Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	SaskatchewanMore information: [Province]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,132,505	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,098,352	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	513,725	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	449,581	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	577,060.40	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,132,505	563,120	569,385
0 to 14 years	223,115	114,360	108,755
0 to 4 years	69,455	35,555	33,900
5 to 9 years	76,545	39,210	37,340
10 to 14 years	77,120	39,600	37,520
15 to 64 years	711,405	357,000	354,410
15 to 19 years	68,510	35,525	32,985
20 to 24 years	66,870	34,580	32,295
25 to 29 years	70,030	35,420	34,605
30 to 34 years	78,380	38,930	39,450
35 to 39 years	79,420	39,380	40,040
40 to 44 years	73,055	36,670	36,380
45 to 49 years	65,075	32,425	32,655
50 to 54 years	62,745	31,300	31,440
55 to 59 years	73,165	36,045	37,120
60 to 64 years	74,155	36,725	37,430
65 years and over	197,980	91,765	106,215
65 to 69 years	64,770	32,140	32,630
70 to 74 years	48,945	23,790	25,160
75 to 79 years	33,045	15,605	17,445
80 to 84 years	23,460	10,290	13,170
85 years and over	27,765	9,945	17,820
85 to 89 years	16,165	6,290	9,870
90 to 94 years	8,715	2,965	5,750
95 to 99 years	2,435	625	1,810
100 years and over	450	60	385
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.7	20.3	19.1
15 to 64 years	62.8	63.4	62.2
65 years and over	17.5	16.3	18.7
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	39.8	38.9	40.7
Median age of the population	38.8	38.0	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	449,580	...	...
Single-detached house	322,070	...	...
Semi-detached house	13,680	...	...
Row house	19,860	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	11,240	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	61,855	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,040	...	...
Other single-attached house	755	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	9,090	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	449,580	...	...
1 person	130,110	...	...
2 persons	158,555	...	...
3 persons	60,185	...	...
4 persons	57,860	...	...
5 or more persons	42,875	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,103,205	549,475	553,725
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	909,390	448,765	460,625
Married or living common-law	526,835	263,575	263,255
Married	440,040	220,210	219,830
Living common-law	86,795	43,365	43,430
Living common law - Never married	65,395	32,860	32,530
Living common law - Separated	3,075	1,580	1,495
Living common law - Divorced	16,305	8,125	8,185
Living common law - Widowed	2,025	800	1,220
Not married and not living common-law	382,560	185,185	197,370
Not married and not living common law - Never married	258,905	142,445	116,460
Not married and not living common law - Separated	20,685	9,310	11,375
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	50,635	22,150	28,485
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	52,330	11,280	41,050
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	308,690	...	...
2 persons	160,870	...	...
3 persons	58,650	...	...
4 persons	55,775	...	...
5 or more persons	33,390	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	308,690	...	...
Total couple families	255,910	...	...
Married couples	212,520	...	...
With children⁶	106,385	...	...
Without children	106,135	...	...
Common-law couples	43,395	...	...
With children⁶	18,190	...	...
Without children	25,205	...	...
Total one-parent families	52,775	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	39,825	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	12,955	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,103,205	549,475	553,725
Total - Persons in census families	903,775	448,945	454,830
Married spouses or common-law partners	511,820	255,785	256,040
Parents in one-parent families	52,780	12,955	39,820
Children⁶	339,175	180,210	158,965
In a two-parent family	248,725	130,995	117,725
In a one-parent family	90,455	49,210	41,240
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	199,425	100,530	98,895
Living alone	130,105	62,520	67,590
Living with other relatives⁷	28,150	13,805	14,345
Living with non-relatives only	41,165	24,200	16,960
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	449,585	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	275,515	...	...
Couple-family households	236,790	...	...
With children⁶	113,990	...	...
Without children	122,800	...	...
One-parent-family households	38,720	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	9,815	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,960	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	13,265	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	18,915	...	...
One-person households	130,105	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	882,780	436,550	446,230
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	844,920	417,025	427,895
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,000	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	845,455	417,320	428,130
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,400	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	757,325	379,255	378,070
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,400	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	622,670	322,180	300,495
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,600	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,755	364,545	387,210
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,800	6,750	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,485	43,415	41,065
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	6,000	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	214,100	103,150	110,950
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	882,760	436,515	446,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	845,425	417,040	428,380
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,050	60,250	46,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	845,965	417,355	428,610
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,680	49,360	40,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	757,585	378,980	378,605
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,680	57,250	40,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	622,690	321,515	301,175
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,360	54,650	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,480	363,960	387,525
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,650	9,420	11,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,595	42,755	40,840
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,330	7,060	7,610
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	213,970	103,245	110,725
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,960	9,040
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	882,760	436,515	446,245
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	301,310	168,990	132,320
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	67,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,100	76,500	61,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	237,965	111,525	126,440
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,600	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,120	34,440	24,440
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.2	86.4	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.8	69.8	60.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.8	13.6	23.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	4.1	6.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.3	3.7	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	882,780	436,550	446,230
Without total income	37,860	19,525	18,335
With total income	844,915	417,025	427,890
Under $10,000 (including loss)	71,550	33,580	37,975
$10,000 to $19,999	92,735	40,045	52,690
$20,000 to $29,999	126,965	54,565	72,400
$30,000 to $39,999	105,405	45,260	60,150
$40,000 to $49,999	96,850	43,305	53,545
$50,000 to $59,999	80,190	38,235	41,955
$60,000 to $69,999	63,160	33,360	29,800
$70,000 to $79,999	49,340	27,775	21,560
$80,000 to $89,999	38,610	22,165	16,450
$90,000 to $99,999	30,895	17,430	13,460
$100,000 and over	89,220	61,310	27,910
$100,000 to $149,999	62,465	40,955	21,510
$150,000 and over	26,750	20,350	6,400
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	882,780	436,550	446,230
Without after-tax income	37,330	19,230	18,100
With after-tax income	845,450	417,320	428,130
Under $10,000 (including loss)	74,770	34,925	39,840
$10,000 to $19,999	96,975	41,905	55,070
$20,000 to $29,999	143,230	62,170	81,055
$30,000 to $39,999	125,245	55,255	69,990
$40,000 to $49,999	113,220	53,350	59,870
$50,000 to $59,999	87,685	45,835	41,850
$60,000 to $69,999	63,720	35,460	28,260
$70,000 to $79,999	47,135	26,270	20,865
$80,000 to $89,999	29,945	17,670	12,275
$90,000 to $99,999	19,390	12,375	7,010
$100,000 and over	44,145	32,100	12,040
$100,000 to $124,999	24,420	17,370	7,050
$125,000 and over	19,725	14,730	4,990
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	882,780	436,550	446,230
Without employment income	260,105	114,375	145,735
With employment income	622,670	322,175	300,490
Under $5,000 (including loss)	90,620	43,400	47,215
$5,000 to $9,999	49,340	22,310	27,030
$10,000 to $19,999	72,905	33,690	39,215
$20,000 to $29,999	58,850	26,960	31,890
$30,000 to $39,999	56,210	25,585	30,625
$40,000 to $49,999	54,395	25,875	28,520
$50,000 to $59,999	47,765	24,415	23,350
$60,000 to $69,999	40,940	22,855	18,090
$70,000 to $79,999	33,380	19,360	14,015
$80,000 to $89,999	29,020	16,645	12,375
$90,000 to $99,999	23,480	13,565	9,915
$100,000 and over	65,770	47,510	18,255
$100,000 to $124,999	31,845	20,990	10,855
$125,000 and over	33,925	26,520	7,405
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	882,780	436,550	446,230
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	825,815	406,805	419,010
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	48,000	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	826,075	406,845	419,225
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,400	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	745,575	372,880	372,700
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	619,030	320,010	299,020
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	45,600	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	712,010	346,320	365,690
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,360	1,240	6,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	69,035	34,850	34,185
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,360	6,240	6,500
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	882,760	436,515	446,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	826,385	406,875	419,505
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,350	59,400	43,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	826,660	406,915	419,740
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,960	48,440	37,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	746,260	372,755	373,505
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,600	58,900	40,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	619,710	319,750	299,965
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,320	56,150	39,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	712,110	346,290	365,820
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,580	6,400	8,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,920	34,910	34,015
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,030	7,450	8,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	882,760	436,515	446,245
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	299,100	167,785	131,315
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,800	65,000	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,100	74,200	57,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	222,840	104,130	118,710
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	28,600	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,880	41,840	28,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.2	90.8	82.6
Employment income (%)	70.6	74.2	65.6
Government transfers (%)	12.7	9.2	17.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	449,580	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	130,105	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	319,475	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	449,580	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	129,935	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	319,645	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	449,580	...	...
Under $5,000	5,030	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,640	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,645	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,295	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	19,430	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	15,705	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,730	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	17,200	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	17,145	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	17,225	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	33,580	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	32,145	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	30,370	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	28,270	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	26,025	...	...
$100,000 and over	177,135	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	53,545	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	39,320	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	47,170	...	...
$200,000 and over	37,100	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	449,580	...	...
Under $5,000	5,735	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,730	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,800	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,635	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	20,715	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,735	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	17,085	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	20,380	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	20,090	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	19,875	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	39,515	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	37,680	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	35,090	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	31,875	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	28,180	...	...
$100,000 and over	139,455	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	54,690	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	35,800	...	...
$150,000 and over	48,965	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	306,550	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	124,905	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	125,315	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	47,700	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	171,275	86,725	84,555
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	41,200	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,800	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	306,600	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	125,115	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	125,520	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,570	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	171,095	86,755	84,335
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,640	52,300	46,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,960	43,200	40,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,103,200	549,475	553,730
0 to 17 years	261,770	134,340	127,430
0 to 5 years	83,310	42,545	40,765
18 to 64 years	657,835	328,185	329,655
65 years and over	183,595	86,950	96,645
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	147,955	71,010	76,945
0 to 17 years	45,500	23,280	22,215
0 to 5 years	15,520	7,735	7,790
18 to 64 years	74,450	36,410	38,040
65 years and over	28,000	11,315	16,690
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.4	12.9	13.9
0 to 17 years (%)	17.4	17.3	17.4
0 to 5 years (%)	18.6	18.2	19.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.3	11.1	11.5
65 years and over (%)	15.3	13.0	17.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,047,470	521,355	526,115
0 to 17 years	239,370	122,980	116,385
0 to 5 years	76,215	39,020	37,195
18 to 64 years	628,090	313,165	314,925
65 years and over	180,015	85,205	94,805
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	42,310	22,585	19,730
0 to 17 years	10,250	5,365	4,890
0 to 5 years	3,285	1,675	1,610
18 to 64 years	29,210	15,830	13,375
65 years and over	2,850	1,390	1,465
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.0	4.3	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3	4.4	4.2
0 to 5 years (%)	4.3	4.3	4.3
18 to 64 years (%)	4.7	5.1	4.3
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.6	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,103,200	549,475	553,730
In bottom half of the distribution	580,685	283,030	297,655
In bottom decile	129,985	64,240	65,750
In second decile	119,140	55,775	63,370
In third decile	112,825	54,665	58,160
In fourth decile	110,110	54,280	55,835
In fifth decile	108,615	54,070	54,540
In top half of the distribution	522,520	266,445	256,075
In sixth decile	107,950	54,265	53,680
In seventh decile	108,365	54,950	53,415
In eighth decile	108,465	55,155	53,315
In ninth decile	106,220	54,550	51,670
In top decile	91,515	47,520	44,000
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,103,200	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.447	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.293	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
English only	1,055,000	527,580	527,420
French only	450	210	235
English and French	51,970	23,490	28,480
Neither English nor French	8,625	3,940	4,685
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
English	1,094,690	545,105	549,585
French	11,335	5,500	5,835
English and French	1,815	905	905
Neither English nor French	8,200	3,705	4,495
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
Single responses	1,082,470	538,920	543,550
Official languages	924,330	461,055	463,275
English	911,765	454,950	456,815
French	12,565	6,105	6,460
Non-official languages	158,135	77,865	80,275
Indigenous languages³⁹	20,785	9,935	10,850
Algonquian languages	14,490	6,910	7,575
Blackfoot	5	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	13,810	6,595	7,215
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	13,810	6,595	7,215
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	45	25	25
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	440	220	215
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	3,005	1,440	1,570
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	1,255	580	670
Cree, n.o.s.	9,060	4,325	4,735
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	670	310	355
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	5	5	5
Ojibway languages	665	310	350
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	590	275	310
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	25	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5,790	2,790	2,995
Northern Athabaskan languages	5,780	2,785	2,995
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5,780	2,785	2,995
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	5	25
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	25	5	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	260	125	140
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	200	95	105
Assiniboine	60	30	25
Dakota	120	50	75
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous languages	137,355	67,925	69,430
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,795	3,935	3,860
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	50	25	25
Hausa	50	25	25
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	1,010	480	530
Bilen	110	60	50
Oromo	115	60	55
Somali	690	320	365
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55
Semitic languages	6,730	3,425	3,300
Amharic	370	170	195
Arabic	4,610	2,370	2,235
Aramaic languages	665	330	340
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	345	170	175
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	275	130	150
Aramaic, n.o.s.	50	25	20
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	50	25	25
Maltese	5	0	0
Tigrigna	1,010	515	495
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,590	1,705	1,880
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	65	65
Vietnamese	3,455	1,645	1,815
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	27,210	12,750	14,460
Bikol	120	55	60
Bisaya, n.o.s.	580	270	315
Cebuano	1,365	620	745
Fijian	30	20	10
Hiligaynon	365	175	185
Ilocano	1,085	490	590
Indonesian	90	35	55
Kankanaey	100	40	55
Kinaray-a	30	15	15
Malagasy languages	5	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Malay	15	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	290	140	150
Pangasinan	60	25	35
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	22,680	10,680	12,010
Waray-Waray	105	45	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	295	140	160
Creole languages	225	110	110
Haitian Creole	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	15	5	5
Krio	5	0	5
Morisyen	90	40	50
Sango	5	5	0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	35	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Dravidian languages	2,645	1,450	1,190
Kannada	95	40	50
Malayalam	1,660	915	745
Tamil	440	235	205
Telugu	430	245	185
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Georgian	5	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	73,910	37,200	36,715
Albanian	325	170	150
Armenian	115	60	60
Balto-Slavic languages	13,790	6,380	7,410
Baltic languages	145	70	75
Latvian	80	40	45
Lithuanian	60	35	30
Slavic languages	13,640	6,305	7,330
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	70	30	40
Czech	170	75	95
Macedonian	50	25	25
Polish	1,335	595	740
Russian	2,565	1,180	1,385
Rusyn	215	105	110
Serbo-Croatian	1,080	550	530
Bosnian	245	120	120
Croatian	360	175	185
Serbian	445	240	200
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	20
Slovak	65	35	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	35
Ukrainian	8,030	3,685	4,340
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Celtic languages	60	30	25
Irish	10	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	0
Welsh	25	15	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Germanic languages	21,360	10,450	10,905
Frisian	15	5	5
High German languages	16,020	7,795	8,225
German	15,875	7,715	8,160
Pennsylvania German	5	0	5
Swiss German	115	65	50
Yiddish	20	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,795	2,400	2,395
Afrikaans	1,360	720	640
Dutch	1,020	520	505
Low German, n.o.s.	540	255	285
Low Saxon	60	25	30
Plautdietsch	1,765	855	910
Vlaams (Flemish)	55	25	30
Scandinavian languages	515	245	275
Danish	205	110	95
Icelandic	30	15	15
Norwegian	195	85	105
Swedish	90	35	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Greek	805	415	390
Indo-Iranian languages	30,330	16,195	14,135
Indo-Aryan languages	27,930	14,925	13,005
Assamese	10	10	5
Bengali	3,680	1,925	1,760
Gujarati	5,175	2,930	2,245
Hindi	2,395	1,375	1,020
Kacchi	10	5	10
Kashmiri	20	10	10
Konkani	30	20	15
Marathi	175	100	80
Nepali	745	390	355
Oriya languages	45	30	15
Odia	35	25	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,555	4,570	3,985
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	140	80	60
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	285	130	155
Urdu	6,510	3,285	3,225
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	145	85	65
Iranian languages	2,390	1,265	1,125
Baluchi	70	35	30
Kurdish	170	95	75
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	480	275	205
Persian languages	1,660	855	805
Dari	390	205	190
Iranian Persian	1,105	565	540
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	85	75
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	7,130	3,495	3,635
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	595	295	300
Portuguese	875	385	490
Romanian	735	360	380
Spanish	4,915	2,450	2,465
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Japanese	250	75	180
Korean	1,690	815	880
Mongolian	45	20	25
Niger-Congo languages	2,890	1,485	1,405
Akan (Twi)	220	115	110
Bamanankan	5	5	0
Edo	25	15	10
Éwé	40	25	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	20	10	10
Ganda	45	15	25
Gikuyu	10	5	5
Igbo	305	170	135
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	150	75	75
Lingala	40	20	25
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	25	15	10
Ndebele	30	15	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	90	100
Shona	105	50	55
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	10	15
Swahili	445	225	215
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	5
Yoruba	835	435	400
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	345	165	185
Nilo-Saharan languages	470	255	220
Dinka	150	80	70
Nuer	55	30	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	230	115	110
African, n.o.s.	40	30	10
Sign languages	165	85	85
American Sign Language	125	60	65
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,515	7,115	7,395
Chinese languages	13,470	6,595	6,875
Hakka	25	15	15
Mandarin	9,150	4,495	4,655
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	155	80	80
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	35
Yue (Cantonese)	3,765	1,825	1,935
Chinese, n.o.s.	285	140	145
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,015	510	510
Burmese	135	70	65
Kuki-Chin languages	35	20	15
Karenic languages	785	395	390
S'gaw Karen	675	350	330
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60
Tibetan	20	5	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	420	170	245
Lao	270	130	135
Thai	145	40	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	400	200	200
Azerbaijani	50	30	20
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	295	155	145
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	35	15	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	1,085	525	565
Estonian	20	10	10
Finnish	150	65	90
Hungarian	910	450	465
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20
Multiple responses	33,575	16,305	17,275
English and French	3,525	1,700	1,825
English and non-official language(s)	27,035	13,180	13,855
French and non-official language(s)	350	175	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	415	195	220
Multiple non-official languages	2,250	1,055	1,200
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
English	938,715	467,760	470,955
French	2,095	1,010	1,080
Non-official language	41,955	20,925	21,035
Indigenous³⁹	4,235	2,105	2,135
Non-Indigenous	37,720	18,820	18,895
English and French	7,920	3,650	4,265
English and non-official language(s)	118,480	58,500	59,980
French and non-official language(s)	280	135	140
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,595	1,230	1,360
Multiple non-official languages	4,005	2,005	2,000
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
Single responses	1,084,685	539,755	544,930
Official languages	993,865	494,130	499,730
English	990,645	492,580	498,070
French	3,215	1,550	1,665
Non-official languages	90,820	45,625	45,195
Indigenous languages³⁹	9,060	4,505	4,560
Algonquian languages	4,890	2,475	2,420
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	4,780	2,415	2,370
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	4,780	2,415	2,370
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	5	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	5	5
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	195	115	90
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	865	440	430
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	455	235	215
Cree, n.o.s.	3,250	1,625	1,630
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	110	60	50
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	110	55	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	95	50	45
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	4,030	1,965	2,070
Northern Athabaskan languages	4,025	1,955	2,070
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	4,025	1,955	2,070
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	100	50	45
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	30	10	20
Assiniboine	10	5	5
Dakota	15	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,760	41,125	40,635
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,140	2,505	2,630
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	10	5
Hausa	10	10	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	680	325	360
Bilen	85	50	40
Oromo	85	40	45
Somali	435	200	230
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40
Semitic languages	4,445	2,175	2,270
Amharic	195	95	105
Arabic	3,055	1,500	1,560
Aramaic languages	455	210	245
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	225	95	125
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	200	95	105
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	20	15
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	10	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	710	360	350
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,735	1,340	1,400
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	15	25
Vietnamese	2,700	1,325	1,370
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	16,905	8,200	8,705
Bikol	60	25	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	315	150	160
Cebuano	740	360	385
Fijian	15	10	5
Hiligaynon	205	100	105
Ilocano	490	235	255
Indonesian	20	10	15
Kankanaey	40	20	20
Kinaray-a	30	15	15
Malagasy languages	10	5	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	155	75	75
Pangasinan	10	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	14,610	7,085	7,520
Waray-Waray	50	25	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	150	75	75
Creole languages	105	45	65
Haitian Creole	5	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	50	20	25
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Dravidian languages	1,765	940	825
Kannada	40	20	20
Malayalam	1,175	640	535
Tamil	275	130	140
Telugu	260	140	120
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	40,455	20,825	19,625
Albanian	140	65	70
Armenian	55	25	30
Balto-Slavic languages	4,420	2,220	2,200
Baltic languages	75	40	40
Latvian	40	20	20
Lithuanian	35	20	15
Slavic languages	4,345	2,185	2,160
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	40	25	20
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	30	20	15
Polish	330	150	180
Russian	1,575	795	785
Rusyn	150	70	80
Serbo-Croatian	465	235	230
Bosnian	85	40	45
Croatian	120	60	60
Serbian	255	135	120
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	15	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0
Ukrainian	1,700	870	830
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	9,335	4,615	4,715
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	7,845	3,845	4,000
German	7,820	3,835	3,990
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	15	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,455	755	695
Afrikaans	875	465	415
Dutch	110	60	55
Low German, n.o.s.	190	90	95
Low Saxon	15	10	5
Plautdietsch	260	130	130
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15
Danish	5	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	5	5
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	370	170	200
Indo-Iranian languages	22,590	11,955	10,635
Indo-Aryan languages	20,940	11,115	9,825
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	2,700	1,415	1,290
Gujarati	3,975	2,205	1,775
Hindi	1,670	950	715
Kacchi	10	0	5
Kashmiri	5	5	5
Konkani	5	5	5
Marathi	95	45	50
Nepali	540	285	255
Oriya languages	10	10	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,955	3,665	3,285
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	90	50	45
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	150	70	80
Urdu	4,645	2,370	2,275
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	85	45	35
Iranian languages	1,640	835	805
Baluchi	45	25	25
Kurdish	100	50	50
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	315	170	145
Persian languages	1,160	580	580
Dari	215	110	100
Iranian Persian	835	420	415
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	55	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	3,545	1,770	1,770
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	125	55	65
Portuguese	415	200	210
Romanian	310	155	155
Spanish	2,685	1,350	1,335
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	90	30	60
Korean	1,250	625	630
Mongolian	20	10	15
Niger-Congo languages	1,130	550	580
Akan (Twi)	75	40	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	10	0	5
Ganda	30	15	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	95	50	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	40	30
Lingala	30	15	15
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	0	5
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	115	50	60
Shona	35	15	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	5
Swahili	240	125	110
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	10
Yoruba	300	135	160
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	225	120	110
Dinka	85	45	40
Nuer	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60
African, n.o.s.	15	15	5
Sign languages	355	205	145
American Sign Language	250	150	105
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	100	60	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,010	5,445	5,565
Chinese languages	10,220	5,040	5,180
Hakka	10	10	5
Mandarin	7,415	3,695	3,715
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	25	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	2,490	1,190	1,295
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	95	100
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	780	400	380
Burmese	95	50	45
Kuki-Chin languages	25	20	10
Karenic languages	615	310	300
S'gaw Karen	530	270	260
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	40
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	160	75	90
Lao	125	60	65
Thai	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Turkic languages	220	110	110
Azerbaijani	25	10	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	180	95	85
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	175	90	85
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	15	10	5
Hungarian	155	80	75
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Multiple responses	31,360	15,460	15,900
English and French	1,325	615	715
English and non-official language(s)	29,060	14,370	14,695
French and non-official language(s)	130	60	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	250	130	120
Multiple non-official languages	590	285	305
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
None	1,008,760	502,475	506,285
English	39,070	19,635	19,435
French	6,395	2,935	3,455
Non-official language	48,520	23,370	25,145
Indigenous³⁹	10,735	4,980	5,755
Non-Indigenous	37,785	18,390	19,395
English and French	345	180	170
English and non-official language(s)	6,935	3,595	3,345
French and non-official language(s)	1,155	515	640
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	40	30
Multiple non-official languages	4,795	2,475	2,320
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,103,200	549,495	553,705
Official languages	1,095,170	545,875	549,300
English	1,094,790	545,650	549,135
French	52,065	23,725	28,335
Non-official languages	209,395	103,350	106,050
Indigenous languages³⁹	35,075	16,800	18,280
Algonquian languages	25,960	12,535	13,430
Blackfoot	10	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	24,850	11,960	12,895
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	24,850	11,960	12,895
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	20	0	10
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	145	65	75
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	855	440	415
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	6,450	3,070	3,375
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	2,365	1,125	1,235
Cree, n.o.s.	15,355	7,415	7,945
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	10	0
Mi'kmaq	10	10	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,330	685	640
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	50	20	25
Ojibway languages	1,275	665	610
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30	25	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,120	575	550
Ojibway, n.o.s.	145	90	55
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	8,085	3,795	4,295
Northern Athabaskan languages	8,080	3,795	4,285
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	8,080	3,795	4,285
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	60	20	45
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	60	20	45
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	855	395	460
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	725	365	360
Assiniboine	185	110	80
Dakota	395	185	215
Stoney	25	15	15
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	20	10	20
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Non-Indigenous languages	174,635	86,680	87,955
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,165	5,770	5,395
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	10	10	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	265	125	145
Hausa	245	105	140
Mina	25	15	0
Coptic	15	10	0
Cushitic languages	1,415	720	695
Bilen	165	95	70
Oromo	180	85	90
Somali	900	450	455
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	165	95	75
Semitic languages	9,850	5,120	4,735
Amharic	855	440	415
Arabic	7,265	3,825	3,445
Aramaic languages	1,200	565	630
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	605	280	325
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	540	255	285
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	70	65
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	470	250	215
Maltese	15	10	0
Tigrigna	1,365	710	660
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	160	90	75
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,625	2,275	2,355
Khmer (Cambodian)	170	100	70
Vietnamese	4,440	2,165	2,280
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10
Austronesian languages	37,460	17,730	19,730
Bikol	305	130	175
Bisaya, n.o.s.	915	430	485
Cebuano	2,180	1,010	1,175
Fijian	90	55	35
Hiligaynon	605	270	335
Ilocano	2,500	1,175	1,320
Indonesian	215	85	135
Kankanaey	205	90	120
Kinaray-a	45	10	35
Malagasy languages	30	20	15
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	20	15
Malay	105	65	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	485	250	235
Pangasinan	95	50	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	36,125	17,020	19,110
Waray-Waray	245	120	130
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,155	545	615
Creole languages	950	480	470
Haitian Creole	45	25	20
Jamaican English Creole	130	70	60
Krio	25	20	0
Morisyen	385	195	190
Sango	45	25	20
Creole, n.o.s.	205	80	125
Creole languages, n.i.e.	150	70	80
Dravidian languages	4,190	2,210	1,980
Kannada	225	110	110
Malayalam	2,515	1,335	1,180
Tamil	1,120	625	495
Telugu	845	445	400
Tulu	20	10	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	89,555	45,335	44,220
Albanian	380	220	160
Armenian	90	35	55
Balto-Slavic languages	17,185	7,985	9,200
Baltic languages	195	85	105
Latvian	90	40	55
Lithuanian	95	45	50
Slavic languages	17,095	7,945	9,145
Belarusian	10	0	10
Bulgarian	100	50	40
Czech	190	90	105
Macedonian	90	50	40
Polish	1,745	800	945
Russian	5,305	2,590	2,715
Rusyn	280	130	150
Serbo-Croatian	1,705	865	835
Bosnian	400	195	200
Croatian	745	405	340
Serbian	965	495	470
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Slovak	135	60	70
Slovene (Slovenian)	135	60	70
Ukrainian	10,795	4,935	5,855
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Celtic languages	185	105	80
Irish	65	35	30
Scottish Gaelic	50	35	10
Welsh	50	15	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Germanic languages	18,455	9,290	9,165
Frisian	25	25	0
High German languages	11,940	5,995	5,945
German	11,815	5,935	5,880
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	145	70	80
Yiddish	50	25	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,140	3,205	2,935
Afrikaans	2,175	1,185	990
Dutch	1,285	680	605
Low German, n.o.s.	590	275	315
Low Saxon	60	35	25
Plautdietsch	2,015	1,025	980
Vlaams (Flemish)	90	50	40
Scandinavian languages	955	395	560
Danish	255	135	125
Icelandic	25	20	0
Norwegian	485	175	305
Swedish	235	100	135
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Greek	1,430	730	705
Indo-Iranian languages	39,895	21,385	18,505
Indo-Aryan languages	37,480	20,070	17,410
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	4,490	2,350	2,140
Gujarati	6,965	3,985	2,985
Hindi	15,740	8,600	7,140
Kacchi	50	25	25
Kashmiri	55	35	25
Konkani	60	35	30
Marathi	520	270	255
Nepali	1,040	550	490
Oriya languages	60	30	30
Odia	25	20	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,310	7,110	6,200
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	250	135	120
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	405	180	225
Urdu	10,540	5,470	5,070
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	345	205	140
Iranian languages	3,025	1,640	1,390
Baluchi	170	100	65
Kurdish	225	110	115
Parsi	20	0	15
Pashto	745	415	330
Persian languages	2,045	1,095	950
Dari	610	335	285
Iranian Persian	1,340	710	625
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	65	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15
Italic (Romance) languages	14,285	6,885	7,400
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,400	670	730
Portuguese	1,320	655	670
Romanian	915	450	465
Spanish	11,185	5,395	5,785
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	90	40	45
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Japanese	1,170	585	585
Korean	1,870	900	970
Mongolian	45	10	40
Niger-Congo languages	7,440	3,945	3,495
Akan (Twi)	515	255	260
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	90	60	30
Éwé	100	40	60
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	60	30	30
Ga	135	75	60
Ganda	100	40	60
Gikuyu	25	15	10
Igbo	1,200	630	570
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	320	170	150
Lingala	180	100	75
Luba-Kasai	40	15	25
Mòoré	25	15	15
Mwani	70	45	20
Ndebele	80	40	35
Rundi (Kirundi)	310	180	130
Shona	155	75	80
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	70	40	35
Swahili	1,165	665	500
Wojenaka	20	15	10
Wolof	40	20	20
Yoruba	2,865	1,520	1,345
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	990	545	445
Nilo-Saharan languages	615	305	305
Dinka	180	85	100
Nuer	60	25	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	375	200	175
African, n.o.s.	100	55	45
Sign languages	1,450	645	815
American Sign Language	1,135	505	625
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	160	210
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,055	8,335	8,725
Chinese languages	15,625	7,620	8,005
Hakka	45	20	30
Mandarin	11,590	5,640	5,955
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	275	135	140
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	40	15
Yue (Cantonese)	5,120	2,465	2,660
Chinese, n.o.s.	360	185	175
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,370	690	685
Burmese	355	185	170
Kuki-Chin languages	30	25	10
Karenic languages	1,020	490	530
S'gaw Karen	890	430	460
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	125	60	70
Tibetan	35	15	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	30	70
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40
Tai-Kadai languages	590	280	310
Lao	360	200	160
Thai	290	115	170
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Turkic languages	700	360	340
Azerbaijani	85	55	40
Kazakh	50	15	35
Turkish	565	295	270
Uyghur	35	0	30
Uzbek	15	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Uralic languages	1,240	595	645
Estonian	10	10	0
Finnish	180	90	90
Hungarian	1,055	500	560
Other languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,103,200	549,495	553,710
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	187,885	91,375	96,515
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	184,435	89,725	94,705
First Nations (North American Indian)	121,175	58,665	62,505
Métis	62,800	30,860	31,940
Inuk (Inuit)	460	200	260
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	2,030	985	1,045
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,425	665	765
Non-Indigenous identity	915,310	458,120	457,195
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,103,200	549,495	553,710
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	115,055	55,385	59,670
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	988,145	494,110	494,035
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	449,585	...	...
Owner	317,655	...	...
Renter	118,590	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	13,335	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	449,585	...	...
Condominium	49,490	...	...
Not condominium	400,095	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	449,585	...	...
No bedrooms	1,945	...	...
1 bedroom	41,900	...	...
2 bedrooms	103,860	...	...
3 bedrooms	150,360	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	151,520	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	449,585	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	105,050	...	...
5 rooms	70,620	...	...
6 rooms	66,100	...	...
7 rooms	59,535	...	...
8 or more rooms	148,270	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	449,585	...	...
One person or fewer per room	438,000	...	...
More than one person per room	11,580	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	449,585	...	...
Suitable	426,835	...	...
Not suitable	22,745	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	449,585	...	...
1960 or before	95,405	...	...
1961 to 1980	147,720	...	...
1981 to 1990	61,990	...	...
1991 to 2000	35,005	...	...
2001 to 2005	18,130	...	...
2006 to 2010	27,525	...	...
2011 to 2015	37,840	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	25,970	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	449,585	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	414,215	...	...
Major repairs needed	35,365	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	449,585	...	...
One-maintainer household	235,175	...	...
Two-maintainer household	198,995	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	15,415	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	449,585	...	...
15 to 24 years	17,560	...	...
25 to 34 years	68,760	...	...
35 to 44 years	82,625	...	...
45 to 54 years	72,290	...	...
55 to 64 years	85,955	...	...
65 to 74 years	69,235	...	...
75 to 84 years	37,545	...	...
85 years and over	15,605	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	414,315	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	342,875	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	71,445	...	...
30% to less than 100%	65,430	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	449,585	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	118,475	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	63,870	...	...
Not suitable only	16,865	...	...
Major repairs needed only	26,900	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,370	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	4,960	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	3,270	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	245	...	...
Acceptable housing	331,105	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	408,300	...	...
In core need	41,895	...	...
Not in core need	366,405	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	298,500	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,110	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,296	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	324,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	117,545	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	17.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,030	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,095	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	13,335	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	226	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	280	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,103,200	549,490	553,710
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	122,375	59,605	62,765
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	118,965	57,970	60,995
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	101,725	49,415	52,315
Métis single ancestry	17,055	8,495	8,555
Inuit single ancestry	185	60	125
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	3,410	1,630	1,775
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	3,335	1,580	1,750
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	30	25	10
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	68,675	33,265	35,410
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	64,995	31,500	33,495
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	32,635	15,920	16,720
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	32,070	15,450	16,615
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	290	135	160
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	3,680	1,770	1,915
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,515	1,705	1,810
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	115	45	75
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	912,150	456,620	455,530
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,103,200	549,495	553,705
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,021,630	508,035	513,595
Canadian citizens aged under 18	246,480	126,430	120,055
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	775,150	381,610	393,540
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	81,575	41,455	40,115
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,103,200	549,495	553,705
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	949,755	472,745	477,005
Immigrants⁸¹	137,620	67,895	69,725
Before 1980	12,780	6,020	6,760
1980 to 1990	5,945	2,955	2,990
1991 to 2000	8,390	3,910	4,480
2001 to 2010	29,370	14,480	14,895
2011 to 2021⁸²	81,135	40,535	40,605
2011 to 2015	38,020	19,065	18,955
2016 to 2021	43,120	21,470	21,645
Non-permanent residents⁸³	15,830	8,850	6,980
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	137,620	67,895	69,720
Under 5 years	13,370	6,890	6,480
5 to 14 years	26,755	14,085	12,680
15 to 24 years	20,460	9,465	10,995
25 to 44 years	64,955	31,330	33,625
45 years and over	12,070	6,130	5,945
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	137,620	67,895	69,720
Americas	12,580	5,910	6,675
Brazil	380	150	230
Colombia	665	315	350
El Salvador	620	280	345
Guyana	165	65	95
Haiti	60	35	25
Jamaica	1,360	660	700
Mexico	1,720	870	850
Peru	160	45	120
Trinidad and Tobago	200	65	135
United States of America	5,215	2,375	2,835
Other places of birth in Americas	2,030	1,040	995
Europe	21,710	10,705	11,010
Bosnia and Herzegovina	500	250	250
Croatia	415	245	170
France	310	115	190
Germany	2,100	980	1,115
Greece	500	290	210
Hungary	325	175	145
Italy	585	300	280
Netherlands	965	560	400
Poland	1,080	455	625
Portugal	200	95	110
Romania	660	330	335
Russian Federation	650	270	385
Serbia⁸⁶	530	250	285
Ukraine	3,165	1,505	1,665
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,785	3,420	3,365
Other places of birth in Europe	2,940	1,455	1,490
Africa	16,080	8,440	7,640
Algeria	20	15	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	665	335	330
Egypt	805	415	385
Eritrea	1,025	535	490
Ethiopia	775	380	400
Morocco	190	110	80
Nigeria	5,030	2,620	2,410
Somalia	485	240	250
South Africa, Republic of	2,075	1,070	1,005
Other places of birth in Africa	5,010	2,720	2,290
Asia	86,515	42,500	44,015
Afghanistan	465	230	235
Iran⁸⁸	1,040	570	470
Iraq	1,440	740	700
Lebanon	220	155	60
Syria⁸⁹	1,405	665	740
Turkey	280	145	135
China⁹⁰	8,650	4,065	4,585
Hong Kong⁹¹	840	415	420
Korea, South⁹²	1,110	560	550
Taiwan	175	80	95
Philippines	35,960	17,025	18,930
Viet Nam	3,245	1,555	1,690
Bangladesh	3,235	1,720	1,515
India	15,660	8,165	7,495
Pakistan	7,110	3,630	3,480
Sri Lanka	435	220	215
Other places of birth in Asia	5,245	2,555	2,695
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	725	350	380
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	43,115	21,470	21,650
Americas	2,830	1,420	1,410
Brazil	170	95	75
Colombia	90	40	50
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	560	295	265
Mexico	560	315	250
United States of America	990	465	520
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	20	45
Other places of birth in Americas	385	190	195
Europe	2,695	1,435	1,260
France	65	30	30
Germany	100	40	60
Ireland⁹⁶	180	110	70
Italy	50	30	15
Russian Federation	100	35	65
Ukraine	755	340	415
United Kingdom⁸⁷	590	385	200
Other places of birth in Europe	855	465	395
Africa	7,520	3,960	3,560
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	90	50	35
Cameroon	50	20	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	290	150	140
Côte d'Ivoire	25	20	10
Egypt	390	195	195
Eritrea	595	310	285
Ethiopia	315	175	140
Morocco	85	45	40
Nigeria	3,305	1,765	1,545
Somalia	130	60	70
South Africa, Republic of	775	390	385
Sudan⁹⁷	300	155	140
Tunisia	60	40	20
Other places of birth in Africa	1,110	585	525
Asia	29,880	14,550	15,325
Afghanistan	140	50	85
Bangladesh	1,220	615	610
China⁹⁰	3,690	1,775	1,910
Hong Kong⁹¹	140	75	65
India	7,940	4,055	3,885
Iran⁸⁸	335	180	155
Iraq	305	155	150
Israel	50	20	25
Japan	40	15	30
Jordan	105	50	55
Korea, South⁹²	275	135	140
Lebanon	75	60	20
Nepal	130	75	50
Pakistan	1,685	820	860
Philippines	10,460	4,875	5,585
Saudi Arabia	285	125	160
Sri Lanka	65	35	35
Syria⁸⁹	1,245	600	645
Turkey	75	30	40
United Arab Emirates	195	90	105
Viet Nam	865	440	420
Other places of birth in Asia	550	260	290
Oceania and other⁹³	195	100	95
Australia	95	40	50
Other places of birth⁹⁸	100	55	40
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,103,200	549,495	553,710
First generation¹⁰⁰	158,540	79,230	79,310
Second generation¹⁰¹	121,675	59,265	62,410
Third generation or more¹⁰²	822,985	411,000	411,980
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	124,835	61,875	62,960
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	88,545	45,370	43,185
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	34,820	22,465	12,355
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	53,725	22,900	30,825
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	21,620	8,700	12,920
Refugees¹⁰⁸	14,405	7,675	6,725
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	265	135	130
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	124,835	61,875	62,960
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,885	1,155	735
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	20,335	10,710	9,620
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,170	2,185	1,985
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	7,770	4,580	3,190
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	600	230	370
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	90,090	43,025	47,065
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,103,200	549,495	553,710
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	159,365	80,495	78,870
South Asian	44,720	23,875	20,845
Chinese	18,010	8,850	9,155
Black	22,570	11,715	10,855
Filipino	43,755	21,015	22,745
Arab	5,575	2,920	2,655
Latin American	5,680	2,740	2,945
Southeast Asian	8,540	4,265	4,275
West Asian	2,830	1,445	1,380
Korean	1,850	885	955
Japanese	830	360	475
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,275	565	715
Multiple visible minorities	3,725	1,845	1,875
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	943,840	469,000	474,835
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,103,200	549,495	553,705
Canadian	107,095	54,965	52,130
English	219,665	107,240	112,420
Irish	145,415	69,495	75,920
Scottish	175,590	85,595	89,995
French, n.o.s.¹²²	108,355	52,690	55,665
German	272,475	134,060	138,420
Chinese	19,965	9,660	10,305
Italian	10,830	5,335	5,500
Indian (India)	20,755	11,165	9,590
Ukrainian	138,705	67,645	71,060
Dutch	29,410	14,540	14,870
Polish	55,605	26,820	28,780
Québécois	705	355	345
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,650	10,960	10,690
Filipino	40,160	19,305	20,860
French Canadian	5,465	2,695	2,765
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	13,375	7,020	6,360
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	50,770	24,635	26,135
Métis	56,060	27,275	28,785
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	11,985	6,340	5,645
Russian	35,920	17,415	18,505
Norwegian	70,215	33,925	36,285
Welsh	17,605	8,415	9,190
Portuguese	1,760	830	930
American	12,675	6,435	6,235
Spanish	5,670	2,555	3,115
Swedish	31,965	15,285	16,675
Hungarian	28,495	14,095	14,400
Acadian	935	485	450
Pakistani	7,640	3,995	3,645
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,065	2,110	1,950
Jewish	2,420	1,230	1,190
Punjabi	4,115	2,215	1,905
Vietnamese	4,730	2,340	2,390
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,155	1,185	970
Greek	3,075	1,530	1,540
Jamaican	2,225	1,080	1,150
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,860	2,875	2,985
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	46,340	22,465	23,875
Korean	1,950	945	1,010
Romanian	12,415	5,995	6,415
Lebanese	1,240	690	550
Iranian	1,315	700	610
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,145	1,625	1,520
Danish	10,585	5,110	5,480
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	12,300	5,895	6,405
Sikh	2,530	1,340	1,195
Austrian	17,690	8,785	8,900
Belgian	9,340	4,790	4,550
Haitian	170	100	75
Hindu	3,220	1,785	1,435
Mexican	2,620	1,300	1,320
Mennonite	11,150	5,560	5,590
Swiss	4,555	2,255	2,295
Finnish	5,180	2,435	2,745
Sri Lankan	465	220	250
Croatian	2,460	1,295	1,170
Japanese	1,295	590	710
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,195	610	585
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	680	310	370
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	6,025	3,180	2,845
Muslim	1,780	955	825
Egyptian	995	505	490
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	860	425	435
Tamil	285	145	135
Icelandic	8,345	3,915	4,425
Colombian	735	350	385
Moroccan	220	125	95
Czech	5,290	2,545	2,740
Syrian	1,140	540	605
Guyanese	325	130	195
Afghan	890	465	425
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	730	385	345
Serbian	1,325	675	645
Ojibway	2,060	1,000	1,055
Newfoundlander	555	295	260
Hong Konger	350	175	180
Ontarian	425	205	220
Persian	510	290	220
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	385	185	200
Turkish	695	375	320
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	690	300	390
Bangladeshi	3,230	1,740	1,490
Algerian	45	15	25
Brazilian	755	345	410
Nigerian	2,845	1,495	1,350
Armenian	270	110	160
Slovak	1,525	805	720
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,605	755	845
Somali	870	400	475
Taiwanese	250	125	125
Iraqi	1,250	635	615
Salvadorean	735	330	405
African Caribbean	315	165	150
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,285	645	645
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	645	315	335
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	275	150	125
Algonquin	320	150	170
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	140	80	60
Lithuanian	895	445	460
South African	1,895	975	920
Australian	980	520	455
Palestinian	120	55	65
Chilean	1,035	535	500
Congolese	640	360	285
Nova Scotian	200	110	90
Ethiopian	690	330	360
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	505	285	220
Peruvian	260	105	155
Yoruba	2,725	1,430	1,295
Cambodian (Khmer)	310	160	155
Berber	60	30	30
Albanian	405	210	185
Maltese	215	115	95
Macedonian	95	45	50
Slovenian	490	225	265
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	615	320	290
New Brunswicker	150	60	90
Gujarati	1,065	625	450
Eritrean	1,235	650	585
African Canadian	315	170	145
Israeli	175	95	80
Mohawk	365	170	190
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,210	990	1,220
Bulgarian	265	145	120
Albertan	270	125	140
Ghanaian	555	265	295
Barbadian	195	95	100
African American	840	455	390
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	745	325	430
Tunisian	65	40	25
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	580	295	285
Cuban	210	105	105
Bosnian	535	240	290
Venezuelan	160	80	80
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	30	10	20
Latvian	400	180	220
Bengali	895	445	450
Cameroonian	230	100	130
Guatemalan	295	160	135
Indonesian	355	165	185
Laotian	660	355	305
Ilocano	1,105	595	510
Northern Irish	405	220	185
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	435	255	180
British Columbian	155	85	70
Ecuadorian	225	115	110
Franco Ontarian	20	10	15
Argentinian	130	60	75
Estonian	285	130	150
Kurdish	155	65	85
Fijian	150	75	75
Jatt	290	145	145
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	325	170	160
Coptic	80	40	45
Thai	595	260	330
Dominican	160	100	60
Nepali	775	400	370
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	250	125	120
Igbo	1,170	615	555
Byelorussian	190	110	80
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	6,775	3,245	3,530
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	430	225	205
Abenaki	20	10	20
Moldovan	400	200	205
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	210	125	90
New Zealander	420	260	160
Sudanese	720	360	360
Breton	60	35	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	755	320	440
Malaysian	115	65	50
Plains Cree	9,465	4,730	4,745
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	75	35	40
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	35
Saskatchewanian	6,020	2,990	3,025
Buddhist	80	30	50
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	90	55	35
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	220	95	120
Ivorian	50	25	25
Saulteaux	6,970	3,370	3,600
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	515	225	290
Burundian	265	150	105
Tigrinya	445	235	205
Nicaraguan	250	150	95
Mauritian	290	150	140
Kenyan	295	160	135
Oji-Cree	75	55	15
Vincentian	30	20	10
Jordanian	85	60	20
Manitoban	340	165	175
Cape Bretoner	90	45	45
Rwandan	210	105	105
Grenadian	20	10	10
Malayali	340	190	150
Chaldean	455	215	245
Sinhalese	175	65	105
Mayan	100	45	55
Honduran	80	45	35
Cherokee	560	290	275
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	0	15
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10
Flemish	440	170	275
United Empire Loyalist	35	10	25
Senegalese	65	30	40
Azerbaijani	70	40	30
Sicilian	30	25	10
Pashtun	155	85	70
Malay	280	140	140
Goan	20	0	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	75	30	45
Tibetan	85	45	45
Zimbabwean	225	135	95
Burmese	435	245	190
Mongolian	205	95	105
Azorean	10	10	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	190	95	100
Oromo	195	110	85
Tanzanian	70	45	25
Yemeni	25	10	15
Central African	75	45	30
Libyan	125	55	70
Basque	65	30	40
Uruguayan	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	160	95	65
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	80	50	25
Igorot	715	325	390
Fulani	35	25	15
Woodland Cree	4,420	2,130	2,285
Guinean	30	20	10
St. Lucian	30	15	20
Prince Edward Islander	25	0	25
Maliseet	30	15	20
Beninese	20	10	0
Telugu	100	50	45
Roma	220	110	110
Costa Rican	55	15	40
African Nova Scotian	15	0	15
Malagasy	50	30	25
Kashmiri	110	60	50
Singaporean	65	30	30
Karen	925	465	460
Edo	140	70	75
Tajik	50	30	20
Amhara	75	35	40
Paraguayan	120	70	50
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,103,205	549,495	553,710
Buddhist	4,410	2,085	2,330
Christian	621,250	294,000	327,255
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	93,135	45,790	47,340
Anabaptist	11,620	5,605	6,025
Anglican	36,415	17,085	19,330
Baptist	12,150	5,715	6,435
Catholic	265,530	127,030	138,505
Christian Orthodox	13,320	6,610	6,710
Jehovah's Witness	4,530	1,960	2,570
Latter Day Saints	2,060	995	1,065
Lutheran	46,980	21,930	25,050
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,275	1,040	1,235
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	15,255	7,090	8,165
Presbyterian	4,155	1,920	2,235
Reformed	625	310	315
United Church	81,465	36,190	45,275
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	31,740	14,740	17,000
Hindu	14,150	7,865	6,285
Jewish	1,105	570	535
Muslim	25,455	13,285	12,165
Sikh	9,040	4,715	4,320
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	16,300	7,830	8,465
Other religions and spiritual traditions	7,540	3,240	4,295
No religion and secular perspectives	403,960	215,895	188,060
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,090,215	542,725	547,490
Non-movers	952,690	475,060	477,630
Movers	137,525	67,660	69,860
Non-migrants	87,445	43,195	44,250
Migrants	50,080	24,470	25,605
Internal migrants	43,570	21,240	22,325
Intraprovincial migrants	31,135	14,955	16,180
Interprovincial migrants	12,435	6,290	6,145
External migrants	6,510	3,230	3,280
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,034,525	514,365	520,155
Non-movers	640,040	320,125	319,920
Movers	394,480	194,240	200,240
Non-migrants	180,065	88,355	91,715
Migrants	214,415	105,890	108,525
Internal migrants	172,905	84,895	88,015
Intraprovincial migrants	134,460	65,855	68,605
Interprovincial migrants	38,445	19,040	19,410
External migrants	41,505	20,995	20,510
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	882,760	436,515	446,245
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	177,330	101,135	76,195
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	705,430	335,375	370,050
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	566,615	281,370	285,245
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	70,485	43,935	26,555
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	496,130	237,440	258,690
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	882,760	436,515	446,245
No certificate, diploma or degree	159,815	89,275	70,540
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	284,345	146,000	138,345
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	438,600	201,240	237,360
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	257,350	123,755	133,590
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	84,485	61,685	22,800
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	32,710	18,090	14,620
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	51,775	43,590	8,180
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	143,610	50,720	92,890
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,260	11,355	17,905
Bachelor's degree or higher	181,255	77,485	103,770
Bachelor's degree	130,060	53,265	76,785
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,890	3,790	5,095
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,205	2,680	2,525
Master's degree	31,315	14,210	17,105
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,790	3,535	2,255
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	566,615	281,370	285,245
No certificate, diploma or degree	61,380	37,625	23,755
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	171,565	91,440	80,125
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	333,670	152,305	181,370
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	187,510	91,760	95,745
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	61,810	45,770	16,040
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	23,150	13,115	10,035
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	38,660	32,655	6,005
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	106,680	38,240	68,435
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,025	7,755	11,270
Bachelor's degree or higher	146,160	60,540	85,620
Bachelor's degree	103,950	41,590	62,355
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,745	2,720	4,025
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,300	1,995	2,305
Master's degree	26,715	11,665	15,045
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,455	2,570	1,885
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	882,760	436,515	446,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	444,160	235,270	208,885
Education	41,855	10,430	31,430
13. Education	41,855	10,430	31,430
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,250	3,400	4,850
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,135	805	330
50. Visual and performing arts	7,115	2,595	4,520
Humanities	16,710	7,370	9,340
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,080	310	770
23. English language and literature/letters	3,555	1,180	2,380
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,575	1,315	2,260
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	315	100	215
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,355	740	610
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,520	2,525	1,995
54. History	2,015	1,150	870
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	290	45	250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	33,210	10,740	22,470
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	830	210	625
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,930	1,320	1,615
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,185	500	6,685
22. Legal professions and studies	5,120	1,925	3,190
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	590	225	370
42. Psychology	6,215	1,630	4,590
45. Social sciences	10,330	4,935	5,395
Business, management and public administration	92,220	29,255	62,965
30.16 Accounting and computer science	165	45	120
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,905	2,070	7,835
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	82,150	27,140	55,010
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,015	6,260	6,750
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,320	2,775	3,545
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,960	830	1,125
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	150	35	110
40. Physical sciences	3,390	2,190	1,205
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,195	435	760
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,360	9,055	5,305
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	11,735	8,025	3,710
25. Library science	950	120	825
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,435	765	675
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	235	145	90
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	94,645	87,115	7,530
04. Architecture and related services	1,710	1,050	660
14. Engineering	15,975	13,055	2,920
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	18,400	16,330	2,075
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	24,630	23,810	820
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,790	21,240	550
48. Precision production	12,130	11,630	500
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	18,995	12,340	6,650
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	15,775	10,225	5,550
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,220	2,120	1,100
Health and related fields	77,105	13,095	64,015
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,765	2,240	2,525
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	70,660	9,930	60,730
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	150	60	85
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,535	860	675
Personal, protective and transportation services	28,170	12,145	16,030
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	17,195	3,335	13,860
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	30	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	100	95	10
43. Security and protective services	5,415	3,655	1,760
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,425	5,035	390
Other¹⁷⁹	70	40	35
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	566,615	281,375	285,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	232,940	129,065	103,875
Education	27,555	6,340	21,215
13. Education	27,555	6,340	21,215
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,520	2,715	3,800
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	775	565	210
50. Visual and performing arts	5,740	2,150	3,590
Humanities	12,145	5,295	6,850
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	825	250	575
23. English language and literature/letters	2,665	875	1,790
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,815	1,065	1,755
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	220	75	150
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,010	515	500
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,930	1,695	1,235
54. History	1,490	810	680
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	190	20	170
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,915	8,320	18,600
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	725	170	550
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,545	1,165	1,375
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,850	405	5,450
22. Legal professions and studies	4,075	1,360	2,720
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	460	150	310
42. Psychology	4,770	1,125	3,640
45. Social sciences	8,490	3,940	4,550
Business, management and public administration	72,350	22,735	49,615
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	40	105
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,740	1,425	6,315
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	64,470	21,270	43,200
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,095	4,775	5,315
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,900	2,080	2,825
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,530	640	890
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	125	30	95
40. Physical sciences	2,740	1,720	1,020
41. Science technologies/technicians	795	310	485
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,025	7,645	4,375
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,205	7,005	3,195
25. Library science	655	65	590
27. Mathematics and statistics	980	470	510
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190	110	80
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	72,215	65,655	6,560
04. Architecture and related services	1,350	785	565
14. Engineering	13,255	10,650	2,600
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,385	12,545	1,845
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	18,380	17,710	670
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,630	15,160	470
48. Precision production	9,210	8,800	405
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	14,555	8,905	5,650
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	11,965	7,285	4,680
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,590	1,620	970
Health and related fields	57,430	10,205	47,225
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,605	1,645	1,955
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	52,460	7,860	44,605
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	30	65
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,265	670	600
Personal, protective and transportation services	21,820	9,680	12,135
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,955	2,655	10,305
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	25	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	10
43. Security and protective services	4,425	2,915	1,505
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,360	4,050	310
Other¹⁷⁹	45	20	25
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	566,615	281,375	285,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	232,940	129,065	103,875
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	333,675	152,305	181,370
Location of study inside Canada	277,810	125,215	152,600
Same as province or territory of residence	221,390	98,410	122,980
Different than province or territory of residence	56,420	26,805	29,615
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	55,865	27,090	28,775
Americas	7,105	3,490	3,615
United States of America	5,385	2,725	2,660
Mexico	285	130	160
Cuba	55	30	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	320	130	190
Brazil	320	155	165
Colombia	205	95	110
Peru	50	10	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	60	25	35
Other locations of study in Americas	430	195	235
Europe	7,140	3,870	3,270
Belgium	55	35	15
France	180	95	85
Germany	555	305	245
Netherlands	220	140	85
Switzerland	80	40	40
Hungary	80	35	40
Moldova¹⁸³	105	50	50
Poland	200	100	100
Romania	155	75	80
Russian Federation	285	130	160
Ukraine	1,700	820	885
Ireland⁹⁶	350	200	155
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,180	1,320	860
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	55	60
Italy	45	30	15
Serbia⁸⁶	125	80	45
Other locations of study in Europe	705	365	345
Africa	4,770	2,465	2,300
Nigeria	2,085	1,040	1,045
Algeria	10	10	0
Morocco	90	60	30
Tunisia	50	40	10
Egypt	385	195	190
South Africa, Republic of	1,035	545	495
Other locations of study in Africa	1,115	575	540
Asia	36,065	16,830	19,235
Iran⁸⁸	545	270	280
Iraq	170	95	70
Israel	90	40	50
Lebanon	40	30	20
Syria⁸⁹	140	85	60
Turkey	70	45	30
China⁹⁰	3,445	1,580	1,865
Taiwan	75	25	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	40	45
Japan	145	55	90
Korea, South⁹²	595	270	325
Philippines	15,730	6,870	8,860
Viet Nam	655	300	355
Bangladesh	1,510	765	745
Sri Lanka	145	70	75
India	9,290	4,660	4,630
Pakistan	2,595	1,310	1,285
Other locations of study in Asia	735	335	400
Oceania	780	430	355
Australia	645	365	280
New Zealand	125	60	60
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	0	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	882,760	436,515	446,245
In the labour force	577,510	303,915	273,590
Employed	528,900	277,285	251,620
Unemployed	48,605	26,640	21,970
Not in the labour force	305,250	132,595	172,660
Participation rate	65.4	69.6	61.3
Employment rate	59.9	63.5	56.4
Unemployment rate	8.4	8.8	8.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	882,760	436,515	446,245
Did not work¹⁸⁶	312,775	138,210	174,575
Worked	569,980	298,310	271,675
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	313,995	176,910	137,085
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	255,980	121,395	134,590
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.2	41.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	577,505	303,920	273,590
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,000	7,290	6,715
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	563,505	296,630	266,870
Employee	469,850	237,200	232,650
Permanent position	383,850	196,385	187,470
Temporary position	86,000	40,815	45,180
Fixed term (1 year or more)	24,010	9,810	14,200
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	61,985	31,005	30,985
Self-employed¹⁹²	93,655	59,430	34,225
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	577,505	303,920	273,590
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,000	7,290	6,715
All occupations¹⁹¹	563,505	296,630	266,870
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,305	3,110	2,195
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	82,325	22,340	59,985
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	30,545	23,195	7,345
3 Health occupations	49,765	8,520	41,245
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	71,380	22,580	48,800
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	11,145	4,145	7,000
6 Sales and service occupations	133,655	57,805	75,855
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	105,470	96,690	8,780
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	54,755	42,350	12,405
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,165	15,900	3,265
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	577,505	303,920	273,590
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,000	7,290	6,715
All industries¹⁹¹	563,505	296,630	266,870
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	48,750	34,620	14,130
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	18,555	16,035	2,515
22 Utilities	5,855	4,320	1,530
23 Construction	44,130	38,640	5,490
31-33 Manufacturing	26,200	20,290	5,910
41 Wholesale trade	19,815	14,675	5,135
44-45 Retail trade	61,480	30,005	31,475
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	24,225	19,320	4,910
51 Information and cultural industries	8,130	4,180	3,950
52 Finance and insurance	19,600	6,845	12,750
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	7,195	3,950	3,240
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	26,670	13,725	12,945
55 Management of companies and enterprises	785	350	440
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	17,545	10,140	7,405
61 Educational services	46,205	13,905	32,305
62 Health care and social assistance	80,465	14,190	66,270
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	10,150	5,090	5,060
72 Accommodation and food services	32,705	14,110	18,595
81 Other services (except public administration)	25,825	12,800	13,025
91 Public administration	39,210	19,420	19,795
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	615,785	321,390	294,395
English	597,140	312,770	284,370
French	1,205	335	865
Non-official language	2,200	1,100	1,100
Indigenous³⁹	250	130	125
Non-Indigenous	1,950	975	975
English and French	3,715	1,425	2,290
English and non-official language(s)	11,275	5,640	5,640
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	180	80	100
Multiple non-official languages	70	45	30
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	615,785	321,390	294,395
Single responses	613,080	320,105	292,980
Official languages	608,585	317,760	290,825
English	606,550	317,230	289,325
French	2,035	530	1,500
Non-official languages	4,495	2,340	2,155
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,140	595	550
Algonquian languages	735	405	330
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	720	400	325
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	720	400	325
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	20	10	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	105	60	45
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	75	50	30
Cree, n.o.s.	520	275	245
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	10	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	10	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	370	175	200
Northern Athabaskan languages	370	175	200
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	370	175	200
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	25	10	10
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	10	10
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	10	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,360	1,750	1,610
Afro-Asiatic languages	40	15	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	40	15	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	30	15	20
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	360	175	185
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	360	175	185
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	220	90	130
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	20	10	10
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	195	75	120
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,000	550	450
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	95	60	35
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	95	60	35
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	45	30	15
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	55	30	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	225	145	85
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	105	70	35
German	95	65	30
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	120	70	45
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	80	55	30
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	30	15	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	455	250	205
Indo-Aryan languages	400	220	175
Bengali	25	15	15
Gujarati	40	0	35
Hindi	35	30	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	240	145	90
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	55	25	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	60	30	30
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	60	30	30
Dari	10	10	0
Iranian Persian	50	25	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	195	80	115
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	0	15
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	175	80	95
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	75	50	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	50	20	25
American Sign Language	45	20	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,565	820	740
Chinese languages	1,505	795	710
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,125	580	545
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	345	190	150
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	25	30
Burmese	10	0	0
Karenic languages	50	25	20
S'gaw Karen	50	25	20
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,710	1,290	1,420
English and French	390	150	250
English and non-official language(s)	2,290	1,140	1,155
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	0	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	615,785	321,390	294,395
None	603,050	315,370	287,680
English	2,935	1,355	1,580
French	2,530	1,090	1,440
Non-official language	6,265	3,050	3,215
Indigenous³⁹	2,130	895	1,235
Non-Indigenous	4,140	2,155	1,980
English and French	10	0	10
English and non-official language(s)	120	45	80
French and non-official language(s)	130	65	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	750	420	335
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	528,900	277,280	251,620
Worked at home	97,525	49,585	47,940
Worked outside Canada	755	515	235
No fixed workplace address	71,095	54,970	16,125
Usual place of work	359,530	172,210	187,320
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	359,530	172,215	187,315
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	245,520	112,700	132,815
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	78,380	39,945	38,430
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	26,900	14,655	12,250
Commute to a different province or territory	8,735	4,920	3,815
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	430,625	227,180	203,440
Car, truck or van	389,035	208,585	180,445
Car, truck or van - as a driver	364,190	199,915	164,270
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	24,850	8,670	16,180
Public transit	7,935	3,030	4,905
Walked	22,105	9,315	12,795
Bicycle	3,045	1,980	1,070
Other method	8,505	4,280	4,225
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	430,625	227,180	203,440
Less than 15 minutes	202,860	98,070	104,795
15 to 29 minutes	152,070	82,490	69,585
30 to 44 minutes	42,705	25,055	17,655
45 to 59 minutes	14,775	8,890	5,875
60 minutes and over	18,210	12,675	5,535
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	430,625	227,180	203,440
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	25,595	18,700	6,890
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	74,470	47,500	26,975
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	132,035	70,585	61,450
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	94,680	40,390	54,285
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	46,065	19,245	26,815
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	57,780	30,760	27,015
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	266,595	136,825	129,775
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,535	7,860	7,680
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	251,060	128,965	122,095
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	192,900	99,195	93,705
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,720	5,965	5,760
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,000	3,445	3,555
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,720	2,515	2,205
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	181,180	93,235	87,950

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 16, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
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