Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Scarborough SouthwestMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	111,994	...	...
Population, 2016¹	110,278	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	44,118	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,938	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,982.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	28.12	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	111,995	54,865	57,130
0 to 14 years	18,115	9,280	8,830
0 to 4 years	5,540	2,785	2,750
5 to 9 years	6,215	3,260	2,960
10 to 14 years	6,360	3,240	3,120
15 to 64 years	75,300	37,245	38,055
15 to 19 years	6,365	3,220	3,150
20 to 24 years	7,120	3,865	3,245
25 to 29 years	7,350	3,880	3,470
30 to 34 years	7,470	3,625	3,845
35 to 39 years	7,665	3,670	3,995
40 to 44 years	7,415	3,510	3,905
45 to 49 years	7,460	3,480	3,985
50 to 54 years	8,015	3,870	4,140
55 to 59 years	8,795	4,345	4,455
60 to 64 years	7,640	3,775	3,865
65 years and over	18,580	8,340	10,245
65 to 69 years	6,035	2,975	3,065
70 to 74 years	4,685	2,195	2,490
75 to 79 years	2,905	1,310	1,585
80 to 84 years	2,130	890	1,250
85 years and over	2,825	970	1,855
85 to 89 years	1,560	605	960
90 to 94 years	900	295	610
95 to 99 years	315	65	250
100 years and over	40	10	30
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.2	16.9	15.5
15 to 64 years	67.2	67.9	66.6
65 years and over	16.6	15.2	17.9
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.2
Average age of the population	41.2	40.1	42.3
Median age of the population	41.2	40.0	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,935	...	...
Single-detached house	14,880	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,410	...	...
Row house	2,210	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,250	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,600	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	14,245	...	...
Other single-attached house	335	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,940	...	...
1 person	11,720	...	...
2 persons	11,505	...	...
3 persons	7,265	...	...
4 persons	6,800	...	...
5 or more persons	4,645	...	...
Number of persons in private households	110,035	53,995	56,035
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	93,880	45,585	48,295
Married or living common-law	47,305	23,780	23,525
Married	41,285	20,775	20,510
Living common-law	6,020	3,000	3,020
Living common law - Never married	4,420	2,195	2,225
Living common law - Separated	270	140	125
Living common law - Divorced	1,215	620	600
Living common law - Widowed	110	45	65
Not married and not living common-law	46,575	21,805	24,770
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,445	17,310	15,135
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,925	1,130	1,795
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,025	2,315	3,710
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,180	1,055	4,130
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,505	...	...
2 persons	12,710	...	...
3 persons	7,365	...	...
4 persons	6,650	...	...
5 or more persons	2,775	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,500	...	...
Total couple families	22,515	...	...
Married couples	19,510	...	...
With children⁶	12,875	...	...
Without children	6,635	...	...
Common-law couples	3,010	...	...
With children⁶	1,225	...	...
Without children	1,780	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,985	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,870	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,120	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	110,035	54,000	56,035
Total - Persons in census families	88,915	43,195	45,720
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,035	22,490	22,540
Parents in one-parent families	6,985	1,120	5,865
Children⁶	36,890	19,580	17,305
In a two-parent family	26,065	13,715	12,355
In a one-parent family	10,825	5,875	4,955
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,120	10,805	10,315
Living alone	11,720	5,645	6,080
Living with other relatives⁷	3,795	1,510	2,290
Living with non-relatives only	5,605	3,650	1,950
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,935	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,960	...	...
Couple-family households	18,615	...	...
With children⁶	11,810	...	...
Without children	6,800	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,345	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,785	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	485	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,815	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,170	...	...
One-person households	11,720	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	91,955	44,740	47,210
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,105	42,255	44,850
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	36,400	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,115	42,260	44,860
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	33,600	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,625	36,135	36,490
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,800	33,600	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,290	30,860	29,435
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	35,600	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,670	38,810	41,855
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,100	12,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,460	4,275	5,190
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	31,655	16,005	15,650
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,500	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	91,970	44,745	47,225
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,120	42,265	44,865
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,160	53,350	45,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,135	42,270	44,865
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,320	43,680	39,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,560	36,215	36,340
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,680	50,880	40,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,340	30,990	29,355
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,880	51,120	42,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,840	38,880	41,960
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,950	10,590	13,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,470	4,280	5,190
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,540	6,070	6,930
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	31,700	16,055	15,645
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,310	10,500	10,110
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	91,970	44,740	47,225
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,395	14,130	12,265
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,200	65,000	60,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,500	84,000	72,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,605	11,635	11,975
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,000	15,900	14,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,300	26,080	22,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.4	81.8	72.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.0	70.2	61.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.6	18.3	27.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.4	8.0	8.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.6	7.5	7.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	91,955	44,740	47,215
Without total income	4,850	2,485	2,365
With total income	87,100	42,255	44,845
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,205	3,810	4,395
$10,000 to $19,999	11,985	5,660	6,320
$20,000 to $29,999	16,280	7,825	8,455
$30,000 to $39,999	11,930	5,510	6,420
$40,000 to $49,999	9,030	4,145	4,890
$50,000 to $59,999	7,220	3,290	3,930
$60,000 to $69,999	5,395	2,610	2,780
$70,000 to $79,999	4,025	2,055	1,970
$80,000 to $89,999	3,100	1,720	1,380
$90,000 to $99,999	2,455	1,325	1,130
$100,000 and over	7,475	4,305	3,175
$100,000 to $149,999	5,115	2,785	2,325
$150,000 and over	2,365	1,515	850
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	91,955	44,740	47,215
Without after-tax income	4,835	2,485	2,355
With after-tax income	87,120	42,260	44,855
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,390	3,885	4,500
$10,000 to $19,999	12,455	5,910	6,545
$20,000 to $29,999	18,185	8,715	9,470
$30,000 to $39,999	13,355	6,280	7,075
$40,000 to $49,999	10,370	4,850	5,520
$50,000 to $59,999	7,555	3,480	4,075
$60,000 to $69,999	5,230	2,700	2,525
$70,000 to $79,999	3,560	1,970	1,585
$80,000 to $89,999	2,825	1,395	1,430
$90,000 to $99,999	1,515	815	700
$100,000 and over	3,675	2,255	1,420
$100,000 to $124,999	1,900	1,130	770
$125,000 and over	1,780	1,125	655
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	91,955	44,740	47,215
Without employment income	31,665	13,885	17,780
With employment income	60,290	30,855	29,430
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,920	4,905	5,020
$5,000 to $9,999	6,200	2,995	3,210
$10,000 to $19,999	7,280	3,585	3,695
$20,000 to $29,999	5,260	2,545	2,715
$30,000 to $39,999	4,995	2,520	2,475
$40,000 to $49,999	5,090	2,555	2,540
$50,000 to $59,999	4,560	2,240	2,320
$60,000 to $69,999	3,630	1,885	1,740
$70,000 to $79,999	2,865	1,535	1,325
$80,000 to $89,999	2,415	1,410	1,010
$90,000 to $99,999	2,100	1,150	945
$100,000 and over	5,975	3,540	2,435
$100,000 to $124,999	2,860	1,590	1,265
$125,000 and over	3,120	1,950	1,170
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	91,955	44,740	47,210
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,800	41,020	43,780
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	34,400	31,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,815	41,025	43,790
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,600	32,000	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,565	35,565	35,995
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,400	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	60,365	30,810	29,550
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,000	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,690	36,175	39,510
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,320	1,180	5,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,925	1,985	2,935
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	5,680	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	91,970	44,745	47,225
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,995	41,100	43,895
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,560	51,500	41,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,010	41,100	43,905
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	41,640	36,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,540	35,630	35,915
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,520	53,550	41,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	60,460	30,880	29,585
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,120	53,000	42,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,015	36,325	39,690
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,340	5,760	8,780
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,120	2,035	3,080
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,600	6,760	8,160
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	91,970	44,740	47,225
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,270	14,025	12,245
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	62,000	56,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,300	81,100	66,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,995	10,875	11,125
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	23,800	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,240	33,480	29,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	90.2	81.0
Employment income (%)	73.4	77.4	69.0
Government transfers (%)	14.1	9.9	18.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,940	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,720	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,220	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,905	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,650	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,880	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,560	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,250	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,940	...	...
Under $5,000	495	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	365	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	980	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	905	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,005	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,600	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,505	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,555	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,585	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,450	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,085	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,935	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,500	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,245	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,950	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,620	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,375	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,155	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,800	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,940	...	...
Under $5,000	530	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	380	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	985	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	950	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,115	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,775	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,690	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,785	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,765	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,785	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,590	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,315	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,010	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,840	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,330	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,095	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,795	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,105	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,195	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,930	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,205	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,115	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,415	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,325	9,295	8,030
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,800	30,400	33,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,000	28,800	31,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,920	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,225	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,160	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,320	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,205	9,130	8,070
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,960	42,280	43,720
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,600	35,520	37,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	110,030	54,000	56,035
0 to 17 years	21,910	11,210	10,705
0 to 5 years	6,760	3,405	3,355
18 to 64 years	71,010	34,940	36,075
65 years and over	17,110	7,855	9,255
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	15,325	7,360	7,970
0 to 17 years	3,700	1,885	1,815
0 to 5 years	1,165	585	580
18 to 64 years	8,610	4,180	4,425
65 years and over	3,020	1,290	1,730
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.9	13.6	14.2
0 to 17 years (%)	16.9	16.8	17.0
0 to 5 years (%)	17.2	17.2	17.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1	12.0	12.3
65 years and over (%)	17.7	16.5	18.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	110,035	54,000	56,030
0 to 17 years	21,915	11,205	10,705
0 to 5 years	6,765	3,405	3,355
18 to 64 years	71,010	34,940	36,075
65 years and over	17,110	7,855	9,255
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,440	5,075	4,365
0 to 17 years	1,795	915	880
0 to 5 years	565	275	295
18 to 64 years	6,715	3,715	3,005
65 years and over	930	450	485
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.6	9.4	7.8
0 to 17 years (%)	8.2	8.2	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	8.4	8.0	8.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.5	10.6	8.3
65 years and over (%)	5.4	5.7	5.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	110,035	54,000	56,035
In bottom half of the distribution	61,345	29,960	31,385
In bottom decile	14,290	7,305	6,980
In second decile	13,255	6,305	6,950
In third decile	12,625	6,100	6,525
In fourth decile	10,990	5,260	5,725
In fifth decile	10,185	4,985	5,200
In top half of the distribution	48,690	24,040	24,650
In sixth decile	9,980	4,840	5,140
In seventh decile	10,035	4,925	5,115
In eighth decile	9,755	4,820	4,935
In ninth decile	9,650	4,805	4,840
In top decile	9,270	4,655	4,620
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	110,035	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.353	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.506	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.305	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	110,515	54,200	56,310
English only	100,225	49,910	50,320
French only	115	40	75
English and French	7,150	3,135	4,010
Neither English nor French	3,020	1,115	1,905
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	110,515	54,200	56,310
English	105,485	52,180	53,300
French	1,300	570	730
English and French	765	360	400
Neither English nor French	2,965	1,090	1,875
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	110,515	54,200	56,310
Single responses	102,915	50,500	52,410
Official languages	61,020	30,340	30,685
English	59,875	29,835	30,045
French	1,145	505	640
Non-official languages	41,890	20,165	21,725
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	5
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,880	20,160	21,720
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,505	1,665	1,840
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	0
Hausa	10	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	425	185	240
Bilen	10	5	0
Oromo	105	55	50
Somali	305	125	180
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Semitic languages	3,070	1,475	1,600
Amharic	1,185	535	650
Arabic	960	515	450
Aramaic languages	10	10	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	125	55	70
Hebrew	15	10	5
Maltese	15	5	10
Tigrigna	750	350	400
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	425	185	240
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	5	10
Vietnamese	400	175	225
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0
Austronesian languages	5,460	2,220	3,240
Bikol	15	5	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	35	40
Cebuano	175	80	100
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	100	40	60
Ilocano	410	160	245
Indonesian	40	20	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	35	30
Pangasinan	30	10	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,495	1,825	2,675
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Creole languages	100	50	45
Haitian Creole	25	15	10
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	10	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	20	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Dravidian languages	3,630	1,920	1,710
Kannada	55	30	20
Malayalam	405	260	145
Tamil	2,670	1,360	1,310
Telugu	490	265	225
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	5	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	22,460	11,215	11,250
Albanian	285	135	145
Armenian	65	30	35
Balto-Slavic languages	2,005	915	1,090
Baltic languages	35	15	20
Latvian	30	10	15
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	1,975	900	1,070
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	160	80	80
Czech	65	25	35
Macedonian	495	230	265
Polish	400	170	225
Russian	350	145	200
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	275	135	140
Bosnian	30	15	15
Croatian	70	35	35
Serbian	170	85	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	60	30	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10
Ukrainian	140	60	80
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	510	220	295
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	390	155	235
German	375	155	225
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	80	40	40
Afrikaans	5	5	5
Dutch	70	35	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	45	25	25
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	15	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,185	560	620
Indo-Iranian languages	15,080	7,775	7,300
Indo-Aryan languages	13,635	7,055	6,575
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	8,795	4,510	4,285
Gujarati	370	190	180
Hindi	745	420	325
Kacchi	60	20	35
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	25	15	15
Marathi	80	45	35
Nepali	550	295	260
Oriya languages	25	10	10
Odia	20	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	675	390	285
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	20	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	160	75	85
Urdu	2,055	1,030	1,025
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20
Iranian languages	1,450	720	725
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	100	50	50
Parsi	5	5	0
Pashto	210	100	110
Persian languages	1,120	560	560
Dari	705	340	365
Iranian Persian	310	155	150
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	65	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,320	1,565	1,755
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,040	475	565
Portuguese	535	250	285
Romanian	285	125	155
Spanish	1,450	700	750
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	170	55	115
Korean	280	110	170
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	565	270	300
Akan (Twi)	80	45	35
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	10	10
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	5
Ga	5	5	5
Ganda	50	25	30
Gikuyu	15	5	10
Igbo	35	20	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	15
Lingala	15	10	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	5	10
Shona	20	10	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	10
Swahili	110	55	60
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	15	5	5
Yoruba	90	45	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	15
American Sign Language	25	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,425	2,040	2,385
Chinese languages	4,280	1,965	2,315
Hakka	75	40	45
Mandarin	1,520	695	825
Min Dong	15	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	20	30
Yue (Cantonese)	2,510	1,160	1,350
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	140	75	70
Burmese	20	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	105	55	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25
Lao	10	10	5
Thai	30	15	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Turkic languages	250	145	105
Azerbaijani	10	10	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	210	125	85
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Uralic languages	510	230	280
Estonian	70	30	45
Finnish	35	10	25
Hungarian	400	190	210
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Multiple responses	7,600	3,700	3,900
English and French	425	215	210
English and non-official language(s)	6,335	3,085	3,250
French and non-official language(s)	150	75	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	60	65
Multiple non-official languages	565	270	295
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	110,515	54,200	56,310
English	62,010	30,870	31,140
French	365	170	200
Non-official language	12,150	5,745	6,415
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	12,150	5,740	6,410
English and French	1,120	515	610
English and non-official language(s)	32,740	15,950	16,790
French and non-official language(s)	80	25	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	995	440	555
Multiple non-official languages	1,050	495	555
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	110,515	54,200	56,310
Single responses	101,270	49,715	51,555
Official languages	75,285	37,180	38,105
English	74,700	36,930	37,765
French	590	255	335
Non-official languages	25,985	12,530	13,455
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,985	12,530	13,450
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,060	940	1,115
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	205	75	130
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	50	25	20
Somali	155	50	105
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,850	865	985
Amharic	690	300	385
Arabic	580	295	285
Aramaic languages	5	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	80	35	50
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	5	5
Tigrigna	490	235	260
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	270	115	150
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	10
Vietnamese	250	105	140
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,285	1,415	1,865
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	20	15
Cebuano	120	55	65
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	55	25	35
Ilocano	215	95	115
Indonesian	15	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	20
Pangasinan	20	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,765	1,170	1,590
Waray-Waray	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	55	25	30
Haitian Creole	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Dravidian languages	2,705	1,400	1,310
Kannada	30	15	10
Malayalam	295	195	100
Tamil	2,075	1,030	1,040
Telugu	305	160	150
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,555	6,730	6,830
Albanian	150	75	75
Armenian	20	10	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,000	450	545
Baltic languages	5	5	0
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	990	450	545
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	100	55	45
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	265	115	145
Polish	205	90	120
Russian	215	100	120
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	125	55	65
Bosnian	15	10	10
Croatian	20	5	10
Serbian	80	40	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	30	15	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	30	15	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	60	25	40
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	50	20	30
German	45	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	5
Afrikaans	5	0	5
Dutch	5	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	575	260	315
Indo-Iranian languages	10,180	5,180	5,000
Indo-Aryan languages	9,225	4,725	4,500
Assamese	5	0	0
Bengali	6,145	3,120	3,025
Gujarati	215	115	100
Hindi	410	240	175
Kacchi	25	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	35	25	20
Nepali	380	195	180
Oriya languages	15	10	5
Odia	15	10	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	415	245	170
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	45	40
Urdu	1,425	690	735
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Iranian languages	955	455	500
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	65	35	35
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	165	80	90
Persian languages	710	335	370
Dari	465	210	255
Iranian Persian	170	85	80
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	40	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,565	725	835
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	435	180	255
Portuguese	225	105	120
Romanian	145	70	75
Spanish	760	375	385
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Japanese	80	35	45
Korean	180	85	95
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	185	85	100
Akan (Twi)	20	15	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0
Lingala	15	5	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5
Shona	5	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	60	25	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	30	10
American Sign Language	30	20	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,155	1,470	1,680
Chinese languages	3,065	1,425	1,640
Hakka	30	15	15
Mandarin	1,125	530	600
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,810	840	970
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	40
Burmese	15	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	65	35	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	10	15
Lao	5	0	0
Thai	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	155	80	70
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	130	75	60
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	5	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	240	110	125
Estonian	10	5	10
Finnish	10	5	10
Hungarian	215	105	115
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Multiple responses	9,245	4,490	4,750
English and French	265	140	130
English and non-official language(s)	8,670	4,220	4,450
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	40	65
Multiple non-official languages	165	75	85
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	110,515	54,205	56,310
None	82,175	40,485	41,690
English	11,425	5,625	5,805
French	960	430	525
Non-official language	12,460	5,995	6,460
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5
Non-Indigenous	12,450	5,990	6,455
English and French	160	65	90
English and non-official language(s)	1,520	745	780
French and non-official language(s)	420	185	230
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	5
Multiple non-official languages	1,365	655	710
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	110,095	54,030	56,065
Official languages	107,090	52,905	54,185
English	106,970	52,865	54,100
French	7,205	3,075	4,135
Non-official languages	56,500	27,445	29,050
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	0	20
Algonquian languages	20	0	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	0	20
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	56,475	27,440	29,030
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,025	2,565	2,460
Berber languages	10	0	10
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	25	15	10
Hausa	20	10	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	670	340	325
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	255	120	135
Somali	410	215	195
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,510	2,315	2,195
Amharic	1,890	865	1,030
Arabic	1,885	995	885
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	235	130	105
Hebrew	60	40	20
Maltese	20	10	0
Tigrigna	1,225	675	550
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	680	270	405
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	15
Vietnamese	660	270	385
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	7,500	3,020	4,485
Bikol	25	10	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	35	50
Cebuano	280	130	150
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	205	105	100
Ilocano	800	300	500
Indonesian	80	35	45
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	15	10	10
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	35	25	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	25	45
Pangasinan	50	25	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,150	2,845	4,305
Waray-Waray	75	35	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	170	70	95
Creole languages	350	140	210
Haitian Creole	40	30	10
Jamaican English Creole	70	15	50
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	55	20	30
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	150	65	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	0	35
Dravidian languages	5,615	2,945	2,670
Kannada	110	65	45
Malayalam	580	325	255
Tamil	4,220	2,155	2,070
Telugu	1,015	590	425
Tulu	10	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20
Georgian	15	10	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	31,390	15,925	15,465
Albanian	330	180	140
Armenian	95	40	50
Balto-Slavic languages	2,600	1,315	1,285
Baltic languages	45	20	25
Latvian	35	20	15
Lithuanian	10	0	0
Slavic languages	2,560	1,295	1,270
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	250	125	120
Czech	35	20	20
Macedonian	635	305	325
Polish	625	315	310
Russian	650	320	330
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	420	240	185
Bosnian	100	50	55
Croatian	170	90	80
Serbian	310	190	125
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	55	30	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	30	15
Ukrainian	145	60	85
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Celtic languages	40	25	10
Irish	20	15	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	975	420	550
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	745	315	430
German	735	300	430
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	15	15
Yiddish	10	10	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	80	90
Afrikaans	25	20	0
Dutch	140	65	80
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	85	45	45
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	15	10	0
Norwegian	15	0	15
Swedish	50	30	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,775	845	930
Indo-Iranian languages	20,980	10,875	10,105
Indo-Aryan languages	19,215	9,990	9,225
Assamese	45	25	25
Bengali	11,090	5,760	5,325
Gujarati	505	280	225
Hindi	4,570	2,500	2,070
Kacchi	80	25	55
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	65	40	30
Marathi	250	125	120
Nepali	860	460	400
Oriya languages	30	15	15
Odia	25	15	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,545	850	695
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	95	50	40
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	285	160	125
Urdu	4,155	2,005	2,150
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	70	30
Iranian languages	1,985	985	1,010
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	210	105	105
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	380	175	205
Persian languages	1,670	825	845
Dari	1,015	475	540
Iranian Persian	490	260	225
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	215	115	95
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30
Italic (Romance) languages	5,485	2,675	2,810
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,875	925	950
Portuguese	820	415	405
Romanian	300	140	160
Spanish	2,750	1,315	1,435
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Japanese	445	185	255
Korean	385	160	225
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,330	625	710
Akan (Twi)	170	75	95
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	40	15	20
Éwé	15	15	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	30	10	20
Ganda	120	70	50
Gikuyu	10	10	0
Igbo	55	20	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	10	20
Lingala	145	60	85
Luba-Kasai	20	0	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	75	35	40
Shona	10	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	10
Swahili	370	215	155
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	25	10	20
Yoruba	230	85	145
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	85	65
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	25	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	100	40	55
American Sign Language	80	25	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,240	2,490	2,750
Chinese languages	4,965	2,360	2,600
Hakka	85	50	35
Mandarin	2,275	1,025	1,250
Min Dong	20	0	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	110	40	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	20	30
Yue (Cantonese)	3,135	1,520	1,610
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	30	40
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	255	110	140
Burmese	20	10	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	210	95	115
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20
Tai-Kadai languages	85	45	40
Lao	25	20	0
Thai	65	35	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	345	205	140
Azerbaijani	25	20	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	300	170	130
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0
Uralic languages	600	260	340
Estonian	60	25	35
Finnish	70	20	50
Hungarian	480	215	265
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,095	54,030	56,065
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,470	710	760
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,375	660	715
First Nations (North American Indian)	805	395	410
Métis	520	245	280
Inuk (Inuit)	55	20	30
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	20	20
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60	25	30
Non-Indigenous identity	108,625	53,325	55,305
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,095	54,030	56,065
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	395	190	205
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	109,700	53,840	55,855
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,905	...	...
Owner	22,735	...	...
Renter	19,165	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,905	...	...
Condominium	4,970	...	...
Not condominium	36,935	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,905	...	...
No bedrooms	965	...	...
1 bedroom	8,735	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,105	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,775	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,325	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,905	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	18,985	...	...
5 rooms	5,920	...	...
6 rooms	5,285	...	...
7 rooms	4,185	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,540	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,905	...	...
One person or fewer per room	38,690	...	...
More than one person per room	3,210	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,905	...	...
Suitable	35,355	...	...
Not suitable	6,545	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,905	...	...
1960 or before	16,845	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,380	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,470	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,240	...	...
2001 to 2005	985	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,055	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,415	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,520	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,905	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,695	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,210	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,905	...	...
One-maintainer household	22,440	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,040	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,420	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,905	...	...
15 to 24 years	495	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,280	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,365	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,820	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,925	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,675	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,975	...	...
85 years and over	1,365	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,680	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	30,385	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,290	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,405	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,900	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,090	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,045	...	...
Not suitable only	4,535	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,720	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,300	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	775	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	540	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	175	...	...
Acceptable housing	23,820	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	40,790	...	...
In core need	8,530	...	...
Not in core need	32,260	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	22,735	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	22.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,872	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	944,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,170	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	26.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	34.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,180	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,196	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	110,100	54,035	56,065
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	425	160	265
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	390	150	245
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	345	120	225
Métis single ancestry	45	25	25
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	15	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	15	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,290	630	655
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,225	590	635
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	955	470	490
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	250	110	135
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	65	45	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	30	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	108,380	53,235	55,145
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	110,095	54,030	56,065
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	94,470	46,045	48,425
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,890	10,190	9,700
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	74,585	35,860	38,725
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	15,630	7,985	7,645
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	110,095	54,030	56,065
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	55,395	27,710	27,685
Immigrants⁸¹	50,370	23,720	26,660
Before 1980	7,380	3,480	3,895
1980 to 1990	5,550	2,655	2,895
1991 to 2000	11,435	5,285	6,150
2001 to 2010	12,885	5,935	6,950
2011 to 2021⁸²	13,120	6,355	6,765
2011 to 2015	6,130	2,895	3,235
2016 to 2021	6,985	3,460	3,530
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,330	2,600	1,725
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	50,370	23,715	26,655
Under 5 years	3,970	2,075	1,895
5 to 14 years	8,195	4,055	4,135
15 to 24 years	9,285	3,995	5,290
25 to 44 years	24,165	11,435	12,730
45 years and over	4,755	2,150	2,605
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	50,370	23,715	26,655
Americas	7,240	3,025	4,215
Brazil	155	70	85
Colombia	145	65	75
El Salvador	175	70	105
Guyana	1,635	705	930
Haiti	60	35	30
Jamaica	1,625	640	990
Mexico	155	75	80
Peru	55	25	30
Trinidad and Tobago	1,130	465	665
United States of America	640	250	390
Other places of birth in Americas	1,465	625	845
Europe	6,930	3,310	3,625
Bosnia and Herzegovina	85	45	35
Croatia	60	35	30
France	100	55	50
Germany	325	125	200
Greece	795	395	405
Hungary	230	115	110
Italy	880	440	440
Netherlands	95	45	45
Poland	420	220	195
Portugal	330	165	170
Romania	275	130	145
Russian Federation	210	85	130
Serbia⁸⁶	100	55	45
Ukraine	70	20	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,615	710	905
Other places of birth in Europe	1,330	665	670
Africa	4,655	2,270	2,385
Algeria	20	15	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	190	75	110
Egypt	160	95	65
Eritrea	785	445	335
Ethiopia	1,525	665	860
Morocco	90	50	45
Nigeria	295	135	165
Somalia	310	150	160
South Africa, Republic of	110	45	70
Other places of birth in Africa	1,170	600	575
Asia	31,445	15,055	16,390
Afghanistan	800	375	425
Iran⁸⁸	430	245	185
Iraq	145	75	70
Lebanon	75	45	30
Syria⁸⁹	90	40	45
Turkey	155	85	65
China⁹⁰	2,550	1,175	1,375
Hong Kong⁹¹	560	270	290
Korea, South⁹²	255	115	145
Taiwan	115	45	70
Philippines	7,370	3,015	4,350
Viet Nam	685	295	395
Bangladesh	8,095	4,190	3,905
India	3,165	1,650	1,515
Pakistan	2,295	1,120	1,175
Sri Lanka	2,535	1,260	1,275
Other places of birth in Asia	2,120	1,045	1,075
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	105	65	45
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,990	3,455	3,525
Americas	480	215	270
Brazil	70	30	40
Colombia	20	0	15
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	115	45	70
Mexico	35	20	15
United States of America	70	30	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	0	20
Other places of birth in Americas	150	75	75
Europe	355	160	195
France	15	0	10
Germany	10	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	25	20	0
Italy	15	10	0
Russian Federation	50	20	30
Ukraine	10	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	10	20
Other places of birth in Europe	205	90	115
Africa	1,210	630	580
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	25	0	25
Cameroon	55	30	25
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	30	0	20
Côte d'Ivoire	25	10	15
Egypt	10	0	0
Eritrea	375	255	115
Ethiopia	395	155	240
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	120	60	65
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	15	15	0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	130	75	55
Asia	4,940	2,455	2,485
Afghanistan	185	95	95
Bangladesh	1,410	750	665
China⁹⁰	80	35	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	1,490	805	680
Iran⁸⁸	20	15	10
Iraq	10	10	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	30	0	25
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	55	25	30
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	185	105	80
Pakistan	315	150	165
Philippines	675	245	430
Saudi Arabia	130	65	65
Sri Lanka	85	30	60
Syria⁸⁹	70	40	35
Turkey	55	35	20
United Arab Emirates	30	15	20
Viet Nam	10	0	10
Other places of birth in Asia	75	40	35
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	110,095	54,030	56,065
First generation¹⁰⁰	55,430	26,700	28,730
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,210	14,590	14,620
Third generation or more¹⁰²	25,460	12,740	12,720
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,995	20,240	22,760
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,560	10,010	10,550
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,035	5,225	3,810
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,530	4,785	6,740
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	13,200	5,330	7,875
Refugees¹⁰⁸	8,490	4,585	3,905
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	740	320	425
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,995	20,240	22,760
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,865	2,660	2,205
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,785	1,610	2,175
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	430	180	245
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,865	650	1,210
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	190	80	110
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	31,870	15,055	16,805
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	110,095	54,030	56,065
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	67,560	32,885	34,670
South Asian	27,250	14,060	13,190
Chinese	5,640	2,730	2,910
Black	13,565	6,395	7,170
Filipino	9,480	4,080	5,405
Arab	1,115	555	560
Latin American	1,710	855	860
Southeast Asian	1,110	525	580
West Asian	1,855	970	885
Korean	405	175	230
Japanese	505	215	290
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,925	880	1,050
Multiple visible minorities	2,990	1,450	1,545
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	42,540	21,145	21,395
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	110,095	54,030	56,065
Canadian	8,615	4,405	4,215
English	11,540	5,660	5,880
Irish	11,100	5,325	5,780
Scottish	10,005	4,775	5,225
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,430	1,700	1,735
German	3,730	1,790	1,930
Chinese	6,475	3,195	3,280
Italian	4,170	2,125	2,045
Indian (India)	6,670	3,545	3,120
Ukrainian	1,515	670	845
Dutch	1,305	620	685
Polish	1,995	970	1,025
Québécois	130	50	80
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,500	1,230	1,265
Filipino	9,085	3,955	5,130
French Canadian	635	335	300
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,630	855	775
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	565	220	350
Métis	380	180	200
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	925	465	460
Russian	825	390	435
Norwegian	270	115	155
Welsh	965	390	570
Portuguese	1,355	665	690
American	625	325	305
Spanish	1,440	650	790
Swedish	475	215	255
Hungarian	830	375	450
Acadian	110	50	60
Pakistani	2,900	1,325	1,575
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,400	1,190	1,215
Jewish	500	245	250
Punjabi	430	220	210
Vietnamese	775	350	430
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	495	235	260
Greek	2,430	1,175	1,255
Jamaican	2,775	1,270	1,510
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,900	985	915
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	75	45	35
Korean	500	210	295
Romanian	490	260	235
Lebanese	250	115	140
Iranian	490	275	215
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	445	195	250
Danish	345	145	195
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	265	120	145
Sikh	25	20	10
Austrian	250	120	130
Belgian	160	65	90
Haitian	80	40	40
Hindu	1,170	600	570
Mexican	305	165	140
Mennonite	30	10	25
Swiss	195	100	90
Finnish	325	145	180
Sri Lankan	2,505	1,200	1,310
Croatian	190	110	85
Japanese	655	280	370
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,150	1,125	1,020
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	155	80	75
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	90	50	40
Muslim	720	350	370
Egyptian	210	130	85
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	385	195	190
Tamil	1,550	770	775
Icelandic	90	45	40
Colombian	165	75	85
Moroccan	120	80	45
Czech	125	65	55
Syrian	190	75	115
Guyanese	1,335	540	795
Afghan	1,130	500	635
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,120	450	675
Serbian	255	170	85
Ojibway	135	85	55
Newfoundlander	290	135	155
Hong Konger	270	125	150
Ontarian	210	100	115
Persian	270	160	115
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,000	475	525
Turkish	320	185	140
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	30	0
Bangladeshi	7,980	4,115	3,870
Algerian	35	10	25
Brazilian	205	120	85
Nigerian	410	175	230
Armenian	120	55	60
Slovak	65	25	45
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	115	70	50
Somali	495	255	240
Taiwanese	150	60	95
Iraqi	165	75	85
Salvadorean	175	95	80
African Caribbean	615	240	375
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	635	290	345
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	205	120	85
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	720	325	395
Algonquin	50	25	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	795	370	430
Lithuanian	110	35	70
South African	175	85	90
Australian	50	25	25
Palestinian	75	40	35
Chilean	120	75	50
Congolese	170	70	95
Nova Scotian	10	10	0
Ethiopian	1,545	770	770
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	125	55	65
Peruvian	105	25	75
Yoruba	155	75	80
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	0	30
Berber	10	0	10
Albanian	325	190	140
Maltese	200	80	115
Macedonian	860	410	450
Slovenian	80	50	35
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	45	30	15
New Brunswicker	15	0	10
Gujarati	70	20	55
Eritrean	945	490	450
African Canadian	250	90	160
Israeli	25	15	0
Mohawk	45	25	15
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	25	0	25
Bulgarian	230	105	125
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	190	90	100
Barbadian	285	130	155
African American	225	85	140
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	125	55	75
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	70	35	35
Cuban	110	60	55
Bosnian	100	40	60
Venezuelan	125	70	60
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	115	60	55
Bengali	2,180	1,135	1,050
Cameroonian	30	20	10
Guatemalan	105	35	70
Indonesian	110	40	70
Laotian	50	30	20
Ilocano	230	100	130
Northern Irish	225	140	85
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	65	35	30
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	75	30	40
Franco Ontarian	10	0	0
Argentinian	75	30	40
Estonian	150	85	60
Kurdish	215	85	130
Fijian	15	15	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	85	35	50
Coptic	25	20	10
Thai	60	30	35
Dominican	75	40	35
Nepali	635	340	295
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	25	10	20
Byelorussian	40	15	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	10	0	10
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	15	10	0
New Zealander	40	10	35
Sudanese	165	65	100
Breton	10	10	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	10	10
Malaysian	50	25	20
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	20	25
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	15	0	10
Buddhist	60	30	30
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	160	65	95
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	30	10	15
Burundian	80	30	45
Tigrinya	330	190	140
Nicaraguan	115	45	70
Mauritian	30	15	15
Kenyan	155	55	100
Oji-Cree	30	10	25
Vincentian	125	45	80
Jordanian	35	20	20
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	30	10	20
Grenadian	220	85	135
Malayali	85	50	35
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	95	60	40
Mayan	35	25	10
Honduran	30	15	20
Cherokee	15	10	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	180	80	100
Flemish	10	0	10
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0
Senegalese	20	10	0
Azerbaijani	45	20	25
Sicilian	70	50	30
Pashtun	65	25	35
Malay	185	75	110
Goan	75	30	45
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	100	55	45
Tibetan	205	100	105
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	20	10	10
Mongolian	30	0	20
Azorean	10	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	50	30	20
Indo-Guyanese	85	35	50
Ugandan	155	75	80
Oromo	265	135	130
Tanzanian	30	10	20
Yemeni	75	40	35
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	15	0	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	15	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	15	0
Igorot	15	0	10
Fulani	25	15	10
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	70	30	40
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	20	10	15
Telugu	170	90	85
Roma	110	40	65
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	15	10	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	20	0	15
Singaporean	35	20	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	35	20	15
Tajik	55	25	25
Amhara	215	85	125
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	110,095	54,030	56,065
Buddhist	1,530	710	825
Christian	51,185	23,510	27,675
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,085	4,215	4,875
Anabaptist	70	35	35
Anglican	3,280	1,405	1,880
Baptist	945	425	525
Catholic	25,320	11,885	13,435
Christian Orthodox	4,705	2,300	2,410
Jehovah's Witness	390	175	215
Latter Day Saints	80	30	50
Lutheran	515	215	305
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	295	115	180
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,275	535	740
Presbyterian	915	405	510
Reformed	10	0	10
United Church	2,335	920	1,415
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,960	850	1,110
Hindu	9,255	4,770	4,485
Jewish	305	175	130
Muslim	19,960	10,050	9,905
Sikh	420	255	160
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	0	20
Other religions and spiritual traditions	570	220	350
No religion and secular perspectives	26,860	14,340	12,515
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	109,135	53,555	55,575
Non-movers	98,975	48,240	50,735
Movers	10,160	5,315	4,845
Non-migrants	7,775	4,035	3,740
Migrants	2,385	1,285	1,105
Internal migrants	1,155	630	525
Intraprovincial migrants	760	420	340
Interprovincial migrants	395	210	185
External migrants	1,230	650	580
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	104,485	51,240	53,245
Non-movers	71,595	34,515	37,080
Movers	32,890	16,725	16,160
Non-migrants	20,780	10,265	10,515
Migrants	12,110	6,460	5,650
Internal migrants	3,795	1,885	1,910
Intraprovincial migrants	2,720	1,340	1,385
Interprovincial migrants	1,075	545	530
External migrants	8,310	4,575	3,735
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	91,970	44,740	47,225
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,655	8,145	8,505
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	75,315	36,600	38,720
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,430	29,850	31,580
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,215	3,635	3,580
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,215	26,215	28,000
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	91,970	44,745	47,225
No certificate, diploma or degree	15,480	7,500	7,980
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,460	13,075	12,385
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	51,030	24,165	26,865
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,050	10,395	11,655
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,670	2,410	1,255
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,005	1,175	830
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,665	1,235	430
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,650	6,830	8,820
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,735	1,155	1,575
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,980	13,770	15,205
Bachelor's degree	18,615	8,555	10,060
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,690	855	835
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	680	300	385
Master's degree	7,295	3,635	3,660
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	695	425	270
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,430	29,855	31,580
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,455	3,250	3,210
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,460	7,745	6,715
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,520	18,860	21,660
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,570	7,640	8,935
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,500	1,630	870
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,365	815	555
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,135	820	315
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,070	5,175	6,900
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,995	830	1,160
Bachelor's degree or higher	23,945	11,220	12,730
Bachelor's degree	14,990	6,765	8,225
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,270	635	630
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	610	255	360
Master's degree	6,515	3,225	3,285
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	565	335	225
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	91,970	44,745	47,220
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	40,935	20,580	20,360
Education	2,415	620	1,800
13. Education	2,415	620	1,800
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,265	1,030	1,240
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	280	185	90
50. Visual and performing arts	1,990	840	1,145
Humanities	3,205	1,125	2,080
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	325	60	265
23. English language and literature/letters	980	355	630
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,035	330	705
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	10	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	85	105
39. Theology and religious vocations	165	75	95
54. History	385	190	195
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	10	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,325	2,425	4,900
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	25	70
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	965	465	495
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,255	85	1,170
22. Legal professions and studies	975	310	665
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	220	70	150
42. Psychology	840	190	645
45. Social sciences	2,980	1,285	1,700
Business, management and public administration	12,310	5,820	6,495
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	995	235	760
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,300	5,570	5,730
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,355	1,025	1,335
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,165	430	735
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	525	225	295
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	15	40
40. Physical sciences	510	325	180
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	25	80
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,130	1,970	1,160
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,430	1,625	805
25. Library science	135	25	105
27. Mathematics and statistics	495	270	230
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	70	50	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,345	7,155	1,190
04. Architecture and related services	465	295	165
14. Engineering	3,440	2,715	725
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,675	1,445	235
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,175	1,140	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,080	1,065	15
48. Precision production	495	485	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	685	350	335
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	435	250	185
03. Natural resources and conservation	255	100	150
Health and related fields	6,860	1,595	5,265
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	510	275	240
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,200	1,265	4,935
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	145	55	90
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,125	1,065	1,065
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,210	395	815
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	590	390	205
49. Transportation and materials moving	295	255	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	61,435	29,850	31,580
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,910	10,990	9,920
Education	1,760	445	1,315
13. Education	1,760	445	1,315
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,790	820	965
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	200	145	60
50. Visual and performing arts	1,590	680	910
Humanities	2,515	855	1,655
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	260	45	215
23. English language and literature/letters	770	265	505
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	840	270	565
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	0	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	160	70	90
39. Theology and religious vocations	75	35	40
54. History	315	155	165
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	0	45
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,925	1,865	4,060
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	20	55
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	790	380	410
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,010	60	945
22. Legal professions and studies	805	235	570
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	175	50	125
42. Psychology	705	140	560
45. Social sciences	2,370	980	1,390
Business, management and public administration	10,105	4,725	5,380
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	820	190	635
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,260	4,525	4,735
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,745	740	1,005
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	885	330	555
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	370	145	215
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	15	20
40. Physical sciences	380	235	145
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	15	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,615	1,655	960
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,075	1,405	675
25. Library science	100	25	70
27. Mathematics and statistics	380	185	190
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	50	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,445	5,360	1,080
04. Architecture and related services	370	230	140
14. Engineering	2,850	2,185	665
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,260	1,045	215
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	880	845	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	780	770	15
48. Precision production	300	285	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	525	255	270
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	325	175	145
03. Natural resources and conservation	205	80	120
Health and related fields	5,460	1,320	4,145
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	380	195	185
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,945	1,070	3,875
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	125	50	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,635	810	820
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	975	325	650
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	435	290	145
49. Transportation and materials moving	210	185	25
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	61,435	29,850	31,580
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,910	10,990	9,920
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,515	18,860	21,655
Location of study inside Canada	25,510	11,630	13,880
Same as province or territory of residence	23,985	10,870	13,110
Different than province or territory of residence	1,525	760	765
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,010	7,230	7,780
Americas	1,515	805	710
United States of America	815	455	365
Mexico	90	40	45
Cuba	25	15	0
Haiti	0	0	10
Jamaica	50	30	25
Brazil	115	55	60
Colombia	65	45	20
Peru	10	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	30	35
Other locations of study in Americas	280	125	160
Europe	1,620	815	800
Belgium	20	0	15
France	105	55	50
Germany	50	30	20
Netherlands	10	0	0
Switzerland	15	0	15
Hungary	55	20	35
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	115	50	65
Romania	65	25	40
Russian Federation	105	50	60
Ukraine	40	15	25
Ireland⁹⁶	75	60	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	585	325	265
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	10
Italy	50	20	30
Serbia⁸⁶	30	15	15
Other locations of study in Europe	265	135	130
Africa	870	485	385
Nigeria	140	60	85
Algeria	10	0	0
Morocco	30	20	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	35	20	15
South Africa, Republic of	30	30	0
Other locations of study in Africa	625	360	270
Asia	10,900	5,050	5,845
Iran⁸⁸	135	50	80
Iraq	20	10	10
Israel	10	0	0
Lebanon	15	0	10
Syria⁸⁹	25	10	10
Turkey	60	35	25
China⁹⁰	570	255	310
Taiwan	10	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10
Japan	155	65	95
Korea, South⁹²	90	30	60
Philippines	2,775	1,070	1,705
Viet Nam	25	10	15
Bangladesh	3,175	1,495	1,680
Sri Lanka	225	95	130
India	2,225	1,200	1,030
Pakistan	720	375	355
Other locations of study in Asia	635	335	305
Oceania	115	70	45
Australia	105	70	45
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	91,970	44,745	47,225
In the labour force	55,025	28,410	26,620
Employed	46,020	23,950	22,070
Unemployed	9,005	4,455	4,550
Not in the labour force	36,945	16,340	20,605
Participation rate	59.8	63.5	56.4
Employment rate	50.0	53.5	46.7
Unemployment rate	16.4	15.7	17.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	91,970	44,745	47,220
Did not work¹⁸⁶	39,510	17,600	21,910
Worked	52,455	27,145	25,310
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,195	14,615	12,585
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	25,260	12,535	12,730
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.3	39.8	38.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	55,025	28,405	26,620
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,650	1,170	1,480
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	52,380	27,235	25,140
Employee	45,170	22,475	22,700
Permanent position	37,480	18,815	18,665
Temporary position	7,690	3,655	4,030
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,715	1,230	1,485
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,980	2,425	2,550
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,210	4,765	2,445
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	55,025	28,405	26,620
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,650	1,170	1,480
All occupations¹⁹¹	52,380	27,235	25,140
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	575	370	205
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,400	3,955	6,450
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,705	3,485	1,215
3 Health occupations	3,960	830	3,125
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,025	1,885	4,140
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,065	1,055	1,015
6 Sales and service occupations	14,295	6,985	7,310
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,825	7,035	790
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	375	315	60
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,155	1,335	820
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	55,025	28,405	26,620
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,650	1,170	1,480
All industries¹⁹¹	52,380	27,235	25,140
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	115	65	50
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	50	15	30
22 Utilities	230	170	55
23 Construction	2,995	2,675	325
31-33 Manufacturing	3,320	2,165	1,155
41 Wholesale trade	1,345	845	500
44-45 Retail trade	5,435	2,875	2,555
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,220	2,565	660
51 Information and cultural industries	1,815	1,045	770
52 Finance and insurance	3,820	1,800	2,020
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,425	835	585
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,185	2,900	2,285
55 Management of companies and enterprises	275	130	145
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,195	1,925	1,275
61 Educational services	3,680	1,335	2,345
62 Health care and social assistance	6,920	1,400	5,520
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,040	570	470
72 Accommodation and food services	3,860	1,820	2,035
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,230	1,055	1,175
91 Public administration	2,225	1,045	1,180
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	57,925	29,920	28,000
English	54,465	28,270	26,195
French	165	25	135
Non-official language	405	215	190
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	405	215	190
English and French	810	355	450
English and non-official language(s)	1,970	1,000	970
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35
Multiple non-official languages	40	20	20
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	57,925	29,920	28,000
Single responses	57,345	29,630	27,710
Official languages	56,550	29,220	27,320
English	56,240	29,160	27,080
French	310	70	240
Non-official languages	795	405	390
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	795	405	390
Afro-Asiatic languages	60	40	20
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	55	40	15
Amharic	10	0	0
Arabic	35	25	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	15	15	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	40	15	20
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	95	50	50
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	90	45	50
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	225	110	120
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	10	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	10	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	10	10	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	145	90	55
Indo-Aryan languages	120	75	50
Bengali	85	50	35
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	20	0	15
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	20	15	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	10	10	0
Persian languages	10	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	55	10	50
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	0	15
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	40	10	30
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	15	30
Korean	15	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	275	145	130
Chinese languages	275	145	130
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	125	65	60
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	155	85	70
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	15	10	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	10	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	585	290	290
English and French	175	70	110
English and non-official language(s)	400	225	180
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	57,925	29,920	28,000
None	55,530	28,765	26,770
English	460	195	265
French	510	250	255
Non-official language	1,145	575	570
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,135	570	570
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	40	15	30
French and non-official language(s)	50	30	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	190	90	95
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	46,020	23,950	22,070
Worked at home	13,180	6,085	7,095
Worked outside Canada	155	120	35
No fixed workplace address	6,420	4,710	1,715
Usual place of work	26,260	13,040	13,220
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,265	13,045	13,220
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	22,840	10,715	12,130
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,370	2,305	1,065
Commute to a different province or territory	55	25	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	32,685	17,750	14,935
Car, truck or van	20,225	12,430	7,790
Car, truck or van - as a driver	17,980	11,785	6,195
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,245	645	1,600
Public transit	10,045	4,185	5,860
Walked	1,245	535	705
Bicycle	185	130	60
Other method	985	465	520
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	32,685	17,750	14,935
Less than 15 minutes	5,015	2,585	2,425
15 to 29 minutes	8,230	4,490	3,740
30 to 44 minutes	9,420	5,675	3,745
45 to 59 minutes	5,240	2,540	2,700
60 minutes and over	4,780	2,460	2,320
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	32,685	17,750	14,935
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,305	1,570	735
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,090	2,955	2,135
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,080	3,570	3,515
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,210	3,040	3,170
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,315	2,610	2,700
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,685	4,005	2,680
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,335	11,420	10,915
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,985	1,035	945
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,355	10,385	9,970
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,365	8,445	7,920
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,550	805	745
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,005	505	500
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	545	305	240
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,815	7,635	7,180

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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