Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Richmond Hill, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	202,022	...	...
Population, 2016¹	195,022	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	72,017	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	69,314	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,004.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	100.79	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	202,020	98,065	103,955
0 to 14 years	29,970	15,280	14,690
0 to 4 years	7,555	3,860	3,695
5 to 9 years	9,990	5,090	4,900
10 to 14 years	12,430	6,330	6,095
15 to 64 years	137,390	66,930	70,455
15 to 19 years	13,730	7,230	6,495
20 to 24 years	12,525	6,720	5,810
25 to 29 years	11,625	6,025	5,595
30 to 34 years	11,480	5,745	5,735
35 to 39 years	11,880	5,585	6,295
40 to 44 years	13,075	5,690	7,385
45 to 49 years	16,060	7,275	8,780
50 to 54 years	17,335	8,155	9,185
55 to 59 years	16,040	7,955	8,080
60 to 64 years	13,640	6,545	7,095
65 years and over	34,665	15,855	18,805
65 to 69 years	10,840	5,120	5,715
70 to 74 years	9,340	4,365	4,975
75 to 79 years	5,900	2,680	3,220
80 to 84 years	4,405	1,990	2,410
85 years and over	4,180	1,695	2,485
85 to 89 years	2,645	1,160	1,485
90 to 94 years	1,185	455	725
95 to 99 years	300	65	230
100 years and over	55	10	40
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	15.6	14.1
15 to 64 years	68.0	68.3	67.8
65 years and over	17.2	16.2	18.1
85 years and over	2.1	1.7	2.4
Average age of the population	42.2	41.1	43.1
Median age of the population	43.6	42.0	44.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	69,315	...	...
Single-detached house	39,295	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,665	...	...
Row house	10,505	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,135	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,695	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,960	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	69,315	...	...
1 person	12,180	...	...
2 persons	18,935	...	...
3 persons	15,080	...	...
4 persons	14,770	...	...
5 or more persons	8,350	...	...
Number of persons in private households	200,925	97,740	103,190
Average household size	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	172,050	82,790	89,260
Married or living common-law	103,785	51,480	52,305
Married	98,025	48,625	49,400
Living common-law	5,765	2,860	2,900
Living common law - Never married	3,830	1,890	1,940
Living common law - Separated	270	160	115
Living common law - Divorced	1,520	745	775
Living common law - Widowed	140	65	75
Not married and not living common-law	68,265	31,305	36,960
Not married and not living common law - Never married	48,195	25,785	22,410
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,635	1,320	2,315
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,610	2,795	5,815
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	7,825	1,405	6,415
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	59,055	...	...
2 persons	23,335	...	...
3 persons	16,355	...	...
4 persons	15,165	...	...
5 or more persons	4,200	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	59,055	...	...
Total couple families	50,260	...	...
Married couples	47,380	...	...
With children⁶	31,160	...	...
Without children	16,220	...	...
Common-law couples	2,880	...	...
With children⁶	1,095	...	...
Without children	1,785	...	...
Total one-parent families	8,795	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	7,165	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,630	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	200,925	97,735	103,190
Total - Persons in census families	178,290	88,425	89,865
Married spouses or common-law partners	100,515	50,220	50,300
Parents in one-parent families	8,795	1,630	7,165
Children⁶	68,980	36,580	32,400
In a two-parent family	55,760	29,575	26,185
In a one-parent family	13,220	7,005	6,210
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	22,640	9,315	13,330
Living alone	12,185	5,010	7,175
Living with other relatives⁷	6,075	1,965	4,110
Living with non-relatives only	4,380	2,335	2,050
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	69,315	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	46,980	...	...
Couple-family households	40,490	...	...
With children⁶	26,725	...	...
Without children	13,770	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,490	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,800	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	950	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,655	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,750	...	...
One-person households	12,180	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	170,980	82,470	88,505
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	162,470	78,160	84,310
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	162,515	78,180	84,335
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,800	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	144,590	70,795	73,800
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	38,400	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	115,050	58,125	56,925
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,600	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	146,390	69,885	76,500
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	6,000	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,920	4,810	7,110
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,160	27,595	28,560
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	170,980	82,505	88,475
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	162,645	78,200	84,445
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,100	66,800	48,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	162,700	78,240	84,455
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,720	51,350	40,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	144,480	70,885	73,595
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,250	64,900	43,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	115,050	58,380	56,670
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,850	66,600	46,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	146,655	69,990	76,660
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,920	8,870	10,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,690	4,770	6,925
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,540	5,970	6,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	56,345	28,060	28,285
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,340	10,150	10,530
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	170,980	82,500	88,475
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	53,970	29,740	24,235
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	80,000	68,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	92,400	103,500	78,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	44,350	20,890	23,460
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,700	15,100	14,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,160	30,000	24,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	88.2	79.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	74.4	65.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.7	11.9	20.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.9	5.8	8.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.3	5.5	7.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	170,975	82,470	88,510
Without total income	8,505	4,310	4,200
With total income	162,475	78,160	84,315
Under $10,000 (including loss)	19,380	8,490	10,885
$10,000 to $19,999	22,755	10,555	12,200
$20,000 to $29,999	26,360	11,905	14,455
$30,000 to $39,999	18,070	7,725	10,345
$40,000 to $49,999	13,455	5,825	7,630
$50,000 to $59,999	10,780	4,755	6,025
$60,000 to $69,999	8,805	4,170	4,640
$70,000 to $79,999	7,515	3,775	3,740
$80,000 to $89,999	6,210	3,250	2,960
$90,000 to $99,999	5,440	2,865	2,575
$100,000 and over	23,700	14,845	8,855
$100,000 to $149,999	15,115	8,785	6,325
$150,000 and over	8,585	6,060	2,530
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	170,975	82,470	88,510
Without after-tax income	8,460	4,285	4,175
With after-tax income	162,520	78,185	84,330
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,085	8,800	11,280
$10,000 to $19,999	23,785	11,085	12,705
$20,000 to $29,999	28,890	12,980	15,910
$30,000 to $39,999	19,945	8,610	11,330
$40,000 to $49,999	15,440	6,810	8,635
$50,000 to $59,999	12,085	5,605	6,480
$60,000 to $69,999	9,750	4,915	4,835
$70,000 to $79,999	7,835	4,205	3,630
$80,000 to $89,999	7,000	3,630	3,370
$90,000 to $99,999	4,715	2,760	1,950
$100,000 and over	12,985	8,785	4,205
$100,000 to $124,999	6,400	4,100	2,300
$125,000 and over	6,590	4,680	1,910
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	170,975	82,470	88,510
Without employment income	55,930	24,345	31,585
With employment income	115,050	58,125	56,925
Under $5,000 (including loss)	18,465	8,635	9,830
$5,000 to $9,999	11,965	5,410	6,555
$10,000 to $19,999	12,735	6,015	6,720
$20,000 to $29,999	8,695	4,030	4,660
$30,000 to $39,999	8,055	3,710	4,345
$40,000 to $49,999	7,555	3,490	4,060
$50,000 to $59,999	6,915	3,235	3,680
$60,000 to $69,999	6,420	3,175	3,245
$70,000 to $79,999	5,645	2,925	2,720
$80,000 to $89,999	4,800	2,595	2,200
$90,000 to $99,999	4,640	2,445	2,200
$100,000 and over	19,165	12,455	6,710
$100,000 to $124,999	8,340	4,805	3,530
$125,000 and over	10,825	7,645	3,185
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	170,980	82,470	88,505
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	157,375	75,525	81,850
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	39,600	30,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	157,420	75,540	81,880
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	36,000	29,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	141,595	69,410	72,185
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,800	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	114,920	58,130	56,790
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	136,030	65,140	70,890
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,270	820	2,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,715	2,450	4,265
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	5,640	6,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	170,980	82,505	88,475
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	157,510	75,690	81,820
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,450	63,850	45,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	157,525	75,695	81,830
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,800	49,760	38,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	142,060	69,705	72,355
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,100	65,300	45,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	115,235	58,495	56,745
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,950	66,200	47,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	136,125	65,230	70,900
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,515	4,384	6,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,785	2,445	4,340
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,560	6,900	7,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	170,980	82,500	88,475
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	53,390	29,400	23,990
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	76,500	62,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,000	95,800	74,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	41,370	19,665	21,710
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	21,600	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,240	37,840	31,000
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	94.0	87.6
Employment income (%)	76.6	80.0	72.0
Government transfers (%)	8.8	5.9	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	69,315	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,180	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	57,135	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	69,315	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	107,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,170	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,250	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	57,145	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	69,315	...	...
Under $5,000	1,085	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	460	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	680	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,105	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,185	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,660	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,000	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,045	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,955	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,950	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,985	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,920	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,920	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,625	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	35,450	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,575	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,145	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,965	...	...
$200,000 and over	12,765	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	69,315	...	...
Under $5,000	1,280	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	480	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	700	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,195	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,295	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,840	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,165	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,230	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,310	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,330	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,580	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,750	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,480	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,290	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,850	...	...
$100,000 and over	30,530	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,340	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,595	...	...
$150,000 and over	15,600	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	56,370	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	14,325	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	32,335	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,795	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,565	7,340	9,220
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	40,000	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,000	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	56,290	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	148,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,350	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	32,470	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	176,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,725	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,585	7,465	9,125
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,900	63,450	47,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,920	49,920	40,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	200,930	97,740	103,190
0 to 17 years	38,035	19,520	18,515
0 to 5 years	9,265	4,705	4,560
18 to 64 years	129,085	62,575	66,510
65 years and over	33,805	15,640	18,165
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	23,610	10,930	12,680
0 to 17 years	4,950	2,500	2,450
0 to 5 years	1,230	630	595
18 to 64 years	13,030	6,050	6,985
65 years and over	5,625	2,375	3,250
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.8	11.2	12.3
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0	12.8	13.2
0 to 5 years (%)	13.2	13.5	13.1
18 to 64 years (%)	10.1	9.7	10.5
65 years and over (%)	16.6	15.2	17.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	200,925	97,735	103,190
0 to 17 years	38,035	19,520	18,515
0 to 5 years	9,265	4,710	4,555
18 to 64 years	129,090	62,575	66,510
65 years and over	33,805	15,645	18,160
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	14,325	6,860	7,460
0 to 17 years	3,035	1,515	1,520
0 to 5 years	710	360	355
18 to 64 years	9,085	4,400	4,685
65 years and over	2,205	940	1,260
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.1	7.0	7.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.0	7.8	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	7.7	7.6	7.8
18 to 64 years (%)	7.0	7.0	7.0
65 years and over (%)	6.5	6.0	6.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	200,925	97,740	103,190
In bottom half of the distribution	86,095	40,880	45,215
In bottom decile	20,830	9,725	11,100
In second decile	16,890	7,945	8,950
In third decile	16,185	7,700	8,485
In fourth decile	16,030	7,715	8,310
In fifth decile	16,160	7,795	8,365
In top half of the distribution	114,835	56,855	57,975
In sixth decile	17,120	8,385	8,740
In seventh decile	18,190	8,890	9,300
In eighth decile	20,540	10,125	10,405
In ninth decile	25,595	12,750	12,845
In top decile	33,390	16,710	16,685
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	200,925	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.375	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.478	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.327	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	201,040	97,795	103,250
English only	173,385	86,220	87,160
French only	90	30	60
English and French	14,745	6,405	8,340
Neither English nor French	12,825	5,135	7,695
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	201,040	97,795	103,250
English	184,650	91,025	93,625
French	1,280	585	700
English and French	2,450	1,135	1,315
Neither English nor French	12,660	5,050	7,605
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	201,040	97,795	103,250
Single responses	188,100	91,505	96,595
Official languages	69,025	35,345	33,685
English	68,035	34,885	33,150
French	990	460	535
Non-official languages	119,075	56,160	62,910
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	119,070	56,160	62,910
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,725	1,855	1,865
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	0	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	35	20	15
Cushitic languages	125	55	75
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	5	0
Somali	120	50	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	3,555	1,785	1,775
Amharic	20	5	10
Arabic	2,655	1,300	1,355
Aramaic languages	105	45	55
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	70	30	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	755	415	340
Maltese	25	15	10
Tigrigna	10	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	605	265	345
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	20	20
Vietnamese	570	245	320
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5
Austronesian languages	2,360	925	1,435
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Cebuano	50	20	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	10	30
Ilocano	140	55	80
Indonesian	205	95	110
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	5
Pangasinan	5	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,835	700	1,130
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Creole languages	85	40	45
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	55	30	25
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	1,500	730	775
Kannada	50	25	20
Malayalam	270	135	135
Tamil	1,035	490	545
Telugu	145	75	65
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	65	30	30
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	53,235	25,420	27,815
Albanian	200	100	100
Armenian	835	390	440
Balto-Slavic languages	10,885	5,020	5,870
Baltic languages	100	35	60
Latvian	45	15	30
Lithuanian	55	20	35
Slavic languages	10,785	4,985	5,805
Belarusian	20	10	15
Bulgarian	120	60	65
Czech	70	25	45
Macedonian	300	135	170
Polish	550	245	305
Russian	8,620	4,020	4,600
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	520	245	275
Bosnian	35	20	15
Croatian	155	60	95
Serbian	315	155	155
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Slovak	60	20	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	30	25
Ukrainian	465	190	275
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	840	365	475
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	605	260	350
German	540	230	315
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	10	5
Yiddish	50	20	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	80	90
Afrikaans	20	5	15
Dutch	140	70	70
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	60	25	35
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	15	5	10
Swedish	20	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,425	680	745
Indo-Iranian languages	29,325	14,335	14,990
Indo-Aryan languages	5,320	2,590	2,735
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	285	155	130
Gujarati	1,350	635	720
Hindi	920	440	480
Kacchi	320	150	170
Kashmiri	15	5	5
Konkani	30	10	15
Marathi	55	25	25
Nepali	30	10	20
Oriya languages	15	10	10
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	460	245	220
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	15	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	85	80
Urdu	1,645	800	850
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Iranian languages	23,990	11,745	12,245
Baluchi	45	25	20
Kurdish	395	195	200
Parsi	35	15	20
Pashto	85	55	30
Persian languages	23,410	11,440	11,965
Dari	1,230	580	645
Iranian Persian	19,360	9,470	9,885
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,825	1,390	1,430
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	9,700	4,515	5,180
Catalan	0	5	0
Italian	5,160	2,445	2,720
Portuguese	840	360	475
Romanian	1,385	645	735
Spanish	2,300	1,055	1,240
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Japanese	275	90	185
Korean	4,640	2,200	2,440
Mongolian	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	305	155	145
Akan (Twi)	55	25	35
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	15	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	0
Shona	10	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	100	55	45
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	45	20	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	10
American Sign Language	15	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	50,115	23,375	26,740
Chinese languages	50,065	23,345	26,720
Hakka	355	160	195
Mandarin	25,800	11,945	13,855
Min Dong	40	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	590	265	320
Wu (Shanghainese)	350	160	195
Yue (Cantonese)	22,700	10,695	12,005
Chinese, n.o.s.	215	95	120
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	25	20
Burmese	25	15	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	90	35	55
Lao	45	25	25
Thai	40	10	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,355	695	660
Azerbaijani	350	195	155
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	950	470	475
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	25	10	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Uralic languages	670	310	355
Estonian	40	15	25
Finnish	60	35	30
Hungarian	570	260	305
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	12,940	6,285	6,655
English and French	575	295	275
English and non-official language(s)	10,520	5,155	5,370
French and non-official language(s)	230	100	130
English, French and non-official language(s)	400	185	215
Multiple non-official languages	1,220	550	670
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	201,040	97,795	103,250
English	75,205	38,165	37,045
French	240	110	130
Non-official language	43,975	20,230	23,745
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	43,970	20,230	23,740
English and French	1,320	595	730
English and non-official language(s)	74,310	36,035	38,270
French and non-official language(s)	75	25	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,665	1,155	1,510
Multiple non-official languages	3,255	1,480	1,775
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	201,040	97,795	103,250
Single responses	184,550	89,945	94,610
Official languages	103,980	51,960	52,020
English	103,550	51,755	51,795
French	430	200	230
Non-official languages	80,570	37,985	42,585
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	80,565	37,980	42,585
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,690	795	895
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	20	5	10
Cushitic languages	50	20	30
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	50	20	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,615	770	850
Amharic	5	0	0
Arabic	1,260	585	675
Aramaic languages	65	30	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	20	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	285	150	135
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	5	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	290	125	160
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	275	125	150
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,205	550	655
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Cebuano	35	15	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	10	15
Ilocano	70	35	40
Indonesian	85	45	45
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	955	435	525
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Creole languages	45	25	25
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	35	20	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	825	380	445
Kannada	30	10	15
Malayalam	130	60	70
Tamil	605	275	325
Telugu	60	30	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	45	25	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	32,335	15,395	16,945
Albanian	100	50	50
Armenian	490	225	265
Balto-Slavic languages	6,790	3,150	3,640
Baltic languages	25	10	15
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	20	5	10
Slavic languages	6,765	3,145	3,625
Belarusian	5	0	0
Bulgarian	50	25	25
Czech	10	10	5
Macedonian	125	50	75
Polish	215	100	110
Russian	5,905	2,760	3,145
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	225	100	130
Bosnian	15	5	10
Croatian	25	5	20
Serbian	175	85	95
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Slovak	10	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0
Ukrainian	205	90	115
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	110	45	65
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	75	30	45
German	75	30	40
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	5	15
Afrikaans	15	5	10
Dutch	5	0	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	505	230	275
Indo-Iranian languages	20,785	10,090	10,695
Indo-Aryan languages	2,790	1,330	1,455
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	145	75	75
Gujarati	690	310	380
Hindi	435	215	225
Kacchi	135	65	75
Kashmiri	5	5	5
Konkani	5	5	5
Marathi	25	15	10
Nepali	20	10	15
Oriya languages	5	5	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	210	115	100
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	90	45	40
Urdu	1,020	480	540
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Iranian languages	17,990	8,755	9,235
Baluchi	20	10	10
Kurdish	300	150	150
Parsi	30	15	15
Pashto	55	35	25
Persian languages	17,570	8,535	9,030
Dari	750	365	390
Iranian Persian	14,580	7,095	7,480
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,240	1,080	1,160
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,540	1,590	1,945
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,295	535	755
Portuguese	325	150	170
Romanian	660	295	365
Spanish	1,260	605	655
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Japanese	110	50	65
Korean	3,530	1,665	1,865
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	75	35	45
Akan (Twi)	20	5	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	10	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	20	20
American Sign Language	30	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	39,150	18,315	20,835
Chinese languages	39,135	18,305	20,830
Hakka	120	55	65
Mandarin	20,860	9,850	11,010
Min Dong	10	5	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	250	120	135
Wu (Shanghainese)	230	105	120
Yue (Cantonese)	17,550	8,115	9,435
Chinese, n.o.s.	100	50	50
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10
Burmese	5	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	10	20
Lao	25	10	15
Thai	10	10	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	875	440	430
Azerbaijani	195	100	95
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	665	335	330
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	5	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	290	140	150
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	270	130	140
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	16,490	7,850	8,640
English and French	280	120	160
English and non-official language(s)	15,605	7,460	8,145
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	80	105
Multiple non-official languages	360	165	195
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	201,045	97,795	103,250
None	133,040	65,035	68,005
English	29,785	14,580	15,205
French	1,585	690	900
Non-official language	28,415	13,670	14,745
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	5
Non-Indigenous	28,415	13,675	14,740
English and French	440	200	235
English and non-official language(s)	3,585	1,710	1,875
French and non-official language(s)	1,245	525	715
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	35	40
Multiple non-official languages	2,880	1,340	1,540
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	200,930	97,740	103,190
Official languages	188,190	92,705	95,480
English	188,075	92,670	95,405
French	14,800	6,350	8,450
Non-official languages	145,915	69,065	76,855
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	145,910	69,060	76,855
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,330	3,730	3,600
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	20	15	10
Hausa	20	15	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	125	60	60
Cushitic languages	170	75	95
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	170	75	95
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,125	3,620	3,505
Amharic	40	20	25
Arabic	4,235	2,085	2,150
Aramaic languages	140	75	65
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	110	70	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	2,735	1,450	1,280
Maltese	35	15	25
Tigrigna	15	10	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	895	410	485
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	30	30
Vietnamese	840	380	460
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,655	1,400	2,260
Bikol	25	0	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	120	40	80
Cebuano	225	100	125
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	50	10	40
Ilocano	175	65	110
Indonesian	310	145	160
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	95	35	60
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	25	20
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,095	1,130	1,970
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55
Creole languages	340	165	175
Haitian Creole	15	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	170	85	90
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	40	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	25	35
Dravidian languages	2,185	1,065	1,120
Kannada	140	65	75
Malayalam	445	215	230
Tamil	1,515	745	770
Telugu	275	135	135
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	40	35	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	69,010	32,840	36,175
Albanian	320	165	155
Armenian	1,240	585	655
Balto-Slavic languages	13,630	6,260	7,370
Baltic languages	150	60	90
Latvian	95	35	60
Lithuanian	60	25	35
Slavic languages	13,550	6,230	7,320
Belarusian	80	30	55
Bulgarian	210	90	115
Czech	95	40	55
Macedonian	500	220	280
Polish	755	360	400
Russian	11,275	5,195	6,080
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	700	350	350
Bosnian	40	25	20
Croatian	250	115	135
Serbian	445	240	205
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	55	20	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	25	20
Ukrainian	1,405	640	765
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	15	10
Irish	10	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,080	965	1,115
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,480	695	785
German	1,360	645	725
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	15	0
Yiddish	130	60	65
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	435	185	250
Afrikaans	155	75	80
Dutch	270	110	165
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	215	95	120
Danish	50	30	20
Icelandic	30	10	15
Norwegian	50	20	30
Swedish	95	40	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	2,345	1,060	1,280
Indo-Iranian languages	37,370	18,290	19,085
Indo-Aryan languages	9,340	4,525	4,810
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	440	235	205
Gujarati	2,685	1,235	1,450
Hindi	3,980	1,900	2,080
Kacchi	735	360	380
Kashmiri	40	25	10
Konkani	105	40	65
Marathi	280	150	120
Nepali	80	35	45
Oriya languages	45	25	20
Odia	35	25	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,120	575	545
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	55	25	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	210	105	105
Urdu	3,520	1,720	1,800
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Iranian languages	28,375	13,930	14,445
Baluchi	60	35	25
Kurdish	450	235	215
Parsi	65	30	30
Pashto	185	95	90
Persian languages	27,985	13,735	14,260
Dari	1,355	620	735
Iranian Persian	23,975	11,795	12,180
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,990	1,480	1,510
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,300	6,625	7,670
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	7,745	3,580	4,165
Portuguese	1,300	605	700
Romanian	1,535	705	830
Spanish	4,410	2,070	2,335
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30
Japanese	725	350	380
Korean	5,915	2,760	3,160
Mongolian	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	985	505	480
Akan (Twi)	60	20	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	0	15
Éwé	15	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	65	35	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	15	15	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	10
Swahili	535	280	250
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	190	105	85
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Sign languages	65	25	35
American Sign Language	45	20	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	58,620	27,750	30,870
Chinese languages	58,580	27,735	30,850
Hakka	500	245	255
Mandarin	36,480	16,850	19,620
Min Dong	40	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,110	525	580
Wu (Shanghainese)	600	285	315
Yue (Cantonese)	29,985	14,225	15,765
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	90	85
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	25	25
Burmese	20	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	55	70
Lao	55	30	25
Thai	65	25	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Turkic languages	2,620	1,385	1,235
Azerbaijani	805	480	325
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	2,060	1,075	980
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	25	10	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25
Uralic languages	855	430	425
Estonian	40	20	25
Finnish	80	55	20
Hungarian	740	360	380
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	200,925	97,740	103,190
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	510	225	280
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	445	210	230
First Nations (North American Indian)	305	150	155
Métis	135	60	75
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	0	35
Non-Indigenous identity	200,420	97,510	102,910
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	200,925	97,740	103,190
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	205	90	120
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	200,725	97,645	103,075
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	69,315	...	...
Owner	54,210	...	...
Renter	15,100	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	69,315	...	...
Condominium	13,945	...	...
Not condominium	55,370	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	69,315	...	...
No bedrooms	315	...	...
1 bedroom	7,335	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,475	...	...
3 bedrooms	18,775	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	33,410	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	69,315	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,955	...	...
5 rooms	9,940	...	...
6 rooms	9,615	...	...
7 rooms	8,725	...	...
8 or more rooms	23,075	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	69,315	...	...
One person or fewer per room	67,400	...	...
More than one person per room	1,910	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	69,315	...	...
Suitable	65,195	...	...
Not suitable	4,120	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	69,315	...	...
1960 or before	3,495	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,970	...	...
1981 to 1990	12,175	...	...
1991 to 2000	15,915	...	...
2001 to 2005	10,655	...	...
2006 to 2010	7,600	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,405	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,100	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	69,315	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	66,765	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,545	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	69,315	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,780	...	...
Two-maintainer household	34,340	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,195	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	69,315	...	...
15 to 24 years	745	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,820	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,215	...	...
45 to 54 years	17,460	...	...
55 to 64 years	16,450	...	...
65 to 74 years	10,410	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,225	...	...
85 years and over	1,990	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	68,925	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	43,350	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	25,570	...	...
30% to less than 100%	20,820	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	69,310	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	29,485	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	23,045	...	...
Not suitable only	2,480	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,295	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,415	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,020	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	140	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...
Acceptable housing	39,830	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	64,175	...	...
In core need	10,020	...	...
Not in core need	54,150	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	54,210	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,350	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,344,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	15,105	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	51.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	31.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,860	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,916	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	200,925	97,735	103,190
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	160	70	85
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	150	70	75
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	145	70	70
Métis single ancestry	0	0	0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	615	290	330
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	580	280	305
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	420	180	240
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	165	100	65
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	10	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	200,155	97,385	102,775
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	200,930	97,735	103,190
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	169,955	83,235	86,715
Canadian citizens aged under 18	33,675	17,295	16,375
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	136,280	65,940	70,340
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	30,970	14,500	16,470
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	200,930	97,735	103,190
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	77,650	39,945	37,705
Immigrants⁸¹	116,855	54,595	62,265
Before 1980	14,925	6,965	7,960
1980 to 1990	13,975	6,740	7,240
1991 to 2000	30,335	14,390	15,940
2001 to 2010	30,270	13,955	16,315
2011 to 2021⁸²	27,355	12,540	14,810
2011 to 2015	14,750	6,785	7,965
2016 to 2021	12,600	5,760	6,845
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,420	3,200	3,220
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	116,855	54,595	62,265
Under 5 years	8,505	4,295	4,215
5 to 14 years	17,830	9,050	8,785
15 to 24 years	18,895	8,680	10,220
25 to 44 years	56,485	25,585	30,900
45 years and over	15,130	6,995	8,140
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	116,855	54,595	62,265
Americas	5,960	2,715	3,250
Brazil	265	130	140
Colombia	300	145	155
El Salvador	125	60	65
Guyana	540	225	320
Haiti	35	15	15
Jamaica	1,055	490	565
Mexico	205	90	115
Peru	225	105	125
Trinidad and Tobago	590	265	325
United States of America	1,220	600	625
Other places of birth in Americas	1,400	600	800
Europe	18,160	8,270	9,895
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	55	60
Croatia	130	50	80
France	120	60	60
Germany	585	265	325
Greece	855	375	480
Hungary	330	140	190
Italy	3,320	1,555	1,760
Netherlands	130	35	100
Poland	550	250	305
Portugal	435	205	230
Romania	1,305	625	680
Russian Federation	3,310	1,420	1,895
Serbia⁸⁶	220	125	90
Ukraine	2,395	1,080	1,315
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,590	765	825
Other places of birth in Europe	2,770	1,260	1,515
Africa	4,975	2,415	2,565
Algeria	25	0	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	60	40	20
Egypt	1,365	660	710
Eritrea	10	0	0
Ethiopia	40	10	30
Morocco	135	60	75
Nigeria	330	155	175
Somalia	165	90	80
South Africa, Republic of	415	200	215
Other places of birth in Africa	2,420	1,185	1,235
Asia	87,615	41,130	46,485
Afghanistan	930	420	510
Iran⁸⁸	20,635	10,155	10,485
Iraq	965	455	515
Lebanon	450	215	240
Syria⁸⁹	210	95	115
Turkey	615	305	310
China⁹⁰	27,905	12,740	15,170
Hong Kong⁹¹	13,180	6,240	6,940
Korea, South⁹²	4,215	1,980	2,235
Taiwan	1,165	505	660
Philippines	3,265	1,245	2,020
Viet Nam	1,270	545	730
Bangladesh	280	135	145
India	4,070	1,925	2,145
Pakistan	1,795	850	940
Sri Lanka	1,055	525	530
Other places of birth in Asia	5,590	2,800	2,790
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	140	65	75
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	12,600	5,760	6,845
Americas	585	275	315
Brazil	55	25	25
Colombia	35	15	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	50	30	15
Mexico	50	25	30
United States of America	230	115	110
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	25
Other places of birth in Americas	140	50	85
Europe	855	375	475
France	20	15	10
Germany	35	15	20
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	10
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	200	80	125
Ukraine	215	90	130
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	40	30
Other places of birth in Europe	285	130	160
Africa	460	215	245
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	135	75	60
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	170	85	85
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	10
Sudan⁹⁷	10	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	75	25	50
Asia	10,680	4,890	5,795
Afghanistan	140	70	65
Bangladesh	35	20	20
China⁹⁰	4,460	1,985	2,480
Hong Kong⁹¹	350	165	185
India	765	355	415
Iran⁸⁸	2,600	1,235	1,365
Iraq	150	65	80
Israel	110	60	45
Japan	15	0	15
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	295	115	180
Lebanon	40	20	20
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	250	125	125
Philippines	650	285	360
Saudi Arabia	10	0	10
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	95	35	60
Turkey	185	95	90
United Arab Emirates	90	40	45
Viet Nam	65	25	40
Other places of birth in Asia	375	180	190
Oceania and other⁹³	25	0	25
Australia	15	0	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	200,925	97,740	103,190
First generation¹⁰⁰	125,290	58,865	66,425
Second generation¹⁰¹	53,525	27,400	26,120
Third generation or more¹⁰²	22,115	11,470	10,640
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	101,930	47,625	54,300
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	67,645	33,465	34,185
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	26,250	17,260	8,995
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	41,395	16,205	25,190
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	23,270	8,650	14,620
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,540	4,885	4,650
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,480	625	850
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	101,930	47,625	54,300
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,130	2,660	2,475
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,370	2,480	2,890
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	3,770	1,820	1,950
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	5,780	2,735	3,045
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	335	155	175
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	81,555	37,780	43,770
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	200,925	97,740	103,190
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	133,460	64,450	69,015
South Asian	15,340	7,565	7,770
Chinese	64,120	30,810	33,310
Black	4,540	2,135	2,405
Filipino	3,960	1,605	2,360
Arab	3,245	1,590	1,655
Latin American	2,425	1,175	1,250
Southeast Asian	1,300	570	730
West Asian	26,425	13,130	13,300
Korean	6,340	3,030	3,310
Japanese	440	210	230
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,535	745	790
Multiple visible minorities	3,790	1,880	1,915
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	67,465	33,285	34,175
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	200,930	97,740	103,190
Canadian	9,005	4,545	4,460
English	8,120	4,195	3,925
Irish	6,580	3,235	3,345
Scottish	6,065	3,015	3,050
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2,610	1,235	1,375
German	4,040	1,940	2,105
Chinese	57,305	27,505	29,805
Italian	16,125	8,270	7,855
Indian (India)	8,880	4,295	4,590
Ukrainian	4,080	1,955	2,130
Dutch	1,165	560	605
Polish	3,565	1,930	1,635
Québécois	65	30	35
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,100	1,025	1,075
Filipino	4,075	1,630	2,445
French Canadian	520	220	305
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,180	600	580
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	200	85	115
Métis	205	105	105
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,585	750	835
Russian	8,295	3,950	4,345
Norwegian	275	100	175
Welsh	725	320	405
Portuguese	2,205	1,085	1,125
American	795	390	405
Spanish	1,660	735	925
Swedish	200	90	110
Hungarian	1,325	650	675
Acadian	60	20	35
Pakistani	2,580	1,305	1,270
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,315	650	670
Jewish	6,030	3,045	2,990
Punjabi	400	180	225
Vietnamese	1,270	615	650
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,125	595	525
Greek	3,870	1,945	1,920
Jamaican	1,665	865	800
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	4,060	1,880	2,180
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20	10	10
Korean	6,265	3,015	3,255
Romanian	2,015	975	1,040
Lebanese	580	280	300
Iranian	20,345	10,065	10,280
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,390	630	760
Danish	265	125	140
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	115	50	60
Sikh	160	80	75
Austrian	505	250	255
Belgian	120	60	55
Haitian	80	35	45
Hindu	970	495	480
Mexican	380	205	175
Mennonite	40	15	20
Swiss	135	70	65
Finnish	420	220	205
Sri Lankan	835	420	415
Croatian	335	175	165
Japanese	855	415	440
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,270	635	630
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	35	20	15
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	55	30	25
Muslim	1,120	540	580
Egyptian	1,685	830	850
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	670	360	310
Tamil	780	375	405
Icelandic	65	35	30
Colombian	380	175	210
Moroccan	360	175	185
Czech	195	105	85
Syrian	320	145	175
Guyanese	725	310	415
Afghan	1,400	685	720
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	530	270	260
Serbian	425	205	220
Ojibway	80	35	40
Newfoundlander	80	45	35
Hong Konger	5,010	2,450	2,565
Ontarian	150	50	100
Persian	7,390	3,770	3,620
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	510	250	260
Turkish	1,155	590	560
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	305	165	135
Algerian	50	25	20
Brazilian	290	145	145
Nigerian	290	125	160
Armenian	1,505	745	765
Slovak	190	110	80
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	450	230	215
Somali	230	110	120
Taiwanese	1,110	485	625
Iraqi	625	335	290
Salvadorean	75	40	35
African Caribbean	345	130	215
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,045	470	575
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	810	395	415
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	295	125	170
Algonquin	35	15	20
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	360	165	195
Lithuanian	320	130	185
South African	335	180	155
Australian	130	50	75
Palestinian	370	185	185
Chilean	135	55	80
Congolese	65	30	30
Nova Scotian	45	30	15
Ethiopian	35	15	20
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	245	85	165
Peruvian	215	110	105
Yoruba	115	50	70
Cambodian (Khmer)	45	35	15
Berber	40	10	30
Albanian	410	195	220
Maltese	250	115	135
Macedonian	825	415	410
Slovenian	225	130	95
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	75	40	30
New Brunswicker	30	15	15
Gujarati	325	155	170
Eritrean	15	10	10
African Canadian	100	35	70
Israeli	1,400	770	630
Mohawk	35	15	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	65	30	35
Bulgarian	330	170	160
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	90	40	50
Barbadian	170	95	75
African American	60	25	35
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	85	45	50
Tunisian	40	25	15
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	285	135	150
Cuban	170	85	85
Bosnian	55	30	25
Venezuelan	130	40	90
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	275	145	130
Bengali	70	25	40
Cameroonian	50	30	15
Guatemalan	50	25	25
Indonesian	315	150	160
Laotian	70	40	30
Ilocano	70	25	45
Northern Irish	100	30	60
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	40	25	10
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	210	90	120
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	265	140	125
Estonian	140	70	75
Kurdish	435	240	195
Fijian	20	15	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	70	35	35
Coptic	840	400	445
Thai	95	35	60
Dominican	135	65	70
Nepali	35	20	15
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	150	90	60
Igbo	75	30	40
Byelorussian	590	285	305
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	10	30
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	270	130	140
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	65	30	35
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	15	25
Malaysian	165	70	90
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	25	15	0
Huron (Wendat)	40	10	30
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	230	85	145
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	15	10	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	255	110	140
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	10	10
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	50	25	30
Mauritian	85	45	40
Kenyan	230	125	105
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	75	25	50
Jordanian	35	25	15
Manitoban	10	0	0
Cape Bretoner	40	25	15
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	55	25	25
Malayali	80	45	30
Chaldean	70	35	35
Sinhalese	155	75	85
Mayan	40	25	15
Honduran	20	20	0
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	65	30	35
Flemish	15	0	15
United Empire Loyalist	25	10	15
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	755	420	335
Sicilian	30	20	10
Pashtun	45	15	25
Malay	35	15	15
Goan	140	70	70
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	15	10	0
Burmese	45	25	20
Mongolian	155	65	90
Azorean	20	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	90	55	35
Ugandan	100	40	55
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	275	145	135
Yemeni	40	15	20
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	35	15	20
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	60	30	35
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	0	15
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	10	15	0
St. Lucian	55	20	30
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	35	20	20
Roma	25	15	0
Costa Rican	10	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	80	30	55
Singaporean	40	15	25
Karen	10	10	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	115	60	55
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	200,925	97,735	103,190
Buddhist	4,505	1,900	2,605
Christian	79,490	37,000	42,495
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	17,265	7,945	9,320
Anabaptist	145	70	75
Anglican	2,540	1,175	1,365
Baptist	1,805	770	1,035
Catholic	37,780	17,850	19,930
Christian Orthodox	10,930	5,090	5,845
Jehovah's Witness	405	170	235
Latter Day Saints	90	45	45
Lutheran	590	250	340
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	240	125	110
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	815	380	430
Presbyterian	2,090	1,000	1,090
Reformed	155	55	105
United Church	2,100	985	1,115
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,545	1,095	1,450
Hindu	5,070	2,515	2,560
Jewish	8,585	4,385	4,205
Muslim	26,075	12,560	13,515
Sikh	605	315	290
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	15	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,690	770	920
No religion and secular perspectives	74,880	38,285	36,590
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	199,595	97,055	102,545
Non-movers	179,340	86,875	92,455
Movers	20,265	10,175	10,085
Non-migrants	9,585	4,870	4,710
Migrants	10,675	5,305	5,370
Internal migrants	7,745	3,870	3,875
Intraprovincial migrants	7,095	3,550	3,545
Interprovincial migrants	645	325	325
External migrants	2,935	1,435	1,500
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	193,330	93,740	99,590
Non-movers	127,595	61,350	66,240
Movers	65,740	32,385	33,350
Non-migrants	18,490	9,245	9,245
Migrants	47,255	23,145	24,110
Internal migrants	31,990	15,825	16,160
Intraprovincial migrants	29,395	14,520	14,875
Interprovincial migrants	2,590	1,305	1,285
External migrants	15,265	7,315	7,950
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	170,980	82,500	88,475
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,390	9,780	10,605
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	150,590	72,725	77,865
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,925	52,815	58,110
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,095	2,685	2,415
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	105,825	50,130	55,695
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	170,980	82,505	88,470
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,070	9,005	10,065
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	39,335	19,065	20,275
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	112,575	54,435	58,135
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	36,065	16,910	19,155
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,260	3,230	2,025
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,950	1,625	1,325
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,315	1,610	705
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	24,680	10,980	13,700
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,125	2,700	3,425
Bachelor's degree or higher	76,510	37,525	38,985
Bachelor's degree	49,115	23,195	25,925
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,645	2,155	2,490
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,615	1,285	1,325
Master's degree	17,525	9,220	8,305
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,605	1,670	935
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,925	52,815	58,110
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,435	2,330	2,100
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,380	9,045	9,335
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	88,110	41,435	46,675
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	26,045	11,890	14,160
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,305	1,945	1,360
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,830	950	885
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,470	995	475
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,285	7,990	10,290
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,460	1,955	2,505
Bachelor's degree or higher	62,060	29,545	32,520
Bachelor's degree	39,140	18,055	21,080
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,520	1,530	1,985
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,125	985	1,135
Master's degree	15,220	7,705	7,520
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,055	1,265	785
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	170,975	82,505	88,470
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	58,405	28,070	30,340
Education	4,920	890	4,030
13. Education	4,920	890	4,030
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,250	1,545	2,710
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	320	200	120
50. Visual and performing arts	3,935	1,345	2,590
Humanities	6,035	1,775	4,265
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,240	215	1,025
23. English language and literature/letters	1,510	315	1,195
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,705	505	1,200
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	115	45	70
38. Philosophy and religious studies	305	180	125
39. Theology and religious vocations	310	220	85
54. History	570	265	310
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	280	30	250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,400	4,605	8,795
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	180	25	150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,035	420	615
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,740	165	1,575
22. Legal professions and studies	2,275	770	1,500
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	240	90	150
42. Psychology	2,160	535	1,625
45. Social sciences	5,775	2,595	3,180
Business, management and public administration	28,425	12,605	15,820
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	15	55
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,095	225	870
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	27,260	12,360	14,900
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,845	3,160	3,685
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,785	1,085	1,700
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,455	680	775
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	155	65	90
40. Physical sciences	2,230	1,245	985
41. Science technologies/technicians	220	85	135
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,930	6,465	3,465
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,530	5,225	2,305
25. Library science	170	20	145
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,845	970	880
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	380	250	135
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	22,275	17,660	4,615
04. Architecture and related services	1,400	725	680
14. Engineering	13,985	10,720	3,265
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,205	2,645	565
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,640	1,600	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,525	1,500	25
48. Precision production	510	470	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,290	645	645
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	800	375	425
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	260	225
Health and related fields	11,880	3,560	8,320
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	990	540	445
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,175	2,660	7,515
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	20	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	675	335	340
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,305	1,545	1,760
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,110	590	1,520
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	650	475	175
49. Transportation and materials moving	510	445	65
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	110,925	52,815	58,110
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,815	11,380	11,435
Education	3,420	595	2,825
13. Education	3,420	595	2,825
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,395	1,210	2,190
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	240	150	90
50. Visual and performing arts	3,155	1,055	2,095
Humanities	4,670	1,300	3,375
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,045	140	900
23. English language and literature/letters	1,185	230	955
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,275	380	890
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	25	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	245	145	100
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	165	85
54. History	410	180	230
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	205	25	180
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,640	3,385	7,255
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	155	20	135
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	805	305	505
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,295	105	1,190
22. Legal professions and studies	1,895	570	1,325
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	195	70	125
42. Psychology	1,730	380	1,355
45. Social sciences	4,560	1,945	2,615
Business, management and public administration	23,000	9,820	13,180
30.16 Accounting and computer science	50	10	45
44. Public administration and social service professions	905	170	740
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	22,040	9,645	12,400
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,875	2,210	2,660
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,950	755	1,185
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,015	465	555
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	130	60	75
40. Physical sciences	1,650	885	760
41. Science technologies/technicians	130	45	85
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,535	5,535	3,000
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,640	4,570	2,065
25. Library science	130	15	115
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,450	750	705
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	320	200	110
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,965	13,175	3,790
04. Architecture and related services	1,130	565	560
14. Engineering	11,210	8,455	2,755
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,320	1,910	410
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,045	1,025	15
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	970	950	20
48. Precision production	295	270	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,010	485	525
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	615	285	335
03. Natural resources and conservation	400	200	195
Health and related fields	9,145	2,670	6,475
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	720	400	325
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,855	2,000	5,855
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	25	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	530	250	275
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,445	1,055	1,390
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,610	415	1,195
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	505	345	155
49. Transportation and materials moving	310	265	45
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	110,925	52,815	58,110
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,815	11,380	11,435
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	88,110	41,435	46,670
Location of study inside Canada	51,555	24,580	26,970
Same as province or territory of residence	48,140	22,930	25,210
Different than province or territory of residence	3,415	1,650	1,765
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	36,555	16,855	19,700
Americas	3,410	1,900	1,505
United States of America	2,495	1,465	1,030
Mexico	110	50	60
Cuba	50	40	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	60	25	35
Brazil	130	70	65
Colombia	120	50	70
Peru	70	35	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	50	50
Other locations of study in Americas	270	115	155
Europe	6,255	3,100	3,155
Belgium	30	25	0
France	155	85	75
Germany	145	75	70
Netherlands	65	40	25
Switzerland	45	15	35
Hungary	60	30	35
Moldova¹⁸³	140	55	85
Poland	130	50	80
Romania	595	295	300
Russian Federation	1,425	600	825
Ukraine	955	460	490
Ireland⁹⁶	70	30	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,415	805	610
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	25	15
Italy	55	40	20
Serbia⁸⁶	60	45	20
Other locations of study in Europe	860	430	430
Africa	1,085	475	610
Nigeria	165	75	95
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	20	0	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	660	305	350
South Africa, Republic of	115	55	60
Other locations of study in Africa	120	30	85
Asia	25,420	11,185	14,235
Iran⁸⁸	7,830	3,625	4,205
Iraq	250	110	140
Israel	595	290	310
Lebanon	60	35	30
Syria⁸⁹	40	15	20
Turkey	230	140	90
China⁹⁰	8,385	3,815	4,570
Taiwan	155	55	100
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,320	505	815
Japan	200	75	120
Korea, South⁹²	1,335	535	805
Philippines	1,295	370	925
Viet Nam	50	20	30
Bangladesh	95	45	50
Sri Lanka	140	55	85
India	1,730	740	990
Pakistan	535	210	325
Other locations of study in Asia	1,175	555	620
Oceania	385	200	190
Australia	340	180	165
New Zealand	40	20	20
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	170,980	82,505	88,475
In the labour force	107,020	55,505	51,520
Employed	93,015	48,855	44,165
Unemployed	14,005	6,650	7,350
Not in the labour force	63,955	27,000	36,960
Participation rate	62.6	67.3	58.2
Employment rate	54.4	59.2	49.9
Unemployment rate	13.1	12.0	14.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	170,975	82,505	88,470
Did not work¹⁸⁶	66,220	28,255	37,970
Worked	104,755	54,255	50,505
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	56,015	30,985	25,030
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	48,740	23,270	25,470
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.0	41.0	39.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	107,020	55,505	51,520
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,930	1,900	2,030
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	103,090	53,605	49,485
Employee	79,640	38,830	40,805
Permanent position	65,805	32,515	33,290
Temporary position	13,830	6,320	7,515
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,670	2,415	3,260
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,155	3,905	4,250
Self-employed¹⁹²	23,455	14,770	8,680
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	107,020	55,505	51,520
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,930	1,900	2,030
All occupations¹⁹¹	103,090	53,605	49,485
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,860	1,330	525
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	23,615	8,485	15,135
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	16,600	12,280	4,320
3 Health occupations	7,460	2,140	5,315
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,495	3,200	7,300
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,285	1,425	1,855
6 Sales and service occupations	24,935	12,085	12,855
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,310	10,235	1,075
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	685	550	130
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,845	1,870	975
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	107,020	55,505	51,520
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,930	1,900	2,030
All industries¹⁹¹	103,090	53,605	49,485
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	160	95	60
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	145	95	45
22 Utilities	565	375	185
23 Construction	6,780	5,565	1,215
31-33 Manufacturing	7,365	4,700	2,660
41 Wholesale trade	4,625	2,795	1,830
44-45 Retail trade	11,735	5,805	5,930
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,190	3,195	995
51 Information and cultural industries	2,850	1,765	1,085
52 Finance and insurance	9,740	4,810	4,935
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,305	2,110	2,195
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	15,485	9,085	6,400
55 Management of companies and enterprises	535	290	245
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,285	1,845	1,435
61 Educational services	7,145	2,085	5,060
62 Health care and social assistance	10,650	2,615	8,035
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,465	715	750
72 Accommodation and food services	4,730	2,325	2,400
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,700	1,600	2,100
91 Public administration	3,640	1,735	1,905
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	113,910	58,685	55,225
English	97,015	50,685	46,330
French	175	20	155
Non-official language	3,380	1,655	1,720
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,380	1,655	1,720
English and French	1,170	425	745
English and non-official language(s)	11,670	5,680	5,990
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	85	110
Multiple non-official languages	300	135	165
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	113,910	58,685	55,225
Single responses	110,985	57,275	53,705
Official languages	104,280	54,045	50,235
English	103,915	53,990	49,925
French	365	60	310
Non-official languages	6,700	3,230	3,470
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,700	3,230	3,470
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	15
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	30	20	15
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	20	15	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	0	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	20	0	15
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	30	15	20
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	25	15	10
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,570	775	800
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	15	10	0
Balto-Slavic languages	335	125	210
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	335	125	210
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	0	10
Russian	325	120	205
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,050	545	505
Indo-Aryan languages	15	10	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	15	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,040	535	500
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	1,040	535	500
Dari	25	20	0
Iranian Persian	920	450	470
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	70	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	85	70
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	25	15	15
Portuguese	30	25	0
Romanian	20	0	15
Spanish	85	50	30
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	0
Korean	410	170	235
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,580	2,215	2,365
Chinese languages	4,580	2,215	2,365
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,675	1,270	1,405
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,895	940	955
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40	20	20
Azerbaijani	10	0	10
Turkish	30	20	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,925	1,410	1,515
English and French	200	80	125
English and non-official language(s)	2,650	1,290	1,360
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	55	25	30
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	113,910	58,685	55,225
None	102,975	53,505	49,470
English	2,715	1,260	1,450
French	820	325	495
Non-official language	5,710	2,885	2,820
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,710	2,885	2,820
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	550	245	305
French and non-official language(s)	140	55	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	1,000	405	590
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	93,020	48,855	44,165
Worked at home	37,055	18,415	18,645
Worked outside Canada	675	440	235
No fixed workplace address	9,815	7,255	2,550
Usual place of work	45,475	22,740	22,735
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	45,475	22,740	22,735
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,760	5,840	7,920
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	15,135	7,815	7,320
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	16,475	9,020	7,455
Commute to a different province or territory	105	65	40
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	55,290	30,000	25,290
Car, truck or van	47,930	26,895	21,030
Car, truck or van - as a driver	43,835	25,465	18,365
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,090	1,430	2,665
Public transit	4,385	1,825	2,560
Walked	1,435	590	845
Bicycle	140	100	40
Other method	1,405	595	815
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	55,290	30,000	25,290
Less than 15 minutes	9,145	4,185	4,960
15 to 29 minutes	17,865	9,180	8,685
30 to 44 minutes	16,055	9,335	6,720
45 to 59 minutes	5,975	3,475	2,495
60 minutes and over	6,250	3,820	2,430
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	55,290	30,000	25,290
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,235	1,725	510
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,700	4,170	2,530
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,810	6,260	5,550
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	13,730	6,945	6,790
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	13,960	7,065	6,895
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,855	3,840	3,015
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	39,040	20,030	19,005
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,315	1,615	1,705
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,720	18,415	17,305
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	30,880	15,875	15,010
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,835	1,395	1,445
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,900	890	1,010
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	935	500	435
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,050	14,480	13,565

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 8, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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