Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	SaskatchewanMore information: [Province]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,132,505	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,098,352	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	513,725	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	449,581	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	577,060.40	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,132,505	563,120	569,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	223,115	114,360	108,755	19.7	20.3	19.1
0 to 4 years	69,455	35,555	33,900	6.1	6.3	6.0
5 to 9 years	76,545	39,210	37,340	6.8	7.0	6.6
10 to 14 years	77,120	39,600	37,520	6.8	7.0	6.6
15 to 64 years	711,405	357,000	354,410	62.8	63.4	62.2
15 to 19 years	68,510	35,525	32,985	6.0	6.3	5.8
20 to 24 years	66,870	34,580	32,295	5.9	6.1	5.7
25 to 29 years	70,030	35,420	34,605	6.2	6.3	6.1
30 to 34 years	78,380	38,930	39,450	6.9	6.9	6.9
35 to 39 years	79,420	39,380	40,040	7.0	7.0	7.0
40 to 44 years	73,055	36,670	36,380	6.5	6.5	6.4
45 to 49 years	65,075	32,425	32,655	5.7	5.8	5.7
50 to 54 years	62,745	31,300	31,440	5.5	5.6	5.5
55 to 59 years	73,165	36,045	37,120	6.5	6.4	6.5
60 to 64 years	74,155	36,725	37,430	6.5	6.5	6.6
65 years and over	197,980	91,765	106,215	17.5	16.3	18.7
65 to 69 years	64,770	32,140	32,630	5.7	5.7	5.7
70 to 74 years	48,945	23,790	25,160	4.3	4.2	4.4
75 to 79 years	33,045	15,605	17,445	2.9	2.8	3.1
80 to 84 years	23,460	10,290	13,170	2.1	1.8	2.3
85 years and over	27,765	9,945	17,820	2.5	1.8	3.1
85 to 89 years	16,165	6,290	9,870	1.4	1.1	1.7
90 to 94 years	8,715	2,965	5,750	0.8	0.5	1.0
95 to 99 years	2,435	625	1,810	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	450	60	385	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.7	20.3	19.1	19.7	20.3	19.1
15 to 64 years	62.8	63.4	62.2	62.8	63.4	62.2
65 years and over	17.5	16.3	18.7	17.5	16.3	18.7
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.1	2.5	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	39.8	38.9	40.7	39.8	38.9	40.7
Median age of the population	38.8	38.0	39.6	38.8	38.0	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	449,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	322,070	...	...	71.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	13,680	...	...	3.0	...	...
Row house	19,860	...	...	4.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	11,240	...	...	2.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	61,855	...	...	13.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,040	...	...	2.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	755	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	9,090	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	449,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	130,110	...	...	28.9	...	...
2 persons	158,555	...	...	35.3	...	...
3 persons	60,185	...	...	13.4	...	...
4 persons	57,860	...	...	12.9	...	...
5 or more persons	42,875	...	...	9.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,103,205	549,475	553,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	909,390	448,765	460,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	526,835	263,575	263,255	57.9	58.7	57.2
Married	440,040	220,210	219,830	48.4	49.1	47.7
Living common-law	86,795	43,365	43,430	9.5	9.7	9.4
Living common law - Never married	65,395	32,860	32,530	7.2	7.3	7.1
Living common law - Separated	3,075	1,580	1,495	0.3	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	16,305	8,125	8,185	1.8	1.8	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	2,025	800	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	382,560	185,185	197,370	42.1	41.3	42.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	258,905	142,445	116,460	28.5	31.7	25.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	20,685	9,310	11,375	2.3	2.1	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	50,635	22,150	28,485	5.6	4.9	6.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	52,330	11,280	41,050	5.8	2.5	8.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	308,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	160,870	...	...	52.1	...	...
3 persons	58,650	...	...	19.0	...	...
4 persons	55,775	...	...	18.1	...	...
5 or more persons	33,390	...	...	10.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	308,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	255,910	...	...	82.9	...	...
Married couples	212,520	...	...	68.8	...	...
With children⁶	106,385	...	...	34.5	...	...
Without children	106,135	...	...	34.4	...	...
Common-law couples	43,395	...	...	14.1	...	...
With children⁶	18,190	...	...	5.9	...	...
Without children	25,205	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	52,775	...	...	17.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	39,825	...	...	12.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	12,955	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,103,205	549,475	553,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	903,775	448,945	454,830	81.9	81.7	82.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	511,820	255,785	256,040	46.4	46.6	46.2
Parents in one-parent families	52,780	12,955	39,820	4.8	2.4	7.2
Children⁶	339,175	180,210	158,965	30.7	32.8	28.7
In a two-parent family	248,725	130,995	117,725	22.5	23.8	21.3
In a one-parent family	90,455	49,210	41,240	8.2	9.0	7.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	199,425	100,530	98,895	18.1	18.3	17.9
Living alone	130,105	62,520	67,590	11.8	11.4	12.2
Living with other relatives⁷	28,150	13,805	14,345	2.6	2.5	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	41,165	24,200	16,960	3.7	4.4	3.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	275,515	...	...	61.3	...	...
Couple-family households	236,790	...	...	52.7	...	...
With children⁶	113,990	...	...	25.4	...	...
Without children	122,800	...	...	27.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	38,720	...	...	8.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	9,815	...	...	2.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,960	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	13,265	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	18,915	...	...	4.2	...	...
One-person households	130,105	...	...	28.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	882,780	436,550	446,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	844,920	417,025	427,895	95.7	95.5	95.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,000	38,400	42,400	48,000	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	845,455	417,320	428,130	95.8	95.6	95.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,400	35,200	38,400	42,400	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	757,325	379,255	378,070	85.8	86.9	84.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,400	30,600	36,800	44,400	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	622,670	322,180	300,495	70.5	73.8	67.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,600	31,400	36,800	43,600	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,755	364,545	387,210	85.2	83.5	86.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,800	6,750	10,100	8,800	6,750	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,485	43,415	41,065	9.6	9.9	9.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	6,000	5,920	6,000	6,000	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	214,100	103,150	110,950	24.3	23.6	24.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	882,760	436,515	446,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	845,425	417,040	428,380	95.8	95.5	96.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,050	60,250	46,080	53,050	60,250	46,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	845,965	417,355	428,610	95.8	95.6	96.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,680	49,360	40,080	44,680	49,360	40,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	757,585	378,980	378,605	85.8	86.8	84.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,680	57,250	40,040	48,680	57,250	40,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	622,690	321,515	301,175	70.5	73.7	67.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,360	54,650	39,600	47,360	54,650	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,480	363,960	387,525	85.1	83.4	86.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,650	9,420	11,800	10,650	9,420	11,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,595	42,755	40,840	9.5	9.8	9.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,330	7,060	7,610	7,330	7,060	7,610
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	213,970	103,245	110,725	24.2	23.7	24.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,960	9,040	9,000	8,960	9,040
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	882,760	436,515	446,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	301,310	168,990	132,320	34.1	38.7	29.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	67,000	56,000	62,000	67,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,100	76,500	61,850	70,100	76,500	61,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	237,965	111,525	126,440	27.0	25.5	28.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,600	17,000	19,000	21,600	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,120	34,440	24,440	29,120	34,440	24,440
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.2	86.4	76.8	82.2	86.4	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.8	69.8	60.4	65.8	69.8	60.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.8	13.6	23.2	17.8	13.6	23.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	4.1	6.2	5.0	4.1	6.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.3	3.7	5.1	4.3	3.7	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	882,780	436,550	446,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	37,860	19,525	18,335	4.3	4.5	4.1
With total income	844,915	417,025	427,890	95.7	95.5	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	71,550	33,580	37,975	8.5	8.1	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	92,735	40,045	52,690	11.0	9.6	12.3
$20,000 to $29,999	126,965	54,565	72,400	15.0	13.1	16.9
$30,000 to $39,999	105,405	45,260	60,150	12.5	10.9	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	96,850	43,305	53,545	11.5	10.4	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	80,190	38,235	41,955	9.5	9.2	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	63,160	33,360	29,800	7.5	8.0	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	49,340	27,775	21,560	5.8	6.7	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	38,610	22,165	16,450	4.6	5.3	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	30,895	17,430	13,460	3.7	4.2	3.1
$100,000 and over	89,220	61,310	27,910	10.6	14.7	6.5
$100,000 to $149,999	62,465	40,955	21,510	7.4	9.8	5.0
$150,000 and over	26,750	20,350	6,400	3.2	4.9	1.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	882,780	436,550	446,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	37,330	19,230	18,100	4.2	4.4	4.1
With after-tax income	845,450	417,320	428,130	95.8	95.6	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	74,770	34,925	39,840	8.8	8.4	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	96,975	41,905	55,070	11.5	10.0	12.9
$20,000 to $29,999	143,230	62,170	81,055	16.9	14.9	18.9
$30,000 to $39,999	125,245	55,255	69,990	14.8	13.2	16.3
$40,000 to $49,999	113,220	53,350	59,870	13.4	12.8	14.0
$50,000 to $59,999	87,685	45,835	41,850	10.4	11.0	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	63,720	35,460	28,260	7.5	8.5	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	47,135	26,270	20,865	5.6	6.3	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	29,945	17,670	12,275	3.5	4.2	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	19,390	12,375	7,010	2.3	3.0	1.6
$100,000 and over	44,145	32,100	12,040	5.2	7.7	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	24,420	17,370	7,050	2.9	4.2	1.6
$125,000 and over	19,725	14,730	4,990	2.3	3.5	1.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	882,780	436,550	446,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	260,105	114,375	145,735	29.5	26.2	32.7
With employment income	622,670	322,175	300,490	70.5	73.8	67.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	90,620	43,400	47,215	14.6	13.5	15.7
$5,000 to $9,999	49,340	22,310	27,030	7.9	6.9	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	72,905	33,690	39,215	11.7	10.5	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	58,850	26,960	31,890	9.5	8.4	10.6
$30,000 to $39,999	56,210	25,585	30,625	9.0	7.9	10.2
$40,000 to $49,999	54,395	25,875	28,520	8.7	8.0	9.5
$50,000 to $59,999	47,765	24,415	23,350	7.7	7.6	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	40,940	22,855	18,090	6.6	7.1	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	33,380	19,360	14,015	5.4	6.0	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	29,020	16,645	12,375	4.7	5.2	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	23,480	13,565	9,915	3.8	4.2	3.3
$100,000 and over	65,770	47,510	18,255	10.6	14.7	6.1
$100,000 to $124,999	31,845	20,990	10,855	5.1	6.5	3.6
$125,000 and over	33,925	26,520	7,405	5.4	8.2	2.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	882,780	436,550	446,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	825,815	406,805	419,010	93.5	93.2	93.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	48,000	35,600	41,200	48,000	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	826,075	406,845	419,225	93.6	93.2	93.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,400	32,800	37,200	42,400	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	745,575	372,880	372,700	84.5	85.4	83.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,400	31,600	38,400	46,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	619,030	320,010	299,020	70.1	73.3	67.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	45,600	32,400	38,400	45,600	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	712,010	346,320	365,690	80.7	79.3	82.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,360	1,240	6,160	3,360	1,240	6,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	69,035	34,850	34,185	7.8	8.0	7.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,360	6,240	6,500	6,360	6,240	6,500
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	882,760	436,515	446,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	826,385	406,875	419,505	93.6	93.2	94.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,350	59,400	43,480	51,350	59,400	43,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	826,660	406,915	419,740	93.6	93.2	94.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,960	48,440	37,640	42,960	48,440	37,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	746,260	372,755	373,505	84.5	85.4	83.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,600	58,900	40,320	49,600	58,900	40,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	619,710	319,750	299,965	70.2	73.3	67.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,320	56,150	39,960	48,320	56,150	39,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	712,110	346,290	365,820	80.7	79.3	82.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,580	6,400	8,700	7,580	6,400	8,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,920	34,910	34,015	7.8	8.0	7.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,030	7,450	8,630	8,030	7,450	8,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	882,760	436,515	446,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	299,100	167,785	131,315	33.9	38.4	29.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,800	65,000	52,400	58,800	65,000	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,100	74,200	57,950	67,100	74,200	57,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	222,840	104,130	118,710	25.2	23.9	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	28,600	21,800	24,400	28,600	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,880	41,840	28,800	34,880	41,840	28,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.2	90.8	82.6	87.2	90.8	82.6
Employment income (%)	70.6	74.2	65.6	70.6	74.2	65.6
Government transfers (%)	12.7	9.2	17.4	12.7	9.2	17.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6	1.3	1.1	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	449,580	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	130,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	319,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	449,580	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,800	...	...	99,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,100	...	...	84,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	129,935	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,300	...	...	53,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,680	...	...	44,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	319,645	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,700	...	...	118,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,100	...	...	100,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	449,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,030	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,640	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,645	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,295	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	19,430	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	15,705	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,730	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	17,200	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	17,145	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	17,225	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	33,580	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	32,145	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	30,370	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	28,270	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	26,025	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	177,135	...	...	39.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	53,545	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	39,320	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	47,170	...	...	10.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	37,100	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	449,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,735	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,730	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,800	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,635	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	20,715	...	...	4.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,735	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	17,085	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	20,380	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	20,090	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	19,875	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	39,515	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	37,680	...	...	8.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	35,090	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	31,875	...	...	7.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	28,180	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	139,455	...	...	31.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	54,690	...	...	12.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	35,800	...	...	8.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	48,965	...	...	10.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	306,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	124,905	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	125,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	47,700	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...	59,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	171,275	86,725	84,555	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	41,200	37,600	39,200	41,200	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,800	34,800	35,600	36,800	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	306,600	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,600	...	...	118,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,800	...	...	99,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	125,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,300	...	...	92,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	125,520	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...	145,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,200	...	...	121,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,570	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,100	...	...	73,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,900	...	...	65,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	171,095	86,755	84,335	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,640	52,300	46,880	49,640	52,300	46,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,960	43,200	40,680	41,960	43,200	40,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,103,200	549,475	553,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	261,770	134,340	127,430	23.7	24.4	23.0
0 to 5 years	83,310	42,545	40,765	7.6	7.7	7.4
18 to 64 years	657,835	328,185	329,655	59.6	59.7	59.5
65 years and over	183,595	86,950	96,645	16.6	15.8	17.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	147,955	71,010	76,945	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	45,500	23,280	22,215	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	15,520	7,735	7,790	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	74,450	36,410	38,040	...	...	...
65 years and over	28,000	11,315	16,690	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.4	12.9	13.9	13.4	12.9	13.9
0 to 17 years (%)	17.4	17.3	17.4	17.4	17.3	17.4
0 to 5 years (%)	18.6	18.2	19.1	18.6	18.2	19.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.3	11.1	11.5	11.3	11.1	11.5
65 years and over (%)	15.3	13.0	17.3	15.3	13.0	17.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,047,470	521,355	526,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	239,370	122,980	116,385	22.9	23.6	22.1
0 to 5 years	76,215	39,020	37,195	7.3	7.5	7.1
18 to 64 years	628,090	313,165	314,925	60.0	60.1	59.9
65 years and over	180,015	85,205	94,805	17.2	16.3	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	42,310	22,585	19,730	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	10,250	5,365	4,890	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,285	1,675	1,610	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	29,210	15,830	13,375	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,850	1,390	1,465	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.0	4.3	3.8	4.0	4.3	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.2
0 to 5 years (%)	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3
18 to 64 years (%)	4.7	5.1	4.3	4.7	5.1	4.3
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,103,200	549,475	553,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	580,685	283,030	297,655	52.6	51.5	53.8
In bottom decile	129,985	64,240	65,750	11.8	11.7	11.9
In second decile	119,140	55,775	63,370	10.8	10.2	11.4
In third decile	112,825	54,665	58,160	10.2	9.9	10.5
In fourth decile	110,110	54,280	55,835	10.0	9.9	10.1
In fifth decile	108,615	54,070	54,540	9.8	9.8	9.8
In top half of the distribution	522,520	266,445	256,075	47.4	48.5	46.2
In sixth decile	107,950	54,265	53,680	9.8	9.9	9.7
In seventh decile	108,365	54,950	53,415	9.8	10.0	9.6
In eighth decile	108,465	55,155	53,315	9.8	10.0	9.6
In ninth decile	106,220	54,550	51,670	9.6	9.9	9.3
In top decile	91,515	47,520	44,000	8.3	8.6	7.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,103,200	...	...	1,103,200	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.447	...	...	0.447	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.293	...	...	0.293	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,116,045	555,220	560,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,055,000	527,580	527,420	94.5	95.0	94.0
French only	450	210	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	51,970	23,490	28,480	4.7	4.2	5.1
Neither English nor French	8,625	3,940	4,685	0.8	0.7	0.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,116,045	555,220	560,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,094,690	545,105	549,585	98.1	98.2	98.0
French	11,335	5,500	5,835	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and French	1,815	905	905	0.2	0.2	0.2
Neither English nor French	8,200	3,705	4,495	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,116,045	555,220	560,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,082,470	538,920	543,550	97.0	97.1	96.9
Official languages	924,330	461,055	463,275	82.8	83.0	82.6
English	911,765	454,950	456,815	81.7	81.9	81.5
French	12,565	6,105	6,460	1.1	1.1	1.2
Non-official languages	158,135	77,865	80,275	14.2	14.0	14.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	20,785	9,935	10,850	1.9	1.8	1.9
Algonquian languages	14,490	6,910	7,575	1.3	1.2	1.4
Blackfoot	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	13,810	6,595	7,215	1.2	1.2	1.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	13,810	6,595	7,215	1.2	1.2	1.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	440	220	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	3,005	1,440	1,570	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	1,255	580	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.	9,060	4,325	4,735	0.8	0.8	0.8
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	670	310	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	665	310	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	590	275	310	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5,790	2,790	2,995	0.5	0.5	0.5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5,780	2,785	2,995	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5,780	2,785	2,995	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	260	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	137,355	67,925	69,430	12.3	12.2	12.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,795	3,935	3,860	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,010	480	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	690	320	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,730	3,425	3,300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Amharic	370	170	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,610	2,370	2,235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	665	330	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	345	170	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	275	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,010	515	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,590	1,705	1,880	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	3,455	1,645	1,815	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	27,210	12,750	14,460	2.4	2.3	2.6
Bikol	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	580	270	315	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	1,365	620	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	365	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,085	490	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	22,680	10,680	12,010	2.0	1.9	2.1
Waray-Waray	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	295	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	225	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,645	1,450	1,190	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,660	915	745	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	440	235	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	430	245	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	73,910	37,200	36,715	6.6	6.7	6.5
Albanian	325	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	13,790	6,380	7,410	1.2	1.1	1.3
Baltic languages	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,640	6,305	7,330	1.2	1.1	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,335	595	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	2,565	1,180	1,385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,080	550	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	245	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	360	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	445	240	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	8,030	3,685	4,340	0.7	0.7	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	21,360	10,450	10,905	1.9	1.9	1.9
Frisian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	16,020	7,795	8,225	1.4	1.4	1.5
German	15,875	7,715	8,160	1.4	1.4	1.5
Pennsylvania German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,795	2,400	2,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	1,360	720	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,020	520	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	540	255	285	0.0	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	1,765	855	910	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	515	245	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	195	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	805	415	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	30,330	16,195	14,135	2.7	2.9	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages	27,930	14,925	13,005	2.5	2.7	2.3
Assamese	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,680	1,925	1,760	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	5,175	2,930	2,245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hindi	2,395	1,375	1,020	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	175	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	745	390	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,555	4,570	3,985	0.8	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	285	130	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	6,510	3,285	3,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,390	1,265	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	480	275	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,660	855	805	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dari	390	205	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,105	565	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,130	3,495	3,635	0.6	0.6	0.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	595	295	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	875	385	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	735	360	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,915	2,450	2,465	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	250	75	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,690	815	880	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,890	1,485	1,405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	220	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	305	170	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	445	225	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	835	435	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	345	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	470	255	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	230	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,515	7,115	7,395	1.3	1.3	1.3
Chinese languages	13,470	6,595	6,875	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hakka	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,150	4,495	4,655	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,765	1,825	1,935	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,015	510	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	785	395	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	675	350	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	420	170	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	270	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	145	40	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	400	200	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	295	155	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,085	525	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	910	450	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	33,575	16,305	17,275	3.0	2.9	3.1
English and French	3,525	1,700	1,825	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	27,035	13,180	13,855	2.4	2.4	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	350	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	415	195	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,250	1,055	1,200	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,116,045	555,220	560,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	938,715	467,760	470,955	84.1	84.2	84.0
French	2,095	1,010	1,080	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	41,955	20,925	21,035	3.8	3.8	3.8
Indigenous³⁹	4,235	2,105	2,135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-Indigenous	37,720	18,820	18,895	3.4	3.4	3.4
English and French	7,920	3,650	4,265	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	118,480	58,500	59,980	10.6	10.5	10.7
French and non-official language(s)	280	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,595	1,230	1,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	4,005	2,005	2,000	0.4	0.4	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,116,045	555,220	560,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,084,685	539,755	544,930	97.2	97.2	97.2
Official languages	993,865	494,130	499,730	89.1	89.0	89.1
English	990,645	492,580	498,070	88.8	88.7	88.8
French	3,215	1,550	1,665	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	90,820	45,625	45,195	8.1	8.2	8.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	9,060	4,505	4,560	0.8	0.8	0.8
Algonquian languages	4,890	2,475	2,420	0.4	0.4	0.4
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	4,780	2,415	2,370	0.4	0.4	0.4
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	4,780	2,415	2,370	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	195	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	865	440	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	455	235	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	3,250	1,625	1,630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	4,030	1,965	2,070	0.4	0.4	0.4
Northern Athabaskan languages	4,025	1,955	2,070	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	4,025	1,955	2,070	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,760	41,125	40,635	7.3	7.4	7.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,140	2,505	2,630	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	680	325	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	435	200	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,445	2,175	2,270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	195	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,055	1,500	1,560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	455	210	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	225	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	710	360	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,735	1,340	1,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,700	1,325	1,370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	16,905	8,200	8,705	1.5	1.5	1.6
Bikol	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	315	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	740	360	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	490	235	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	14,610	7,085	7,520	1.3	1.3	1.3
Waray-Waray	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,765	940	825	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,175	640	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	275	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	260	140	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	40,455	20,825	19,625	3.6	3.8	3.5
Albanian	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,420	2,220	2,200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,345	2,185	2,160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	330	150	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	1,575	795	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	465	235	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	255	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,700	870	830	0.2	0.2	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	9,335	4,615	4,715	0.8	0.8	0.8
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	7,845	3,845	4,000	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	7,820	3,835	3,990	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,455	755	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	875	465	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	370	170	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	22,590	11,955	10,635	2.0	2.2	1.9
Indo-Aryan languages	20,940	11,115	9,825	1.9	2.0	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,700	1,415	1,290	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	3,975	2,205	1,775	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hindi	1,670	950	715	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	540	285	255	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,955	3,665	3,285	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	4,645	2,370	2,275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,640	835	805	0.1	0.2	0.1
Baluchi	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	315	170	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,160	580	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	215	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	835	420	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,545	1,770	1,770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	415	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	310	155	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,685	1,350	1,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,250	625	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,130	550	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	240	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	300	135	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	225	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	355	205	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	250	150	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,010	5,445	5,565	1.0	1.0	1.0
Chinese languages	10,220	5,040	5,180	0.9	0.9	0.9
Hakka	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,415	3,695	3,715	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,490	1,190	1,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	780	400	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	615	310	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	530	270	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	31,360	15,460	15,900	2.8	2.8	2.8
English and French	1,325	615	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	29,060	14,370	14,695	2.6	2.6	2.6
French and non-official language(s)	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	250	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	590	285	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,116,045	555,220	560,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,008,760	502,475	506,285	90.4	90.5	90.3
English	39,070	19,635	19,435	3.5	3.5	3.5
French	6,395	2,935	3,455	0.6	0.5	0.6
Non-official language	48,520	23,370	25,145	4.3	4.2	4.5
Indigenous³⁹	10,735	4,980	5,755	1.0	0.9	1.0
Non-Indigenous	37,785	18,390	19,395	3.4	3.3	3.5
English and French	345	180	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	6,935	3,595	3,345	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	1,155	515	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	4,795	2,475	2,320	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,103,200	549,495	553,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,095,170	545,875	549,300	99.3	99.3	99.2
English	1,094,790	545,650	549,135	99.2	99.3	99.2
French	52,065	23,725	28,335	4.7	4.3	5.1
Non-official languages	209,395	103,350	106,050	19.0	18.8	19.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	35,075	16,800	18,280	3.2	3.1	3.3
Algonquian languages	25,960	12,535	13,430	2.4	2.3	2.4
Blackfoot	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	24,850	11,960	12,895	2.3	2.2	2.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	24,850	11,960	12,895	2.3	2.2	2.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	855	440	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	6,450	3,070	3,375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	2,365	1,125	1,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.	15,355	7,415	7,945	1.4	1.3	1.4
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,330	685	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	1,275	665	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,120	575	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway, n.o.s.	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	8,085	3,795	4,295	0.7	0.7	0.8
Northern Athabaskan languages	8,080	3,795	4,285	0.7	0.7	0.8
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	8,080	3,795	4,285	0.7	0.7	0.8
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	855	395	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	725	365	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assiniboine	185	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	395	185	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	174,635	86,680	87,955	15.8	15.8	15.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,165	5,770	5,395	1.0	1.1	1.0
Berber languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	265	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	245	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,415	720	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	180	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	900	450	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	165	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	9,850	5,120	4,735	0.9	0.9	0.9
Amharic	855	440	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	7,265	3,825	3,445	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	1,200	565	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	605	280	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	540	255	285	0.0	0.0	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	470	250	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,365	710	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	160	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,625	2,275	2,355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	4,440	2,165	2,280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	37,460	17,730	19,730	3.4	3.2	3.6
Bikol	305	130	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	915	430	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	2,180	1,010	1,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	605	270	335	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	2,500	1,175	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	215	85	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	205	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	105	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	485	250	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	36,125	17,020	19,110	3.3	3.1	3.5
Waray-Waray	245	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,155	545	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	950	480	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	385	195	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	205	80	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,190	2,210	1,980	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	225	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,515	1,335	1,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,120	625	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	845	445	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	89,555	45,335	44,220	8.1	8.3	8.0
Albanian	380	220	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	17,185	7,985	9,200	1.6	1.5	1.7
Baltic languages	195	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	17,095	7,945	9,145	1.5	1.4	1.7
Belarusian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,745	800	945	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	5,305	2,590	2,715	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,705	865	835	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	400	195	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	745	405	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	965	495	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10,795	4,935	5,855	1.0	0.9	1.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	185	105	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	18,455	9,290	9,165	1.7	1.7	1.7
Frisian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	11,940	5,995	5,945	1.1	1.1	1.1
German	11,815	5,935	5,880	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,140	3,205	2,935	0.6	0.6	0.5
Afrikaans	2,175	1,185	990	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	1,285	680	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	590	275	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	2,015	1,025	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	955	395	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	255	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	485	175	305	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	235	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,430	730	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	39,895	21,385	18,505	3.6	3.9	3.3
Indo-Aryan languages	37,480	20,070	17,410	3.4	3.7	3.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,490	2,350	2,140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	6,965	3,985	2,985	0.6	0.7	0.5
Hindi	15,740	8,600	7,140	1.4	1.6	1.3
Kacchi	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	520	270	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,040	550	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,310	7,110	6,200	1.2	1.3	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	250	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	405	180	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10,540	5,470	5,070	1.0	1.0	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	345	205	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,025	1,640	1,390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	170	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	745	415	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,045	1,095	950	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	610	335	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,340	710	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,285	6,885	7,400	1.3	1.3	1.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,400	670	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,320	655	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	915	450	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	11,185	5,395	5,785	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,170	585	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,870	900	970	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	7,440	3,945	3,495	0.7	0.7	0.6
Akan (Twi)	515	255	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,200	630	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	320	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	180	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	70	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	310	180	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,165	665	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	2,865	1,520	1,345	0.3	0.3	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	990	545	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	615	305	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	180	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	375	200	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,450	645	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	1,135	505	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	160	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,055	8,335	8,725	1.5	1.5	1.6
Chinese languages	15,625	7,620	8,005	1.4	1.4	1.4
Hakka	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	11,590	5,640	5,955	1.1	1.0	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	275	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,120	2,465	2,660	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	360	185	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,370	690	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	355	185	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	1,020	490	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	890	430	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	590	280	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	360	200	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	290	115	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	700	360	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	85	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	565	295	270	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,240	595	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,055	500	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,103,200	549,495	553,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	187,885	91,375	96,515	17.0	16.6	17.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	184,435	89,725	94,705	16.7	16.3	17.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	121,175	58,665	62,505	11.0	10.7	11.3
Métis	62,800	30,860	31,940	5.7	5.6	5.8
Inuk (Inuit)	460	200	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	2,030	985	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,425	665	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	915,310	458,120	457,195	83.0	83.4	82.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,103,200	549,495	553,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	115,055	55,385	59,670	10.4	10.1	10.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	988,145	494,110	494,035	89.6	89.9	89.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	317,655	...	...	70.7	...	...
Renter	118,590	...	...	26.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	13,335	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	49,490	...	...	11.0	...	...
Not condominium	400,095	...	...	89.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,945	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	41,900	...	...	9.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	103,860	...	...	23.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	150,360	...	...	33.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	151,520	...	...	33.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	105,050	...	...	23.4	...	...
5 rooms	70,620	...	...	15.7	...	...
6 rooms	66,100	...	...	14.7	...	...
7 rooms	59,535	...	...	13.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	148,270	...	...	33.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	438,000	...	...	97.4	...	...
More than one person per room	11,580	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	426,835	...	...	94.9	...	...
Not suitable	22,745	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	95,405	...	...	21.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	147,720	...	...	32.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	61,990	...	...	13.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	35,005	...	...	7.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	18,130	...	...	4.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	27,525	...	...	6.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	37,840	...	...	8.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	25,970	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	414,215	...	...	92.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	35,365	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	235,175	...	...	52.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	198,995	...	...	44.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	15,415	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	17,560	...	...	3.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	68,760	...	...	15.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	82,625	...	...	18.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	72,290	...	...	16.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	85,955	...	...	19.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	69,235	...	...	15.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	37,545	...	...	8.4	...	...
85 years and over	15,605	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	414,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	342,875	...	...	82.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	71,445	...	...	17.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	65,430	...	...	15.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	449,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	118,475	...	...	26.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	63,870	...	...	14.2	...	...
Not suitable only	16,865	...	...	3.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	26,900	...	...	6.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,370	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	4,960	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	3,270	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	245	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	331,105	...	...	73.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	408,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	41,895	...	...	10.3	...	...
Not in core need	366,405	...	...	89.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	298,500	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.9	...	...	57.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.1	...	...	11.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,110	...	...	1,110	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,296	...	...	1,296	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	324,400	...	...	324,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	117,545	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	17.1	...	...	17.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.1	...	...	33.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.1	...	...	22.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,030	...	...	1,030	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,095	...	...	1,095	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	13,335	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	226	...	...	226	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	280	...	...	280	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,103,200	549,490	553,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	122,375	59,605	62,765	11.1	10.8	11.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	118,965	57,970	60,995	10.8	10.5	11.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	101,725	49,415	52,315	9.2	9.0	9.4
Métis single ancestry	17,055	8,495	8,555	1.5	1.5	1.5
Inuit single ancestry	185	60	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	3,410	1,630	1,775	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	3,335	1,580	1,750	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	68,675	33,265	35,410	6.2	6.1	6.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	64,995	31,500	33,495	5.9	5.7	6.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	32,635	15,920	16,720	3.0	2.9	3.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	32,070	15,450	16,615	2.9	2.8	3.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	290	135	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	3,680	1,770	1,915	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,515	1,705	1,810	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	115	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	912,150	456,620	455,530	82.7	83.1	82.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,103,200	549,495	553,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,021,630	508,035	513,595	92.6	92.5	92.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	246,480	126,430	120,055	22.3	23.0	21.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	775,150	381,610	393,540	70.3	69.4	71.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	81,575	41,455	40,115	7.4	7.5	7.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,103,200	549,495	553,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	949,755	472,745	477,005	86.1	86.0	86.1
Immigrants⁸¹	137,620	67,895	69,725	12.5	12.4	12.6
Before 1980	12,780	6,020	6,760	1.2	1.1	1.2
1980 to 1990	5,945	2,955	2,990	0.5	0.5	0.5
1991 to 2000	8,390	3,910	4,480	0.8	0.7	0.8
2001 to 2010	29,370	14,480	14,895	2.7	2.6	2.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	81,135	40,535	40,605	7.4	7.4	7.3
2011 to 2015	38,020	19,065	18,955	3.4	3.5	3.4
2016 to 2021	43,120	21,470	21,645	3.9	3.9	3.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	15,830	8,850	6,980	1.4	1.6	1.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	137,620	67,895	69,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	13,370	6,890	6,480	9.7	10.1	9.3
5 to 14 years	26,755	14,085	12,680	19.4	20.7	18.2
15 to 24 years	20,460	9,465	10,995	14.9	13.9	15.8
25 to 44 years	64,955	31,330	33,625	47.2	46.1	48.2
45 years and over	12,070	6,130	5,945	8.8	9.0	8.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	137,620	67,895	69,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	12,580	5,910	6,675	9.1	8.7	9.6
Brazil	380	150	230	0.3	0.2	0.3
Colombia	665	315	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
El Salvador	620	280	345	0.5	0.4	0.5
Guyana	165	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	1,360	660	700	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mexico	1,720	870	850	1.2	1.3	1.2
Peru	160	45	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	200	65	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
United States of America	5,215	2,375	2,835	3.8	3.5	4.1
Other places of birth in Americas	2,030	1,040	995	1.5	1.5	1.4
Europe	21,710	10,705	11,010	15.8	15.8	15.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	500	250	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	415	245	170	0.3	0.4	0.2
France	310	115	190	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germany	2,100	980	1,115	1.5	1.4	1.6
Greece	500	290	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	325	175	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Italy	585	300	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Netherlands	965	560	400	0.7	0.8	0.6
Poland	1,080	455	625	0.8	0.7	0.9
Portugal	200	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	660	330	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	650	270	385	0.5	0.4	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	530	250	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	3,165	1,505	1,665	2.3	2.2	2.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,785	3,420	3,365	4.9	5.0	4.8
Other places of birth in Europe	2,940	1,455	1,490	2.1	2.1	2.1
Africa	16,080	8,440	7,640	11.7	12.4	11.0
Algeria	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	665	335	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egypt	805	415	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Eritrea	1,025	535	490	0.7	0.8	0.7
Ethiopia	775	380	400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Morocco	190	110	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	5,030	2,620	2,410	3.7	3.9	3.5
Somalia	485	240	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	2,075	1,070	1,005	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other places of birth in Africa	5,010	2,720	2,290	3.6	4.0	3.3
Asia	86,515	42,500	44,015	62.9	62.6	63.1
Afghanistan	465	230	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	1,040	570	470	0.8	0.8	0.7
Iraq	1,440	740	700	1.0	1.1	1.0
Lebanon	220	155	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	1,405	665	740	1.0	1.0	1.1
Turkey	280	145	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	8,650	4,065	4,585	6.3	6.0	6.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	840	415	420	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	1,110	560	550	0.8	0.8	0.8
Taiwan	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	35,960	17,025	18,930	26.1	25.1	27.2
Viet Nam	3,245	1,555	1,690	2.4	2.3	2.4
Bangladesh	3,235	1,720	1,515	2.4	2.5	2.2
India	15,660	8,165	7,495	11.4	12.0	10.8
Pakistan	7,110	3,630	3,480	5.2	5.3	5.0
Sri Lanka	435	220	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	5,245	2,555	2,695	3.8	3.8	3.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	725	350	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	43,115	21,470	21,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,830	1,420	1,410	6.6	6.6	6.5
Brazil	170	95	75	0.4	0.4	0.3
Colombia	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	560	295	265	1.3	1.4	1.2
Mexico	560	315	250	1.3	1.5	1.2
United States of America	990	465	520	2.3	2.2	2.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	20	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Americas	385	190	195	0.9	0.9	0.9
Europe	2,695	1,435	1,260	6.3	6.7	5.8
France	65	30	30	0.2	0.1	0.1
Germany	100	40	60	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	180	110	70	0.4	0.5	0.3
Italy	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	100	35	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	755	340	415	1.8	1.6	1.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	590	385	200	1.4	1.8	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	855	465	395	2.0	2.2	1.8
Africa	7,520	3,960	3,560	17.4	18.4	16.4
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	90	50	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroon	50	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	290	150	140	0.7	0.7	0.6
Côte d'Ivoire	25	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	390	195	195	0.9	0.9	0.9
Eritrea	595	310	285	1.4	1.4	1.3
Ethiopia	315	175	140	0.7	0.8	0.6
Morocco	85	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	3,305	1,765	1,545	7.7	8.2	7.1
Somalia	130	60	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	775	390	385	1.8	1.8	1.8
Sudan⁹⁷	300	155	140	0.7	0.7	0.6
Tunisia	60	40	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,110	585	525	2.6	2.7	2.4
Asia	29,880	14,550	15,325	69.3	67.8	70.8
Afghanistan	140	50	85	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bangladesh	1,220	615	610	2.8	2.9	2.8
China⁹⁰	3,690	1,775	1,910	8.6	8.3	8.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	140	75	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	7,940	4,055	3,885	18.4	18.9	17.9
Iran⁸⁸	335	180	155	0.8	0.8	0.7
Iraq	305	155	150	0.7	0.7	0.7
Israel	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordan	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	275	135	140	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanon	75	60	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Nepal	130	75	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Pakistan	1,685	820	860	3.9	3.8	4.0
Philippines	10,460	4,875	5,585	24.3	22.7	25.8
Saudi Arabia	285	125	160	0.7	0.6	0.7
Sri Lanka	65	35	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	1,245	600	645	2.9	2.8	3.0
Turkey	75	30	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
United Arab Emirates	195	90	105	0.5	0.4	0.5
Viet Nam	865	440	420	2.0	2.0	1.9
Other places of birth in Asia	550	260	290	1.3	1.2	1.3
Oceania and other⁹³	195	100	95	0.5	0.5	0.4
Australia	95	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	100	55	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,103,200	549,495	553,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	158,540	79,230	79,310	14.4	14.4	14.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	121,675	59,265	62,410	11.0	10.8	11.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	822,985	411,000	411,980	74.6	74.8	74.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	124,835	61,875	62,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	88,545	45,370	43,185	70.9	73.3	68.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	34,820	22,465	12,355	27.9	36.3	19.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	53,725	22,900	30,825	43.0	37.0	49.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	21,620	8,700	12,920	17.3	14.1	20.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	14,405	7,675	6,725	11.5	12.4	10.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	124,835	61,875	62,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,885	1,155	735	1.5	1.9	1.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	20,335	10,710	9,620	16.3	17.3	15.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,170	2,185	1,985	3.3	3.5	3.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	7,770	4,580	3,190	6.2	7.4	5.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	600	230	370	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	90,090	43,025	47,065	72.2	69.5	74.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,103,200	549,495	553,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	159,365	80,495	78,870	14.4	14.6	14.2
South Asian	44,720	23,875	20,845	4.1	4.3	3.8
Chinese	18,010	8,850	9,155	1.6	1.6	1.7
Black	22,570	11,715	10,855	2.0	2.1	2.0
Filipino	43,755	21,015	22,745	4.0	3.8	4.1
Arab	5,575	2,920	2,655	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latin American	5,680	2,740	2,945	0.5	0.5	0.5
Southeast Asian	8,540	4,265	4,275	0.8	0.8	0.8
West Asian	2,830	1,445	1,380	0.3	0.3	0.2
Korean	1,850	885	955	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	830	360	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,275	565	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	3,725	1,845	1,875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	943,840	469,000	474,835	85.6	85.4	85.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,103,200	549,495	553,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	107,095	54,965	52,130	9.7	10.0	9.4
English	219,665	107,240	112,420	19.9	19.5	20.3
Irish	145,415	69,495	75,920	13.2	12.6	13.7
Scottish	175,590	85,595	89,995	15.9	15.6	16.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	108,355	52,690	55,665	9.8	9.6	10.1
German	272,475	134,060	138,420	24.7	24.4	25.0
Chinese	19,965	9,660	10,305	1.8	1.8	1.9
Italian	10,830	5,335	5,500	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indian (India)	20,755	11,165	9,590	1.9	2.0	1.7
Ukrainian	138,705	67,645	71,060	12.6	12.3	12.8
Dutch	29,410	14,540	14,870	2.7	2.6	2.7
Polish	55,605	26,820	28,780	5.0	4.9	5.2
Québécois	705	355	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,650	10,960	10,690	2.0	2.0	1.9
Filipino	40,160	19,305	20,860	3.6	3.5	3.8
French Canadian	5,465	2,695	2,765	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	13,375	7,020	6,360	1.2	1.3	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	50,770	24,635	26,135	4.6	4.5	4.7
Métis	56,060	27,275	28,785	5.1	5.0	5.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	11,985	6,340	5,645	1.1	1.2	1.0
Russian	35,920	17,415	18,505	3.3	3.2	3.3
Norwegian	70,215	33,925	36,285	6.4	6.2	6.6
Welsh	17,605	8,415	9,190	1.6	1.5	1.7
Portuguese	1,760	830	930	0.2	0.2	0.2
American	12,675	6,435	6,235	1.1	1.2	1.1
Spanish	5,670	2,555	3,115	0.5	0.5	0.6
Swedish	31,965	15,285	16,675	2.9	2.8	3.0
Hungarian	28,495	14,095	14,400	2.6	2.6	2.6
Acadian	935	485	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	7,640	3,995	3,645	0.7	0.7	0.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,065	2,110	1,950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	2,420	1,230	1,190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	4,115	2,215	1,905	0.4	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	4,730	2,340	2,390	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,155	1,185	970	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	3,075	1,530	1,540	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican	2,225	1,080	1,150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,860	2,875	2,985	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	46,340	22,465	23,875	4.2	4.1	4.3
Korean	1,950	945	1,010	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	12,415	5,995	6,415	1.1	1.1	1.2
Lebanese	1,240	690	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	1,315	700	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,145	1,625	1,520	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	10,585	5,110	5,480	1.0	0.9	1.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	12,300	5,895	6,405	1.1	1.1	1.2
Sikh	2,530	1,340	1,195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	17,690	8,785	8,900	1.6	1.6	1.6
Belgian	9,340	4,790	4,550	0.8	0.9	0.8
Haitian	170	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	3,220	1,785	1,435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	2,620	1,300	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	11,150	5,560	5,590	1.0	1.0	1.0
Swiss	4,555	2,255	2,295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	5,180	2,435	2,745	0.5	0.4	0.5
Sri Lankan	465	220	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	2,460	1,295	1,170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	1,295	590	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,195	610	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	680	310	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	6,025	3,180	2,845	0.5	0.6	0.5
Muslim	1,780	955	825	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	995	505	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	860	425	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	285	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	8,345	3,915	4,425	0.8	0.7	0.8
Colombian	735	350	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	220	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5,290	2,545	2,740	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	1,140	540	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	325	130	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	890	465	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	730	385	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,325	675	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	2,060	1,000	1,055	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	555	295	260	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	350	175	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	425	205	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	510	290	220	0.0	0.1	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	385	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	695	375	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	690	300	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	3,230	1,740	1,490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	755	345	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	2,845	1,495	1,350	0.3	0.3	0.2
Armenian	270	110	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,525	805	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,605	755	845	0.1	0.1	0.2
Somali	870	400	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	1,250	635	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	735	330	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	315	165	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,285	645	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	645	315	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	275	150	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	320	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	895	445	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	1,895	975	920	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	980	520	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	1,035	535	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	640	360	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	200	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	690	330	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	505	285	220	0.0	0.1	0.0
Peruvian	260	105	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	2,725	1,430	1,295	0.2	0.3	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	310	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	405	210	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	215	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	490	225	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	615	320	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,065	625	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	1,235	650	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	315	170	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	365	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,210	990	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bulgarian	265	145	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	270	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	555	265	295	0.1	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	840	455	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	745	325	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	580	295	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	535	240	290	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	400	180	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	895	445	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	295	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	355	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	660	355	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,105	595	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	405	220	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	435	255	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	285	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	325	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	595	260	330	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	160	100	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	775	400	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	250	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,170	615	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	6,775	3,245	3,530	0.6	0.6	0.6
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	430	225	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	400	200	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	210	125	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	420	260	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	720	360	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	755	320	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malaysian	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	9,465	4,730	4,745	0.9	0.9	0.9
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	6,020	2,990	3,025	0.5	0.5	0.5
Buddhist	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	220	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	6,970	3,370	3,600	0.6	0.6	0.7
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	515	225	290	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burundian	265	150	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	445	235	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	250	150	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	295	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	75	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	85	60	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	340	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	340	190	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	455	215	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	175	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	560	290	275	0.1	0.1	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	440	170	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	225	135	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	435	245	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	190	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	160	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	80	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	715	325	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	4,420	2,130	2,285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guinean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	925	465	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,103,205	549,495	553,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,410	2,085	2,330	0.4	0.4	0.4
Christian	621,250	294,000	327,255	56.3	53.5	59.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	93,135	45,790	47,340	8.4	8.3	8.5
Anabaptist	11,620	5,605	6,025	1.1	1.0	1.1
Anglican	36,415	17,085	19,330	3.3	3.1	3.5
Baptist	12,150	5,715	6,435	1.1	1.0	1.2
Catholic	265,530	127,030	138,505	24.1	23.1	25.0
Christian Orthodox	13,320	6,610	6,710	1.2	1.2	1.2
Jehovah's Witness	4,530	1,960	2,570	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	2,060	995	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	46,980	21,930	25,050	4.3	4.0	4.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,275	1,040	1,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	15,255	7,090	8,165	1.4	1.3	1.5
Presbyterian	4,155	1,920	2,235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Reformed	625	310	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	81,465	36,190	45,275	7.4	6.6	8.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	31,740	14,740	17,000	2.9	2.7	3.1
Hindu	14,150	7,865	6,285	1.3	1.4	1.1
Jewish	1,105	570	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	25,455	13,285	12,165	2.3	2.4	2.2
Sikh	9,040	4,715	4,320	0.8	0.9	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	16,300	7,830	8,465	1.5	1.4	1.5
Other religions and spiritual traditions	7,540	3,240	4,295	0.7	0.6	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	403,960	215,895	188,060	36.6	39.3	34.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,090,215	542,725	547,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	952,690	475,060	477,630	87.4	87.5	87.2
Movers	137,525	67,660	69,860	12.6	12.5	12.8
Non-migrants	87,445	43,195	44,250	8.0	8.0	8.1
Migrants	50,080	24,470	25,605	4.6	4.5	4.7
Internal migrants	43,570	21,240	22,325	4.0	3.9	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	31,135	14,955	16,180	2.9	2.8	3.0
Interprovincial migrants	12,435	6,290	6,145	1.1	1.2	1.1
External migrants	6,510	3,230	3,280	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,034,525	514,365	520,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	640,040	320,125	319,920	61.9	62.2	61.5
Movers	394,480	194,240	200,240	38.1	37.8	38.5
Non-migrants	180,065	88,355	91,715	17.4	17.2	17.6
Migrants	214,415	105,890	108,525	20.7	20.6	20.9
Internal migrants	172,905	84,895	88,015	16.7	16.5	16.9
Intraprovincial migrants	134,460	65,855	68,605	13.0	12.8	13.2
Interprovincial migrants	38,445	19,040	19,410	3.7	3.7	3.7
External migrants	41,505	20,995	20,510	4.0	4.1	3.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	882,760	436,515	446,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	177,330	101,135	76,195	20.1	23.2	17.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	705,430	335,375	370,050	79.9	76.8	82.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	566,615	281,370	285,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	70,485	43,935	26,555	12.4	15.6	9.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	496,130	237,440	258,690	87.6	84.4	90.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	882,760	436,515	446,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	159,815	89,275	70,540	18.1	20.5	15.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	284,345	146,000	138,345	32.2	33.4	31.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	438,600	201,240	237,360	49.7	46.1	53.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	257,350	123,755	133,590	29.2	28.4	29.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	84,485	61,685	22,800	9.6	14.1	5.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	32,710	18,090	14,620	3.7	4.1	3.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	51,775	43,590	8,180	5.9	10.0	1.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	143,610	50,720	92,890	16.3	11.6	20.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,260	11,355	17,905	3.3	2.6	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	181,255	77,485	103,770	20.5	17.8	23.3
Bachelor's degree	130,060	53,265	76,785	14.7	12.2	17.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,890	3,790	5,095	1.0	0.9	1.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,205	2,680	2,525	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	31,315	14,210	17,105	3.5	3.3	3.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,790	3,535	2,255	0.7	0.8	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	566,615	281,370	285,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	61,380	37,625	23,755	10.8	13.4	8.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	171,565	91,440	80,125	30.3	32.5	28.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	333,670	152,305	181,370	58.9	54.1	63.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	187,510	91,760	95,745	33.1	32.6	33.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	61,810	45,770	16,040	10.9	16.3	5.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	23,150	13,115	10,035	4.1	4.7	3.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	38,660	32,655	6,005	6.8	11.6	2.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	106,680	38,240	68,435	18.8	13.6	24.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,025	7,755	11,270	3.4	2.8	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	146,160	60,540	85,620	25.8	21.5	30.0
Bachelor's degree	103,950	41,590	62,355	18.3	14.8	21.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,745	2,720	4,025	1.2	1.0	1.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,300	1,995	2,305	0.8	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	26,715	11,665	15,045	4.7	4.1	5.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,455	2,570	1,885	0.8	0.9	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	882,760	436,515	446,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	444,160	235,270	208,885	50.3	53.9	46.8
Education	41,855	10,430	31,430	4.7	2.4	7.0
13. Education	41,855	10,430	31,430	4.7	2.4	7.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,250	3,400	4,850	0.9	0.8	1.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,135	805	330	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	7,115	2,595	4,520	0.8	0.6	1.0
Humanities	16,710	7,370	9,340	1.9	1.7	2.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,080	310	770	0.1	0.1	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	3,555	1,180	2,380	0.4	0.3	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,575	1,315	2,260	0.4	0.3	0.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	315	100	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,355	740	610	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,520	2,525	1,995	0.5	0.6	0.4
54. History	2,015	1,150	870	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	290	45	250	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	33,210	10,740	22,470	3.8	2.5	5.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	830	210	625	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,930	1,320	1,615	0.3	0.3	0.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,185	500	6,685	0.8	0.1	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	5,120	1,925	3,190	0.6	0.4	0.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	590	225	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	6,215	1,630	4,590	0.7	0.4	1.0
45. Social sciences	10,330	4,935	5,395	1.2	1.1	1.2
Business, management and public administration	92,220	29,255	62,965	10.4	6.7	14.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	165	45	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,905	2,070	7,835	1.1	0.5	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	82,150	27,140	55,010	9.3	6.2	12.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,015	6,260	6,750	1.5	1.4	1.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,320	2,775	3,545	0.7	0.6	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,960	830	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	150	35	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	3,390	2,190	1,205	0.4	0.5	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,195	435	760	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,360	9,055	5,305	1.6	2.1	1.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	11,735	8,025	3,710	1.3	1.8	0.8
25. Library science	950	120	825	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,435	765	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	235	145	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	94,645	87,115	7,530	10.7	20.0	1.7
04. Architecture and related services	1,710	1,050	660	0.2	0.2	0.1
14. Engineering	15,975	13,055	2,920	1.8	3.0	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	18,400	16,330	2,075	2.1	3.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	24,630	23,810	820	2.8	5.5	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,790	21,240	550	2.5	4.9	0.1
48. Precision production	12,130	11,630	500	1.4	2.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	18,995	12,340	6,650	2.2	2.8	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	15,775	10,225	5,550	1.8	2.3	1.2
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,220	2,120	1,100	0.4	0.5	0.2
Health and related fields	77,105	13,095	64,015	8.7	3.0	14.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,765	2,240	2,525	0.5	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	70,660	9,930	60,730	8.0	2.3	13.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	150	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,535	860	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	28,170	12,145	16,030	3.2	2.8	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	17,195	3,335	13,860	1.9	0.8	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	100	95	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,415	3,655	1,760	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,425	5,035	390	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	566,615	281,375	285,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	232,940	129,065	103,875	41.1	45.9	36.4
Education	27,555	6,340	21,215	4.9	2.3	7.4
13. Education	27,555	6,340	21,215	4.9	2.3	7.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,520	2,715	3,800	1.2	1.0	1.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	775	565	210	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	5,740	2,150	3,590	1.0	0.8	1.3
Humanities	12,145	5,295	6,850	2.1	1.9	2.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	825	250	575	0.1	0.1	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	2,665	875	1,790	0.5	0.3	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,815	1,065	1,755	0.5	0.4	0.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	220	75	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,010	515	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,930	1,695	1,235	0.5	0.6	0.4
54. History	1,490	810	680	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	190	20	170	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,915	8,320	18,600	4.8	3.0	6.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	725	170	550	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,545	1,165	1,375	0.4	0.4	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,850	405	5,450	1.0	0.1	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	4,075	1,360	2,720	0.7	0.5	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	460	150	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	4,770	1,125	3,640	0.8	0.4	1.3
45. Social sciences	8,490	3,940	4,550	1.5	1.4	1.6
Business, management and public administration	72,350	22,735	49,615	12.8	8.1	17.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	40	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,740	1,425	6,315	1.4	0.5	2.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	64,470	21,270	43,200	11.4	7.6	15.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,095	4,775	5,315	1.8	1.7	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,900	2,080	2,825	0.9	0.7	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,530	640	890	0.3	0.2	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	125	30	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	2,740	1,720	1,020	0.5	0.6	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	795	310	485	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,025	7,645	4,375	2.1	2.7	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,205	7,005	3,195	1.8	2.5	1.1
25. Library science	655	65	590	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	980	470	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	72,215	65,655	6,560	12.7	23.3	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,350	785	565	0.2	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	13,255	10,650	2,600	2.3	3.8	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,385	12,545	1,845	2.5	4.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	18,380	17,710	670	3.2	6.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,630	15,160	470	2.8	5.4	0.2
48. Precision production	9,210	8,800	405	1.6	3.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	14,555	8,905	5,650	2.6	3.2	2.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	11,965	7,285	4,680	2.1	2.6	1.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,590	1,620	970	0.5	0.6	0.3
Health and related fields	57,430	10,205	47,225	10.1	3.6	16.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,605	1,645	1,955	0.6	0.6	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	52,460	7,860	44,605	9.3	2.8	15.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,265	670	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	21,820	9,680	12,135	3.9	3.4	4.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,955	2,655	10,305	2.3	0.9	3.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,425	2,915	1,505	0.8	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,360	4,050	310	0.8	1.4	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	566,615	281,375	285,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	232,940	129,065	103,875	41.1	45.9	36.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	333,675	152,305	181,370	58.9	54.1	63.6
Location of study inside Canada	277,810	125,215	152,600	49.0	44.5	53.5
Same as province or territory of residence	221,390	98,410	122,980	39.1	35.0	43.1
Different than province or territory of residence	56,420	26,805	29,615	10.0	9.5	10.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	55,865	27,090	28,775	9.9	9.6	10.1
Americas	7,105	3,490	3,615	1.3	1.2	1.3
United States of America	5,385	2,725	2,660	1.0	1.0	0.9
Mexico	285	130	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cuba	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	320	130	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Brazil	320	155	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	430	195	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	7,140	3,870	3,270	1.3	1.4	1.1
Belgium	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	555	305	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	220	140	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	285	130	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	1,700	820	885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	350	200	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,180	1,320	860	0.4	0.5	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	125	80	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	705	365	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	4,770	2,465	2,300	0.8	0.9	0.8
Nigeria	2,085	1,040	1,045	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	50	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	385	195	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,035	545	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	1,115	575	540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	36,065	16,830	19,235	6.4	6.0	6.7
Iran⁸⁸	545	270	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	170	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	40	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	140	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	3,445	1,580	1,865	0.6	0.6	0.7
Taiwan	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	595	270	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	15,730	6,870	8,860	2.8	2.4	3.1
Viet Nam	655	300	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	1,510	765	745	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	9,290	4,660	4,630	1.6	1.7	1.6
Pakistan	2,595	1,310	1,285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	735	335	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	780	430	355	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australia	645	365	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	882,760	436,515	446,245	...	...	...
In the labour force	577,510	303,915	273,590	...	...	...
Employed	528,900	277,285	251,620	...	...	...
Unemployed	48,605	26,640	21,970	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	305,250	132,595	172,660	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.4	69.6	61.3	65.4	69.6	61.3
Employment rate	59.9	63.5	56.4	59.9	63.5	56.4
Unemployment rate	8.4	8.8	8.0	8.4	8.8	8.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	882,760	436,515	446,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	312,775	138,210	174,575	35.4	31.7	39.1
Worked	569,980	298,310	271,675	64.6	68.3	60.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	313,995	176,910	137,085	35.6	40.5	30.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	255,980	121,395	134,590	29.0	27.8	30.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.2	41.1	41.7	42.2	41.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	577,505	303,920	273,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,000	7,290	6,715	2.4	2.4	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	563,505	296,630	266,870	97.6	97.6	97.5
Employee	469,850	237,200	232,650	81.4	78.0	85.0
Permanent position	383,850	196,385	187,470	66.5	64.6	68.5
Temporary position	86,000	40,815	45,180	14.9	13.4	16.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	24,010	9,810	14,200	4.2	3.2	5.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	61,985	31,005	30,985	10.7	10.2	11.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	93,655	59,430	34,225	16.2	19.6	12.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	577,505	303,920	273,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,000	7,290	6,715	2.4	2.4	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	563,505	296,630	266,870	97.6	97.6	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,305	3,110	2,195	0.9	1.0	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	82,325	22,340	59,985	14.3	7.4	21.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	30,545	23,195	7,345	5.3	7.6	2.7
3 Health occupations	49,765	8,520	41,245	8.6	2.8	15.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	71,380	22,580	48,800	12.4	7.4	17.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	11,145	4,145	7,000	1.9	1.4	2.6
6 Sales and service occupations	133,655	57,805	75,855	23.1	19.0	27.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	105,470	96,690	8,780	18.3	31.8	3.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	54,755	42,350	12,405	9.5	13.9	4.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,165	15,900	3,265	3.3	5.2	1.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	577,505	303,920	273,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,000	7,290	6,715	2.4	2.4	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	563,505	296,630	266,870	97.6	97.6	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	48,750	34,620	14,130	8.4	11.4	5.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	18,555	16,035	2,515	3.2	5.3	0.9
22 Utilities	5,855	4,320	1,530	1.0	1.4	0.6
23 Construction	44,130	38,640	5,490	7.6	12.7	2.0
31-33 Manufacturing	26,200	20,290	5,910	4.5	6.7	2.2
41 Wholesale trade	19,815	14,675	5,135	3.4	4.8	1.9
44-45 Retail trade	61,480	30,005	31,475	10.6	9.9	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	24,225	19,320	4,910	4.2	6.4	1.8
51 Information and cultural industries	8,130	4,180	3,950	1.4	1.4	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	19,600	6,845	12,750	3.4	2.3	4.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	7,195	3,950	3,240	1.2	1.3	1.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	26,670	13,725	12,945	4.6	4.5	4.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	785	350	440	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	17,545	10,140	7,405	3.0	3.3	2.7
61 Educational services	46,205	13,905	32,305	8.0	4.6	11.8
62 Health care and social assistance	80,465	14,190	66,270	13.9	4.7	24.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	10,150	5,090	5,060	1.8	1.7	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	32,705	14,110	18,595	5.7	4.6	6.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	25,825	12,800	13,025	4.5	4.2	4.8
91 Public administration	39,210	19,420	19,795	6.8	6.4	7.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	615,785	321,390	294,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	597,140	312,770	284,370	97.0	97.3	96.6
French	1,205	335	865	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	2,200	1,100	1,100	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	250	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,950	975	975	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	3,715	1,425	2,290	0.6	0.4	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	11,275	5,640	5,640	1.8	1.8	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	615,785	321,390	294,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	613,080	320,105	292,980	99.6	99.6	99.5
Official languages	608,585	317,760	290,825	98.8	98.9	98.8
English	606,550	317,230	289,325	98.5	98.7	98.3
French	2,035	530	1,500	0.3	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	4,495	2,340	2,155	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,140	595	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	735	405	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	720	400	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	720	400	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	520	275	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	370	175	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Athabaskan languages	370	175	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	370	175	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,360	1,750	1,610	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	360	175	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	360	175	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	220	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,000	550	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	225	145	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	105	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	95	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	120	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	80	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	455	250	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	400	220	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	240	145	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,565	820	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	1,505	795	710	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,125	580	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	345	190	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,710	1,290	1,420	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and French	390	150	250	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,290	1,140	1,155	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	615,785	321,390	294,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	603,050	315,370	287,680	97.9	98.1	97.7
English	2,935	1,355	1,580	0.5	0.4	0.5
French	2,530	1,090	1,440	0.4	0.3	0.5
Non-official language	6,265	3,050	3,215	1.0	0.9	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	2,130	895	1,235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Non-Indigenous	4,140	2,155	1,980	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	120	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	750	420	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	528,900	277,280	251,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	97,525	49,585	47,940	18.4	17.9	19.1
Worked outside Canada	755	515	235	0.1	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	71,095	54,970	16,125	13.4	19.8	6.4
Usual place of work	359,530	172,210	187,320	68.0	62.1	74.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	359,530	172,215	187,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	245,520	112,700	132,815	68.3	65.4	70.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	78,380	39,945	38,430	21.8	23.2	20.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	26,900	14,655	12,250	7.5	8.5	6.5
Commute to a different province or territory	8,735	4,920	3,815	2.4	2.9	2.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	430,625	227,180	203,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	389,035	208,585	180,445	90.3	91.8	88.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	364,190	199,915	164,270	84.6	88.0	80.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	24,850	8,670	16,180	5.8	3.8	8.0
Public transit	7,935	3,030	4,905	1.8	1.3	2.4
Walked	22,105	9,315	12,795	5.1	4.1	6.3
Bicycle	3,045	1,980	1,070	0.7	0.9	0.5
Other method	8,505	4,280	4,225	2.0	1.9	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	430,625	227,180	203,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	202,860	98,070	104,795	47.1	43.2	51.5
15 to 29 minutes	152,070	82,490	69,585	35.3	36.3	34.2
30 to 44 minutes	42,705	25,055	17,655	9.9	11.0	8.7
45 to 59 minutes	14,775	8,890	5,875	3.4	3.9	2.9
60 minutes and over	18,210	12,675	5,535	4.2	5.6	2.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	430,625	227,180	203,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	25,595	18,700	6,890	5.9	8.2	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	74,470	47,500	26,975	17.3	20.9	13.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	132,035	70,585	61,450	30.7	31.1	30.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	94,680	40,390	54,285	22.0	17.8	26.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	46,065	19,245	26,815	10.7	8.5	13.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	57,780	30,760	27,015	13.4	13.5	13.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	266,595	136,825	129,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,535	7,860	7,680	5.8	5.7	5.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	251,060	128,965	122,095	94.2	94.3	94.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	192,900	99,195	93,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,720	5,965	5,760	6.1	6.0	6.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,000	3,445	3,555	3.6	3.5	3.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,720	2,515	2,205	2.4	2.5	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	181,180	93,235	87,950	93.9	94.0	93.9

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 14, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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