Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	SarniaMore information: Ontario [Census agglomeration]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	97,592	...	...
Population, 2016¹	96,151	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	45,210	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	42,581	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	87.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,117.20	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	97,595	47,900	49,690
0 to 14 years	14,870	7,475	7,395
0 to 4 years	4,725	2,425	2,295
5 to 9 years	4,910	2,440	2,470
10 to 14 years	5,235	2,605	2,630
15 to 64 years	59,185	29,490	29,690
15 to 19 years	4,975	2,545	2,420
20 to 24 years	5,155	2,670	2,485
25 to 29 years	5,905	3,115	2,790
30 to 34 years	5,865	2,995	2,875
35 to 39 years	5,730	2,840	2,895
40 to 44 years	5,375	2,645	2,735
45 to 49 years	5,355	2,635	2,720
50 to 54 years	5,735	2,850	2,880
55 to 59 years	7,130	3,370	3,760
60 to 64 years	7,955	3,820	4,135
65 years and over	23,535	10,935	12,600
65 to 69 years	7,380	3,545	3,835
70 to 74 years	6,195	3,035	3,165
75 to 79 years	4,350	2,045	2,300
80 to 84 years	2,765	1,225	1,540
85 years and over	2,850	1,090	1,755
85 to 89 years	1,815	745	1,070
90 to 94 years	805	290	515
95 to 99 years	210	60	150
100 years and over	15	0	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.2	15.6	14.9
15 to 64 years	60.6	61.6	59.8
65 years and over	24.1	22.8	25.4
85 years and over	2.9	2.3	3.5
Average age of the population	44.5	43.5	45.4
Median age of the population	46.0	44.4	47.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	42,580	...	...
Single-detached house	30,940	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,375	...	...
Row house	2,170	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	800	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	3,190	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,985	...	...
Other single-attached house	75	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	45	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	42,585	...	...
1 person	13,225	...	...
2 persons	16,120	...	...
3 persons	5,745	...	...
4 persons	4,915	...	...
5 or more persons	2,575	...	...
Number of persons in private households	96,285	47,345	48,940
Average household size	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	82,720	40,420	42,295
Married or living common-law	48,205	24,110	24,095
Married	39,890	19,960	19,925
Living common-law	8,320	4,150	4,175
Living common law - Never married	5,420	2,725	2,700
Living common law - Separated	585	300	285
Living common law - Divorced	2,005	1,015	990
Living common law - Widowed	310	115	200
Not married and not living common-law	34,515	16,315	18,200
Not married and not living common law - Never married	20,750	11,595	9,160
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,690	1,205	1,485
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,370	2,240	3,130
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,695	1,270	4,425
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,305	...	...
2 persons	16,310	...	...
3 persons	5,415	...	...
4 persons	4,575	...	...
5 or more persons	2,005	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,305	...	...
Total couple families	23,675	...	...
Married couples	19,520	...	...
With children⁶	8,490	...	...
Without children	11,025	...	...
Common-law couples	4,160	...	...
With children⁶	1,665	...	...
Without children	2,490	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,630	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,510	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,120	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	96,285	47,345	48,940
Total - Persons in census families	77,860	38,410	39,445
Married spouses or common-law partners	47,350	23,640	23,715
Parents in one-parent families	4,630	1,115	3,515
Children⁶	25,875	13,660	12,215
In a two-parent family	18,725	9,825	8,905
In a one-parent family	7,150	3,840	3,315
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,430	8,935	9,495
Living alone	13,230	6,070	7,160
Living with other relatives⁷	1,700	765	930
Living with non-relatives only	3,505	2,100	1,400
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	42,580	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,065	...	...
Couple-family households	22,325	...	...
With children⁶	9,540	...	...
Without children	12,790	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,735	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	705	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	115	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	990	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,490	...	...
One-person households	13,230	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	81,435	39,880	41,555
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,925	38,650	40,280
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	53,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,940	38,655	40,285
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,800	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,315	35,310	35,005
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	47,600	25,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	53,810	29,100	24,705
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	41,200	27,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,220	34,995	37,230
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,000	9,700	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,605	4,555	4,050
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,720	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	20,015	9,800	10,215
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	81,450	39,855	41,595
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,830	38,550	40,280
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,550	68,000	43,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,830	38,550	40,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,200	55,150	37,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,135	35,145	34,995
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520	64,000	36,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	53,810	28,930	24,880
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,640	58,400	37,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,215	34,885	37,325
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,540	10,590	12,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,430	4,355	4,070
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,690	6,490	6,900
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	19,805	9,685	10,120
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,680	8,430	8,920
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	81,450	39,855	41,595
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,220	12,720	9,505
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	82,000	55,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,900	96,500	64,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,625	10,235	11,385
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	25,600	15,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,160	38,280	22,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.0	86.0	73.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.8	64.4	52.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.0	14.1	26.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	3.5	6.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.1	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	81,435	39,875	41,555
Without total income	2,510	1,235	1,280
With total income	78,925	38,645	40,275
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,245	2,405	3,840
$10,000 to $19,999	9,540	3,490	6,050
$20,000 to $29,999	11,365	4,325	7,040
$30,000 to $39,999	10,025	3,950	6,075
$40,000 to $49,999	8,745	3,955	4,790
$50,000 to $59,999	7,165	3,520	3,650
$60,000 to $69,999	5,685	3,205	2,480
$70,000 to $79,999	4,395	2,580	1,820
$80,000 to $89,999	3,195	2,110	1,085
$90,000 to $99,999	2,700	1,655	1,045
$100,000 and over	9,855	7,450	2,410
$100,000 to $149,999	6,190	4,460	1,730
$150,000 and over	3,670	2,990	675
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	81,435	39,875	41,555
Without after-tax income	2,490	1,225	1,270
With after-tax income	78,945	38,655	40,290
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,820	2,490	4,325
$10,000 to $19,999	9,915	3,650	6,260
$20,000 to $29,999	12,910	4,940	7,970
$30,000 to $39,999	11,570	4,845	6,725
$40,000 to $49,999	9,990	4,805	5,180
$50,000 to $59,999	7,710	4,180	3,535
$60,000 to $69,999	5,555	3,350	2,210
$70,000 to $79,999	3,960	2,560	1,405
$80,000 to $89,999	3,105	2,025	1,080
$90,000 to $99,999	1,960	1,420	540
$100,000 and over	5,450	4,385	1,065
$100,000 to $124,999	2,925	2,335	590
$125,000 and over	2,530	2,050	475
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	81,435	39,875	41,555
Without employment income	27,625	10,775	16,850
With employment income	53,810	29,105	24,705
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,045	5,825	4,220
$5,000 to $9,999	4,035	1,635	2,405
$10,000 to $19,999	6,280	2,690	3,590
$20,000 to $29,999	4,880	2,095	2,785
$30,000 to $39,999	4,705	2,100	2,605
$40,000 to $49,999	4,265	1,985	2,280
$50,000 to $59,999	3,385	1,710	1,680
$60,000 to $69,999	2,930	1,665	1,270
$70,000 to $79,999	2,205	1,300	905
$80,000 to $89,999	1,800	1,210	590
$90,000 to $99,999	1,920	1,080	845
$100,000 and over	7,355	5,810	1,545
$100,000 to $124,999	2,850	2,020	835
$125,000 and over	4,510	3,795	715
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	81,435	39,880	41,555
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,605	37,945	39,660
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	54,000	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,695	37,950	39,740
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	47,200	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,605	34,885	34,725
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	50,800	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	54,335	29,280	25,055
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	46,000	29,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,705	33,300	35,405
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,500	3,560	8,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,000	3,800	3,195
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,880	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	81,450	39,855	41,595
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,525	37,825	39,700
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,000	69,300	41,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,585	37,825	39,760
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,160	55,450	35,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,460	34,675	34,785
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,850	68,100	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,295	29,050	25,245
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,350	62,950	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,790	33,250	35,540
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,610	7,760	9,410
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,860	3,735	3,125
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,580	5,815	7,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	81,450	39,855	41,595
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,095	12,645	9,450
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	80,000	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	81,300	96,300	61,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,530	9,715	10,820
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,800	36,400	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,320	50,320	27,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.2	90.2	79.6
Employment income (%)	65.4	69.8	58.4
Government transfers (%)	13.9	9.8	20.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	42,585	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,230	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,355	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	42,580	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,200	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,380	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	42,580	...	...
Under $5,000	305	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	205	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	550	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	885	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,520	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,455	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,465	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,605	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,615	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,155	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,105	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,005	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,730	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,525	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,800	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,820	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,590	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,230	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,155	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	42,580	...	...
Under $5,000	345	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	215	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	575	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	915	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,610	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,735	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,740	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,815	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,975	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,855	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,740	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,775	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,345	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,145	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,560	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,240	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,985	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,235	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,020	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,235	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,945	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,265	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,365	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,730	8,165	8,560
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	42,800	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	38,000	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,280	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,960	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,290	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	164,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,375	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,725	8,035	8,690
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,040	53,400	46,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,600	44,520	40,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	96,290	47,345	48,940
0 to 17 years	17,845	9,025	8,820
0 to 5 years	5,715	2,930	2,790
18 to 64 years	55,810	27,695	28,115
65 years and over	22,630	10,625	12,000
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,555	4,270	5,285
0 to 17 years	2,005	985	1,020
0 to 5 years	715	350	360
18 to 64 years	5,325	2,520	2,805
65 years and over	2,230	770	1,460
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9	9.0	10.8
0 to 17 years (%)	11.2	10.9	11.6
0 to 5 years (%)	12.5	12.0	13.0
18 to 64 years (%)	9.5	9.1	10.0
65 years and over (%)	9.9	7.2	12.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	95,635	47,025	48,615
0 to 17 years	17,685	8,940	8,745
0 to 5 years	5,675	2,905	2,765
18 to 64 years	55,420	27,505	27,915
65 years and over	22,530	10,580	11,955
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,600	1,900	1,695
0 to 17 years	460	230	235
0 to 5 years	135	60	80
18 to 64 years	2,825	1,540	1,280
65 years and over	315	130	185
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.8	4.0	3.5
0 to 17 years (%)	2.6	2.6	2.7
0 to 5 years (%)	2.4	2.0	2.9
18 to 64 years (%)	5.1	5.6	4.6
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.2	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	96,285	47,345	48,940
In bottom half of the distribution	45,865	21,650	24,220
In bottom decile	8,685	4,155	4,530
In second decile	9,140	4,015	5,120
In third decile	9,245	4,340	4,905
In fourth decile	9,295	4,480	4,815
In fifth decile	9,505	4,655	4,850
In top half of the distribution	50,420	25,700	24,725
In sixth decile	9,525	4,770	4,750
In seventh decile	9,900	4,955	4,945
In eighth decile	10,245	5,265	4,975
In ninth decile	10,495	5,400	5,090
In top decile	10,260	5,305	4,955
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	96,285	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.448	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.287	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	96,795	47,570	49,225
English only	89,860	44,545	45,320
French only	55	25	30
English and French	6,570	2,850	3,715
Neither English nor French	305	145	160
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	96,795	47,570	49,225
English	94,640	46,565	48,075
French	1,705	805	905
English and French	175	75	100
Neither English nor French	280	130	150
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	96,795	47,570	49,225
Single responses	95,270	46,840	48,435
Official languages	88,435	43,465	44,965
English	86,605	42,595	44,005
French	1,830	865	960
Non-official languages	6,840	3,375	3,465
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	20
Algonquian languages	25	15	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	15	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	25	15	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	5	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,810	3,360	3,450
Afro-Asiatic languages	310	170	140
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	5	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	300	165	135
Amharic	5	0	5
Arabic	265	145	115
Aramaic languages	15	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	5	0
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	10	0	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	110	50	65
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	110	50	60
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5
Austronesian languages	265	105	160
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	10	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	20	15	10
Indonesian	10	0	5
Kankanaey	5	0	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	205	80	125
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	15	5	10
Haitian Creole	0	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	315	190	120
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	185	110	75
Tamil	65	40	30
Telugu	50	35	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,100	2,515	2,590
Albanian	20	10	10
Armenian	10	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	695	310	385
Baltic languages	20	15	10
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	10	5	5
Slavic languages	685	300	380
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	5
Czech	40	10	30
Macedonian	15	10	0
Polish	275	120	155
Russian	80	30	50
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	110	55	55
Bosnian	15	10	10
Croatian	60	30	25
Serbian	35	20	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	75	35	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	65	30	40
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	5
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,180	555	625
Frisian	20	10	10
High German languages	375	175	200
German	365	170	195
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	755	355	400
Afrikaans	25	15	10
Dutch	700	330	370
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10
Scandinavian languages	35	15	15
Danish	25	10	15
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	5	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	165	85	80
Indo-Iranian languages	1,115	615	500
Indo-Aryan languages	1,030	570	460
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	30	15	15
Gujarati	305	175	135
Hindi	200	125	80
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	5
Marathi	35	20	15
Nepali	15	10	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	270	135	130
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5
Urdu	145	80	60
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	90	45	40
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	10	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	5	0
Persian languages	70	35	35
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	70	35	35
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,900	925	975
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	800	395	405
Portuguese	450	205	245
Romanian	50	20	35
Spanish	595	305	290
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	10	15
Korean	80	35	45
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	60	30	30
Akan (Twi)	5	0	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	5	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	0
American Sign Language	10	10	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	345	165	180
Chinese languages	325	150	170
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	185	75	110
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	120	65	55
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10
Burmese	20	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	5	10
Lao	5	0	5
Thai	10	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	15	15
Azerbaijani	5	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	25	10	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	130	65	60
Estonian	5	10	0
Finnish	25	15	15
Hungarian	95	45	45
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,520	725	790
English and French	515	240	280
English and non-official language(s)	870	425	445
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25
Multiple non-official languages	65	30	30
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	96,795	47,570	49,225
English	89,480	44,120	45,365
French	295	140	150
Non-official language	1,290	625	670
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	10
Non-Indigenous	1,280	620	660
English and French	1,110	465	645
English and non-official language(s)	4,285	2,080	2,200
French and non-official language(s)	5	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	215	85	130
Multiple non-official languages	110	50	60
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	96,795	47,570	49,225
Single responses	95,720	47,060	48,660
Official languages	93,100	45,795	47,305
English	92,685	45,605	47,075
French	415	190	230
Non-official languages	2,620	1,260	1,355
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	10
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,605	1,255	1,350
Afro-Asiatic languages	115	55	60
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	105	55	50
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	100	50	50
Aramaic languages	10	5	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	60	25	35
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	60	25	35
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	125	55	70
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	25	10	10
Indonesian	0	0	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	90	40	50
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	5	5	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	165	90	70
Kannada	5	5	5
Malayalam	95	45	50
Tamil	40	25	15
Telugu	25	15	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,780	850	930
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	5	5	0
Balto-Slavic languages	185	80	105
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	185	80	105
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	5
Czech	5	5	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	85	35	55
Russian	45	20	20
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	30	15	15
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	15	5	5
Serbian	10	5	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	15	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	5	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	75	35	45
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	10	10
German	15	10	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	60	25	35
Afrikaans	15	10	10
Dutch	35	15	20
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	85	40	50
Indo-Iranian languages	675	360	320
Indo-Aryan languages	615	325	290
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	20	5	10
Gujarati	205	110	100
Hindi	95	55	35
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	15	10	5
Nepali	15	10	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180	90	85
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	0
Urdu	80	40	35
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	60	30	30
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	10	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	0	0
Persian languages	45	25	20
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	45	20	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	735	335	405
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	180	70	110
Portuguese	220	90	130
Romanian	15	0	10
Spanish	325	170	155
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	5	0
Korean	50	20	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	15
Akan (Twi)	5	0	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	25	10
American Sign Language	25	20	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	200	90	105
Chinese languages	180	85	105
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	125	55	75
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	20	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	10	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	5
Burmese	15	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	5	5
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	10	5	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	20	10	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	15	10	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,070	510	560
English and French	200	90	105
English and non-official language(s)	855	410	445
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	5	5	0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	96,790	47,570	49,225
None	91,945	45,295	46,650
English	1,105	505	605
French	840	350	495
Non-official language	2,295	1,115	1,180
Indigenous³⁹	125	50	75
Non-Indigenous	2,170	1,065	1,105
English and French	30	15	15
English and non-official language(s)	200	120	80
French and non-official language(s)	115	40	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	255	130	125
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	96,290	47,370	48,920
Official languages	95,835	47,125	48,715
English	95,815	47,110	48,700
French	6,605	3,000	3,605
Non-official languages	9,375	4,595	4,780
Indigenous languages³⁹	240	105	125
Algonquian languages	230	100	120
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	10	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	215	95	120
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	10	0	0
Ojibway languages	215	100	120
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	10	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	200	85	115
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,155	4,490	4,665
Afro-Asiatic languages	460	240	215
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	450	240	215
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	425	220	205
Aramaic languages	25	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	85	20	60
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	75	20	60
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	480	175	300
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	70	20	45
Indonesian	30	10	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	425	155	265
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Creole languages	30	15	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	340	225	115
Kannada	10	10	0
Malayalam	240	160	85
Tamil	100	70	25
Telugu	40	30	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	7,000	3,515	3,485
Albanian	25	20	0
Armenian	35	20	15
Balto-Slavic languages	760	320	440
Baltic languages	20	15	0
Latvian	10	10	0
Lithuanian	10	10	0
Slavic languages	735	300	435
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	40	0	30
Macedonian	20	15	0
Polish	330	140	195
Russian	75	35	45
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	140	75	65
Bosnian	30	15	15
Croatian	80	45	35
Serbian	55	30	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	65	15	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	10
Ukrainian	75	20	55
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	50	35	10
Irish	30	25	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,525	720	805
Frisian	40	25	15
High German languages	635	320	315
German	630	320	315
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	860	380	480
Afrikaans	75	40	35
Dutch	735	325	410
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	10	0	0
Plautdietsch	25	0	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	15
Scandinavian languages	70	40	30
Danish	45	20	20
Icelandic	10	0	10
Norwegian	15	15	0
Swedish	10	10	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Greek	225	130	95
Indo-Iranian languages	1,530	825	700
Indo-Aryan languages	1,405	770	640
Assamese	10	0	10
Bengali	65	35	30
Gujarati	390	200	190
Hindi	870	490	375
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	40	25	15
Marathi	50	40	15
Nepali	0	0	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	460	225	235
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	275	150	125
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Iranian languages	155	75	85
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	10	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	35	15	20
Persian languages	115	50	70
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	100	50	45
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,050	1,545	1,510
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,130	560	560
Portuguese	630	310	320
Romanian	70	35	35
Spanish	1,355	690	660
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	15	0	10
Korean	115	50	70
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	145	70	70
Akan (Twi)	15	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	20	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	25	10	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	35	20	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	120	55	65
American Sign Language	90	45	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	420	190	230
Chinese languages	405	185	220
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	310	120	185
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	140	85	55
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	10
Burmese	15	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	10	15
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	40	50
Azerbaijani	10	10	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	90	40	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	130	60	70
Estonian	10	0	10
Finnish	25	0	15
Hungarian	100	55	45
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	96,290	47,370	48,920
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,285	2,165	2,120
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,095	2,105	1,990
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,870	1,415	1,455
Métis	1,205	675	530
Inuk (Inuit)	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	100	25	75
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	95	35	55
Non-Indigenous identity	92,005	45,205	46,800
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	96,290	47,370	48,920
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,420	1,180	1,240
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	93,870	46,190	47,680
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	42,580	...	...
Owner	30,835	...	...
Renter	11,615	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	130	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	42,580	...	...
Condominium	1,985	...	...
Not condominium	40,600	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	42,580	...	...
No bedrooms	95	...	...
1 bedroom	4,390	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,025	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,040	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,035	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	42,580	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	7,715	...	...
5 rooms	5,030	...	...
6 rooms	5,795	...	...
7 rooms	6,325	...	...
8 or more rooms	17,715	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	42,580	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,340	...	...
More than one person per room	240	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	42,580	...	...
Suitable	41,440	...	...
Not suitable	1,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	42,580	...	...
1960 or before	14,525	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,705	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,005	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,005	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,345	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,440	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,280	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,275	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	42,580	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,750	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,830	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	42,580	...	...
One-maintainer household	23,435	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,085	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,065	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	42,580	...	...
15 to 24 years	880	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,470	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,140	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,310	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,835	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,395	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,740	...	...
85 years and over	1,815	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,590	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,895	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	6,695	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,175	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	42,580	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	9,730	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	5,905	...	...
Not suitable only	870	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,025	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	120	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	650	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,855	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	41,070	...	...
In core need	3,685	...	...
Not in core need	37,385	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,115	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	52.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	940	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,157	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	454,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,565	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	990	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,081	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	130	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	11.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	492	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	510	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	96,285	47,365	48,925
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,180	1,125	1,060
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,180	1,120	1,060
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,880	960	920
Métis single ancestry	300	160	135
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,280	1,595	1,680
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,185	1,565	1,620
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,365	1,150	1,220
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	800	405	395
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	15	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	90	30	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	30	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	90,825	44,650	46,180
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	96,285	47,365	48,920
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	92,845	45,690	47,160
Canadian citizens aged under 18	17,560	9,015	8,545
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	75,285	36,670	38,615
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	3,440	1,675	1,765
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	96,285	47,365	48,920
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	84,845	41,940	42,905
Immigrants⁸¹	10,080	4,585	5,505
Before 1980	5,280	2,405	2,875
1980 to 1990	1,235	500	730
1991 to 2000	905	425	480
2001 to 2010	1,250	595	655
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,415	650	760
2011 to 2015	640	295	340
2016 to 2021	780	355	420
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,365	845	515
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	10,080	4,580	5,500
Under 5 years	1,335	660	675
5 to 14 years	1,975	935	1,035
15 to 24 years	2,380	985	1,400
25 to 44 years	3,780	1,735	2,045
45 years and over	610	265	350
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	10,080	4,580	5,500
Americas	1,985	745	1,240
Brazil	35	15	20
Colombia	50	10	35
El Salvador	110	50	55
Guyana	55	25	30
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	165	90	70
Mexico	70	40	30
Peru	10	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	115	50	65
United States of America	1,140	330	810
Other places of birth in Americas	240	125	110
Europe	5,535	2,645	2,885
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	10	15
Croatia	50	25	20
France	30	10	20
Germany	325	160	165
Greece	130	70	60
Hungary	80	45	35
Italy	600	300	300
Netherlands	730	330	400
Poland	210	90	120
Portugal	265	135	130
Romania	60	30	25
Russian Federation	55	30	25
Serbia⁸⁶	25	10	10
Ukraine	10	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,505	1,165	1,335
Other places of birth in Europe	435	220	215
Africa	365	190	175
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	45	30	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	10	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	80	40	45
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	105	50	55
Other places of birth in Africa	105	55	45
Asia	2,145	965	1,180
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	75	40	30
Iraq	125	55	70
Lebanon	65	30	30
Syria⁸⁹	85	50	40
Turkey	20	0	10
China⁹⁰	210	75	135
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	10	20
Korea, South⁹²	95	40	55
Taiwan	20	15	0
Philippines	420	155	270
Viet Nam	60	15	45
Bangladesh	20	10	10
India	565	295	265
Pakistan	130	70	60
Sri Lanka	15	10	10
Other places of birth in Asia	190	90	100
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	55	35	20
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	775	355	420
Americas	170	100	70
Brazil	15	0	15
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	40	25	10
Mexico	20	10	10
United States of America	65	40	25
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	35	20	10
Europe	45	25	20
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	30	15	20
Other places of birth in Europe	0	0	0
Africa	70	25	40
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	35	15	15
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	20	10	10
Asia	485	200	290
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	10	0	10
China⁹⁰	35	10	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	135	65	70
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	15	0	15
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10
Lebanon	15	0	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	0	0	0
Philippines	105	35	70
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	85	45	40
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	30	0	25
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	96,290	47,370	48,920
First generation¹⁰⁰	12,380	5,935	6,450
Second generation¹⁰¹	15,105	7,495	7,610
Third generation or more¹⁰²	68,800	33,940	34,865
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	4,805	2,175	2,630
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	2,295	1,145	1,150
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	925	640	290
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	1,365	505	865
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,930	735	1,190
Refugees¹⁰⁸	550	270	285
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	30	20	0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	4,805	2,175	2,630
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	135	65	70
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	620	280	340
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	170	90	80
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	235	110	120
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	105	30	75
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	3,545	1,600	1,945
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	96,290	47,370	48,920
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	6,450	3,295	3,155
South Asian	1,970	1,050	910
Chinese	585	280	310
Black	1,290	640	650
Filipino	575	235	340
Arab	370	205	170
Latin American	765	465	300
Southeast Asian	185	70	115
West Asian	175	95	80
Korean	130	55	75
Japanese	35	15	20
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	150	75	75
Multiple visible minorities	215	120	100
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	89,840	44,065	45,770
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	96,290	47,365	48,920
Canadian	16,450	8,220	8,235
English	28,510	13,520	14,990
Irish	21,380	9,755	11,620
Scottish	21,850	10,785	11,060
French, n.o.s.¹²²	11,300	5,245	6,055
German	8,800	4,355	4,445
Chinese	690	335	355
Italian	4,415	2,310	2,110
Indian (India)	1,230	665	570
Ukrainian	1,940	980	960
Dutch	8,925	4,395	4,525
Polish	2,785	1,305	1,485
Québécois	110	45	65
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,795	1,860	1,935
Filipino	500	200	305
French Canadian	1,960	900	1,055
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,400	1,190	1,200
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,150	1,050	1,100
Métis	1,190	595	595
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,290	675	615
Russian	660	275	390
Norwegian	530	225	305
Welsh	1,880	865	1,010
Portuguese	1,105	610	500
American	1,640	780	860
Spanish	635	310	325
Swedish	615	255	360
Hungarian	1,015	515	495
Acadian	240	110	130
Pakistani	225	120	100
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	255	145	110
Jewish	215	105	110
Punjabi	165	75	85
Vietnamese	125	50	70
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	140	65	70
Greek	730	390	345
Jamaican	600	310	295
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	190	95	90
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	70	40	25
Korean	125	45	75
Romanian	390	190	200
Lebanese	250	135	115
Iranian	90	55	35
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	455	240	215
Danish	415	215	200
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	780	340	440
Sikh	75	30	40
Austrian	380	175	205
Belgian	1,250	630	615
Haitian	30	15	15
Hindu	190	110	80
Mexican	155	80	75
Mennonite	120	65	55
Swiss	180	80	100
Finnish	395	140	250
Sri Lankan	10	10	0
Croatian	315	160	155
Japanese	75	25	55
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	55	30	25
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	155	95	60
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	345	190	150
Muslim	125	60	65
Egyptian	65	40	25
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	135	80	60
Tamil	0	0	0
Icelandic	100	45	50
Colombian	85	35	50
Moroccan	0	0	0
Czech	355	120	235
Syrian	25	10	15
Guyanese	120	60	60
Afghan	20	10	10
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	95	35	60
Serbian	120	50	75
Ojibway	600	310	295
Newfoundlander	240	110	130
Hong Konger	10	0	0
Ontarian	955	455	505
Persian	45	20	25
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	140	70	70
Turkish	65	30	35
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	15	15
Bangladeshi	35	15	20
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	115	60	60
Nigerian	95	45	55
Armenian	60	40	20
Slovak	485	250	235
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	145	70	75
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	25	15	10
Iraqi	110	50	60
Salvadorean	110	50	60
African Caribbean	45	15	25
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	10	0	0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	40	25	20
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	55	20	35
Algonquin	55	30	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	65	30	35
Lithuanian	125	85	45
South African	135	80	55
Australian	20	15	0
Palestinian	0	0	0
Chilean	65	25	40
Congolese	0	0	0
Nova Scotian	85	45	45
Ethiopian	15	0	10
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	85	40	50
Peruvian	25	0	20
Yoruba	30	10	20
Cambodian (Khmer)	10	0	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	45	25	20
Maltese	80	40	40
Macedonian	35	20	15
Slovenian	105	65	35
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	100	35	65
New Brunswicker	45	30	15
Gujarati	65	35	30
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	20	10	10
Israeli	0	0	0
Mohawk	110	50	60
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	205	110	95
Bulgarian	25	0	20
Albertan	10	0	10
Ghanaian	20	10	15
Barbadian	65	35	30
African American	135	55	85
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	110	60	50
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	60	35	25
Cuban	50	35	15
Bosnian	30	0	20
Venezuelan	40	20	20
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	10	0
Latvian	60	20	35
Bengali	10	0	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	145	130	10
Indonesian	70	20	50
Laotian	20	0	15
Ilocano	20	0	15
Northern Irish	125	50	75
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	65	25	40
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	45	10	30
Argentinian	20	0	10
Estonian	50	20	30
Kurdish	20	10	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	70	35	35
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	15	10	10
Dominican	60	40	15
Nepali	20	15	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	10	0	10
Igbo	0	0	0
Byelorussian	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	15	20
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	10	0	10
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	70	45	30
New Zealander	15	10	0
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	115	55	60
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	15	10	10
Saskatchewanian	15	0	15
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	15	10	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	105	70	40
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	20	0	20
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	20	20	0
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	15	10	0
Cape Bretoner	10	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	15	15	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	60	35	25
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	50	35	15
United Empire Loyalist	20	20	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	10	10	0
Sicilian	60	50	15
Pashtun	10	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	35	25	10
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	55	25	30
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	15
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	10	0	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	96,290	47,370	48,920
Buddhist	120	45	70
Christian	56,040	26,070	29,970
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,645	3,255	3,390
Anabaptist	40	10	30
Anglican	4,920	2,245	2,675
Baptist	2,670	1,230	1,440
Catholic	23,825	11,190	12,635
Christian Orthodox	535	285	250
Jehovah's Witness	315	125	190
Latter Day Saints	280	115	165
Lutheran	725	335	390
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	395	175	220
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,315	630	690
Presbyterian	2,755	1,190	1,560
Reformed	985	490	495
United Church	8,070	3,565	4,505
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,560	1,235	1,330
Hindu	830	475	355
Jewish	115	60	50
Muslim	875	470	405
Sikh	290	130	160
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	170	95	75
Other religions and spiritual traditions	515	200	315
No religion and secular perspectives	37,335	19,820	17,520
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	95,375	46,915	48,460
Non-movers	86,060	42,310	43,750
Movers	9,315	4,600	4,710
Non-migrants	5,650	2,735	2,915
Migrants	3,665	1,865	1,800
Internal migrants	3,185	1,610	1,580
Intraprovincial migrants	2,925	1,450	1,475
Interprovincial migrants	265	155	105
External migrants	475	255	220
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	91,565	44,915	46,650
Non-movers	59,880	29,340	30,540
Movers	31,685	15,580	16,110
Non-migrants	16,005	7,770	8,235
Migrants	15,685	7,810	7,875
Internal migrants	13,590	6,660	6,925
Intraprovincial migrants	12,110	5,885	6,225
Interprovincial migrants	1,475	780	700
External migrants	2,095	1,145	950
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,450	39,855	41,595
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,760	6,500	6,265
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	68,685	33,355	35,330
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,855	23,940	24,915
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,170	2,355	1,820
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	44,685	21,590	23,095
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,450	39,855	41,600
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,095	5,410	5,685
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,775	11,670	13,110
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,580	22,775	22,805
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	32,030	16,675	15,360
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,565	6,250	1,320
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,620	1,795	825
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,950	4,450	495
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	23,325	10,000	13,330
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,140	430	710
Bachelor's degree or higher	13,550	6,105	7,450
Bachelor's degree	9,670	4,240	5,435
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	935	405	535
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	290	180	110
Master's degree	2,310	1,075	1,230
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	335	205	140
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,855	23,945	24,915
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,445	1,900	1,545
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,130	6,565	6,570
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	32,275	15,475	16,800
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,435	11,425	11,010
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,480	3,765	715
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,335	940	395
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,145	2,825	315
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,270	7,395	9,870
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	690	260	425
Bachelor's degree or higher	9,840	4,045	5,790
Bachelor's degree	7,090	2,945	4,145
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	640	235	405
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	185	95	85
Master's degree	1,725	680	1,045
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	195	90	105
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	81,450	39,855	41,595
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	35,870	17,080	18,795
Education	2,430	580	1,850
13. Education	2,430	580	1,850
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	910	380	525
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	85	70	15
50. Visual and performing arts	820	310	505
Humanities	1,705	655	1,050
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	115	25	95
23. English language and literature/letters	315	65	245
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	545	200	350
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	15	65
38. Philosophy and religious studies	75	40	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	225	160	70
54. History	270	135	135
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	20	70
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,300	1,195	3,110
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	25	0	25
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	375	165	210
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,375	100	1,270
22. Legal professions and studies	590	200	390
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	20	40
42. Psychology	645	135	515
45. Social sciences	1,220	570	655
Business, management and public administration	7,585	2,325	5,255
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,025	140	885
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,550	2,185	4,370
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,430	850	585
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	420	185	230
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	230	110	120
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	10	10
40. Physical sciences	440	325	115
41. Science technologies/technicians	325	220	110
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,135	715	415
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	865	620	240
25. Library science	100	15	90
27. Mathematics and statistics	155	75	85
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	0	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,690	12,620	1,070
04. Architecture and related services	190	120	75
14. Engineering	1,925	1,595	330
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,450	3,945	505
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,435	3,375	55
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,935	1,885	50
48. Precision production	1,760	1,705	50
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	760	450	310
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	510	295	210
03. Natural resources and conservation	250	150	100
Health and related fields	8,180	1,225	6,955
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	610	335	280
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,480	825	6,655
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	70	20
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,425	1,770	1,650
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,470	305	1,160
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	1,235	800	435
49. Transportation and materials moving	705	650	50
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	48,855	23,940	24,910
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,585	8,470	8,110
Education	1,535	315	1,220
13. Education	1,535	315	1,220
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	640	250	390
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	55	35	20
50. Visual and performing arts	585	215	370
Humanities	1,160	420	735
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	75	15	70
23. English language and literature/letters	245	50	195
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	380	135	245
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	50	25	20
39. Theology and religious vocations	140	100	45
54. History	180	85	95
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	35
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,225	825	2,405
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	15	0	15
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	310	120	190
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,120	80	1,035
22. Legal professions and studies	440	130	310
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	40	15	25
42. Psychology	440	95	345
45. Social sciences	860	380	480
Business, management and public administration	5,675	1,640	4,040
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	865	105	760
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	4,810	1,535	3,270
Physical and life sciences and technologies	985	525	455
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	310	135	175
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	165	75	90
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10	0	10
40. Physical sciences	255	160	100
41. Science technologies/technicians	245	160	85
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	840	580	260
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	695	535	160
25. Library science	60	10	50
27. Mathematics and statistics	80	35	55
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,240	8,305	935
04. Architecture and related services	155	85	75
14. Engineering	1,350	1,045	305
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,065	2,655	410
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,290	2,230	55
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,200	1,160	40
48. Precision production	1,185	1,140	45
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	580	340	235
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	370	215	155
03. Natural resources and conservation	200	125	80
Health and related fields	5,850	910	4,940
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	480	260	220
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,325	620	4,710
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	45	30	15
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,515	1,350	1,165
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	980	215	765
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	1,020	655	370
49. Transportation and materials moving	505	475	25
Other¹⁷⁹	30	0	25
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	48,855	23,940	24,910
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,585	8,470	8,110
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	32,275	15,475	16,800
Location of study inside Canada	29,415	14,150	15,265
Same as province or territory of residence	28,060	13,460	14,600
Different than province or territory of residence	1,355	690	665
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,860	1,320	1,535
Americas	1,275	535	745
United States of America	970	375	600
Mexico	20	10	0
Cuba	15	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	10	0
Brazil	110	55	55
Colombia	45	20	25
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	15
Other locations of study in Americas	75	35	40
Europe	440	240	200
Belgium	0	0	0
France	10	10	0
Germany	10	0	10
Netherlands	30	15	15
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	50	20	30
Romania	15	10	10
Russian Federation	10	10	10
Ukraine	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	35	15	25
United Kingdom⁸⁷	215	145	70
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	10	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	25	10	15
Africa	130	65	65
Nigeria	45	15	30
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	15	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	50	30	20
Other locations of study in Africa	25	10	15
Asia	935	455	480
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	15
Iraq	25	20	10
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	15	0	10
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	10	0	10
China⁹⁰	50	30	25
Taiwan	10	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	40	10	25
Philippines	160	50	105
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	525	300	225
Pakistan	35	15	20
Other locations of study in Asia	40	15	20
Oceania	75	30	45
Australia	75	30	45
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	81,450	39,855	41,600
In the labour force	45,310	23,715	21,600
Employed	39,955	21,225	18,725
Unemployed	5,360	2,485	2,870
Not in the labour force	36,140	16,140	20,000
Participation rate	55.6	59.5	51.9
Employment rate	49.1	53.3	45.0
Unemployment rate	11.8	10.5	13.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	81,450	39,855	41,595
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,950	16,035	19,915
Worked	45,500	23,825	21,680
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	22,765	13,010	9,750
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	22,745	10,815	11,930
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.4	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	45,315	23,715	21,600
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,195	595	595
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	44,120	23,115	21,000
Employee	39,135	20,240	18,890
Permanent position	32,930	16,905	16,025
Temporary position	6,200	3,340	2,865
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,865	945	925
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,335	2,390	1,940
Self-employed¹⁹²	4,985	2,875	2,105
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	45,315	23,715	21,600
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,195	595	595
All occupations¹⁹¹	44,120	23,115	21,000
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	275	185	90
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	5,500	1,400	4,105
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,445	2,660	785
3 Health occupations	4,415	595	3,820
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,770	1,440	3,330
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	710	290	420
6 Sales and service occupations	11,530	4,600	6,935
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,270	8,560	715
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,445	1,085	360
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,760	2,305	450
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	45,315	23,715	21,600
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,195	595	595
All industries¹⁹¹	44,120	23,115	21,000
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,200	790	410
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	655	540	110
22 Utilities	540	460	85
23 Construction	4,850	4,335	515
31-33 Manufacturing	4,865	3,795	1,070
41 Wholesale trade	1,065	775	285
44-45 Retail trade	5,125	2,135	2,990
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,855	1,340	515
51 Information and cultural industries	325	160	160
52 Finance and insurance	930	345	590
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	730	380	345
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,395	1,470	925
55 Management of companies and enterprises	30	10	20
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,225	1,320	905
61 Educational services	2,975	810	2,165
62 Health care and social assistance	6,955	1,045	5,915
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	730	355	370
72 Accommodation and food services	3,115	1,120	1,990
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,780	975	805
91 Public administration	1,780	950	830
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	48,995	25,485	23,510
English	47,920	25,020	22,900
French	160	35	125
Non-official language	130	105	20
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	130	105	20
English and French	500	165	335
English and non-official language(s)	260	140	115
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	15
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	48,995	25,485	23,510
Single responses	48,885	25,430	23,455
Official languages	48,710	25,295	23,415
English	48,455	25,245	23,210
French	255	55	205
Non-official languages	170	125	45
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	165	130	35
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	145	125	25
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	145	125	15
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	135	125	15
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10	0	10
Chinese languages	10	0	10
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	10	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	110	60	55
English and French	75	35	35
English and non-official language(s)	35	15	15
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	48,995	25,485	23,510
None	48,320	25,225	23,100
English	125	35	95
French	330	115	220
Non-official language	175	100	70
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	10
Non-Indigenous	145	90	55
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	39,955	21,230	18,725
Worked at home	6,280	2,640	3,635
Worked outside Canada	245	115	125
No fixed workplace address	4,895	3,645	1,255
Usual place of work	28,540	14,830	13,710
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	28,540	14,825	13,710
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,460	8,555	8,900
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	9,005	5,115	3,890
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,000	1,120	880
Commute to a different province or territory	75	40	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	33,435	18,470	14,965
Car, truck or van	30,935	17,265	13,670
Car, truck or van - as a driver	28,815	16,265	12,545
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,125	1,000	1,125
Public transit	515	235	285
Walked	1,280	625	650
Bicycle	230	160	70
Other method	470	175	290
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	33,435	18,470	14,965
Less than 15 minutes	16,455	8,055	8,400
15 to 29 minutes	12,455	7,635	4,820
30 to 44 minutes	2,965	1,795	1,160
45 to 59 minutes	635	390	250
60 minutes and over	925	590	335
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	33,435	18,470	14,965
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,545	1,770	770
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,095	4,915	2,185
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,000	5,255	3,750
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,315	2,375	3,935
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	3,310	1,190	2,120
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,170	2,970	2,205
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,190	9,210	8,980
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,820	910	915
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,370	8,300	8,070
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	13,120	6,600	6,515
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,370	690	685
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	900	440	460
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	470	245	225
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,745	5,920	5,830

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed December 8, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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