60	80
Slovene (Slovenian)	100	35	65
Ukrainian	1,485	615	870
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	5	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,135	525	610
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	835	385	450
German	805	365	440
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10
Yiddish	5	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	190	95	95
Afrikaans	10	10	5
Dutch	165	80	85
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	110	45	60
Danish	45	15	25
Icelandic	5	5	5
Norwegian	10	0	10
Swedish	45	20	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	510	245	270
Indo-Iranian languages	2,130	1,075	1,060
Indo-Aryan languages	1,535	785	750
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	275	140	135
Gujarati	170	85	80
Hindi	430	225	200
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	5	0	5
Konkani	15	10	10
Marathi	85	40	45
Nepali	75	30	45
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	190	95	90
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	25
Urdu	225	130	100
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Iranian languages	600	280	315
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	10	5
Persian languages	560	265	295
Dari	45	20	25
Iranian Persian	460	215	245
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	30	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,605	2,625	2,975
Catalan	15	5	5
Italian	835	395	445
Portuguese	1,935	895	1,040
Romanian	270	120	150
Spanish	2,540	1,205	1,335
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	290	65	225
Korean	495	205	290
Mongolian	25	15	10
Niger-Congo languages	275	135	140
Akan (Twi)	40	20	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	25	5	15
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	5	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	10	5
Soninke	25	15	10
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	20	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	5
Yoruba	30	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	10	5
American Sign Language	15	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,705	1,680	2,030
Chinese languages	2,025	825	1,195
Hakka	15	5	10
Mandarin	845	335	510
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	25	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	0	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,035	435	600
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,680	850	835
Burmese	15	10	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	1,655	830	825
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	10	30
Lao	10	5	10
Thai	30	5	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	290	150	140
Azerbaijani	15	10	5
Kazakh	5	0	5
Turkish	245	130	115
Uyghur	5	0	5
Uzbek	20	10	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	775	355	420
Estonian	130	50	80
Finnish	40	15	25
Hungarian	605	290	315
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	5,125	2,335	2,790
English and French	780	375	405
English and non-official language(s)	3,605	1,665	1,935
French and non-official language(s)	135	60	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	55	90
Multiple non-official languages	460	175	280
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	105,375	50,905	54,475
English	74,060	36,660	37,395
French	480	230	255
Non-official language	6,960	3,125	3,840
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0
Non-Indigenous	6,960	3,120	3,835
English and French	2,290	1,035	1,250
English and non-official language(s)	19,815	9,135	10,675
French and non-official language(s)	55	20	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,080	435	640
Multiple non-official languages	635	250	380
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	105,375	50,905	54,475
Single responses	100,900	48,875	52,025
Official languages	87,000	42,525	44,475
English	86,125	42,115	44,005
French	880	405	470
Non-official languages	13,900	6,350	7,555
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,895	6,345	7,550
Afro-Asiatic languages	775	380	395
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	5	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	110	50	65
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	0
Somali	95	40	60
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	660	330	330
Amharic	175	80	95
Arabic	245	135	110
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	15	10	10
Hebrew	15	5	5
Maltese	80	35	40
Tigrigna	130	60	70
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	765	355	420
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	765	350	415
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	790	325	465
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	25	10	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	5	15
Ilocano	80	25	50
Indonesian	5	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	640	270	365
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	5	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	370	185	185
Kannada	10	5	10
Malayalam	35	20	15
Tamil	265	125	140
Telugu	55	30	25
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	7,745	3,445	4,300
Albanian	65	35	35
Armenian	20	5	10
Balto-Slavic languages	3,940	1,680	2,255
Baltic languages	145	40	105
Latvian	40	10	30
Lithuanian	105	25	75
Slavic languages	3,795	1,640	2,150
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	25	30
Czech	90	40	45
Macedonian	20	10	10
Polish	1,340	565	780
Russian	845	375	470
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	785	370	410
Bosnian	35	10	20
Croatian	150	75	80
Serbian	585	285	300
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Slovak	35	15	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	15
Ukrainian	605	235	370
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	130	65	65
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	100	50	55
German	95	45	50
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	15	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5
Danish	5	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	195	90	110
Indo-Iranian languages	980	480	500
Indo-Aryan languages	725	365	360
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	145	75	70
Gujarati	70	30	35
Hindi	205	100	110
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	5
Marathi	55	25	30
Nepali	45	25	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	85	45	35
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5
Urdu	100	55	45
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	260	110	140
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	0	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	5	0
Persian languages	245	105	135
Dari	25	15	15
Iranian Persian	200	85	115
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,420	1,095	1,320
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	130	60	70
Portuguese	990	445	540
Romanian	110	45	60
Spanish	1,180	540	640
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	90	30	60
Korean	260	125	130
Mongolian	20	15	5
Niger-Congo languages	120	60	65
Akan (Twi)	20	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	10	5	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	20	10
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,375	1,145	1,235
Chinese languages	965	440	520
Hakka	10	5	0
Mandarin	445	205	245
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	455	205	255
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,415	705	710
Burmese	5	5	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	1,400	695	700
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	5
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	130	65	60
Azerbaijani	5	0	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	115	55	55
Uyghur	5	0	5
Uzbek	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	390	185	200
Estonian	40	15	20
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	350	175	180
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,475	2,025	2,450
English and French	425	180	245
English and non-official language(s)	3,885	1,780	2,110
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	35
Multiple non-official languages	75	30	40
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	105,375	50,900	54,470
None	85,195	41,710	43,480
English	5,710	2,685	3,025
French	1,730	775	950
Non-official language	9,870	4,405	5,465
Indigenous³⁹	25	15	10
Non-Indigenous	9,845	4,385	5,455
English and French	95	35	60
English and non-official language(s)	905	435	470
French and non-official language(s)	655	275	380
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	1,180	565	620
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	104,715	50,490	54,225
Official languages	102,850	49,835	53,020
English	102,760	49,800	52,965
French	16,245	7,065	9,185
Non-official languages	40,435	18,295	22,140
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	25	30
Algonquian languages	50	20	25
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	20	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	20	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	15	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	0	20
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	0	20
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,385	18,270	22,115
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,700	1,375	1,325
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	10	0
Hausa	10	10	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	330	120	210
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	15	10
Somali	265	80	185
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	15
Semitic languages	2,440	1,290	1,150
Amharic	490	255	235
Arabic	1,155	635	520
Aramaic languages	30	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	330	165	165
Maltese	320	150	170
Tigrigna	335	175	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,440	630	810
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	1,425	625	805
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,195	820	1,375
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Cebuano	95	40	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	55	10	45
Ilocano	210	55	155
Indonesian	50	15	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	35	25	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	15	25
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,015	740	1,275
Waray-Waray	15	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Creole languages	180	100	80
Haitian Creole	55	30	25
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	15
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	15	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Dravidian languages	1,040	510	525
Kannada	95	50	40
Malayalam	150	80	70
Tamil	745	340	405
Telugu	140	80	60
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0
Georgian	30	10	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	27,450	12,330	15,120
Albanian	175	75	100
Armenian	55	30	30
Balto-Slavic languages	10,505	4,595	5,905
Baltic languages	575	230	345
Latvian	200	105	100
Lithuanian	365	125	240
Slavic languages	10,045	4,405	5,640
Belarusian	25	0	25
Bulgarian	230	115	110
Czech	385	195	195
Macedonian	85	25	55
Polish	3,715	1,605	2,110
Russian	2,590	1,115	1,475
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,105	970	1,135
Bosnian	310	155	155
Croatian	845	400	445
Serbian	1,340	615	725
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	105	50	55
Slovak	185	60	120
Slovene (Slovenian)	110	30	75
Ukrainian	2,060	865	1,195
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	105	60	40
Irish	85	55	35
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,750	1,280	1,470
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	2,215	1,025	1,190
German	2,175	1,005	1,175
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	25	15
Yiddish	25	20	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	390	200	185
Afrikaans	65	55	15
Dutch	305	140	160
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	245	95	150
Danish	95	25	70
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	35	20	15
Swedish	120	50	75
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	920	410	510
Indo-Iranian languages	3,895	1,945	1,945
Indo-Aryan languages	3,365	1,705	1,660
Assamese	10	0	10
Bengali	350	170	180
Gujarati	235	105	135
Hindi	2,360	1,185	1,175
Kacchi	20	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	20	10
Marathi	215	95	125
Nepali	440	225	210
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	395	220	175
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	10	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	25	40
Urdu	465	245	215
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	540	250	290
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	10	0
Persian languages	515	240	270
Dari	45	20	25
Iranian Persian	455	205	255
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	25	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,415	4,565	5,850
Catalan	70	40	30
Italian	2,285	970	1,315
Portuguese	2,830	1,370	1,460
Romanian	380	155	220
Spanish	5,835	2,550	3,285
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	695	285	415
Korean	530	225	305
Mongolian	30	15	15
Niger-Congo languages	490	245	235
Akan (Twi)	45	20	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	30	0	25
Gikuyu	25	20	0
Igbo	10	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	0
Lingala	25	20	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	10	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	25	15	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	155	75	85
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	10	10
Yoruba	40	20	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	80	75
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	180	55	135
American Sign Language	160	35	125
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,935	2,325	2,605
Chinese languages	2,870	1,245	1,620
Hakka	40	15	25
Mandarin	1,475	610	865
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	35	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10
Yue (Cantonese)	1,580	710	865
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,120	1,110	1,010
Burmese	55	25	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	2,020	1,065	955
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	65
Lao	35	15	25
Thai	80	30	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	360	210	150
Azerbaijani	15	10	0
Kazakh	10	0	10
Turkish	325	200	125
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Uralic languages	770	370	400
Estonian	115	35	75
Finnish	65	25	40
Hungarian	595	310	285
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	104,715	50,490	54,225
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,255	605	650
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,180	570	605
First Nations (North American Indian)	710	325	385
Métis	460	235	225
Inuk (Inuit)	15	15	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30	15	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	20	30
Non-Indigenous identity	103,460	49,885	53,575
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	104,715	50,490	54,225
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	440	220	220
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	104,275	50,265	54,010
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	49,440	...	...
Owner	21,610	...	...
Renter	27,835	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	49,440	...	...
Condominium	7,430	...	...
Not condominium	42,010	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	49,440	...	...
No bedrooms	2,315	...	...
1 bedroom	18,345	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,770	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,260	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	6,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	49,440	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	27,445	...	...
5 rooms	5,430	...	...
6 rooms	4,120	...	...
7 rooms	3,720	...	...
8 or more rooms	8,730	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	49,440	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,550	...	...
More than one person per room	1,890	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	49,440	...	...
Suitable	44,935	...	...
Not suitable	4,505	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	49,440	...	...
1960 or before	26,825	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,285	...	...
1981 to 1990	2,665	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,735	...	...
2001 to 2005	795	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,600	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,115	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,430	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	49,440	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,145	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,295	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	49,440	...	...
One-maintainer household	27,570	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,065	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,810	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	49,440	...	...
15 to 24 years	700	...	...
25 to 34 years	9,360	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,680	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,410	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,640	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,215	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,075	...	...
85 years and over	1,375	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,170	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,830	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	15,340	...	...
30% to less than 100%	13,530	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	49,440	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,240	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,975	...	...
Not suitable only	3,100	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,365	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	875	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,395	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	430	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	100	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,200	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	47,355	...	...
In core need	9,895	...	...
Not in core need	37,460	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,610	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,280	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,290,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,370,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,835	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	31.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,492	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	104,710	50,490	54,225
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	270	130	140
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	250	125	130
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	195	100	95
Métis single ancestry	50	20	35
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,590	760	835
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,540	730	810
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,125	510	610
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	415	225	195
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	102,850	49,600	53,250
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	104,715	50,490	54,225
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	94,615	45,630	48,995
Canadian citizens aged under 18	17,100	8,800	8,300
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	77,520	36,830	40,690
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,095	4,865	5,235
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	104,715	50,490	54,225
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	69,575	34,160	35,415
Immigrants⁸¹	32,400	14,985	17,415
Before 1980	7,780	3,570	4,205
1980 to 1990	4,610	2,165	2,445
1991 to 2000	6,635	2,960	3,680
2001 to 2010	6,040	2,655	3,390
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,335	3,640	3,695
2011 to 2015	2,870	1,400	1,465
2016 to 2021	4,465	2,240	2,225
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,740	1,345	1,395
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	32,400	14,985	17,410
Under 5 years	2,850	1,375	1,475
5 to 14 years	5,450	2,730	2,725
15 to 24 years	6,090	2,780	3,305
25 to 44 years	15,295	7,040	8,260
45 years and over	2,710	1,065	1,645
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	32,400	14,985	17,410
Americas	5,810	2,675	3,130
Brazil	525	255	265
Colombia	200	95	105
El Salvador	170	90	75
Guyana	480	210	275
Haiti	20	10	15
Jamaica	610	260	350
Mexico	280	85	195
Peru	140	75	65
Trinidad and Tobago	450	215	235
United States of America	1,440	685	750
Other places of birth in Americas	1,495	700	795
Europe	13,380	6,150	7,235
Bosnia and Herzegovina	335	155	185
Croatia	310	160	150
France	410	210	205
Germany	680	290	385
Greece	395	180	215
Hungary	345	190	155
Italy	390	185	210
Netherlands	150	70	75
Poland	2,290	925	1,360
Portugal	960	470	490
Romania	365	135	225
Russian Federation	810	350	460
Serbia⁸⁶	605	260	340
Ukraine	975	400	580
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,120	1,185	930
Other places of birth in Europe	2,230	980	1,255
Africa	2,130	1,155	975
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	20	25
Egypt	145	85	60
Eritrea	235	105	135
Ethiopia	395	205	190
Morocco	115	55	55
Nigeria	95	55	35
Somalia	170	50	120
South Africa, Republic of	210	130	85
Other places of birth in Africa	715	440	275
Asia	10,810	4,850	5,960
Afghanistan	35	20	15
Iran⁸⁸	380	190	195
Iraq	95	60	35
Lebanon	90	60	30
Syria⁸⁹	95	50	45
Turkey	210	145	70
China⁹⁰	1,335	580	755
Hong Kong⁹¹	395	185	210
Korea, South⁹²	360	155	205
Taiwan	125	40	85
Philippines	1,935	725	1,215
Viet Nam	1,125	490	640
Bangladesh	180	95	90
India	2,425	1,140	1,285
Pakistan	180	95	90
Sri Lanka	300	125	175
Other places of birth in Asia	1,550	715	840
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	270	155	110
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,465	2,235	2,225
Americas	825	440	380
Brazil	220	115	110
Colombia	30	15	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	50	30	20
Mexico	40	10	30
United States of America	260	150	105
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	40	25
Other places of birth in Americas	155	90	70
Europe	1,045	535	510
France	185	90	95
Germany	30	0	25
Ireland⁹⁶	125	75	55
Italy	45	30	15
Russian Federation	70	20	50
Ukraine	105	60	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	145	90	50
Other places of birth in Europe	340	170	170
Africa	375	200	170
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	0	15
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	10	10	0
Eritrea	75	40	30
Ethiopia	75	35	35
Morocco	50	25	20
Nigeria	25	10	15
Somalia	25	0	25
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	60	50	15
Asia	2,155	1,005	1,150
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	40	30	15
China⁹⁰	170	65	105
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	970	480	485
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	20
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	15	10	10
Japan	45	25	20
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	40	10	30
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	85	35	45
Pakistan	20	15	0
Philippines	395	170	225
Saudi Arabia	15	0	15
Sri Lanka	10	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	50	35	15
Turkey	85	50	35
United Arab Emirates	15	10	0
Viet Nam	105	45	65
Other places of birth in Asia	60	20	40
Oceania and other⁹³	70	55	15
Australia	60	50	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	104,715	50,490	54,225
First generation¹⁰⁰	36,980	17,155	19,825
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,520	14,860	15,660
Third generation or more¹⁰²	37,215	18,475	18,740
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	24,620	11,415	13,205
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	11,220	5,365	5,855
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,350	2,945	2,400
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,875	2,420	3,455
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,420	2,925	4,490
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,615	2,950	2,670
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	360	175	190
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	24,620	11,415	13,205
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,560	1,360	1,205
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,425	1,605	1,825
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	735	320	410
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,645	620	1,025
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	205	85	120
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	16,045	7,420	8,625
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	104,715	50,490	54,225
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	30,445	14,250	16,190
South Asian	5,385	2,665	2,720
Chinese	4,070	1,860	2,205
Black	6,305	2,975	3,335
Filipino	2,785	1,105	1,685
Arab	725	415	310
Latin American	2,775	1,285	1,490
Southeast Asian	2,015	920	1,095
West Asian	545	270	280
Korean	745	345	400
Japanese	845	325	520
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,360	1,155	1,200
Multiple visible minorities	1,890	940	950
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	74,270	36,235	38,030
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	104,715	50,490	54,225
Canadian	7,665	3,790	3,870
English	19,005	9,565	9,435
Irish	18,680	9,080	9,600
Scottish	17,275	8,485	8,790
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,970	3,310	3,660
German	9,395	4,405	4,990
Chinese	4,750	2,160	2,585
Italian	7,540	3,670	3,870
Indian (India)	3,645	1,780	1,860
Ukrainian	5,955	2,790	3,165
Dutch	2,860	1,305	1,560
Polish	7,850	3,720	4,120
Québécois	190	85	100
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,565	2,255	2,310
Filipino	2,785	1,110	1,680
French Canadian	1,150	515	630
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,925	900	1,025
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	420	220	200
Métis	535	275	265
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,080	1,045	1,035
Russian	2,905	1,305	1,605
Norwegian	935	365	570
Welsh	2,010	945	1,070
Portuguese	3,090	1,515	1,575
American	1,630	825	805
Spanish	1,845	835	1,010
Swedish	840	345	490
Hungarian	1,555	745	815
Acadian	385	140	240
Pakistani	445	250	190
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,410	700	705
Jewish	2,500	1,280	1,220
Punjabi	135	65	70
Vietnamese	1,610	750	855
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	340	215	120
Greek	1,850	850	995
Jamaican	1,560	725	835
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	625	290	335
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	105	60	50
Korean	835	395	440
Romanian	835	380	455
Lebanese	490	300	190
Iranian	425	190	230
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	450	230	220
Danish	520	260	260
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	235	100	130
Sikh	65	40	25
Austrian	810	450	365
Belgian	410	225	175
Haitian	80	20	60
Hindu	275	125	155
Mexican	670	265	405
Mennonite	265	115	150
Swiss	660	330	325
Finnish	535	265	275
Sri Lankan	425	200	230
Croatian	1,415	625	790
Japanese	1,050	415	635
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	315	145	170
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	150	70	80
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	330	170	165
Muslim	120	70	45
Egyptian	375	205	170
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	480	220	260
Tamil	390	185	205
Icelandic	300	165	130
Colombian	330	175	155
Moroccan	140	70	70
Czech	660	290	370
Syrian	170	75	95
Guyanese	620	350	270
Afghan	90	60	30
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	640	325	310
Serbian	1,500	690	815
Ojibway	185	70	115
Newfoundlander	225	115	110
Hong Konger	175	80	95
Ontarian	275	150	130
Persian	260	140	125
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	510	240	270
Turkish	445	245	205
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	190	100	90
Algerian	20	15	10
Brazilian	865	400	470
Nigerian	120	65	50
Armenian	215	90	120
Slovak	635	305	330
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	485	240	250
Somali	365	155	210
Taiwanese	160	50	105
Iraqi	85	55	25
Salvadorean	170	95	85
African Caribbean	290	85	205
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	230	105	130
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	215	95	120
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	265	105	165
Algonquin	40	10	35
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	320	145	175
Lithuanian	820	330	490
South African	235	120	110
Australian	385	225	165
Palestinian	85	45	45
Chilean	440	205	235
Congolese	50	15	30
Nova Scotian	120	60	60
Ethiopian	440	230	215
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	230	95	135
Peruvian	245	115	130
Yoruba	15	10	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	20	0	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	255	105	145
Maltese	680	320	365
Macedonian	255	125	130
Slovenian	465	215	250
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	215	105	110
New Brunswicker	30	15	20
Gujarati	50	20	30
Eritrean	380	195	185
African Canadian	115	55	65
Israeli	205	135	70
Mohawk	80	45	35
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	75	30	45
Bulgarian	315	185	140
Albertan	30	15	15
Ghanaian	170	75	90
Barbadian	150	60	90
African American	135	65	65
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	250	110	140
Tunisian	30	20	15
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	435	205	225
Cuban	165	70	100
Bosnian	305	145	160
Venezuelan	100	40	60
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	450	230	225
Bengali	110	65	50
Cameroonian	25	0	20
Guatemalan	75	45	30
Indonesian	90	35	60
Laotian	60	35	25
Ilocano	40	0	35
Northern Irish	225	125	105
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	130	80	50
British Columbian	15	0	10
Ecuadorian	200	95	105
Franco Ontarian	50	20	25
Argentinian	190	95	95
Estonian	350	140	210
Kurdish	65	30	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	20	10	10
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	10	0	10
Coptic	55	15	35
Thai	70	20	50
Dominican	75	20	50
Nepali	140	65	70
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	30	10	20
Igbo	20	10	10
Byelorussian	180	95	90
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	25	10	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	145	65	80
Sudanese	40	10	30
Breton	35	20	15
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	25	25
Malaysian	95	35	60
Plains Cree	20	10	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	15	25
Huron (Wendat)	35	10	20
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	145	85	60
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	25	15	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	145	65	75
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	0	15
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	45	20	25
Nicaraguan	30	0	20
Mauritian	55	25	30
Kenyan	80	30	50
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	85	35	55
Jordanian	10	10	0
Manitoban	15	0	10
Cape Bretoner	15	0	15
Rwandan	25	20	0
Grenadian	125	50	75
Malayali	50	15	25
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	50	15	35
Mayan	45	15	30
Honduran	30	15	20
Cherokee	30	20	20
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	80	45	35
Flemish	30	10	20
United Empire Loyalist	45	20	25
Senegalese	15	10	0
Azerbaijani	35	30	0
Sicilian	75	30	40
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	20	0	20
Goan	80	40	45
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	20	0
Tibetan	1,865	1,005	865
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	70	25	40
Mongolian	95	45	50
Azorean	70	20	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	60	25	35
Ugandan	65	30	35
Oromo	55	25	35
Tanzanian	30	15	15
Yemeni	95	50	50
Central African	10	0	0
Libyan	10	10	0
Basque	40	25	20
Uruguayan	60	40	25
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	55	20	30
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	35	0	30
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	10	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	10	0	10
Roma	150	75	80
Costa Rican	40	15	25
African Nova Scotian	20	0	15
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	25	10	15
Singaporean	45	35	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	25	0	20
Amhara	60	40	25
Paraguayan	20	0	15
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	104,715	50,490	54,225
Buddhist	3,700	1,810	1,885
Christian	45,140	20,350	24,795
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,640	2,555	3,085
Anabaptist	150	65	85
Anglican	2,960	1,375	1,585
Baptist	410	190	215
Catholic	25,195	11,395	13,800
Christian Orthodox	4,240	1,985	2,255
Jehovah's Witness	330	120	210
Latter Day Saints	50	25	30
Lutheran	620	260	360
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	85	35	50
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	430	165	265
Presbyterian	930	400	530
Reformed	50	30	25
United Church	2,710	1,130	1,580
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,340	610	730
Hindu	2,010	955	1,055
Jewish	2,105	980	1,120
Muslim	3,025	1,555	1,475
Sikh	245	115	130
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	70	30	40
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,020	380	645
No religion and secular perspectives	47,400	24,315	23,080
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	103,655	49,980	53,675
Non-movers	90,415	43,650	46,770
Movers	13,240	6,335	6,905
Non-migrants	10,565	5,130	5,435
Migrants	2,670	1,205	1,470
Internal migrants	1,655	720	935
Intraprovincial migrants	1,330	585	745
Interprovincial migrants	320	135	185
External migrants	1,020	485	535
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	99,945	48,055	51,890
Non-movers	64,060	30,725	33,335
Movers	35,885	17,330	18,555
Non-migrants	22,465	10,935	11,530
Migrants	13,420	6,395	7,025
Internal migrants	7,745	3,630	4,115
Intraprovincial migrants	5,875	2,700	3,175
Interprovincial migrants	1,870	930	940
External migrants	5,675	2,770	2,910
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,695	42,705	46,990
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,410	5,160	5,250
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	79,285	37,550	41,740
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,240	31,445	33,795
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,185	2,310	1,880
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	61,050	29,135	31,915
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,700	42,705	46,985
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,500	4,665	4,830
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,355	9,135	8,225
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,845	28,905	33,940
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,435	8,550	8,885
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,715	1,765	950
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,545	910	635
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,165	845	315
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,725	5,935	6,790
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,995	855	1,145
Bachelor's degree or higher	45,410	20,355	25,055
Bachelor's degree	27,085	12,280	14,800
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,795	1,160	1,635
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	900	415	485
Master's degree	12,335	5,300	7,035
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,295	1,200	1,095
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,235	31,445	33,795
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,665	2,020	1,640
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,925	5,725	4,205
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	51,645	23,695	27,950
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,375	6,710	6,670
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,795	1,140	655
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	965	555	415
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	830	590	245
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,110	4,895	5,210
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,470	670	800
Bachelor's degree or higher	38,270	16,990	21,285
Bachelor's degree	22,910	10,445	12,465
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,175	895	1,280
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	720	300	420
Master's degree	10,665	4,470	6,195
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,800	875	925
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	89,695	42,710	46,990
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,855	13,800	13,050
Education	3,225	765	2,460
13. Education	3,225	765	2,460
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,070	3,105	3,960
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	415	305	110
50. Visual and performing arts	6,650	2,795	3,850
Humanities	6,110	2,400	3,705
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	520	130	390
23. English language and literature/letters	2,170	810	1,355
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,190	405	785
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	265	95	170
38. Philosophy and religious studies	560	335	225
39. Theology and religious vocations	200	110	95
54. History	990	495	500
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	210	25	185
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,405	4,740	7,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	280	60	220
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,385	930	1,455
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	900	100	805
22. Legal professions and studies	1,930	895	1,035
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	365	155	215
42. Psychology	1,760	440	1,315
45. Social sciences	4,785	2,165	2,625
Business, management and public administration	12,045	5,735	6,310
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,060	260	800
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,975	5,470	5,500
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,050	1,450	1,595
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,505	585	925
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	525	235	285
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	25	55
40. Physical sciences	835	575	260
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	35	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,880	1,860	1,025
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,955	1,355	600
25. Library science	250	55	185
27. Mathematics and statistics	550	350	195
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	130	90	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,635	6,040	1,590
04. Architecture and related services	1,370	840	530
14. Engineering	3,335	2,540	800
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,280	1,075	205
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	790	785	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	525	505	20
48. Precision production	325	305	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	875	395	480
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	385	175	210
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	220	270
Health and related fields	5,720	1,565	4,155
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	510	280	230
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,855	1,105	3,745
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	335	175	160
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,810	835	975
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,270	410	865
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	345	255	85
49. Transportation and materials moving	170	145	25
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	65,240	31,445	33,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,595	7,745	5,845
Education	2,405	590	1,810
13. Education	2,405	590	1,810
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,060	2,635	3,425
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	350	265	90
50. Visual and performing arts	5,700	2,370	3,330
Humanities	4,825	1,860	2,960
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	100	290
23. English language and literature/letters	1,805	695	1,110
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	940	290	650
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	185	75	110
38. Philosophy and religious studies	445	250	195
39. Theology and religious vocations	135	70	70
54. History	785	370	420
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	145	20	125
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,545	3,980	6,565
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	245	50	190
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,205	825	1,375
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	635	60	575
22. Legal professions and studies	1,660	755	905
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	330	135	195
42. Psychology	1,455	370	1,085
45. Social sciences	4,005	1,775	2,230
Business, management and public administration	10,220	4,960	5,255
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	860	220	645
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,350	4,735	4,610
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,345	1,075	1,270
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,260	490	770
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	400	165	235
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	20	45
40. Physical sciences	580	390	195
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	20	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,470	1,590	875
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,790	1,240	550
25. Library science	155	30	125
27. Mathematics and statistics	410	235	175
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	85	30
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,985	4,630	1,360
04. Architecture and related services	1,180	705	475
14. Engineering	2,750	2,070	680
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	940	795	145
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	575	565	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	350	330	20
48. Precision production	185	160	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	735	320	420
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	295	130	160
03. Natural resources and conservation	450	190	255
Health and related fields	4,470	1,285	3,185
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	425	250	180
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,740	880	2,860
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	280	145	130
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,570	765	810
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,075	370	705
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	310	230	80
49. Transportation and materials moving	160	140	20
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	65,240	31,445	33,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,595	7,745	5,845
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	51,645	23,700	27,950
Location of study inside Canada	40,110	18,325	21,790
Same as province or territory of residence	34,830	15,865	18,965
Different than province or territory of residence	5,280	2,455	2,820
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,530	5,370	6,160
Americas	3,610	1,695	1,915
United States of America	2,280	1,120	1,160
Mexico	230	70	160
Cuba	60	35	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	40	20	20
Brazil	545	255	295
Colombia	120	55	70
Peru	35	15	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	45	35
Other locations of study in Americas	230	95	135
Europe	4,260	2,025	2,235
Belgium	20	10	15
France	370	205	165
Germany	135	85	45
Netherlands	55	35	20
Switzerland	45	20	25
Hungary	45	25	20
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	0
Poland	390	155	235
Romania	85	40	45
Russian Federation	330	115	210
Ukraine	445	210	235
Ireland⁹⁶	255	145	110
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,250	585	660
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	30	45
Italy	105	45	55
Serbia⁸⁶	280	125	150
Other locations of study in Europe	380	195	185
Africa	415	240	180
Nigeria	50	30	20
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	25	10	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	45	25	20
South Africa, Republic of	70	35	35
Other locations of study in Africa	220	130	90
Asia	2,895	1,230	1,670
Iran⁸⁸	115	45	65
Iraq	20	10	10
Israel	40	15	25
Lebanon	20	20	0
Syria⁸⁹	25	10	10
Turkey	100	55	40
China⁹⁰	235	95	145
Taiwan	10	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	10	0
Japan	150	35	105
Korea, South⁹²	70	25	45
Philippines	580	220	355
Viet Nam	95	40	50
Bangladesh	80	40	40
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	1,095	505	590
Pakistan	45	20	30
Other locations of study in Asia	200	75	125
Oceania	345	180	170
Australia	305	150	155
New Zealand	40	25	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	89,700	42,705	46,985
In the labour force	62,770	31,180	31,590
Employed	54,650	27,260	27,390
Unemployed	8,120	3,915	4,205
Not in the labour force	26,930	11,530	15,395
Participation rate	70.0	73.0	67.2
Employment rate	60.9	63.8	58.3
Unemployment rate	12.9	12.6	13.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	89,695	42,710	46,990
Did not work¹⁸⁶	27,665	12,040	15,620
Worked	62,030	30,665	31,370
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,120	17,840	16,280
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,910	12,825	15,090
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.4	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,770	31,180	31,595
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,655	805	850
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	61,115	30,375	30,740
Employee	48,890	23,545	25,345
Permanent position	40,960	19,870	21,085
Temporary position	7,930	3,675	4,255
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,895	1,230	1,665
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,035	2,450	2,595
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,220	6,830	5,400
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,770	31,180	31,595
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,655	805	850
All occupations¹⁹¹	61,115	30,375	30,740
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,430	930	500
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,620	4,935	7,690
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,490	4,565	1,925
3 Health occupations	4,085	1,110	2,975
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,885	3,605	6,280
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	7,025	3,410	3,615
6 Sales and service occupations	13,165	6,355	6,815
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,010	4,505	505
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	320	230	95
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,075	740	335
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,770	31,180	31,595
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,655	805	850
All industries¹⁹¹	61,115	30,375	30,740
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	120	50	70
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	120	85	35
22 Utilities	255	170	85
23 Construction	2,505	2,185	320
31-33 Manufacturing	2,505	1,575	930
41 Wholesale trade	1,805	1,095	705
44-45 Retail trade	5,220	2,455	2,765
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,035	1,505	535
51 Information and cultural industries	4,275	2,410	1,865
52 Finance and insurance	4,035	2,185	1,850
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,530	840	690
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,285	5,560	4,730
55 Management of companies and enterprises	365	200	170
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,180	1,125	1,055
61 Educational services	6,070	2,195	3,870
62 Health care and social assistance	6,410	1,630	4,785
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,640	1,345	1,300
72 Accommodation and food services	3,350	1,640	1,715
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,645	885	1,760
91 Public administration	2,760	1,240	1,520
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,010	32,640	33,370
English	61,295	30,655	30,640
French	200	60	140
Non-official language	275	105	170
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	275	105	170
English and French	1,925	735	1,190
English and non-official language(s)	2,090	975	1,110
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	100	105
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,010	32,640	33,370
Single responses	65,390	32,355	33,035
Official languages	64,765	32,090	32,675
English	64,355	31,955	32,405
French	405	130	275
Non-official languages	630	275	355
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	630	275	355
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	15	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	35	10	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	0	15
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	25	20	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	25	20	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	375	170	210
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	150	55	95
Baltic languages	10	0	10
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	0	10
Slavic languages	140	55	85
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	65	25	45
Russian	20	0	20
Serbo-Croatian	15	0	15
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	15	0	15
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	30	20	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	0	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	0	20
German	20	0	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	35	20	10
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	20	10	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	20	10	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	20	10	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	175	95	80
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	0	15
Portuguese	85	50	35
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	70	40	30
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	30	10	15
Korean	20	10	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	0
American Sign Language	10	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	105	35	65
Chinese languages	70	15	60
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	40	15	25
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	35	0	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	20	10
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	30	20	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	10	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	620	285	335
English and French	270	115	160
English and non-official language(s)	330	170	165
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,010	32,640	33,370
None	62,335	31,075	31,255
English	525	215	310
French	1,490	580	905
Non-official language	1,275	595	680
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,275	595	680
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
French and non-official language(s)	155	70	90
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	220	95	130
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,650	27,260	27,390
Worked at home	27,010	12,520	14,485
Worked outside Canada	135	60	80
No fixed workplace address	4,570	3,230	1,345
Usual place of work	22,935	11,450	11,485
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	22,935	11,450	11,485
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	19,360	9,185	10,175
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,500	2,235	1,265
Commute to a different province or territory	70	30	40
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	27,505	14,680	12,825
Car, truck or van	13,175	8,005	5,165
Car, truck or van - as a driver	11,860	7,500	4,355
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,315	500	810
Public transit	8,525	3,740	4,780
Walked	2,970	1,330	1,640
Bicycle	1,660	1,050	605
Other method	1,180	550	630
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	27,505	14,680	12,825
Less than 15 minutes	4,230	2,110	2,120
15 to 29 minutes	8,605	4,705	3,900
30 to 44 minutes	8,610	4,555	4,050
45 to 59 minutes	3,295	1,715	1,580
60 minutes and over	2,775	1,590	1,180
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	27,505	14,680	12,825
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,215	870	345
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,490	2,170	1,320
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,185	3,080	3,105
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,015	3,390	3,625
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,625	2,770	2,855
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,985	2,400	1,580
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,170	9,370	8,795
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,175	1,085	1,095
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,995	8,285	7,705
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	13,075	6,740	6,335
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,605	800	805
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	855	420	435
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	750	380	370
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,470	5,935	5,530

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 9, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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