Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	QuebecMore information: [Province]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	8,501,833	...	...
Population, 2016¹	8,164,361	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	4,050,164	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	3,749,035	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,298,599.75	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	8,501,835	4,201,960	4,299,870
0 to 14 years	1,391,360	713,290	678,070
0 to 4 years	422,980	217,145	205,840
5 to 9 years	478,955	245,295	233,665
10 to 14 years	489,425	250,855	238,570
15 to 64 years	5,356,945	2,686,745	2,670,195
15 to 19 years	429,400	219,400	209,995
20 to 24 years	460,660	235,250	225,405
25 to 29 years	527,150	266,455	260,700
30 to 34 years	536,040	267,770	268,270
35 to 39 years	550,425	274,350	276,075
40 to 44 years	572,565	286,405	286,160
45 to 49 years	516,465	259,565	256,905
50 to 54 years	522,935	262,610	260,325
55 to 59 years	615,690	307,230	308,465
60 to 64 years	625,610	307,710	317,900
65 years and over	1,753,530	801,925	951,605
65 to 69 years	541,970	264,020	277,950
70 to 74 years	455,900	217,985	237,910
75 to 79 years	330,840	153,790	177,050
80 to 84 years	210,405	90,825	119,580
85 years and over	214,415	75,305	139,115
85 to 89 years	131,755	50,610	81,150
90 to 94 years	65,020	20,490	44,535
95 to 99 years	15,665	3,875	11,790
100 years and over	1,975	330	1,640
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4	17.0	15.8
15 to 64 years	63.0	63.9	62.1
65 years and over	20.6	19.1	22.1
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.2
Average age of the population	42.8	41.8	43.7
Median age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	3,749,035	...	...
Single-detached house	1,671,920	...	...
Semi-detached house	199,080	...	...
Row house	98,625	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	271,245	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,242,910	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	225,745	...	...
Other single-attached house	15,745	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	23,760	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	3,749,035	...	...
1 person	1,317,505	...	...
2 persons	1,295,730	...	...
3 persons	480,135	...	...
4 persons	427,605	...	...
5 or more persons	228,060	...	...
Number of persons in private households	8,308,480	4,126,815	4,181,665
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	7,110,470	3,488,670	3,621,805
Married or living common-law	3,967,915	1,986,770	1,981,145
Married	2,310,860	1,157,085	1,153,775
Living common-law	1,657,050	829,680	827,375
Living common law - Never married	1,345,765	671,000	674,765
Living common law - Separated	17,505	9,090	8,410
Living common law - Divorced	261,885	135,520	126,370
Living common law - Widowed	31,900	14,070	17,830
Not married and not living common-law	3,142,560	1,501,895	1,640,660
Not married and not living common law - Never married	2,161,975	1,166,840	995,135
Not married and not living common law - Separated	106,275	48,095	58,175
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	494,210	197,455	296,755
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	380,100	89,515	290,580
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	2,323,410	...	...
2 persons	1,267,980	...	...
3 persons	454,980	...	...
4 persons	412,850	...	...
5 or more persons	187,600	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	2,323,410	...	...
Total couple families	1,939,635	...	...
Married couples	1,111,625	...	...
With children⁶	502,020	...	...
Without children	609,605	...	...
Common-law couples	828,005	...	...
With children⁶	401,885	...	...
Without children	426,120	...	...
Total one-parent families	383,775	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	284,025	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	99,755	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	8,308,480	4,126,815	4,181,665
Total - Persons in census families	6,557,095	3,256,260	3,300,835
Married spouses or common-law partners	3,879,265	1,941,175	1,938,090
Parents in one-parent families	383,780	99,755	284,020
Children⁶	2,294,055	1,215,335	1,078,720
In a two-parent family	1,708,235	897,930	810,305
In a one-parent family	585,820	317,400	268,415
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,751,380	870,550	880,825
Living alone	1,317,505	638,170	679,335
Living with other relatives⁷	165,070	74,060	91,005
Living with non-relatives only	268,810	158,325	110,485
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	3,749,035	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	2,165,490	...	...
Couple-family households	1,834,095	...	...
With children⁶	851,835	...	...
Without children	982,260	...	...
One-parent-family households	331,395	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	50,790	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,225	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	66,750	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	139,280	...	...
One-person households	1,317,505	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	6,918,720	3,414,440	3,504,275
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,738,760	3,326,795	3,411,965
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	44,800	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,740,755	3,327,835	3,412,920
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,200	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,054,780	3,047,745	3,007,040
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,600	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,874,570	2,537,900	2,336,665
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,400	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,596,585	2,627,215	2,969,370
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,500	10,200	12,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	837,635	441,080	396,550
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,520	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,440	1,039,220	932,220
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,738,410	3,326,975	3,411,440
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,160	57,550	44,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,740,360	3,328,000	3,412,360
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,840	45,760	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,053,525	3,047,850	3,005,675
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,480	52,900	38,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,874,615	2,538,865	2,335,755
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,240	51,950	40,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,593,790	2,625,895	2,967,900
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,410	11,500	13,220
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	837,180	441,665	395,515
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,040	6,380	7,780
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,966,120	1,039,080	927,040
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,130	7,910	8,390
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	2,305,655	1,246,645	1,059,005
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	62,800	53,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,700	76,600	61,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	2,014,360	990,380	1,023,980
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	21,400	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,160	32,120	24,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.8	84.2	74.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.4	68.8	61.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.1	15.8	25.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.5	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.8	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.3	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	6,918,715	3,414,445	3,504,275
Without total income	179,955	87,650	92,310
With total income	6,738,765	3,326,800	3,411,970
Under $10,000 (including loss)	462,400	204,245	258,155
$10,000 to $19,999	809,375	334,315	475,065
$20,000 to $29,999	1,124,265	499,780	624,485
$30,000 to $39,999	896,520	414,070	482,445
$40,000 to $49,999	849,005	411,680	437,325
$50,000 to $59,999	687,020	345,720	341,305
$60,000 to $69,999	503,110	271,695	231,415
$70,000 to $79,999	367,455	208,475	158,980
$80,000 to $89,999	284,690	158,760	125,930
$90,000 to $99,999	198,140	112,355	85,780
$100,000 and over	556,780	365,700	191,080
$100,000 to $149,999	385,890	245,635	140,260
$150,000 and over	170,890	120,065	50,820
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	6,918,715	3,414,445	3,504,275
Without after-tax income	177,960	86,610	91,355
With after-tax income	6,740,760	3,327,835	3,412,915
Under $10,000 (including loss)	495,035	214,000	281,030
$10,000 to $19,999	853,250	356,480	496,765
$20,000 to $29,999	1,316,685	592,685	723,995
$30,000 to $39,999	1,127,905	544,940	582,965
$40,000 to $49,999	994,235	505,970	488,265
$50,000 to $59,999	691,015	372,870	318,145
$60,000 to $69,999	459,665	251,490	208,170
$70,000 to $79,999	292,135	160,985	131,150
$80,000 to $89,999	174,905	104,610	70,295
$90,000 to $99,999	106,165	67,055	39,105
$100,000 and over	229,765	156,750	73,020
$100,000 to $124,999	119,125	78,615	40,515
$125,000 and over	110,635	78,130	32,505
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	6,918,715	3,414,445	3,504,275
Without employment income	2,044,155	876,545	1,167,610
With employment income	4,874,565	2,537,900	2,336,665
Under $5,000 (including loss)	644,075	331,770	312,300
$5,000 to $9,999	401,185	180,585	220,595
$10,000 to $19,999	603,350	273,725	329,620
$20,000 to $29,999	495,105	228,670	266,435
$30,000 to $39,999	488,000	239,620	248,380
$40,000 to $49,999	485,845	242,230	243,610
$50,000 to $59,999	403,980	217,425	186,560
$60,000 to $69,999	320,700	184,770	135,935
$70,000 to $79,999	250,635	147,020	103,615
$80,000 to $89,999	218,100	120,085	98,020
$90,000 to $99,999	141,540	86,090	55,450
$100,000 and over	422,055	285,910	136,145
$100,000 to $124,999	205,085	133,500	71,585
$125,000 and over	216,965	152,410	64,555
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	6,918,720	3,414,440	3,504,275
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	6,612,685	3,260,635	3,352,050
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	6,615,985	3,261,090	3,354,900
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	5,956,320	3,000,865	2,955,455
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,400	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,872,155	2,530,660	2,341,495
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	41,200	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	5,078,320	2,330,945	2,747,375
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,800	5,640	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	727,165	390,255	336,910
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,000	4,760	5,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,612,430	3,260,240	3,352,190
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,600	55,500	41,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,615,755	3,260,690	3,355,065
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,000	35,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,954,375	3,000,415	2,953,960
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,920	53,800	37,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,871,600	2,530,795	2,340,805
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,240	52,450	39,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,076,255	2,328,310	2,747,945
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,450	8,430	10,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	727,815	390,880	336,935
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,020	5,975	8,230
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	2,290,755	1,238,260	1,052,495
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,800	60,000	49,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,400	72,900	56,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,894,930	934,230	960,695
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	27,200	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,000	37,800	28,360
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.0	89.2	79.8
Employment income (%)	70.0	73.4	66.0
Government transfers (%)	14.9	10.8	20.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.3	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	3,749,035	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	1,317,505	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	2,431,530	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	3,749,035	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,317,070	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,680	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	2,431,965	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	3,749,035	...	...
Under $5,000	35,920	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	23,880	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	52,080	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	82,470	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	218,185	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	144,420	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	143,285	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	172,005	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	174,790	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	166,990	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	310,880	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	280,505	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	255,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	235,235	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	208,320	...	...
$100,000 and over	1,244,285	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	414,805	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	282,590	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	307,835	...	...
$200,000 and over	239,060	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	3,749,035	...	...
Under $5,000	40,590	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	24,960	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	53,600	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	87,695	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	234,875	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	177,135	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	180,150	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	213,760	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	210,280	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	193,530	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	356,325	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	322,530	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	289,580	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	254,885	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	216,370	...	...
$100,000 and over	892,775	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	387,835	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	225,830	...	...
$150,000 and over	279,105	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	2,331,170	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	991,710	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	907,765	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	368,845	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	1,586,315	796,490	789,825
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	39,200	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,800	31,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	2,330,645	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	992,110	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	909,160	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	367,155	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	1,585,705	796,290	789,415
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,480	48,000	42,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,040	39,400	36,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	8,308,480	4,126,810	4,181,665
0 to 17 years	1,648,330	844,730	803,600
0 to 5 years	515,725	264,785	250,935
18 to 64 years	5,060,160	2,529,275	2,530,885
65 years and over	1,599,990	752,815	847,180
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	992,235	463,295	528,940
0 to 17 years	159,530	82,000	77,530
0 to 5 years	53,105	27,240	25,870
18 to 64 years	515,470	256,435	259,035
65 years and over	317,235	124,865	192,370
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.9	11.2	12.7
0 to 17 years (%)	9.7	9.7	9.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.3	10.3	10.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	10.1	10.2
65 years and over (%)	19.8	16.6	22.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	8,268,130	4,106,780	4,161,350
0 to 17 years	1,634,715	837,715	797,005
0 to 5 years	511,400	262,535	248,860
18 to 64 years	5,037,010	2,517,975	2,519,035
65 years and over	1,596,400	751,095	845,310
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	439,850	223,055	216,795
0 to 17 years	61,665	31,610	30,060
0 to 5 years	19,815	10,190	9,630
18 to 64 years	313,970	167,015	146,955
65 years and over	64,210	24,430	39,780
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.4	5.2
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	3.8	3.8
0 to 5 years (%)	3.9	3.9	3.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.6	5.8
65 years and over (%)	4.0	3.3	4.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	8,308,480	4,126,810	4,181,665
In bottom half of the distribution	4,667,030	2,270,130	2,396,895
In bottom decile	851,840	407,705	444,140
In second decile	920,490	434,730	485,760
In third decile	969,255	471,650	497,600
In fourth decile	978,345	482,760	495,590
In fifth decile	947,090	473,285	473,810
In top half of the distribution	3,641,455	1,856,685	1,784,765
In sixth decile	899,660	454,970	444,690
In seventh decile	837,225	425,400	411,830
In eighth decile	752,410	383,450	368,955
In ninth decile	634,425	325,700	308,730
In top decile	517,725	267,160	250,565
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	8,308,480	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.328	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.280	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960
English only	445,575	228,840	216,735
French only	3,980,275	1,864,675	2,115,605
English and French	3,898,980	2,035,230	1,863,750
Neither English nor French	82,075	35,200	46,875
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960
English	1,088,820	548,595	540,225
French	6,909,570	3,412,705	3,496,860
English and French	329,515	169,050	160,465
Neither English nor French	79,000	33,590	45,410
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960
Single responses	8,098,360	4,008,495	4,089,865
Official languages	6,930,810	3,438,050	3,492,755
English	639,365	323,170	316,195
French	6,291,440	3,114,885	3,176,565
Non-official languages	1,167,550	570,440	597,110
Indigenous languages³⁹	41,820	20,480	21,345
Algonquian languages	28,925	14,200	14,730
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	27,870	13,715	14,160
Atikamekw	5,490	2,825	2,665
Cree languages	14,905	7,410	7,495
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	20	10	10
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	565	290	275
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	3,235	1,565	1,670
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	70	40	35
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	90	50	40
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	60	25	35
Cree, n.o.s.	10,870	5,435	5,435
Innu (Montagnais)	6,870	3,180	3,695
Naskapi	610	300	310
Eastern Algonquian languages	190	75	115
Mi'kmaq	190	75	110
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	860	410	450
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	820	385	435
Oji-Cree	10	5	5
Ojibway languages	30	15	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	10	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	5	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	12,775	6,220	6,550
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	12,770	6,220	6,550
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	65	30	40
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	60	30	35
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	5	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	5	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Non-Indigenous languages	1,125,730	549,960	575,770
Afro-Asiatic languages	233,220	122,895	110,320
Berber languages	25,990	13,860	12,130
Kabyle	23,735	12,570	11,165
Tamazight	1,975	1,130	840
Berber languages, n.i.e.	285	160	125
Chadic languages	980	510	470
Hausa	425	235	190
Mina	555	280	280
Coptic	320	170	150
Cushitic languages	1,330	620	705
Bilen	20	10	10
Oromo	5	5	5
Somali	1,275	595	680
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Semitic languages	204,600	107,735	96,865
Amharic	735	345	385
Arabic	198,785	104,765	94,020
Aramaic languages	525	250	270
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	170	85	90
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	20	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	300	150	155
Harari	10	5	5
Hebrew	3,680	1,930	1,750
Maltese	20	5	20
Tigrigna	810	415	395
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	37,425	17,185	20,240
Khmer (Cambodian)	8,730	3,975	4,755
Vietnamese	28,630	13,180	15,450
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	30	30
Austronesian languages	25,580	10,200	15,375
Bikol	140	55	80
Bisaya, n.o.s.	465	175	290
Cebuano	1,050	370	685
Fijian	5	0	0
Hiligaynon	590	205	385
Ilocano	2,125	855	1,275
Indonesian	730	255	475
Kankanaey	20	10	10
Kinaray-a	25	10	20
Malagasy languages	1,810	870	940
Merina	1,180	545	630
Malagasy, n.o.s.	630	325	310
Malay	75	30	50
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	225	95	130
Pangasinan	120	55	70
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	17,710	7,005	10,705
Waray-Waray	65	20	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	410	185	230
Creole languages	62,640	28,375	34,265
Haitian Creole	46,475	20,690	25,785
Jamaican English Creole	20	5	10
Krio	10	5	5
Morisyen	3,115	1,555	1,555
Sango	490	240	250
Creole, n.o.s.	11,980	5,620	6,360
Creole languages, n.i.e.	555	255	300
Dravidian languages	18,350	9,425	8,925
Kannada	375	215	160
Malayalam	1,800	945	850
Tamil	14,235	7,030	7,205
Telugu	1,895	1,215	680
Tulu	25	10	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Georgian	150	70	80
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5
Indo-European languages	595,790	290,670	305,115
Albanian	3,310	1,660	1,650
Armenian	16,890	8,225	8,670
Balto-Slavic languages	68,295	30,855	37,435
Baltic languages	725	285	440
Latvian	235	100	135
Lithuanian	490	185	300
Slavic languages	67,565	30,570	36,995
Belarusian	75	35	40
Bulgarian	6,735	3,240	3,495
Czech	1,345	625	725
Macedonian	220	110	115
Polish	12,495	5,380	7,120
Russian	31,700	14,115	17,590
Rusyn	0	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	8,415	4,180	4,235
Bosnian	2,065	1,040	1,030
Croatian	2,380	1,155	1,225
Serbian	3,720	1,865	1,855
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	250	120	125
Slovak	855	380	475
Slovene (Slovenian)	600	265	335
Ukrainian	5,065	2,220	2,845
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30
Celtic languages	130	80	55
Irish	25	20	5
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	5
Welsh	40	25	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20
Germanic languages	25,580	12,440	13,140
Frisian	15	10	10
High German languages	21,145	10,240	10,910
German	11,055	5,090	5,970
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	1,110	565	540
Yiddish	8,980	4,585	4,395
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,175	1,580	1,590
Afrikaans	170	90	80
Dutch	2,590	1,305	1,285
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	400	185	220
Scandinavian languages	1,140	560	575
Danish	360	175	185
Icelandic	60	30	30
Norwegian	190	100	85
Swedish	530	260	275
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55
Greek	34,080	16,735	17,345
Indo-Iranian languages	101,450	52,780	48,665
Indo-Aryan languages	63,025	33,465	29,555
Assamese	30	20	15
Bengali	12,140	6,220	5,920
Gujarati	7,070	3,655	3,415
Hindi	5,445	3,080	2,360
Kacchi	170	80	90
Kashmiri	40	25	15
Konkani	80	40	35
Marathi	520	285	235
Nepali	1,105	560	545
Oriya languages	65	35	30
Odia	40	25	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	23,825	12,975	10,855
Rohingya	115	45	70
Sindhi	100	60	45
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	725	375	350
Urdu	11,320	5,860	5,465
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265	150	115
Iranian languages	38,400	19,305	19,090
Baluchi	10	5	5
Kurdish	1,120	630	485
Parsi	35	25	15
Pashto	1,490	810	680
Persian languages	35,615	17,770	17,850
Dari	10,665	5,370	5,295
Iranian Persian	22,130	10,990	11,140
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,820	1,410	1,410
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages	346,000	167,870	178,130
Catalan	330	165	160
Italian	90,940	44,080	46,865
Portuguese	41,545	19,890	21,650
Romanian	35,810	17,115	18,695
Spanish	177,155	86,490	90,660
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	125	105
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30
Japanese	2,760	795	1,965
Korean	6,670	2,860	3,815
Mongolian	225	90	135
Niger-Congo languages	33,495	16,630	16,865
Akan (Twi)	985	490	490
Bamanankan	1,490	795	700
Edo	90	40	50
Éwé	995	535	465
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,665	1,380	1,285
Ga	70	40	30
Ganda	50	20	30
Gikuyu	10	5	10
Igbo	145	85	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,420	1,530	1,895
Lingala	2,975	1,340	1,635
Luba-Kasai	285	145	145
Mòoré	405	205	205
Mwani	40	20	15
Ndebele	60	20	35
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,585	2,165	2,415
Shona	125	60	60
Soninke	270	175	95
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	10	10
Swahili	3,975	1,935	2,035
Wojenaka	910	435	475
Wolof	3,940	2,100	1,840
Yoruba	875	470	410
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5,105	2,630	2,475
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,010	535	480
Dinka	10	0	5
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	845	450	400
African, n.o.s.	155	80	75
Sign languages	1,280	680	600
American Sign Language	120	60	55
Quebec Sign Language	930	485	445
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	130	95
Sino-Tibetan languages	87,540	40,170	47,375
Chinese languages	87,155	39,990	47,160
Hakka	470	200	270
Mandarin	57,445	26,210	31,235
Min Dong	35	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,670	1,180	1,485
Wu (Shanghainese)	790	365	430
Yue (Cantonese)	24,235	11,275	12,965
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,425	710	715
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	310	140	175
Burmese	80	25	55
Kuki-Chin languages	10	0	5
Karenic languages	20	10	10
S'gaw Karen	15	10	10
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	130	65	65
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35
Tai-Kadai languages	4,855	2,040	2,820
Lao	3,815	1,805	2,010
Thai	1,015	220	795
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Turkic languages	9,230	4,775	4,455
Azerbaijani	410	250	160
Kazakh	50	25	20
Turkish	8,220	4,240	3,975
Uyghur	235	110	125
Uzbek	170	80	90
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80
Uralic languages	5,335	2,465	2,865
Estonian	160	60	95
Finnish	305	120	190
Hungarian	4,865	2,290	2,575
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	95	75
Multiple responses	308,550	155,455	153,095
English and French	126,405	64,585	61,820
English and non-official language(s)	49,485	24,660	24,825
French and non-official language(s)	94,205	46,880	47,320
English, French and non-official language(s)	28,685	14,700	13,985
Multiple non-official languages	9,765	4,625	5,140
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960
English	623,305	313,780	309,520
French	6,032,885	2,983,330	3,049,555
Non-official language	366,730	177,410	189,315
Indigenous³⁹	23,080	11,585	11,495
Non-Indigenous	343,650	165,830	177,825
English and French	497,380	256,735	240,645
English and non-official language(s)	205,755	102,290	103,470
French and non-official language(s)	375,795	179,585	196,210
English, French and non-official language(s)	284,940	141,275	143,665
Multiple non-official languages	20,125	9,545	10,585
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960
Single responses	8,049,665	3,987,880	4,061,785
Official languages	7,387,055	3,665,020	3,722,030
English	874,185	438,570	435,615
French	6,512,870	3,226,445	3,286,420
Non-official languages	662,615	322,860	339,750
Indigenous languages³⁹	34,245	17,040	17,200
Algonquian languages	22,430	11,165	11,265
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	22,115	11,025	11,090
Atikamekw	4,330	2,275	2,055
Cree languages	11,895	5,960	5,935
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	20	10	10
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	560	295	265
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	2,495	1,205	1,290
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	35	20	20
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	65	40	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	45	25	20
Cree, n.o.s.	8,680	4,370	4,310
Innu (Montagnais)	5,400	2,540	2,860
Naskapi	490	255	240
Eastern Algonquian languages	80	30	50
Mi'kmaq	75	30	45
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	230	110	120
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	215	100	120
Oji-Cree	5	5	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	11,755	5,840	5,910
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	11,750	5,840	5,910
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Non-Indigenous languages	628,365	305,820	322,555
Afro-Asiatic languages	116,685	59,645	57,040
Berber languages	10,635	5,585	5,045
Kabyle	9,765	5,115	4,655
Tamazight	670	365	305
Berber languages, n.i.e.	195	110	90
Chadic languages	335	165	170
Hausa	180	85	90
Mina	155	75	80
Coptic	225	115	115
Cushitic languages	605	280	325
Bilen	10	5	10
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	580	265	315
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Semitic languages	104,890	53,505	51,380
Amharic	330	155	175
Arabic	102,120	52,125	49,990
Aramaic languages	380	185	190
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	130	60	75
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	25	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	200	105	100
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	1,515	760	755
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	490	250	240
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,500	11,410	13,090
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,875	2,200	2,670
Vietnamese	19,595	9,185	10,405
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	15
Austronesian languages	13,845	6,335	7,515
Bikol	45	15	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	225	100	125
Cebuano	560	240	320
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	320	135	185
Ilocano	1,175	510	665
Indonesian	255	115	135
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	20	10	10
Malagasy languages	610	325	285
Merina	305	165	145
Malagasy, n.o.s.	300	160	145
Malay	20	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	125	60	65
Pangasinan	35	15	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,260	4,690	5,570
Waray-Waray	20	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	185	90	90
Creole languages	26,985	11,815	15,170
Haitian Creole	19,535	8,310	11,230
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	1,590	765	825
Sango	230	110	125
Creole, n.o.s.	5,390	2,520	2,865
Creole languages, n.i.e.	220	110	120
Dravidian languages	13,800	6,935	6,865
Kannada	190	105	90
Malayalam	1,225	645	580
Tamil	11,215	5,465	5,755
Telugu	1,140	700	435
Tulu	15	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Georgian	60	25	35
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	336,635	164,100	172,535
Albanian	1,910	945	970
Armenian	12,325	5,870	6,455
Balto-Slavic languages	39,725	18,855	20,870
Baltic languages	150	60	90
Latvian	60	30	30
Lithuanian	95	35	60
Slavic languages	39,575	18,795	20,775
Belarusian	30	15	15
Bulgarian	4,535	2,230	2,305
Czech	375	180	200
Macedonian	125	65	60
Polish	4,795	2,110	2,685
Russian	22,770	10,815	11,960
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,205	2,085	2,125
Bosnian	1,075	530	545
Croatian	945	445	505
Serbian	2,090	1,060	1,030
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	100	50	45
Slovak	200	85	115
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	70	85
Ukrainian	2,375	1,135	1,240
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Celtic languages	45	35	10
Irish	10	10	5
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	0
Welsh	5	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Germanic languages	10,320	5,250	5,075
Frisian	110	30	75
High German languages	9,600	4,930	4,675
German	1,685	805	880
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	235	125	115
Yiddish	7,680	4,000	3,675
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	420	200	215
Afrikaans	65	30	35
Dutch	300	145	155
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	20	20
Scandinavian languages	175	85	95
Danish	35	15	20
Icelandic	25	10	15
Norwegian	15	10	10
Swedish	100	50	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Greek	15,235	7,015	8,220
Indo-Iranian languages	74,455	38,045	36,410
Indo-Aryan languages	46,420	24,225	22,195
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	8,760	4,360	4,405
Gujarati	4,630	2,360	2,270
Hindi	3,525	1,915	1,615
Kacchi	95	45	55
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	20	10	5
Marathi	255	135	120
Nepali	880	445	430
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	5	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,290	10,435	8,855
Rohingya	80	30	45
Sindhi	35	15	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	425	225	205
Urdu	8,250	4,160	4,090
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	80	70
Iranian languages	28,020	13,810	14,210
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	625	325	300
Parsi	15	10	5
Pashto	1,110	590	520
Persian languages	26,205	12,850	13,355
Dari	7,595	3,780	3,815
Iranian Persian	16,660	8,135	8,530
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,950	940	1,005
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Italic (Romance) languages	182,585	88,060	94,525
Catalan	135	70	65
Italian	26,290	11,205	15,085
Portuguese	20,885	9,965	10,920
Romanian	22,255	10,895	11,355
Spanish	112,915	55,870	57,050
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	105	55	45
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Japanese	1,155	455	700
Korean	4,760	2,135	2,630
Mongolian	145	70	80
Niger-Congo languages	10,160	4,895	5,265
Akan (Twi)	485	235	245
Bamanankan	385	195	195
Edo	25	10	10
Éwé	225	115	110
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	850	445	410
Ga	30	15	15
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	965	415	545
Lingala	930	410	525
Luba-Kasai	20	5	20
Mòoré	35	15	15
Mwani	10	5	5
Ndebele	10	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,655	775	875
Shona	45	20	25
Soninke	105	75	35
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	1,665	810	855
Wojenaka	245	100	145
Wolof	1,470	795	675
Yoruba	240	115	130
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	720	320	400
Nilo-Saharan languages	395	195	200
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	5	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	365	180	185
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Sign languages	2,235	1,285	945
American Sign Language	300	165	135
Quebec Sign Language	1,385	775	615
Sign languages, n.i.e.	550	345	205
Sino-Tibetan languages	67,120	31,725	35,390
Chinese languages	66,880	31,610	35,275
Hakka	150	65	80
Mandarin	46,925	22,275	24,650
Min Dong	15	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,510	680	835
Wu (Shanghainese)	535	260	275
Yue (Cantonese)	16,860	7,870	8,985
Chinese, n.o.s.	870	445	430
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	190	90	100
Burmese	40	15	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	5	0
Karenic languages	10	5	5
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	75	40	40
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20
Tai-Kadai languages	2,325	1,095	1,230
Lao	2,060	995	1,065
Thai	255	95	160
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Turkic languages	6,005	3,005	3,000
Azerbaijani	175	95	75
Kazakh	10	5	5
Turkish	5,540	2,780	2,765
Uyghur	145	65	85
Uzbek	95	45	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Uralic languages	1,505	670	830
Estonian	15	10	5
Finnish	45	20	25
Hungarian	1,445	645	805
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
Multiple responses	357,245	176,070	181,175
English and French	137,120	69,025	68,095
English and non-official language(s)	60,495	29,540	30,950
French and non-official language(s)	116,595	56,445	60,150
English, French and non-official language(s)	39,875	19,575	20,300
Multiple non-official languages	3,160	1,485	1,675
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960
None	7,302,915	3,612,760	3,690,155
English	353,690	183,470	170,225
French	259,425	127,380	132,040
Non-official language	269,715	129,830	139,890
Indigenous³⁹	5,315	2,495	2,820
Non-Indigenous	264,405	127,330	137,070
English and French	61,955	31,425	30,525
English and non-official language(s)	76,755	38,765	37,990
French and non-official language(s)	55,860	26,915	28,945
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,295	3,700	3,595
Multiple non-official languages	19,290	9,695	9,595
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	8,308,475	4,126,860	4,181,625
Official languages	8,227,220	4,091,995	4,135,230
English	4,317,180	2,253,720	2,063,465
French	7,786,735	3,864,990	3,921,750
Non-official languages	1,853,710	899,285	954,430
Indigenous languages³⁹	50,165	24,530	25,640
Algonquian languages	35,985	17,600	18,380
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	33,860	16,570	17,290
Atikamekw	6,770	3,435	3,330
Cree languages	17,930	8,910	9,020
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	50	20	40
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	855	425	430
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	4,230	2,040	2,195
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	75	35	40
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	265	120	145
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	90	45	45
Cree, n.o.s.	12,650	6,365	6,285
Innu (Montagnais)	8,710	3,990	4,720
Naskapi	1,000	495	505
Eastern Algonquian languages	370	210	160
Mi'kmaq	370	205	160
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,945	900	1,045
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	1,750	800	955
Oji-Cree	25	15	10
Ojibway languages	210	110	100
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	155	75	70
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	10	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	30	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	20
Athabaskan languages	95	50	45
Northern Athabaskan languages	90	50	40
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	0
Slavey-Hare languages	65	40	25
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	20	20	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	35	15	15
Tahltan languages	10	0	10
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	10
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	13,900	6,750	7,150
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15	0	10
Inuinnaqtun	15	0	10
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	13,880	6,740	7,140
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Iroquoian languages	240	125	110
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	215	110	100
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	35	15	15
Salish languages	30	30	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	20	20	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	0	10
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	65	45	15
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	95	50	45
Non-Indigenous languages	1,804,195	875,095	929,095
Afro-Asiatic languages	385,210	201,105	184,100
Berber languages	39,965	21,145	18,820
Kabyle	35,660	18,725	16,930
Tamazight	3,840	2,160	1,680
Berber languages, n.i.e.	1,000	545	455
Chadic languages	2,900	1,550	1,350
Hausa	1,250	725	525
Mina	1,650	825	825
Coptic	1,150	580	575
Cushitic languages	2,145	990	1,160
Bilen	25	15	10
Oromo	55	20	35
Somali	2,025	925	1,100
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	100	45	50
Semitic languages	363,875	190,005	173,870
Amharic	1,225	605	620
Arabic	343,675	179,750	163,930
Aramaic languages	935	460	480
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	110	100
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	80	45	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	660	310	345
Harari	15	10	0
Hebrew	19,210	9,935	9,275
Maltese	40	20	25
Tigrigna	1,010	490	520
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	165	90	70
Austro-Asiatic languages	49,720	23,320	26,405
Khmer (Cambodian)	12,785	5,930	6,855
Vietnamese	37,655	17,735	19,920
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	105	60	45
Austronesian languages	40,880	16,660	24,225
Bikol	340	150	190
Bisaya, n.o.s.	655	285	370
Cebuano	1,940	625	1,315
Fijian	10	10	0
Hiligaynon	1,215	470	745
Ilocano	3,845	1,565	2,280
Indonesian	1,510	625	885
Kankanaey	85	45	45
Kinaray-a	85	25	60
Malagasy languages	3,265	1,670	1,595
Merina	2,215	1,140	1,075
Malagasy, n.o.s.	1,085	570	515
Malay	595	275	320
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	460	195	265
Pangasinan	200	90	105
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	33,810	13,330	20,480
Waray-Waray	215	100	115
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,645	655	990
Creole languages	135,275	62,040	73,235
Haitian Creole	118,010	53,530	64,480
Jamaican English Creole	340	165	175
Krio	75	25	50
Morisyen	6,810	3,480	3,330
Sango	1,070	570	500
Creole, n.o.s.	17,995	8,440	9,560
Creole languages, n.i.e.	3,010	1,380	1,630
Dravidian languages	25,390	13,070	12,320
Kannada	925	530	395
Malayalam	2,530	1,325	1,200
Tamil	20,050	9,955	10,100
Telugu	3,260	2,055	1,205
Tulu	80	30	50
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40
Georgian	245	110	135
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,014,365	490,155	524,215
Albanian	4,545	2,315	2,230
Armenian	22,100	10,785	11,310
Balto-Slavic languages	95,385	45,060	50,330
Baltic languages	1,105	465	635
Latvian	440	180	260
Lithuanian	660	290	375
Slavic languages	94,580	44,695	49,885
Belarusian	410	185	230
Bulgarian	8,110	3,950	4,165
Czech	2,165	1,040	1,120
Macedonian	455	205	250
Polish	16,790	7,555	9,235
Russian	55,485	26,345	29,135
Rusyn	15	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	11,145	5,505	5,635
Bosnian	3,060	1,520	1,540
Croatian	4,710	2,300	2,405
Serbian	5,285	2,560	2,725
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	315	175	140
Slovak	1,380	630	750
Slovene (Slovenian)	810	340	465
Ukrainian	10,185	4,575	5,605
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	110	60	55
Celtic languages	665	375	295
Irish	300	180	120
Scottish Gaelic	135	85	45
Welsh	85	45	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	165	90	80
Germanic languages	65,625	33,305	32,320
Frisian	65	20	45
High German languages	57,640	29,540	28,105
German	44,170	22,715	21,450
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	1,615	785	830
Yiddish	12,825	6,540	6,290
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,410	3,140	3,265
Afrikaans	580	295	285
Dutch	5,170	2,565	2,600
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	40	0	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	735	340	400
Scandinavian languages	3,335	1,630	1,705
Danish	860	395	460
Icelandic	90	35	55
Norwegian	735	375	360
Swedish	1,905	980	920
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	215	115	100
Greek	50,375	24,835	25,540
Indo-Iranian languages	136,020	71,180	64,840
Indo-Aryan languages	90,745	48,355	42,395
Assamese	75	40	30
Bengali	16,170	8,320	7,850
Gujarati	10,640	5,590	5,050
Hindi	35,765	19,145	16,620
Kacchi	375	155	220
Kashmiri	115	65	50
Konkani	235	130	105
Marathi	1,160	620	545
Nepali	1,375	740	635
Oriya languages	105	50	60
Odia	45	25	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	60	25	40
Punjabi (Panjabi)	34,290	18,580	15,710
Rohingya	250	110	145
Sindhi	230	115	115
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,610	860	755
Urdu	21,180	11,325	9,850
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	770	445	320
Iranian languages	48,105	24,410	23,695
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,805	1,045	755
Parsi	135	80	55
Pashto	2,210	1,235	975
Persian languages	44,745	22,585	22,160
Dari	13,235	6,845	6,390
Iranian Persian	27,430	13,785	13,645
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,595	2,255	2,340
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	290	180	115
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	100	65
Italic (Romance) languages	684,830	324,095	360,735
Catalan	1,250	725	530
Italian	168,040	82,400	85,645
Portuguese	65,605	33,005	32,600
Romanian	44,510	21,425	23,090
Spanish	453,905	210,400	243,505
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,105	670	435
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	285	150	135
Japanese	9,305	4,485	4,820
Korean	9,265	3,920	5,350
Mongolian	320	125	195
Niger-Congo languages	75,835	37,990	37,845
Akan (Twi)	2,385	1,270	1,115
Bamanankan	3,525	1,810	1,720
Edo	365	190	175
Éwé	2,365	1,285	1,080
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5,820	2,995	2,825
Ga	375	225	150
Ganda	280	135	150
Gikuyu	80	25	55
Igbo	745	435	315
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,740	2,675	3,065
Lingala	14,985	7,255	7,730
Luba-Kasai	1,205	600	605
Mòoré	1,615	810	805
Mwani	80	45	35
Ndebele	180	85	95
Rundi (Kirundi)	7,310	3,490	3,825
Shona	345	190	155
Soninke	570	375	195
Sotho-Tswana languages	85	40	45
Swahili	12,270	6,225	6,040
Wojenaka	2,195	1,100	1,095
Wolof	9,930	5,325	4,595
Yoruba	3,100	1,610	1,490
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	17,915	9,215	8,695
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,865	905	960
Dinka	10	0	0
Nuer	10	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,845	895	950
African, n.o.s.	995	555	440
Sign languages	8,070	3,485	4,580
American Sign Language	1,310	575	735
Quebec Sign Language	5,740	2,340	3,400
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,555	830	725
Sino-Tibetan languages	107,415	49,840	57,575
Chinese languages	106,915	49,630	57,285
Hakka	810	370	445
Mandarin	80,520	37,100	43,420
Min Dong	70	35	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,310	1,855	2,455
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,255	565	685
Yue (Cantonese)	34,030	15,430	18,600
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,500	785	715
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	245	125	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	465	190	275
Burmese	135	30	110
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	35	10	25
S'gaw Karen	20	0	15
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Tibetan	190	100	95
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	130	60	70
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	60	45
Tai-Kadai languages	7,330	3,170	4,160
Lao	5,485	2,595	2,885
Thai	2,720	920	1,800
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Turkic languages	17,795	8,940	8,850
Azerbaijani	995	570	425
Kazakh	125	60	65
Turkish	16,195	8,135	8,065
Uyghur	350	155	200
Uzbek	320	155	170
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	350	165	185
Uralic languages	7,595	3,485	4,115
Estonian	230	90	140
Finnish	525	250	270
Hungarian	6,850	3,145	3,705
Other languages, n.i.e.	835	430	405
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,625
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	205,010	101,150	103,865
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	193,365	95,320	98,045
First Nations (North American Indian)	116,550	56,080	60,475
Métis	61,010	31,620	29,390
Inuk (Inuit)	15,800	7,620	8,175
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	3,135	1,575	1,560
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	8,515	4,245	4,265
Non-Indigenous identity	8,103,470	4,025,710	4,077,760
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,625
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	76,775	37,825	38,945
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	8,231,705	4,089,030	4,142,680
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	3,749,035	...	...
Owner	2,245,605	...	...
Renter	1,497,010	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	6,425	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	3,749,035	...	...
Condominium	515,590	...	...
Not condominium	3,233,445	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	3,749,035	...	...
No bedrooms	32,020	...	...
1 bedroom	623,295	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,173,600	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,189,790	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	730,330	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	3,749,035	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,378,765	...	...
5 rooms	645,635	...	...
6 rooms	435,225	...	...
7 rooms	403,225	...	...
8 or more rooms	886,180	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	3,749,035	...	...
One person or fewer per room	3,700,720	...	...
More than one person per room	48,315	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	3,749,035	...	...
Suitable	3,606,260	...	...
Not suitable	142,775	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	3,749,035	...	...
1960 or before	879,375	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,114,690	...	...
1981 to 1990	509,120	...	...
1991 to 2000	385,315	...	...
2001 to 2005	198,595	...	...
2006 to 2010	231,930	...	...
2011 to 2015	212,290	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	217,715	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	3,749,035	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	3,512,925	...	...
Major repairs needed	236,110	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	3,749,035	...	...
One-maintainer household	2,097,670	...	...
Two-maintainer household	1,561,495	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	89,875	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	3,749,035	...	...
15 to 24 years	117,525	...	...
25 to 34 years	525,540	...	...
35 to 44 years	647,165	...	...
45 to 54 years	628,630	...	...
55 to 64 years	760,395	...	...
65 to 74 years	629,965	...	...
75 to 84 years	336,170	...	...
85 years and over	103,640	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	3,706,605	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	3,110,920	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	595,690	...	...
30% to less than 100%	542,060	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	3,749,035	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	901,440	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	537,090	...	...
Not suitable only	112,775	...	...
Major repairs needed only	179,840	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	15,470	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	41,740	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	13,135	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,395	...	...
Acceptable housing	2,847,590	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	3,652,985	...	...
In core need	218,275	...	...
Not in core need	3,434,710	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,227,470	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,195	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	376,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,493,510	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	810	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	886	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,425	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	4.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	449	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,620
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	177,300	86,310	90,990
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	174,610	85,025	89,585
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	140,690	68,395	72,300
Métis single ancestry	20,510	10,205	10,310
Inuit single ancestry	13,410	6,425	6,980
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	2,685	1,280	1,400
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	1,830	865	965
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	760	365	400
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	55	40	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	45	20	20
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	203,425	96,595	106,830
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	200,985	95,520	105,460
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	177,925	84,210	93,720
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,935	9,910	10,020
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,120	1,405	1,720
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	2,435	1,070	1,370
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,800	775	1,025
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	240	295
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	25	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	25	30
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	7,927,760	3,943,960	3,983,805
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,620
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	7,790,215	3,862,365	3,927,855
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,570,720	805,100	765,625
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	6,219,495	3,057,265	3,162,230
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	518,265	264,490	253,775
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,620
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	6,892,110	3,424,400	3,467,705
Immigrants⁸¹	1,210,600	588,960	621,640
Before 1980	187,200	91,895	95,300
1980 to 1990	124,610	61,850	62,755
1991 to 2000	190,495	91,635	98,860
2001 to 2010	312,210	150,825	161,390
2011 to 2021⁸²	396,090	192,745	203,340
2011 to 2015	193,345	93,485	99,855
2016 to 2021	202,740	99,260	103,480
Non-permanent residents⁸³	205,770	113,500	92,275
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,210,600	588,955	621,645
Under 5 years	112,295	56,755	55,540
5 to 14 years	201,385	101,555	99,835
15 to 24 years	213,035	96,175	116,860
25 to 44 years	594,845	292,975	301,875
45 years and over	89,045	41,505	47,540
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,210,600	588,955	621,645
Americas	264,885	121,740	143,145
Brazil	9,705	4,520	5,180
Colombia	29,670	13,540	16,125
El Salvador	11,515	5,780	5,730
Guyana	2,350	1,090	1,260
Haiti	86,105	38,285	47,820
Jamaica	4,485	1,900	2,590
Mexico	17,390	7,935	9,455
Peru	13,885	6,295	7,595
Trinidad and Tobago	3,820	1,660	2,160
United States of America	24,945	12,195	12,745
Other places of birth in Americas	61,020	28,545	32,480
Europe	309,015	154,110	154,910
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,015	1,995	2,025
Croatia	2,015	1,050	960
France	93,160	49,870	43,290
Germany	8,385	4,095	4,295
Greece	16,130	7,790	8,340
Hungary	2,930	1,455	1,475
Italy	43,975	21,940	22,040
Netherlands	1,655	870	785
Poland	9,670	4,120	5,555
Portugal	17,000	8,190	8,805
Romania	27,515	12,990	14,530
Russian Federation	11,690	4,865	6,825
Serbia⁸⁶	1,610	760	850
Ukraine	9,660	4,310	5,350
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,290	6,575	5,715
Other places of birth in Europe	47,310	23,240	24,075
Africa	302,010	153,655	148,355
Algeria	72,835	37,535	35,295
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15,595	7,460	8,140
Egypt	20,325	10,520	9,805
Eritrea	600	305	300
Ethiopia	1,045	485	565
Morocco	68,865	34,810	34,060
Nigeria	2,210	1,185	1,025
Somalia	675	330	350
South Africa, Republic of	1,025	575	450
Other places of birth in Africa	118,820	60,455	58,360
Asia	332,925	158,445	174,475
Afghanistan	9,545	4,825	4,725
Iran⁸⁸	20,235	10,020	10,215
Iraq	4,085	2,110	1,980
Lebanon	42,280	22,610	19,670
Syria⁸⁹	26,845	13,675	13,170
Turkey	7,450	3,850	3,605
China⁹⁰	52,500	23,010	29,490
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,900	2,385	2,520
Korea, South⁹²	5,180	2,275	2,905
Taiwan	2,500	1,015	1,485
Philippines	31,350	11,835	19,515
Viet Nam	25,485	11,580	13,900
Bangladesh	8,965	4,510	4,455
India	24,990	12,770	12,225
Pakistan	11,250	5,970	5,285
Sri Lanka	10,910	5,350	5,560
Other places of birth in Asia	44,455	20,665	23,790
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,765	1,010	750
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	202,740	99,265	103,480
Americas	30,910	14,985	15,920
Brazil	2,575	1,170	1,410
Colombia	4,295	1,985	2,315
Haiti	8,600	4,210	4,395
Jamaica	215	130	90
Mexico	2,520	1,240	1,280
United States of America	4,140	2,170	1,975
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,690	670	1,020
Other places of birth in Americas	6,860	3,420	3,440
Europe	33,705	17,520	16,185
France	20,980	11,325	9,655
Germany	530	295	240
Ireland⁹⁶	100	85	15
Italy	700	420	285
Russian Federation	1,365	515	850
Ukraine	1,660	720	940
United Kingdom⁸⁷	975	615	360
Other places of birth in Europe	7,395	3,550	3,845
Africa	70,310	34,215	36,095
Algeria	13,975	6,730	7,245
Burundi	2,290	1,170	1,120
Cameroon	8,830	4,180	4,650
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	4,055	1,875	2,180
Côte d'Ivoire	6,305	3,055	3,255
Egypt	2,385	1,255	1,135
Eritrea	300	160	135
Ethiopia	155	75	75
Morocco	9,515	4,435	5,080
Nigeria	995	525	470
Somalia	75	40	30
South Africa, Republic of	190	100	85
Sudan⁹⁷	100	55	45
Tunisia	6,640	3,375	3,260
Other places of birth in Africa	14,505	7,175	7,330
Asia	67,305	32,185	35,120
Afghanistan	2,515	1,250	1,265
Bangladesh	1,190	565	625
China⁹⁰	10,735	4,680	6,055
Hong Kong⁹¹	150	70	75
India	8,460	4,430	4,030
Iran⁸⁸	4,135	1,895	2,235
Iraq	715	385	325
Israel	395	205	185
Japan	325	75	250
Jordan	565	285	275
Korea, South⁹²	1,355	585	775
Lebanon	3,620	1,925	1,700
Nepal	245	140	100
Pakistan	2,160	1,135	1,025
Philippines	8,480	3,560	4,920
Saudi Arabia	1,390	790	600
Sri Lanka	710	320	385
Syria⁸⁹	13,390	6,960	6,425
Turkey	800	450	355
United Arab Emirates	975	510	470
Viet Nam	1,620	605	1,010
Other places of birth in Asia	3,390	1,355	2,035
Oceania and other⁹³	510	355	160
Australia	295	195	95
Other places of birth⁹⁸	220	160	60
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	8,308,480	4,126,860	4,181,625
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,471,845	728,125	743,715
Second generation¹⁰¹	883,485	446,000	437,490
Third generation or more¹⁰²	5,953,145	2,952,730	3,000,415
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,023,400	497,055	526,340
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	559,935	290,040	269,895
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	267,870	161,125	106,740
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	292,070	128,915	163,155
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	272,255	109,735	162,515
Refugees¹⁰⁸	175,740	89,995	85,740
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	15,470	7,290	8,185
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,023,400	497,055	526,340
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	89,850	47,360	42,495
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	94,185	46,445	47,740
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	25,505	13,385	12,115
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	48,805	27,680	21,130
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	8,935	3,495	5,440
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	756,120	358,700	397,420
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,625
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,340,735	662,065	678,670
South Asian	127,990	67,140	60,850
Chinese	115,240	51,375	63,865
Black	422,405	206,335	216,070
Filipino	44,885	19,300	25,580
Arab	280,075	146,990	133,085
Latin American	172,925	85,035	87,880
Southeast Asian	70,455	33,510	36,945
West Asian	43,985	22,250	21,735
Korean	10,360	4,825	5,535
Japanese	5,305	2,190	3,120
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	12,150	6,020	6,125
Multiple visible minorities	34,960	17,080	17,875
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	6,967,745	3,464,790	3,502,955
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	8,308,475	4,126,860	4,181,625
Canadian	2,412,040	1,186,160	1,225,880
English	177,710	88,910	88,800
Irish	404,190	193,440	210,745
Scottish	192,685	93,120	99,565
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,778,900	897,890	881,010
German	124,305	60,295	64,010
Chinese	123,985	55,730	68,255
Italian	316,315	157,600	158,720
Indian (India)	65,790	34,390	31,405
Ukrainian	38,685	18,590	20,095
Dutch	22,385	11,085	11,305
Polish	63,505	31,010	32,495
Québécois	931,940	465,630	466,305
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	38,655	19,380	19,275
Filipino	43,580	18,815	24,760
French Canadian	588,805	290,630	298,180
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	149,955	75,935	74,020
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	138,030	64,935	73,095
Métis	44,275	21,865	22,410
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	99,420	50,795	48,625
Russian	47,195	21,990	25,200
Norwegian	8,215	4,055	4,160
Welsh	11,260	5,450	5,810
Portuguese	64,385	32,135	32,255
American	46,600	22,380	24,230
Spanish	77,735	37,960	39,775
Swedish	6,965	3,270	3,700
Hungarian	23,360	11,410	11,950
Acadian	83,945	39,450	44,495
Pakistani	16,645	8,825	7,815
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	73,930	36,725	37,205
Jewish	57,320	29,015	28,305
Punjabi	8,765	5,040	3,725
Vietnamese	45,570	21,910	23,665
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	104,735	55,130	49,610
Greek	69,705	35,085	34,620
Jamaican	11,395	5,490	5,905
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	15,820	7,190	8,630
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	21,540	10,530	11,005
Korean	10,655	4,940	5,720
Romanian	46,765	22,775	23,995
Lebanese	78,210	40,740	37,470
Iranian	25,825	12,855	12,975
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	81,820	41,395	40,425
Danish	5,260	2,670	2,590
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	35,315	17,125	18,190
Sikh	5,175	2,765	2,415
Austrian	11,030	5,425	5,610
Belgian	48,380	24,065	24,315
Haitian	156,065	73,495	82,570
Hindu	8,930	4,805	4,125
Mexican	34,305	16,985	17,320
Mennonite	695	325	365
Swiss	22,980	11,870	11,110
Finnish	3,120	1,375	1,740
Sri Lankan	12,400	6,165	6,240
Croatian	6,790	3,425	3,370
Japanese	7,460	3,215	4,245
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,020	1,565	1,455
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	20,235	9,695	10,545
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,075	2,125	1,955
Muslim	16,665	8,705	7,965
Egyptian	30,240	15,745	14,500
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	27,170	13,580	13,585
Tamil	7,615	3,645	3,970
Icelandic	1,135	660	470
Colombian	39,485	18,805	20,680
Moroccan	81,230	41,590	39,635
Czech	5,705	2,720	2,985
Syrian	31,590	15,820	15,770
Guyanese	3,410	1,585	1,825
Afghan	13,095	6,825	6,275
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	14,505	7,040	7,465
Serbian	5,355	2,655	2,700
Ojibway	1,120	540	585
Newfoundlander	1,830	935	895
Hong Konger	1,920	840	1,080
Ontarian	5,890	2,755	3,140
Persian	8,185	4,345	3,845
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,670	2,880	2,790
Turkish	15,620	7,850	7,770
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	17,970	8,515	9,455
Bangladeshi	11,075	5,635	5,445
Algerian	65,860	33,955	31,905
Brazilian	15,775	7,620	8,155
Nigerian	3,200	1,570	1,630
Armenian	30,720	15,190	15,530
Slovak	4,070	1,995	2,075
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	7,205	3,415	3,790
Somali	2,090	975	1,110
Taiwanese	3,605	1,655	1,950
Iraqi	4,385	2,290	2,095
Salvadorean	17,265	8,595	8,670
African Caribbean	9,305	4,260	5,040
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,425	1,520	1,905
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,955	3,180	2,780
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	9,190	4,020	5,170
Algonquin	29,880	14,520	15,365
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	3,140	1,390	1,750
Lithuanian	5,455	2,460	2,995
South African	1,045	545	500
Australian	1,820	885	935
Palestinian	6,500	3,445	3,055
Chilean	14,420	7,150	7,265
Congolese	24,070	11,855	12,220
Nova Scotian	1,430	640	790
Ethiopian	1,440	740	705
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	6,335	3,155	3,185
Peruvian	19,055	8,900	10,155
Yoruba	2,820	1,545	1,270
Cambodian (Khmer)	17,600	8,335	9,265
Berber	36,540	19,550	16,990
Albanian	4,650	2,390	2,265
Maltese	1,095	585	510
Macedonian	680	325	355
Slovenian	2,395	1,115	1,280
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	7,000	3,690	3,310
New Brunswicker	4,900	2,340	2,560
Gujarati	1,340	710	630
Eritrean	800	400	400
African Canadian	3,715	1,835	1,880
Israeli	6,750	3,465	3,285
Mohawk	6,635	3,230	3,405
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,620	790	830
Bulgarian	9,500	4,690	4,815
Albertan	410	175	240
Ghanaian	3,385	1,795	1,590
Barbadian	4,840	2,455	2,390
African American	3,255	1,640	1,610
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,310	1,205	1,110
Tunisian	26,015	14,280	11,735
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	2,885	1,425	1,455
Cuban	10,280	5,255	5,030
Bosnian	2,415	1,265	1,150
Venezuelan	8,690	4,045	4,640
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	23,940	11,480	12,455
Latvian	1,640	760	875
Bengali	4,560	2,275	2,285
Cameroonian	18,610	9,100	9,510
Guatemalan	10,375	5,800	4,570
Indonesian	1,970	835	1,135
Laotian	7,485	3,675	3,810
Ilocano	1,445	705	745
Northern Irish	1,200	595	600
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,695	890	800
British Columbian	280	110	170
Ecuadorian	2,550	1,205	1,345
Franco Ontarian	4,245	2,080	2,165
Argentinian	5,890	2,965	2,925
Estonian	885	450	435
Kurdish	2,805	1,615	1,190
Fijian	50	15	35
Jatt	605	290	315
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	6,565	3,400	3,160
Coptic	4,750	2,465	2,290
Thai	3,230	1,185	2,040
Dominican	10,875	5,075	5,800
Nepali	980	505	475
Kabyle	19,520	10,085	9,440
Assyrian	835	395	440
Igbo	880	535	340
Byelorussian	2,825	1,360	1,465
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	40	30
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	430	210	220
Abenaki	16,400	7,610	8,790
Moldovan	9,595	4,655	4,945
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	8,890	4,275	4,615
New Zealander	625	360	265
Sudanese	500	245	255
Breton	15,500	7,725	7,775
Pennsylvania Dutch	140	50	90
Malaysian	840	405	440
Plains Cree	180	95	90
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10,290	5,465	4,825
Huron (Wendat)	12,745	6,210	6,530
Saskatchewanian	245	110	130
Buddhist	1,365	635	730
Gaspesian	14,470	6,695	7,780
Norman	11,125	5,595	5,530
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	475	225	250
Ivorian	11,565	5,660	5,905
Saulteaux	155	80	80
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	1,485	750	735
Burundian	7,640	3,675	3,970
Tigrinya	410	230	185
Nicaraguan	2,845	1,480	1,365
Mauritian	5,770	3,070	2,700
Kenyan	525	245	280
Oji-Cree	65	25	40
Vincentian	3,135	1,295	1,840
Jordanian	1,455	815	635
Manitoban	480	225	255
Cape Bretoner	205	95	110
Rwandan	6,315	2,940	3,380
Grenadian	1,445	590	850
Malayali	450	235	215
Chaldean	265	115	155
Sinhalese	520	255	265
Mayan	3,420	1,790	1,630
Honduran	4,025	1,940	2,080
Cherokee	640	320	315
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	15	40
Indo-Caribbean	500	220	280
Flemish	1,595	830	765
United Empire Loyalist	340	180	160
Senegalese	8,040	4,115	3,925
Azerbaijani	990	500	490
Sicilian	2,155	1,105	1,050
Pashtun	750	410	335
Malay	495	215	280
Goan	300	140	165
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	4,405	2,215	2,195
Tibetan	260	125	135
Zimbabwean	425	225	200
Burmese	580	265	320
Mongolian	1,165	550	620
Azorean	2,010	910	1,095
Atikamekw	8,265	4,200	4,065
Bamileke	6,515	3,295	3,225
Indo-Guyanese	180	90	90
Ugandan	240	100	145
Oromo	90	50	45
Tanzanian	485	250	240
Yemeni	795	435	365
Central African	5,620	2,670	2,950
Libyan	980	485	495
Basque	3,800	1,950	1,850
Uruguayan	1,995	1,055	945
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,870	925	945
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,975	1,045	930
Igorot	340	130	210
Fulani	5,445	2,800	2,645
Woodland Cree	50	25	20
Guinean	5,530	2,805	2,725
St. Lucian	520	240	280
Prince Edward Islander	115	45	65
Maliseet	3,070	1,470	1,605
Beninese	4,790	2,620	2,170
Telugu	320	205	115
Roma	525	270	250
Costa Rican	1,815	1,005	815
African Nova Scotian	365	180	180
Malagasy	5,215	2,580	2,630
Kashmiri	280	160	125
Singaporean	160	100	65
Karen	55	30	30
Edo	425	195	230
Tajik	635	300	335
Amhara	160	85	75
Paraguayan	315	145	175
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,620
Buddhist	48,365	21,395	26,980
Christian	5,385,240	2,596,385	2,788,855
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	464,020	229,155	234,860
Anabaptist	800	365	435
Anglican	55,290	26,065	29,230
Baptist	33,755	15,875	17,885
Catholic	4,472,555	2,156,595	2,315,960
Christian Orthodox	145,805	70,840	74,965
Jehovah's Witness	27,970	12,060	15,910
Latter Day Saints	4,600	2,190	2,405
Lutheran	4,875	2,260	2,615
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,255	1,070	1,185
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	39,700	17,955	21,735
Presbyterian	8,010	3,830	4,180
Reformed	1,220	620	600
United Church	19,595	8,645	10,945
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	104,790	48,840	55,950
Hindu	47,390	25,045	22,345
Jewish	84,530	41,470	43,065
Muslim	421,710	218,255	203,455
Sikh	23,345	12,385	10,960
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	3,790	1,900	1,895
Other religions and spiritual traditions	26,385	12,370	14,010
No religion and secular perspectives	2,267,720	1,197,655	1,070,065
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	8,228,540	4,085,665	4,142,870
Non-movers	7,283,250	3,618,915	3,664,330
Movers	945,290	466,750	478,540
Non-migrants	543,670	268,740	274,925
Migrants	401,625	198,010	203,615
Internal migrants	349,095	170,740	178,355
Intraprovincial migrants	321,005	156,550	164,455
Interprovincial migrants	28,085	14,185	13,895
External migrants	52,530	27,270	25,265
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	7,886,185	3,909,425	3,976,760
Non-movers	4,810,540	2,390,480	2,420,060
Movers	3,075,650	1,518,950	1,556,700
Non-migrants	1,312,590	644,860	667,730
Migrants	1,763,060	874,090	888,970
Internal migrants	1,442,970	707,975	734,995
Intraprovincial migrants	1,359,165	666,050	693,115
Interprovincial migrants	83,805	41,925	41,880
External migrants	320,090	166,115	153,975
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,426,055	773,160	652,895
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	5,492,670	2,641,355	2,851,320
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,434,525	2,208,755	2,225,770
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	642,800	382,415	260,380
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	3,791,730	1,826,340	1,965,390
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,256,550	656,495	600,060
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,482,020	719,250	762,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	4,180,150	2,038,775	2,141,380
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,551,215	1,297,600	1,253,615
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,096,360	666,925	429,435
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	793,030	427,220	365,815
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	303,330	239,705	63,620
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	1,202,040	528,525	673,515
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	252,815	102,150	150,665
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,628,940	741,170	887,765
Bachelor's degree	1,011,695	443,295	568,405
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	149,425	66,595	82,825
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	43,755	20,810	22,940
Master's degree	360,795	174,150	186,645
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	63,270	36,320	26,955
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,434,525	2,208,760	2,225,765
No certificate, diploma or degree	525,155	303,815	221,345
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	752,855	388,160	364,700
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,156,515	1,516,785	1,639,730
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,849,290	942,950	906,335
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	836,455	498,385	338,075
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	609,895	319,470	290,425
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	226,565	178,915	47,650
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	838,140	372,455	465,685
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	174,695	72,115	102,580
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,307,225	573,835	733,395
Bachelor's degree	802,755	343,100	459,650
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	119,460	50,155	69,310
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	33,445	13,520	19,920
Master's degree	302,065	140,530	161,530
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	49,500	26,520	22,985
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	6,918,725	3,414,515	3,504,215
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,738,575	1,375,740	1,362,830
Education	292,470	65,830	226,640
13. Education	292,470	65,830	226,640
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	166,900	75,420	91,480
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	23,530	16,540	6,990
50. Visual and performing arts	143,365	58,875	84,490
Humanities	228,770	90,810	137,960
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	35,440	8,360	27,080
23. English language and literature/letters	14,855	4,790	10,065
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	107,105	44,755	62,345
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,195	825	1,365
38. Philosophy and religious studies	11,135	6,895	4,240
39. Theology and religious vocations	9,385	5,650	3,735
54. History	17,420	9,975	7,445
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	31,240	9,565	21,680
Social and behavioural sciences and law	430,845	142,280	288,570
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,980	1,515	3,460
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	57,080	19,060	38,020
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	79,155	6,625	72,535
22. Legal professions and studies	77,880	29,725	48,160
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	12,015	3,185	8,825
42. Psychology	65,230	15,095	50,135
45. Social sciences	134,510	67,065	67,440
Business, management and public administration	950,820	357,290	593,535
30.16 Accounting and computer science	780	305	475
44. Public administration and social service professions	55,355	12,215	43,145
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	894,690	344,770	549,925
Physical and life sciences and technologies	158,655	83,605	75,050
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	57,680	23,925	33,755
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	25,605	14,230	11,375
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	24,115	11,710	12,400
40. Physical sciences	42,530	29,180	13,350
41. Science technologies/technicians	8,730	4,560	4,165
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	177,780	124,955	52,825
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	147,845	110,915	36,930
25. Library science	11,610	2,255	9,355
27. Mathematics and statistics	15,160	9,515	5,645
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,170	2,270	900
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	866,885	778,835	88,060
04. Architecture and related services	33,975	19,075	14,895
14. Engineering	181,290	147,120	34,170
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	161,440	141,185	20,255
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	180	65	115
46. Construction trades	189,550	182,910	6,635
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	179,610	173,605	6,010
48. Precision production	120,835	114,865	5,975
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	99,230	60,010	39,225
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	64,510	34,415	30,100
03. Natural resources and conservation	34,715	25,595	9,125
Health and related fields	515,215	101,455	413,760
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	29,140	14,930	14,215
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	470,150	78,875	391,275
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	845	270	575
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	15,080	7,385	7,700
Personal, protective and transportation services	291,295	157,925	133,365
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	154,335	42,710	111,625
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	355	320	35
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,450	1,300	145
43. Security and protective services	57,625	43,715	13,905
49. Transportation and materials moving	77,545	69,880	7,660
Other¹⁷⁹	1,280	370	905
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	4,434,525	2,208,755	2,225,770
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,278,015	691,975	586,035
Education	195,595	39,630	155,965
13. Education	195,595	39,630	155,965
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	129,065	58,170	70,895
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	18,205	12,610	5,590
50. Visual and performing arts	110,860	45,555	65,305
Humanities	144,140	56,410	87,730
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	26,015	5,955	20,065
23. English language and literature/letters	10,825	3,320	7,510
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	61,125	26,395	34,730
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,415	485	930
38. Philosophy and religious studies	7,300	4,485	2,815
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,765	3,040	1,725
54. History	12,190	6,880	5,305
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	20,500	5,850	14,650
Social and behavioural sciences and law	334,475	103,635	230,840
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,905	1,180	2,725
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	47,510	15,360	32,155
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	64,690	4,665	60,025
22. Legal professions and studies	59,965	20,645	39,325
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	8,380	2,320	6,060
42. Psychology	48,920	10,080	38,835
45. Social sciences	101,105	49,385	51,720
Business, management and public administration	741,390	268,705	472,685
30.16 Accounting and computer science	545	245	300
44. Public administration and social service professions	43,070	8,735	34,335
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	697,775	259,725	438,045
Physical and life sciences and technologies	102,055	53,195	48,865
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	46,430	18,895	27,530
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	13,010	7,225	5,780
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	5,205	3,155	2,050
40. Physical sciences	31,410	20,760	10,650
41. Science technologies/technicians	6,010	3,155	2,855
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	147,350	104,880	42,465
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	126,845	95,720	31,120
25. Library science	7,990	1,480	6,510
27. Mathematics and statistics	10,365	6,250	4,115
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,145	1,435	710
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	665,365	588,950	76,415
04. Architecture and related services	27,250	14,670	12,580
14. Engineering	152,450	121,715	30,735
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	121,270	104,235	17,035
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	170	65	105
46. Construction trades	142,000	136,435	5,570
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	133,660	128,555	5,100
48. Precision production	88,560	83,270	5,290
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	79,190	45,870	33,320
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	51,620	26,290	25,335
03. Natural resources and conservation	27,565	19,580	7,985
Health and related fields	387,725	74,730	312,995
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	22,615	11,045	11,565
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	352,905	58,735	294,170
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	730	180	550
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	11,475	4,765	6,710
Personal, protective and transportation services	229,120	122,320	106,800
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	120,395	31,320	89,075
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	280	250	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	900	770	125
43. Security and protective services	45,820	34,595	11,230
49. Transportation and materials moving	61,730	55,385	6,340
Other¹⁷⁹	1,040	290	750
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	4,434,525	2,208,755	2,225,770
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,278,015	691,975	586,035
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	3,156,515	1,516,785	1,639,730
Location of study inside Canada	2,742,030	1,307,625	1,434,400
Same as province or territory of residence	2,625,165	1,249,755	1,375,410
Different than province or territory of residence	116,855	57,870	58,990
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	414,490	209,160	205,330
Americas	81,780	40,955	40,820
United States of America	22,720	12,785	9,930
Mexico	9,685	4,330	5,350
Cuba	3,325	1,770	1,555
Haiti	9,100	4,860	4,245
Jamaica	215	125	95
Brazil	8,640	4,105	4,540
Colombia	11,880	5,550	6,340
Peru	3,210	1,335	1,875
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,615	1,525	2,090
Other locations of study in Americas	9,395	4,580	4,815
Europe	138,260	74,045	64,210
Belgium	4,415	2,385	2,030
France	77,225	43,085	34,135
Germany	2,410	1,335	1,070
Netherlands	935	530	415
Switzerland	2,520	1,425	1,090
Hungary	370	190	180
Moldova¹⁸³	5,245	2,500	2,750
Poland	1,700	620	1,080
Romania	10,370	5,330	5,040
Russian Federation	5,330	2,420	2,905
Ukraine	4,615	2,105	2,510
Ireland⁹⁶	465	290	175
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,955	4,885	4,070
Bosnia and Herzegovina	715	360	360
Italy	2,330	1,345	985
Serbia⁸⁶	345	155	180
Other locations of study in Europe	10,325	5,080	5,245
Africa	95,260	49,800	45,460
Nigeria	1,835	955	880
Algeria	30,560	15,715	14,850
Morocco	19,240	9,910	9,330
Tunisia	10,865	6,135	4,730
Egypt	6,245	3,170	3,075
South Africa, Republic of	585	290	295
Other locations of study in Africa	25,925	13,620	12,310
Asia	96,865	43,055	53,805
Iran⁸⁸	9,440	4,365	5,075
Iraq	795	380	415
Israel	1,315	650	665
Lebanon	9,840	4,795	5,050
Syria⁸⁹	5,960	2,795	3,165
Turkey	1,210	685	525
China⁹⁰	20,740	9,165	11,570
Taiwan	665	235	430
Hong Kong⁹¹	405	170	235
Japan	1,395	435	955
Korea, South⁹²	2,275	820	1,450
Philippines	14,170	4,975	9,195
Viet Nam	1,730	590	1,135
Bangladesh	2,530	1,315	1,215
Sri Lanka	970	410	565
India	13,730	6,885	6,845
Pakistan	2,210	1,080	1,125
Other locations of study in Asia	7,490	3,285	4,205
Oceania	2,325	1,300	1,025
Australia	1,795	1,010	785
New Zealand	400	215	185
Other locations of study in Oceania	130	75	55
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210
In the labour force	4,435,465	2,302,595	2,132,870
Employed	4,100,450	2,126,350	1,974,095
Unemployed	335,015	176,245	158,775
Not in the labour force	2,483,265	1,111,920	1,371,340
Participation rate	64.1	67.4	60.9
Employment rate	59.3	62.3	56.3
Unemployment rate	7.6	7.7	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	6,918,725	3,414,515	3,504,215
Did not work¹⁸⁶	2,442,685	1,085,560	1,357,125
Worked	4,476,045	2,328,960	2,147,085
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	2,360,025	1,281,245	1,078,775
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	2,116,020	1,047,710	1,068,310
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	41.7	40.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	4,435,460	2,302,590	2,132,870
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	43,585	46,970
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	4,344,910	2,259,010	2,085,905
Employee	3,814,195	1,934,455	1,879,740
Permanent position	3,190,685	1,637,795	1,552,885
Temporary position	623,510	296,655	326,850
Fixed term (1 year or more)	217,905	94,210	123,700
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	405,605	202,450	203,155
Self-employed¹⁹²	530,720	324,555	206,165
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	4,435,460	2,302,590	2,132,870
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	43,585	46,970
All occupations¹⁹¹	4,344,910	2,259,010	2,085,905
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	79,745	57,370	22,370
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	778,905	256,150	522,760
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	360,495	272,510	87,985
3 Health occupations	359,665	70,075	289,590
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	558,725	166,020	392,700
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	146,560	72,400	74,165
6 Sales and service occupations	1,064,155	499,825	564,335
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	702,290	645,355	56,935
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	86,625	68,885	17,735
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	207,740	150,405	57,335
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	4,435,460	2,302,590	2,132,870
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	43,585	46,970
All industries¹⁹¹	4,344,910	2,259,010	2,085,905
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	79,050	55,055	23,990
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	24,890	21,200	3,695
22 Utilities	31,005	22,680	8,330
23 Construction	296,035	254,795	41,240
31-33 Manufacturing	449,115	320,715	128,405
41 Wholesale trade	147,340	96,670	50,670
44-45 Retail trade	514,090	248,905	265,185
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	209,445	161,115	48,330
51 Information and cultural industries	94,130	57,495	36,630
52 Finance and insurance	169,985	74,020	95,960
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	63,030	35,450	27,575
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	345,345	193,365	151,985
55 Management of companies and enterprises	5,605	2,675	2,935
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	171,345	104,695	66,645
61 Educational services	340,885	104,300	236,590
62 Health care and social assistance	617,200	122,675	494,525
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	72,700	38,810	33,890
72 Accommodation and food services	232,480	109,950	122,530
81 Other services (except public administration)	190,470	89,730	100,735
91 Public administration	290,765	144,705	146,055
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	4,747,110	2,464,325	2,282,785
English	350,525	195,385	155,145
French	3,032,290	1,536,735	1,495,555
Non-official language	18,820	10,150	8,670
Indigenous³⁹	4,175	2,195	1,975
Non-Indigenous	14,650	7,955	6,690
English and French	1,245,535	671,300	574,230
English and non-official language(s)	25,875	13,895	11,980
French and non-official language(s)	20,370	9,725	10,645
English, French and non-official language(s)	52,970	26,700	26,265
Multiple non-official languages	725	435	290
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	4,747,110	2,464,325	2,282,785
Single responses	4,477,745	2,321,955	2,155,790
Official languages	4,441,500	2,302,830	2,138,665
English	668,485	365,785	302,695
French	3,773,015	1,937,050	1,835,965
Non-official languages	36,245	19,120	17,125
Indigenous languages³⁹	10,220	5,140	5,080
Algonquian languages	6,520	3,320	3,195
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	6,480	3,310	3,170
Atikamekw	1,015	585	430
Cree languages	3,730	1,925	1,810
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	110	65	40
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	760	375	385
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	10	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	15	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	2,830	1,465	1,370
Innu (Montagnais)	1,570	720	855
Naskapi	155	80	80
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Mi'kmaq	20	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	0	20
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	0	20
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	3,690	1,815	1,875
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	3,690	1,815	1,875
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,030	13,980	12,050
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,465	1,385	1,075
Berber languages	35	25	10
Kabyle	30	20	10
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,425	1,365	1,060
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	2,235	1,290	945
Aramaic languages	10	0	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	160	70	95
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,640	720	920
Khmer (Cambodian)	315	140	175
Vietnamese	1,325	585	745
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	150	70	75
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	10	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	120	55	65
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Creole languages	330	150	175
Haitian Creole	325	145	175
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	160	65	95
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	10
Tamil	150	65	85
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,485	7,750	5,735
Albanian	15	0	10
Armenian	310	200	115
Balto-Slavic languages	1,025	395	625
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,025	395	625
Bulgarian	55	20	30
Czech	15	10	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	135	45	90
Russian	735	280	450
Serbo-Croatian	30	20	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	10	10	0
Serbian	20	10	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	55	25	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,420	725	695
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,345	680	665
German	300	175	125
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	20	20
Yiddish	1,000	485	520
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	25	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	35	20	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	15
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	0	10
Swedish	15	10	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	420	180	240
Indo-Iranian languages	2,550	1,410	1,135
Indo-Aryan languages	1,950	1,065	885
Bengali	115	40	70
Gujarati	35	10	20
Hindi	145	70	75
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,480	855	625
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	160	80	85
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Iranian languages	600	345	255
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	25	20	0
Persian languages	570	320	250
Dari	185	115	75
Iranian Persian	365	200	165
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	15	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,725	4,830	2,890
Catalan	10	10	0
Italian	445	220	225
Portuguese	485	185	300
Romanian	230	135	95
Spanish	6,530	4,250	2,275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	30	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	220	40	185
Korean	370	165	215
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	90	55	40
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	0
Lingala	15	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	35	30	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Sign languages	325	125	195
American Sign Language	30	15	20
Quebec Sign Language	265	100	170
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,580	3,370	3,210
Chinese languages	6,580	3,370	3,210
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	4,285	2,190	2,095
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	30	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,195	1,130	1,060
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	15	35
Lao	10	0	0
Thai	40	10	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	140	65	70
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	135	65	70
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	20	0	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	0	10
Hungarian	15	0	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	269,365	142,370	126,995
English and French	249,945	132,640	117,300
English and non-official language(s)	7,150	3,800	3,355
French and non-official language(s)	6,010	2,675	3,335
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,165	3,215	2,950
Multiple non-official languages	90	30	60
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	4,747,110	2,464,325	2,282,785
None	3,655,520	1,876,935	1,778,585
English	720,960	391,075	329,885
French	302,145	161,340	140,805
Non-official language	32,245	16,505	15,745
Indigenous³⁹	3,025	1,350	1,675
Non-Indigenous	29,220	15,155	14,065
English and French	2,520	1,270	1,250
English and non-official language(s)	19,400	9,340	10,060
French and non-official language(s)	11,070	6,110	4,970
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	160	125
Multiple non-official languages	2,965	1,605	1,365
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	4,100,450	2,126,350	1,974,095
Worked at home	897,770	435,285	462,480
Worked outside Canada	8,355	5,980	2,380
No fixed workplace address	442,035	333,730	108,305
Usual place of work	2,752,285	1,351,360	1,400,930
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	2,752,285	1,351,360	1,400,930
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,475,055	685,340	789,710
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	419,210	203,335	215,875
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	823,150	442,385	380,765
Commute to a different province or territory	34,875	20,300	14,575
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	3,194,325	1,685,090	1,509,235
Car, truck or van	2,633,265	1,430,735	1,202,535
Car, truck or van - as a driver	2,482,735	1,367,240	1,115,495
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	150,535	63,495	87,040
Public transit	287,345	120,460	166,885
Walked	178,645	78,570	100,075
Bicycle	40,420	26,585	13,835
Other method	54,645	28,740	25,895
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	3,194,325	1,685,090	1,509,235
Less than 15 minutes	1,005,850	482,465	523,385
15 to 29 minutes	1,110,975	578,835	532,140
30 to 44 minutes	635,870	363,430	272,445
45 to 59 minutes	235,140	133,720	101,425
60 minutes and over	206,480	126,635	79,840
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	3,194,325	1,685,090	1,509,235
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	241,420	189,270	52,155
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	569,745	368,480	201,265
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	935,640	441,465	494,170
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	626,895	259,220	367,675
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	330,930	142,495	188,435
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	489,685	284,160	205,530
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	1,677,585	859,745	817,835
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	303,835	156,030	147,805
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,373,745	703,720	670,030
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	1,222,970	626,390	596,585
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	230,080	118,075	112,005
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	175,305	90,000	85,305
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	54,775	28,070	26,700
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	992,895	508,315	484,580

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 24, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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