Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Sault Ste. MarieMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	79,331	...	...
Population, 2016¹	80,371	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 1.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	39,823	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	35,732	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	14.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	5,540.40	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	79,330	38,740	40,585
0 to 14 years	11,290	5,880	5,415
0 to 4 years	3,370	1,760	1,610
5 to 9 years	4,060	2,080	1,975
10 to 14 years	3,865	2,035	1,825
15 to 64 years	48,460	23,845	24,620
15 to 19 years	3,815	1,940	1,870
20 to 24 years	4,355	2,325	2,035
25 to 29 years	4,610	2,360	2,245
30 to 34 years	4,595	2,275	2,320
35 to 39 years	4,485	2,210	2,275
40 to 44 years	4,410	2,115	2,295
45 to 49 years	4,310	2,090	2,220
50 to 54 years	4,875	2,405	2,460
55 to 59 years	6,270	2,930	3,340
60 to 64 years	6,740	3,190	3,550
65 years and over	19,575	9,020	10,555
65 to 69 years	5,820	2,820	3,005
70 to 74 years	5,035	2,435	2,595
75 to 79 years	3,475	1,575	1,900
80 to 84 years	2,540	1,115	1,425
85 years and over	2,705	1,070	1,635
85 to 89 years	1,670	710	965
90 to 94 years	835	310	525
95 to 99 years	175	55	120
100 years and over	25	5	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.2	15.2	13.3
15 to 64 years	61.1	61.6	60.7
65 years and over	24.7	23.3	26.0
85 years and over	3.4	2.8	4.0
Average age of the population	45.4	44.2	46.6
Median age of the population	47.6	45.6	49.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	35,730	...	...
Single-detached house	24,085	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,830	...	...
Row house	945	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,430	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,980	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,060	...	...
Other single-attached house	100	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	295	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	35,730	...	...
1 person	11,960	...	...
2 persons	13,170	...	...
3 persons	5,060	...	...
4 persons	3,860	...	...
5 or more persons	1,675	...	...
Number of persons in private households	78,000	38,160	39,840
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	68,035	32,865	35,175
Married or living common-law	37,290	18,610	18,685
Married	29,650	14,800	14,850
Living common-law	7,645	3,810	3,835
Living common law - Never married	5,350	2,670	2,680
Living common law - Separated	470	235	240
Living common law - Divorced	1,575	790	790
Living common law - Widowed	250	115	130
Not married and not living common-law	30,745	14,255	16,485
Not married and not living common law - Never married	18,145	9,975	8,175
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,355	1,020	1,330
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,830	2,025	2,810
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,410	1,235	4,180
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	22,865	...	...
2 persons	13,460	...	...
3 persons	4,740	...	...
4 persons	3,450	...	...
5 or more persons	1,215	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	22,860	...	...
Total couple families	18,340	...	...
Married couples	14,520	...	...
With children⁶	6,175	...	...
Without children	8,345	...	...
Common-law couples	3,820	...	...
With children⁶	1,585	...	...
Without children	2,235	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,520	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,485	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,035	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	78,000	38,160	39,840
Total - Persons in census families	61,370	30,245	31,125
Married spouses or common-law partners	36,685	18,310	18,375
Parents in one-parent families	4,520	1,035	3,485
Children⁶	20,165	10,900	9,265
In a two-parent family	13,435	7,215	6,225
In a one-parent family	6,730	3,690	3,045
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	16,630	7,915	8,715
Living alone	11,960	5,405	6,560
Living with other relatives⁷	1,730	800	930
Living with non-relatives only	2,935	1,710	1,225
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	35,730	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	20,780	...	...
Couple-family households	17,150	...	...
With children⁶	7,265	...	...
Without children	9,890	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,630	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	640	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	110	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	925	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,310	...	...
One-person households	11,960	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	66,710	32,280	34,430
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,625	31,220	33,405
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,645	31,235	33,420
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,100	27,895	28,210
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	39,600	26,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	43,830	23,530	20,300
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,000	30,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	59,720	28,445	31,275
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	11,100	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,430	3,600	3,835
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,920	6,240	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	16,140	7,545	8,600
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	66,820	32,345	34,480
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,745	31,220	33,525
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,640	56,800	42,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,790	31,245	33,535
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,560	47,800	37,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	56,200	27,895	28,305
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,960	51,850	36,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	43,875	23,610	20,270
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,640	46,840	37,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	59,875	28,380	31,500
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,400	11,530	13,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,490	3,790	3,700
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,200	7,590	6,810
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	16,045	7,635	8,405
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,230	9,030	9,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	66,820	32,345	34,480
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	19,135	10,440	8,695
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	76,000	55,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,800	78,400	61,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	16,510	7,810	8,700
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	19,800	15,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,480	29,760	21,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	76.8	81.6	71.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	58.2	62.3	53.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	23.1	18.4	28.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.6	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.4	6.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	3.9	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	66,715	32,285	34,435
Without total income	2,090	1,065	1,025
With total income	64,630	31,220	33,410
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,350	1,750	2,595
$10,000 to $19,999	8,160	3,000	5,155
$20,000 to $29,999	9,975	3,905	6,070
$30,000 to $39,999	9,275	4,395	4,885
$40,000 to $49,999	8,045	3,855	4,190
$50,000 to $59,999	5,950	2,810	3,135
$60,000 to $69,999	4,505	2,355	2,150
$70,000 to $79,999	3,515	2,010	1,510
$80,000 to $89,999	3,000	1,910	1,090
$90,000 to $99,999	2,450	1,575	880
$100,000 and over	5,400	3,660	1,745
$100,000 to $149,999	4,205	2,800	1,405
$150,000 and over	1,195	855	340
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	66,715	32,285	34,435
Without after-tax income	2,065	1,050	1,015
With after-tax income	64,650	31,230	33,415
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,560	1,795	2,770
$10,000 to $19,999	8,440	3,130	5,305
$20,000 to $29,999	11,405	4,510	6,895
$30,000 to $39,999	11,015	5,360	5,660
$40,000 to $49,999	8,680	4,215	4,470
$50,000 to $59,999	6,205	3,205	2,995
$60,000 to $69,999	4,785	2,810	1,980
$70,000 to $79,999	3,690	2,405	1,285
$80,000 to $89,999	2,475	1,495	980
$90,000 to $99,999	1,245	820	425
$100,000 and over	2,145	1,490	650
$100,000 to $124,999	1,255	875	385
$125,000 and over	885	620	265
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	66,715	32,285	34,435
Without employment income	22,885	8,755	14,130
With employment income	43,830	23,530	20,300
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,665	5,375	3,290
$5,000 to $9,999	3,295	1,440	1,855
$10,000 to $19,999	5,045	2,210	2,835
$20,000 to $29,999	3,820	1,750	2,075
$30,000 to $39,999	3,685	1,635	2,050
$40,000 to $49,999	3,635	1,525	2,110
$50,000 to $59,999	2,985	1,400	1,585
$60,000 to $69,999	2,555	1,410	1,145
$70,000 to $79,999	2,105	1,285	825
$80,000 to $89,999	2,235	1,520	710
$90,000 to $99,999	2,050	1,270	780
$100,000 and over	3,755	2,710	1,045
$100,000 to $124,999	2,315	1,635	680
$125,000 and over	1,440	1,080	365
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	66,710	32,280	34,430
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,700	30,715	32,990
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	45,600	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,730	30,720	33,015
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,800	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	55,855	27,735	28,125
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	41,200	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	44,345	23,715	20,635
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,000	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,390	27,375	30,020
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,000	6,160	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,400	3,215	3,185
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	6,550	5,560
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	66,820	32,345	34,480
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,890	30,690	33,195
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,360	55,350	39,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,900	30,690	33,215
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,480	46,360	35,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	55,970	27,680	28,285
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,360	52,850	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	44,325	23,705	20,620
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,560	48,600	37,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,590	27,345	30,250
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,420	8,610	10,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,285	3,345	2,940
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,430	7,650	7,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	66,820	32,345	34,480
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	18,930	10,295	8,630
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	75,000	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,900	77,800	58,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	15,715	7,420	8,295
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	26,000	20,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,560	35,800	25,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.0	86.2	76.8
Employment income (%)	63.8	67.8	58.7
Government transfers (%)	18.0	13.8	23.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.5	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	35,735	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,960	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	23,770	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	35,770	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	89,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,975	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,440	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	23,795	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	35,735	...	...
Under $5,000	250	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	155	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	620	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	940	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,690	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,615	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,375	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,505	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,575	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,585	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,980	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,690	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,430	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,175	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,885	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,245	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,015	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,895	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,235	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,105	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	35,735	...	...
Under $5,000	270	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	165	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	625	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	970	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,805	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,805	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,625	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,815	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,760	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,715	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,145	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,775	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,330	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,020	...	...
$100,000 and over	9,485	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,080	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,435	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,965	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	22,845	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,010	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	7,870	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,280	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,900	7,115	7,785
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	38,400	32,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,800	35,200	31,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	22,875	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,000	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,950	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,235	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	14,860	7,090	7,770
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,160	47,000	41,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,480	40,400	36,760
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	78,000	38,165	39,835
0 to 17 years	13,535	7,020	6,510
0 to 5 years	4,140	2,190	1,945
18 to 64 years	45,860	22,440	23,420
65 years and over	18,600	8,700	9,900
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,190	4,045	5,145
0 to 17 years	1,830	940	885
0 to 5 years	630	310	325
18 to 64 years	5,145	2,410	2,740
65 years and over	2,210	695	1,515
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.8	10.6	12.9
0 to 17 years (%)	13.5	13.4	13.6
0 to 5 years (%)	15.3	14.1	16.6
18 to 64 years (%)	11.2	10.7	11.7
65 years and over (%)	11.9	8.0	15.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	76,930	37,650	39,280
0 to 17 years	13,265	6,885	6,380
0 to 5 years	4,055	2,145	1,905
18 to 64 years	45,210	22,130	23,075
65 years and over	18,460	8,630	9,825
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,375	1,710	1,665
0 to 17 years	410	215	190
0 to 5 years	125	65	60
18 to 64 years	2,715	1,415	1,300
65 years and over	255	85	175
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.4	4.5	4.2
0 to 17 years (%)	3.1	3.2	3.0
0 to 5 years (%)	3.1	3.0	3.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	6.4	5.6
65 years and over (%)	1.4	0.9	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	78,000	38,165	39,835
In bottom half of the distribution	40,660	19,160	21,500
In bottom decile	8,175	3,820	4,350
In second decile	8,700	3,785	4,915
In third decile	8,240	3,945	4,295
In fourth decile	7,850	3,830	4,015
In fifth decile	7,695	3,775	3,915
In top half of the distribution	37,340	19,000	18,335
In sixth decile	7,730	3,845	3,885
In seventh decile	8,000	4,015	3,985
In eighth decile	8,095	4,170	3,925
In ninth decile	7,810	4,015	3,790
In top decile	5,705	2,955	2,755
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	78,000	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.311	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.451	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.274	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	78,515	38,350	40,165
English only	71,015	35,155	35,860
French only	35	15	20
English and French	7,165	3,060	4,100
Neither English nor French	305	125	180
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	78,515	38,350	40,165
English	76,005	37,215	38,790
French	2,095	965	1,135
English and French	150	70	75
Neither English nor French	265	100	160
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	78,515	38,350	40,165
Single responses	77,015	37,630	39,380
Official languages	71,005	34,700	36,310
English	68,690	33,630	35,060
French	2,315	1,065	1,255
Non-official languages	6,005	2,935	3,075
Indigenous languages³⁹	95	35	60
Algonquian languages	90	30	55
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	25	50
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	75	25	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	20	40
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,910	2,900	3,010
Afro-Asiatic languages	165	105	60
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	160	105	60
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	145	95	55
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	5	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	120	40	80
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	10	0	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	90	30	60
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	5	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	185	110	70
Kannada	10	5	0
Malayalam	110	60	45
Tamil	45	25	15
Telugu	25	15	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,600	2,260	2,335
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	510	240	275
Baltic languages	30	10	20
Latvian	15	5	10
Lithuanian	20	10	10
Slavic languages	480	230	255
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	25	15	10
Macedonian	5	0	0
Polish	190	80	110
Russian	20	10	10
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	95	50	45
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	80	40	40
Serbian	15	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	20	15	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	10
Ukrainian	110	50	60
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	505	225	280
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	380	165	215
German	370	160	210
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	80	45	35
Afrikaans	5	5	5
Dutch	70	40	30
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0
Scandinavian languages	45	20	30
Danish	15	10	10
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	15	5	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	20	15	10
Indo-Iranian languages	610	335	275
Indo-Aryan languages	550	305	245
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	50	25	20
Gujarati	100	55	45
Hindi	125	75	45
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	5	5	0
Nepali	20	5	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	210	115	95
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	10	0
Urdu	35	15	15
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	60	30	30
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	40	20	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	25	10	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	25	10	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,945	1,445	1,495
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,525	1,230	1,295
Portuguese	155	80	75
Romanian	15	10	10
Spanish	240	130	110
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	10
Korean	30	15	20
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	40	25	15
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	5	10
American Sign Language	10	5	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	180	80	95
Chinese languages	180	80	100
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	120	60	60
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	15	35
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	5	5	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	5	5	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	515	230	285
Estonian	55	20	30
Finnish	420	195	235
Hungarian	40	20	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,505	720	785
English and French	615	300	320
English and non-official language(s)	800	375	425
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	50	30	20
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	78,515	38,350	40,165
English	72,115	35,425	36,690
French	315	150	175
Non-official language	1,025	475	545
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	1,015	475	545
English and French	1,320	535	785
English and non-official language(s)	3,520	1,665	1,855
French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	60	80
Multiple non-official languages	75	40	35
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	78,515	38,350	40,165
Single responses	77,665	37,940	39,725
Official languages	75,685	37,005	38,685
English	75,245	36,805	38,435
French	440	195	250
Non-official languages	1,980	940	1,045
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,970	930	1,035
Afro-Asiatic languages	130	80	50
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	130	80	50
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	125	70	50
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	5	5
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	70	30	40
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45	20	30
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	100	60	40
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	60	35	25
Tamil	25	10	10
Telugu	15	10	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,380	625	760
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	85	40	50
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	85	35	45
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	30	15	15
Russian	5	5	0
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	20	10	15
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	20	5	15
Serbian	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	0	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0
Ukrainian	15	5	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	55	20	30
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	40	20	25
German	40	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	5
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	5	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages	400	215	185
Indo-Aryan languages	360	195	165
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	25	15	10
Gujarati	70	35	40
Hindi	70	40	30
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	5	5	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	160	90	65
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	0
Urdu	25	15	15
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	40	20	20
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	15	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	5	5
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	10	5	5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	840	350	495
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	640	245	395
Portuguese	60	25	35
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	130	70	55
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	5	0	5
Korean	20	10	5
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	10
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	20	15
American Sign Language	30	15	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	90	50	45
Chinese languages	90	50	45
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	75	40	30
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	5	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	5	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	10	5	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	90	40	50
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	80	30	45
Hungarian	10	5	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	855	405	440
English and French	245	115	130
English and non-official language(s)	580	285	295
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	5	5	5
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	78,515	38,350	40,165
None	74,195	36,400	37,790
English	915	435	475
French	985	390	595
Non-official language	2,085	975	1,110
Indigenous³⁹	170	65	100
Non-Indigenous	1,915	905	1,010
English and French	15	5	5
English and non-official language(s)	90	40	55
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	160	75	80
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	78,075	38,175	39,910
Official languages	77,765	38,045	39,720
English	77,710	38,020	39,690
French	7,105	3,015	4,090
Non-official languages	8,610	4,245	4,365
Indigenous languages³⁹	470	180	290
Algonquian languages	450	165	285
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	10	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	10	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	435	155	285
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	435	150	280
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	40	10	35
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	0	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	390	150	240
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,175	4,075	4,095
Afro-Asiatic languages	210	140	65
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	205	140	65
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	195	135	65
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	15	20
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	35	15	20
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	165	55	110
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	10	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	140	50	95
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	15	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	225	150	70
Kannada	20	15	0
Malayalam	90	60	25
Tamil	90	55	35
Telugu	75	45	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,330	3,150	3,175
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	620	310	305
Baltic languages	30	0	25
Latvian	15	0	15
Lithuanian	15	0	15
Slavic languages	585	310	280
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	25	15	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	225	90	135
Russian	55	25	30
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	115	70	45
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	105	65	40
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	15	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	15
Ukrainian	165	100	65
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	705	310	395
Frisian	10	0	0
High German languages	550	255	295
German	545	255	285
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	0	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	95	40	60
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	95	40	60
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	55	10	40
Danish	20	0	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	25	0	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	40	10	25
Indo-Iranian languages	960	600	360
Indo-Aryan languages	845	535	315
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	65	35	25
Gujarati	95	60	25
Hindi	505	310	195
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	10	0
Nepali	30	0	25
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	365	240	125
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	0
Urdu	55	30	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Iranian languages	120	70	50
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	65	45	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	50	25	25
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	50	25	25
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,060	1,955	2,105
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	3,360	1,600	1,755
Portuguese	135	60	70
Romanian	35	25	10
Spanish	610	290	325
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	60	25	35
Korean	85	40	45
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	150	95	55
Akan (Twi)	35	20	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	75	35	40
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	15	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	20	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	130	55	75
American Sign Language	110	50	60
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	370	215	155
Chinese languages	365	210	155
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	205	115	90
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	165	90	75
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	10	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	10	10	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	630	270	355
Estonian	70	35	40
Finnish	505	215	285
Hungarian	60	25	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	78,075	38,170	39,910
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	10,355	4,925	5,425
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	10,070	4,830	5,240
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,255	2,930	3,330
Métis	3,765	1,865	1,900
Inuk (Inuit)	50	30	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	95	35	55
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	190	65	130
Non-Indigenous identity	67,725	33,245	34,485
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	78,075	38,170	39,910
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,890	2,205	2,685
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	73,190	35,970	37,220
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	35,770	...	...
Owner	25,125	...	...
Renter	10,480	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	165	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	35,770	...	...
Condominium	900	...	...
Not condominium	34,870	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	35,770	...	...
No bedrooms	150	...	...
1 bedroom	4,130	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,700	...	...
3 bedrooms	15,520	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	7,265	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	35,770	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	7,995	...	...
5 rooms	5,545	...	...
6 rooms	5,735	...	...
7 rooms	4,915	...	...
8 or more rooms	11,585	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	35,770	...	...
One person or fewer per room	35,610	...	...
More than one person per room	165	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	35,770	...	...
Suitable	34,790	...	...
Not suitable	985	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	35,770	...	...
1960 or before	11,665	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,575	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,930	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,555	...	...
2001 to 2005	775	...	...
2006 to 2010	920	...	...
2011 to 2015	760	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	595	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	35,770	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	33,065	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,705	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	35,770	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,250	...	...
Two-maintainer household	14,520	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	995	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	35,770	...	...
15 to 24 years	985	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,245	...	...
35 to 44 years	4,900	...	...
45 to 54 years	5,320	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,690	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,890	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,060	...	...
85 years and over	1,680	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	35,225	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,785	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	5,435	...	...
30% to less than 100%	5,150	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	35,765	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	8,285	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	4,755	...	...
Not suitable only	710	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,020	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	115	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	535	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	110	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	40	...	...
Acceptable housing	27,485	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	34,935	...	...
In core need	2,545	...	...
Not in core need	32,395	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	24,875	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	7.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	880	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,057	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	250,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	284,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,455	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	22.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	890	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	909	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	165	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	12.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	580	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	530	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	78,080	38,170	39,905
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,425	2,075	2,350
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,330	2,040	2,290
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,585	1,645	1,940
Métis single ancestry	720	380	340
Inuit single ancestry	25	20	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	100	30	65
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	85	30	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	0	15
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,220	3,435	3,785
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,055	3,315	3,735
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,695	2,225	2,470
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,345	1,085	1,260
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	165	115	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	150	105	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	66,430	32,665	33,765
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	78,080	38,170	39,905
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	75,915	37,025	38,890
Canadian citizens aged under 18	13,195	6,790	6,405
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	62,715	30,230	32,485
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	2,165	1,145	1,020
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	78,080	38,170	39,905
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	70,920	34,625	36,295
Immigrants⁸¹	6,235	2,950	3,290
Before 1980	4,080	1,890	2,190
1980 to 1990	355	155	195
1991 to 2000	330	140	190
2001 to 2010	525	285	240
2011 to 2021⁸²	945	475	470
2011 to 2015	340	175	165
2016 to 2021	600	295	305
Non-permanent residents⁸³	925	600	320
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	6,235	2,950	3,290
Under 5 years	975	505	465
5 to 14 years	1,445	725	720
15 to 24 years	1,670	815	860
25 to 44 years	1,855	790	1,065
45 years and over	290	115	175
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	6,235	2,950	3,290
Americas	1,020	390	630
Brazil	25	15	10
Colombia	10	0	0
El Salvador	0	0	0
Guyana	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	25	20	0
Mexico	30	15	20
Peru	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	15	0	15
United States of America	670	210	465
Other places of birth in Americas	230	120	115
Europe	4,040	1,945	2,095
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	0
Croatia	65	40	25
France	45	15	25
Germany	405	185	220
Greece	15	10	10
Hungary	45	15	25
Italy	1,860	910	945
Netherlands	75	30	45
Poland	100	35	70
Portugal	75	30	40
Romania	55	35	15
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Ukraine	30	15	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	740	365	375
Other places of birth in Europe	520	255	265
Africa	215	130	90
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	15	10	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	45	30	15
Somalia	20	0	15
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	130	75	50
Asia	945	470	475
Afghanistan	10	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	35	20	10
Iraq	0	0	0
Lebanon	15	0	10
Syria⁸⁹	115	85	30
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	170	85	90
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	45	15	35
Taiwan	15	0	10
Philippines	70	15	55
Viet Nam	15	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
India	300	160	140
Pakistan	25	15	15
Sri Lanka	15	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	85	40	45
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	15	10	0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	605	300	305
Americas	140	55	85
Brazil	15	10	0
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	15	10	10
United States of America	65	15	55
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	50	25	20
Europe	45	25	20
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	20	0
Other places of birth in Europe	10	0	10
Africa	110	50	60
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	40	20	20
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	50	20	35
Asia	310	165	140
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	15	10	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	110	50	60
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	0	0	0
Philippines	15	0	0
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	115	80	30
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	15	0	15
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	78,075	38,170	39,910
First generation¹⁰⁰	7,750	3,870	3,875
Second generation¹⁰¹	11,665	5,735	5,935
Third generation or more¹⁰²	58,660	28,560	30,100
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	2,155	1,055	1,100
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	910	480	430
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	380	290	90
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	530	190	335
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	910	370	550
Refugees¹⁰⁸	315	195	115
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20	15	10
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	2,155	1,055	1,100
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	40	30	0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	335	185	150
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	80	20	60
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	140	80	55
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	35	10	30
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	1,525	730	795
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	78,075	38,170	39,910
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	3,235	1,815	1,420
South Asian	1,135	715	420
Chinese	450	230	215
Black	635	350	290
Filipino	190	70	125
Arab	140	90	50
Latin American	220	140	80
Southeast Asian	75	30	40
West Asian	55	35	30
Korean	115	35	80
Japanese	50	30	25
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	90	55	35
Multiple visible minorities	85	35	40
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	74,840	36,355	38,485
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	78,075	38,170	39,905
Canadian	10,225	5,000	5,220
English	19,790	9,595	10,195
Irish	16,565	7,675	8,885
Scottish	16,600	7,940	8,665
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,720	7,380	8,335
German	7,565	3,680	3,880
Chinese	445	235	210
Italian	15,340	7,730	7,610
Indian (India)	850	550	300
Ukrainian	3,785	1,795	1,990
Dutch	1,785	895	885
Polish	2,915	1,430	1,485
Québécois	145	65	80
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,255	1,060	1,195
Filipino	200	70	135
French Canadian	1,800	875	920
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,460	760	695
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,845	1,795	2,055
Métis	3,300	1,600	1,695
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	925	440	485
Russian	500	220	280
Norwegian	680	340	340
Welsh	1,335	610	725
Portuguese	375	200	170
American	1,010	490	515
Spanish	250	110	145
Swedish	1,210	570	640
Hungarian	385	180	205
Acadian	85	30	55
Pakistani	70	40	30
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	135	70	70
Jewish	115	70	50
Punjabi	45	30	15
Vietnamese	30	10	25
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	40	15	25
Greek	235	95	140
Jamaican	165	85	80
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	80	55	25
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	395	155	240
Korean	120	40	80
Romanian	270	155	115
Lebanese	90	50	40
Iranian	35	20	10
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	155	65	85
Danish	495	255	240
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,540	750	795
Sikh	20	10	15
Austrian	605	320	285
Belgian	230	120	110
Haitian	20	0	10
Hindu	100	55	45
Mexican	105	55	55
Mennonite	30	15	10
Swiss	160	65	90
Finnish	3,790	1,875	1,915
Sri Lankan	15	10	0
Croatian	890	460	425
Japanese	70	40	35
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	15	0	10
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	145	75	70
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	195	115	90
Muslim	30	15	15
Egyptian	40	20	20
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	10	0	0
Tamil	25	15	0
Icelandic	125	65	55
Colombian	45	25	15
Moroccan	10	0	0
Czech	230	110	120
Syrian	165	100	65
Guyanese	40	25	15
Afghan	0	0	0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	50	30	20
Serbian	75	45	30
Ojibway	2,080	985	1,095
Newfoundlander	100	45	50
Hong Konger	10	0	0
Ontarian	465	245	220
Persian	35	20	20
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	30	15	15
Turkish	0	0	0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	65	30	35
Bangladeshi	20	10	10
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	25	15	10
Nigerian	15	0	10
Armenian	15	0	10
Slovak	215	90	125
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	90	40	50
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	20	0	10
Iraqi	0	0	0
Salvadorean	0	0	0
African Caribbean	30	15	15
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	20	15	0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	25	10	15
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	15	0	10
Algonquin	130	50	85
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	10	0	10
Lithuanian	315	200	110
South African	0	0	0
Australian	25	20	0
Palestinian	0	0	0
Chilean	0	0	0
Congolese	0	0	0
Nova Scotian	40	10	30
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	15	0	10
Peruvian	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	15	10
Cambodian (Khmer)	15	10	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	60	40	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Slovenian	125	55	65
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	40	15	30
New Brunswicker	30	15	15
Gujarati	0	0	0
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	25	15	15
Israeli	0	0	0
Mohawk	85	40	45
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	135	55	75
Bulgarian	10	0	0
Albertan	10	0	10
Ghanaian	30	20	10
Barbadian	20	10	15
African American	115	70	50
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	140	60	75
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	40	30	10
Cuban	25	15	10
Bosnian	10	0	10
Venezuelan	0	0	0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	65	40	25
Bengali	10	0	10
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	45	30	15
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	50	40	10
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	60	35	25
Franco Ontarian	90	40	55
Argentinian	35	20	15
Estonian	275	150	130
Kurdish	35	25	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	65	35	25
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	25	0	20
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	40	20	20
Byelorussian	30	10	20
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	15	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	15	0
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	30	40
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	280	135	140
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	20	10	10
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	15	10	10
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0
Rwandan	10	10	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	10	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	45	15	30
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	15	10	0
United Empire Loyalist	25	10	20
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	30	10	25
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	15	10	10
Uruguayan	15	0	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	10	10	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	78,075	38,170	39,910
Buddhist	125	50	70
Christian	45,335	20,920	24,415
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	3,970	1,885	2,085
Anabaptist	15	0	10
Anglican	3,765	1,660	2,100
Baptist	1,165	530	635
Catholic	25,190	11,950	13,245
Christian Orthodox	155	60	95
Jehovah's Witness	585	255	330
Latter Day Saints	195	75	120
Lutheran	1,220	615	605
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	230	95	135
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	640	260	380
Presbyterian	915	405	510
Reformed	20	15	0
United Church	4,770	2,015	2,750
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,505	1,095	1,410
Hindu	510	335	175
Jewish	40	20	20
Muslim	310	190	130
Sikh	270	180	90
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	405	155	250
Other religions and spiritual traditions	465	215	250
No religion and secular perspectives	30,615	16,100	14,510
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	77,440	37,880	39,550
Non-movers	69,190	33,770	35,420
Movers	8,245	4,115	4,135
Non-migrants	5,920	2,950	2,975
Migrants	2,325	1,165	1,160
Internal migrants	1,950	965	990
Intraprovincial migrants	1,665	825	840
Interprovincial migrants	290	140	155
External migrants	370	200	175
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	74,725	36,510	38,215
Non-movers	49,925	24,295	25,630
Movers	24,800	12,220	12,580
Non-migrants	15,565	7,505	8,055
Migrants	9,235	4,705	4,525
Internal migrants	7,775	3,820	3,955
Intraprovincial migrants	6,880	3,380	3,505
Interprovincial migrants	895	445	450
External migrants	1,460	885	570
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,820	32,345	34,480
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,175	6,170	6,005
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,650	26,175	28,480
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	40,045	19,380	20,660
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,005	2,125	1,880
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	36,035	17,260	18,780
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,820	32,340	34,485
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,790	5,240	5,550
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,335	9,725	10,610
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,695	17,380	18,315
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,035	11,905	11,130
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,825	3,805	1,015
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,190	1,500	690
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,630	2,305	325
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,110	7,615	9,500
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,100	485	615
Bachelor's degree or higher	12,660	5,470	7,185
Bachelor's degree	9,325	3,875	5,440
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	950	395	555
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	355	225	125
Master's degree	1,715	780	930
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	320	190	130
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	40,040	19,385	20,660
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,455	1,840	1,615
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	11,170	5,740	5,435
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	25,415	11,800	13,615
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,005	7,945	8,060
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,755	2,140	620
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,275	865	415
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,480	1,275	205
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,515	5,490	7,020
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	730	320	415
Bachelor's degree or higher	9,410	3,860	5,555
Bachelor's degree	6,915	2,740	4,180
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	670	270	400
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	270	155	115
Master's degree	1,300	555	745
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	260	135	120
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	66,825	32,340	34,480
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,120	14,960	16,160
Education	2,340	655	1,685
13. Education	2,340	655	1,685
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	825	380	445
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	80	70	10
50. Visual and performing arts	750	315	430
Humanities	1,285	500	785
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	80	20	60
23. English language and literature/letters	345	85	260
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	325	105	220
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	25	15
38. Philosophy and religious studies	65	40	30
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	90	40
54. History	225	120	100
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	15	70
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,895	1,085	2,810
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20	10	15
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	220	100	115
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	950	65	885
22. Legal professions and studies	465	145	320
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	10	75
42. Psychology	1,035	205	830
45. Social sciences	1,130	565	570
Business, management and public administration	5,985	1,870	4,110
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	925	135	785
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,050	1,730	3,320
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,040	530	515
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	580	285	300
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	195	100	95
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	0	25
40. Physical sciences	190	130	60
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	15	35
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,200	780	420
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	940	655	285
25. Library science	70	0	70
27. Mathematics and statistics	155	90	65
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	35	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,175	7,810	360
04. Architecture and related services	110	75	30
14. Engineering	750	700	55
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,285	2,115	175
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,730	1,700	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,130	2,075	55
48. Precision production	1,175	1,155	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,110	790	320
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	290	135	150
03. Natural resources and conservation	820	650	170
Health and related fields	6,690	1,190	5,500
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	460	270	190
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,095	840	5,255
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	105	70	35
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,150	1,790	1,360
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,315	335	975
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	10	0
43. Security and protective services	1,225	880	345
49. Transportation and materials moving	600	560	35
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	40,045	19,380	20,660
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	14,625	7,585	7,045
Education	1,460	375	1,085
13. Education	1,460	375	1,085
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	620	255	360
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	45	35	10
50. Visual and performing arts	580	230	350
Humanities	820	295	520
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	55	0	55
23. English language and literature/letters	240	65	175
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	195	55	135
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	40	20	20
39. Theology and religious vocations	85	60	20
54. History	135	70	70
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	15	35
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,910	745	2,160
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	25	10	15
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	180	85	105
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	720	60	660
22. Legal professions and studies	355	90	265
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	60	10	50
42. Psychology	765	140	630
45. Social sciences	810	370	440
Business, management and public administration	4,575	1,405	3,175
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	765	110	655
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,800	1,295	2,515
Physical and life sciences and technologies	760	345	420
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	440	190	250
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	155	70	85
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	0	20
40. Physical sciences	130	85	40
41. Science technologies/technicians	10	0	10
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	905	620	285
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	750	550	200
25. Library science	40	0	40
27. Mathematics and statistics	95	45	50
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	20	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,280	4,990	290
04. Architecture and related services	95	65	30
14. Engineering	535	480	55
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,565	1,445	125
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,125	1,100	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,270	1,235	40
48. Precision production	690	670	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	830	545	285
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	235	100	130
03. Natural resources and conservation	595	450	150
Health and related fields	4,840	910	3,925
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	350	215	130
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,400	645	3,755
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	45	30
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,415	1,315	1,100
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	990	215	775
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	0	0
43. Security and protective services	995	700	295
49. Transportation and materials moving	425	395	25
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	40,045	19,380	20,660
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	14,625	7,585	7,045
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	25,415	11,800	13,615
Location of study inside Canada	22,750	10,470	12,280
Same as province or territory of residence	21,805	10,040	11,765
Different than province or territory of residence	945	430	515
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,665	1,330	1,335
Americas	1,840	890	950
United States of America	1,735	835	900
Mexico	15	0	10
Cuba	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	15	0	15
Colombia	15	10	10
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	50	25	15
Europe	205	140	70
Belgium	0	0	0
France	10	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Netherlands	0	0	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	0	0	0
Romania	0	0	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	20	15	10
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	120	85	30
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	25	10	15
Africa	60	35	25
Nigeria	15	10	10
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	15	10	10
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	25	15	0
Asia	525	255	275
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	40	15	30
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	15
Philippines	95	30	65
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	335	190	145
Pakistan	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Asia	10	0	0
Oceania	30	15	20
Australia	30	15	20
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	66,820	32,340	34,485
In the labour force	36,635	18,745	17,895
Employed	31,820	16,335	15,485
Unemployed	4,820	2,410	2,410
Not in the labour force	30,185	13,600	16,590
Participation rate	54.8	58.0	51.9
Employment rate	47.6	50.5	44.9
Unemployment rate	13.2	12.9	13.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	66,825	32,340	34,480
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,705	13,280	16,425
Worked	37,120	19,060	18,055
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	19,665	10,740	8,925
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	17,450	8,320	9,130
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.2	41.5	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	36,640	18,745	17,895
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	950	490	465
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	35,685	18,250	17,435
Employee	32,670	16,535	16,135
Permanent position	27,535	13,945	13,590
Temporary position	5,130	2,590	2,540
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,430	655	780
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,700	1,940	1,760
Self-employed¹⁹²	3,010	1,715	1,300
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	36,640	18,745	17,895
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	950	490	465
All occupations¹⁹¹	35,685	18,250	17,435
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	215	140	70
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	4,815	1,350	3,470
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,980	1,615	365
3 Health occupations	3,885	615	3,270
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,070	1,665	3,405
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	690	280	410
6 Sales and service occupations	9,730	4,110	5,625
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,725	6,230	495
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	675	565	105
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,890	1,680	210
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	36,640	18,745	17,895
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	950	490	465
All industries¹⁹¹	35,685	18,250	17,435
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	465	310	155
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	330	310	15
22 Utilities	345	270	70
23 Construction	2,600	2,340	260
31-33 Manufacturing	3,615	3,170	445
41 Wholesale trade	630	490	140
44-45 Retail trade	4,885	2,375	2,510
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,270	910	360
51 Information and cultural industries	360	220	140
52 Finance and insurance	885	275	610
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	480	260	225
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,435	730	705
55 Management of companies and enterprises	30	15	15
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,575	1,045	530
61 Educational services	3,025	980	2,050
62 Health care and social assistance	6,365	1,055	5,305
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,140	510	630
72 Accommodation and food services	2,465	925	1,540
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,505	790	715
91 Public administration	2,275	1,270	1,010
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	39,970	20,535	19,440
English	38,770	20,085	18,685
French	120	20	100
Non-official language	10	10	0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	10	10	0
English and French	770	280	495
English and non-official language(s)	280	130	145
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	39,970	20,535	19,440
Single responses	39,870	20,500	19,375
Official languages	39,835	20,480	19,360
English	39,605	20,425	19,180
French	230	55	175
Non-official languages	35	20	15
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	30	20	10
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	25	15	10
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	15	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages	15	10	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	0	0	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	0	0	0
Chinese languages	0	0	0
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	0	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	100	35	65
English and French	75	20	50
English and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	39,970	20,535	19,440
None	38,995	20,140	18,855
English	125	35	90
French	600	235	365
Non-official language	235	110	125
Indigenous³⁹	65	15	45
Non-Indigenous	170	95	75
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	31,820	16,335	15,485
Worked at home	5,145	2,090	3,055
Worked outside Canada	140	75	60
No fixed workplace address	3,225	2,450	775
Usual place of work	23,300	11,715	11,590
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	23,305	11,715	11,585
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	20,650	10,235	10,415
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,305	1,250	1,055
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	260	170	90
Commute to a different province or territory	85	60	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	26,530	14,165	12,360
Car, truck or van	24,170	12,895	11,275
Car, truck or van - as a driver	22,375	12,155	10,215
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,800	735	1,060
Public transit	710	325	385
Walked	1,015	540	480
Bicycle	235	190	45
Other method	395	215	180
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	26,530	14,165	12,360
Less than 15 minutes	16,190	8,230	7,960
15 to 29 minutes	7,680	4,245	3,435
30 to 44 minutes	1,690	1,010	680
45 to 59 minutes	445	275	165
60 minutes and over	530	410	125
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	26,530	14,165	12,360
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,985	1,620	365
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,680	2,925	1,750
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,415	3,495	2,920
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,580	2,655	3,920
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	2,955	1,250	1,700
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,925	2,220	1,700
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	13,780	7,145	6,630
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,845	935	920
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,930	6,215	5,715
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	10,130	5,235	4,900
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,385	685	695
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	775	380	395
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	605	305	300
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,755	4,550	4,205

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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