Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	ThornhillMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	115,292	...	...
Population, 2016¹	112,719	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	43,889	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,843	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,839.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	62.66	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	115,295	55,675	59,615
0 to 14 years	16,425	8,360	8,065
0 to 4 years	4,540	2,305	2,235
5 to 9 years	5,485	2,810	2,675
10 to 14 years	6,400	3,245	3,155
15 to 64 years	75,665	36,680	38,985
15 to 19 years	7,245	3,780	3,465
20 to 24 years	7,505	3,860	3,640
25 to 29 years	7,355	3,750	3,600
30 to 34 years	6,920	3,510	3,410
35 to 39 years	6,845	3,320	3,520
40 to 44 years	6,795	3,070	3,725
45 to 49 years	7,655	3,450	4,205
50 to 54 years	8,355	3,940	4,420
55 to 59 years	8,550	4,040	4,515
60 to 64 years	8,435	3,950	4,480
65 years and over	23,205	10,635	12,565
65 to 69 years	7,210	3,410	3,795
70 to 74 years	6,445	3,035	3,405
75 to 79 years	3,820	1,780	2,040
80 to 84 years	2,815	1,250	1,565
85 years and over	2,915	1,160	1,755
85 to 89 years	1,740	735	1,005
90 to 94 years	900	330	575
95 to 99 years	250	85	160
100 years and over	25	5	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.2	15.0	13.5
15 to 64 years	65.6	65.9	65.4
65 years and over	20.1	19.1	21.1
85 years and over	2.5	2.1	2.9
Average age of the population	43.1	42.0	44.1
Median age of the population	44.0	42.0	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,845	...	...
Single-detached house	20,720	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,530	...	...
Row house	4,390	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,735	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	435	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	13,030	...	...
Other single-attached house	5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,845	...	...
1 person	8,775	...	...
2 persons	13,195	...	...
3 persons	7,790	...	...
4 persons	7,445	...	...
5 or more persons	4,635	...	...
Number of persons in private households	114,505	55,420	59,080
Average household size	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	98,870	47,320	51,550
Married or living common-law	58,460	29,075	29,380
Married	54,900	27,295	27,605
Living common-law	3,555	1,780	1,780
Living common law - Never married	2,275	1,120	1,155
Living common law - Separated	175	95	85
Living common law - Divorced	995	510	485
Living common law - Widowed	115	55	60
Not married and not living common-law	40,410	18,240	22,165
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,850	14,755	13,095
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,240	855	1,385
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,315	1,705	3,615
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,000	930	4,070
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,275	...	...
2 persons	14,780	...	...
3 persons	8,195	...	...
4 persons	7,505	...	...
5 or more persons	2,800	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,275	...	...
Total couple families	28,330	...	...
Married couples	26,555	...	...
With children⁶	16,105	...	...
Without children	10,445	...	...
Common-law couples	1,780	...	...
With children⁶	560	...	...
Without children	1,215	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,940	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,010	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	930	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	114,505	55,425	59,085
Total - Persons in census families	99,410	49,260	50,150
Married spouses or common-law partners	56,660	28,320	28,345
Parents in one-parent families	4,945	935	4,010
Children⁶	37,805	20,010	17,795
In a two-parent family	30,505	16,150	14,355
In a one-parent family	7,300	3,860	3,440
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	15,090	6,160	8,930
Living alone	8,775	3,565	5,205
Living with other relatives⁷	3,065	1,025	2,040
Living with non-relatives only	3,250	1,570	1,685
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,845	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,790	...	...
Couple-family households	24,045	...	...
With children⁶	14,230	...	...
Without children	9,810	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,745	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,015	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	430	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,505	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,320	...	...
One-person households	8,775	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,090	47,070	51,020
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,000	45,000	48,995
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,000	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,040	45,030	49,015
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	39,600	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,980	41,180	43,805
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,800	29,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,685	33,635	34,055
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,800	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,825	40,375	44,450
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	6,550	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,090	2,695	4,395
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,630	15,780	16,850
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,835	46,895	50,945
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,860	44,875	48,990
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,750	71,700	52,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,900	44,885	49,015
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240	55,600	43,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,930	41,100	43,830
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,950	69,300	47,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,430	33,360	34,070
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,950	69,500	46,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,735	40,050	44,685
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,330	9,280	11,270
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,910	2,435	4,480
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,660	5,755	7,150
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,635	15,920	16,710
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,180	10,020	10,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,840	46,895	50,945
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,855	17,290	14,565
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	82,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,400	106,800	77,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,520	11,395	14,130
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,500	16,200	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,640	32,440	25,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.8	88.4	80.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	72.0	61.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.1	11.6	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.3	5.3	7.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.0	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,090	47,075	51,020
Without total income	4,090	2,065	2,025
With total income	94,000	45,005	48,995
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,820	4,515	5,300
$10,000 to $19,999	11,900	5,415	6,485
$20,000 to $29,999	14,595	6,495	8,100
$30,000 to $39,999	10,490	4,555	5,940
$40,000 to $49,999	8,365	3,610	4,750
$50,000 to $59,999	6,695	2,930	3,760
$60,000 to $69,999	5,610	2,590	3,025
$70,000 to $79,999	4,650	2,230	2,415
$80,000 to $89,999	3,870	1,970	1,895
$90,000 to $99,999	3,355	1,720	1,640
$100,000 and over	14,645	8,970	5,675
$100,000 to $149,999	8,820	4,970	3,850
$150,000 and over	5,825	3,995	1,825
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,090	47,075	51,020
Without after-tax income	4,045	2,040	2,005
With after-tax income	94,045	45,030	49,015
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,190	4,680	5,505
$10,000 to $19,999	12,525	5,700	6,825
$20,000 to $29,999	16,080	7,180	8,900
$30,000 to $39,999	11,955	5,155	6,795
$40,000 to $49,999	9,535	4,195	5,340
$50,000 to $59,999	7,530	3,445	4,085
$60,000 to $69,999	6,065	2,920	3,145
$70,000 to $79,999	4,830	2,515	2,315
$80,000 to $89,999	4,145	2,115	2,035
$90,000 to $99,999	2,775	1,565	1,210
$100,000 and over	8,420	5,550	2,865
$100,000 to $124,999	3,795	2,325	1,470
$125,000 and over	4,620	3,225	1,395
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,090	47,075	51,020
Without employment income	30,405	13,440	16,970
With employment income	67,685	33,630	34,050
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,770	4,955	5,810
$5,000 to $9,999	6,510	2,935	3,575
$10,000 to $19,999	7,365	3,420	3,945
$20,000 to $29,999	5,275	2,340	2,940
$30,000 to $39,999	4,775	2,115	2,655
$40,000 to $49,999	4,615	2,095	2,520
$50,000 to $59,999	4,385	1,925	2,455
$60,000 to $69,999	3,890	1,965	1,920
$70,000 to $79,999	3,295	1,675	1,620
$80,000 to $89,999	2,875	1,555	1,315
$90,000 to $99,999	2,800	1,380	1,420
$100,000 and over	11,135	7,270	3,870
$100,000 to $124,999	4,625	2,685	1,940
$125,000 and over	6,510	4,580	1,930
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,090	47,070	51,020
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,385	43,670	47,715
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,395	43,675	47,725
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,800	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,570	40,480	43,085
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,355	34,035	34,325
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	45,200	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,170	37,985	41,185
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,350	850	2,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,975	1,430	2,550
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	5,520	6,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,835	46,895	50,945
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,280	43,465	47,815
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,800	68,900	49,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,290	43,465	47,825
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,640	52,500	41,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,455	40,330	43,125
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,600	69,700	48,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,015	33,725	34,290
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,050	69,000	47,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,100	37,640	41,465
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,010	4,904	7,010
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,025	1,360	2,670
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,430	6,980	9,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,840	46,895	50,945
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,640	17,200	14,435
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	78,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	87,300	99,900	72,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,165	10,890	13,280
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	21,800	22,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,960	40,080	32,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	93.8	87.8
Employment income (%)	73.6	77.6	68.4
Government transfers (%)	8.9	6.2	12.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,845	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,775	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,070	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,725	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,690	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	69,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,040	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	157,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,840	...	...
Under $5,000	590	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	245	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	395	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	615	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,230	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,040	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,105	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,285	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,180	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,185	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,335	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,340	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,225	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,295	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,150	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,635	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,590	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,795	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,370	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,885	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,840	...	...
Under $5,000	695	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	255	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	405	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	655	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,300	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,160	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,260	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,420	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,355	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,410	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,710	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,835	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,800	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,600	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,350	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,630	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,105	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,975	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,555	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,330	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,125	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,710	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,460	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	12,025	5,135	6,890
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	41,200	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	37,200	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,345	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	156,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,145	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	131,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,615	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	190,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,520	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	97,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,990	4,975	7,010
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	60,850	67,900	55,900
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,760	53,200	45,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	114,500	55,420	59,080
0 to 17 years	20,775	10,665	10,115
0 to 5 years	5,595	2,820	2,780
18 to 64 years	71,205	34,310	36,900
65 years and over	22,520	10,445	12,070
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,075	5,160	5,920
0 to 17 years	2,025	1,030	995
0 to 5 years	640	300	340
18 to 64 years	6,115	2,925	3,185
65 years and over	2,940	1,200	1,740
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.7	9.3	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	9.8	9.7	9.8
0 to 5 years (%)	11.4	10.6	12.2
18 to 64 years (%)	8.6	8.5	8.6
65 years and over (%)	13.1	11.5	14.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	114,505	55,425	59,080
0 to 17 years	20,775	10,665	10,110
0 to 5 years	5,595	2,820	2,775
18 to 64 years	71,205	34,305	36,895
65 years and over	22,520	10,450	12,075
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,780	3,290	3,490
0 to 17 years	1,205	645	565
0 to 5 years	350	180	175
18 to 64 years	4,475	2,190	2,290
65 years and over	1,095	455	635
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	5.9	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	6.0	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.3	6.3	6.4
18 to 64 years (%)	6.3	6.4	6.2
65 years and over (%)	4.9	4.4	5.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	114,500	55,420	59,080
In bottom half of the distribution	44,715	20,945	23,770
In bottom decile	9,990	4,720	5,270
In second decile	8,550	3,865	4,690
In third decile	8,240	3,835	4,405
In fourth decile	8,855	4,170	4,685
In fifth decile	9,080	4,355	4,725
In top half of the distribution	69,785	34,475	35,310
In sixth decile	9,915	4,750	5,165
In seventh decile	10,990	5,375	5,615
In eighth decile	12,685	6,200	6,490
In ninth decile	15,185	7,540	7,645
In top decile	21,015	10,615	10,395
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	114,505	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.383	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.481	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.330	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,090	55,600	59,490
English only	101,685	49,900	51,785
French only	65	30	35
English and French	8,650	3,815	4,835
Neither English nor French	4,690	1,855	2,835
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,090	55,600	59,490
English	108,250	52,795	55,450
French	1,050	480	575
English and French	1,175	515	665
Neither English nor French	4,610	1,815	2,795
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,090	55,600	59,490
Single responses	108,780	52,655	56,130
Official languages	51,100	25,520	25,580
English	50,180	25,090	25,090
French	920	430	485
Non-official languages	57,680	27,135	30,550
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	57,680	27,130	30,545
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,110	2,105	2,000
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	5	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	10	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	5	5
Somali	15	10	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,075	2,090	1,985
Amharic	20	5	15
Arabic	675	345	325
Aramaic languages	45	20	30
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	15	30
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	3,295	1,695	1,600
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	30	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	650	290	365
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	25
Vietnamese	610	270	340
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,355	1,295	2,060
Bikol	15	5	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Cebuano	55	25	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	55	20	35
Ilocano	365	150	220
Indonesian	55	25	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	20	15	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,700	1,025	1,670
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Creole languages	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	780	395	390
Kannada	10	0	5
Malayalam	120	60	60
Tamil	565	275	285
Telugu	85	50	35
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	155	90	70
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	32,155	15,225	16,930
Albanian	200	100	100
Armenian	280	135	140
Balto-Slavic languages	13,920	6,430	7,485
Baltic languages	80	35	45
Latvian	20	10	15
Lithuanian	60	25	35
Slavic languages	13,835	6,400	7,440
Belarusian	25	20	10
Bulgarian	125	55	65
Czech	30	20	10
Macedonian	85	45	40
Polish	365	165	200
Russian	12,295	5,695	6,600
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	390	180	210
Bosnian	25	10	15
Croatian	65	25	35
Serbian	290	140	150
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Slovak	65	25	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	25
Ukrainian	415	190	220
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	860	375	485
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	780	345	435
German	305	125	180
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	5
Yiddish	470	215	250
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	25	40
Afrikaans	10	5	5
Dutch	60	20	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	490	235	255
Indo-Iranian languages	10,155	5,010	5,145
Indo-Aryan languages	2,860	1,435	1,425
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	195	105	90
Gujarati	960	475	480
Hindi	485	240	245
Kacchi	55	25	30
Kashmiri	5	0	0
Konkani	10	0	10
Marathi	95	45	45
Nepali	25	10	15
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	555	285	265
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	30	40
Urdu	395	205	185
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Iranian languages	7,280	3,565	3,720
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	85	45	35
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	20	10	10
Persian languages	7,135	3,490	3,645
Dari	200	110	90
Iranian Persian	6,190	3,005	3,185
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	745	375	370
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	6,255	2,930	3,325
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,520	1,170	1,350
Portuguese	805	390	410
Romanian	915	445	470
Spanish	2,010	915	1,090
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	105	35	75
Korean	4,810	2,315	2,490
Mongolian	20	5	10
Niger-Congo languages	130	65	60
Akan (Twi)	25	10	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	5	0
Éwé	10	0	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	40	20	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	5	10
American Sign Language	10	5	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,045	4,675	5,365
Chinese languages	10,010	4,665	5,345
Hakka	135	70	70
Mandarin	5,755	2,670	3,080
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	290	130	160
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	40	45
Yue (Cantonese)	3,695	1,725	1,970
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	10	20
Burmese	25	10	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	55	25	35
Lao	35	15	15
Thai	30	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	700	360	340
Azerbaijani	195	100	90
Kazakh	5	0	5
Turkish	470	245	225
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	5	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Uralic languages	570	235	335
Estonian	20	10	10
Finnish	35	10	25
Hungarian	515	220	300
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Multiple responses	6,310	2,950	3,360
English and French	300	130	165
English and non-official language(s)	4,860	2,295	2,570
French and non-official language(s)	135	60	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	185	75	110
Multiple non-official languages	830	390	440
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,090	55,600	59,490
English	55,755	27,670	28,080
French	190	85	105
Non-official language	18,275	8,495	9,775
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	18,275	8,495	9,775
English and French	820	330	485
English and non-official language(s)	36,985	17,690	19,295
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,295	510	785
Multiple non-official languages	1,740	805	940
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,090	55,600	59,490
Single responses	106,590	51,605	54,985
Official languages	71,165	34,890	36,280
English	70,870	34,755	36,115
French	295	130	160
Non-official languages	35,420	16,720	18,705
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,420	16,720	18,705
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,895	925	970
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	5	0	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,885	920	960
Amharic	10	0	0
Arabic	250	125	125
Aramaic languages	30	10	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	1,585	780	800
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	375	175	205
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	10
Vietnamese	360	170	190
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,795	765	1,025
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Cebuano	20	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	205	90	115
Indonesian	20	15	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,455	615	840
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Creole languages	20	5	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	505	250	260
Kannada	5	0	5
Malayalam	75	35	40
Tamil	370	180	190
Telugu	55	30	25
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	90	55	40
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	18,825	8,895	9,935
Albanian	90	40	45
Armenian	120	60	65
Balto-Slavic languages	8,720	4,070	4,650
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	15	5	5
Slavic languages	8,705	4,060	4,645
Belarusian	5	5	0
Bulgarian	65	30	40
Czech	0	0	5
Macedonian	30	10	15
Polish	80	35	40
Russian	8,155	3,815	4,345
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	145	60	80
Bosnian	10	0	5
Croatian	20	10	10
Serbian	105	45	55
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	10	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10
Ukrainian	190	95	100
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	75	35	35
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	70	35	35
German	25	15	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	45	25	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	145	70	80
Indo-Iranian languages	7,025	3,415	3,610
Indo-Aryan languages	1,555	765	790
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	95	50	50
Gujarati	565	270	290
Hindi	250	125	125
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	45	25	20
Nepali	20	5	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	315	160	160
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	20
Urdu	210	110	105
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	5,470	2,650	2,820
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	50	20	25
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	10	0	5
Persian languages	5,385	2,610	2,770
Dari	120	65	55
Iranian Persian	4,745	2,280	2,460
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	525	260	260
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,650	1,205	1,450
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	765	315	450
Portuguese	395	195	200
Romanian	425	205	220
Spanish	1,060	480	575
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	40	20	25
Korean	3,695	1,800	1,895
Mongolian	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	45	20	30
Akan (Twi)	20	0	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	20	5
American Sign Language	25	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,455	3,495	3,965
Chinese languages	7,445	3,490	3,955
Hakka	70	35	35
Mandarin	4,585	2,175	2,405
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	65	80
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	30	35
Yue (Cantonese)	2,550	1,160	1,390
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	10
Burmese	10	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	15
Lao	20	5	15
Thai	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	450	220	230
Azerbaijani	90	40	50
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	345	170	170
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Uralic languages	155	60	95
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	10	5	10
Hungarian	135	55	80
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	8,505	3,995	4,505
English and French	170	65	105
English and non-official language(s)	7,990	3,770	4,220
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	45	55
Multiple non-official languages	215	100	115
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,095	55,600	59,490
None	81,025	39,480	41,545
English	13,135	6,335	6,800
French	855	345	505
Non-official language	14,840	7,045	7,795
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	14,840	7,045	7,795
English and French	190	70	115
English and non-official language(s)	2,345	1,125	1,215
French and non-official language(s)	655	245	410
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	25	30
Multiple non-official languages	2,000	925	1,075
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	114,185	55,210	58,975
Official languages	109,470	53,335	56,135
English	109,435	53,325	56,110
French	8,570	3,760	4,810
Non-official languages	72,865	34,445	38,420
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	15
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	72,860	34,440	38,420
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,050	5,940	6,110
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	15	0
Hausa	15	15	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	10	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	25	10	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	12,005	5,915	6,090
Amharic	35	20	15
Arabic	1,175	620	560
Aramaic languages	70	20	45
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	20	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10,895	5,360	5,540
Maltese	15	10	0
Tigrigna	50	20	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,180	505	675
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	35	45
Vietnamese	1,105	475	630
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,395	1,645	2,755
Bikol	40	20	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	95	45	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	55	10	45
Ilocano	705	280	430
Indonesian	75	35	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	35	0	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	10	20
Pangasinan	25	10	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,195	1,555	2,640
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Creole languages	115	50	65
Haitian Creole	15	0	10
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	40	20	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
Dravidian languages	1,440	755	685
Kannada	95	50	45
Malayalam	175	85	90
Tamil	1,115	590	520
Telugu	170	95	75
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	135	80	60
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	40,490	19,475	21,010
Albanian	300	150	150
Armenian	315	150	155
Balto-Slavic languages	16,330	7,645	8,685
Baltic languages	165	75	90
Latvian	40	15	25
Lithuanian	125	60	65
Slavic languages	16,285	7,630	8,655
Belarusian	45	25	25
Bulgarian	175	80	95
Czech	70	30	40
Macedonian	125	55	70
Polish	500	240	260
Russian	14,950	7,025	7,925
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	510	220	290
Bosnian	25	15	15
Croatian	130	45	85
Serbian	405	185	220
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Slovak	70	25	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10
Ukrainian	1,480	705	770
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	0	10
Irish	10	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,255	1,080	1,165
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,885	905	980
German	815	410	400
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	1,105	500	600
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	345	170	180
Afrikaans	250	140	110
Dutch	105	35	70
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	25
Danish	20	15	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	0
Swedish	25	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	785	375	410
Indo-Iranian languages	12,675	6,440	6,240
Indo-Aryan languages	4,320	2,275	2,045
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	265	145	120
Gujarati	1,475	790	685
Hindi	2,270	1,195	1,075
Kacchi	60	20	40
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	10	0
Marathi	160	90	70
Nepali	30	20	10
Oriya languages	10	0	10
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	960	490	470
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	40	20	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	75	70
Urdu	685	365	320
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20
Iranian languages	8,380	4,185	4,200
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	190	105	80
Parsi	20	15	10
Pashto	40	15	25
Persian languages	8,240	4,120	4,120
Dari	215	100	110
Iranian Persian	7,510	3,705	3,805
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	670	380	285
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Italic (Romance) languages	9,215	4,310	4,905
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	3,725	1,725	2,000
Portuguese	1,180	585	595
Romanian	1,155	555	600
Spanish	3,660	1,700	1,960
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Japanese	260	110	150
Korean	5,395	2,605	2,790
Mongolian	20	0	15
Niger-Congo languages	465	255	215
Akan (Twi)	80	40	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	60	40	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	0	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	120	75	40
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	145	90	60
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	15	40
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Sign languages	135	75	55
American Sign Language	135	75	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,975	5,605	6,375
Chinese languages	11,950	5,595	6,360
Hakka	155	70	80
Mandarin	7,960	3,735	4,225
Min Dong	15	0	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	405	160	245
Wu (Shanghainese)	175	70	105
Yue (Cantonese)	5,105	2,300	2,805
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	15	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	15	25
Burmese	45	15	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	40
Lao	25	10	15
Thai	50	20	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,380	680	700
Azerbaijani	385	215	170
Kazakh	30	10	20
Turkish	1,085	525	560
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	20	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Uralic languages	800	305	495
Estonian	10	0	10
Finnish	35	10	35
Hungarian	750	295	455
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	114,185	55,210	58,975
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	280	100	180
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	225	85	140
First Nations (North American Indian)	130	60	70
Métis	95	25	70
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	20	40
Non-Indigenous identity	113,905	55,110	58,795
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	114,185	55,210	58,975
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	85	35	55
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,105	55,175	58,920
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,725	...	...
Owner	32,565	...	...
Renter	9,160	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,725	...	...
Condominium	13,945	...	...
Not condominium	27,780	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,725	...	...
No bedrooms	145	...	...
1 bedroom	5,330	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,635	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,805	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,810	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,725	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,235	...	...
5 rooms	5,715	...	...
6 rooms	5,405	...	...
7 rooms	4,665	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,710	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,725	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,345	...	...
More than one person per room	1,375	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,725	...	...
Suitable	38,810	...	...
Not suitable	2,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,725	...	...
1960 or before	1,310	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,450	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,695	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,030	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,105	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,450	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,675	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,010	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,725	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,230	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,495	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,725	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,670	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,285	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,775	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,725	...	...
15 to 24 years	695	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,055	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,335	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,395	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,230	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,630	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,760	...	...
85 years and over	1,625	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,475	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	27,515	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,955	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,970	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,725	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,650	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,345	...	...
Not suitable only	1,815	...	...
Major repairs needed only	805	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,000	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	585	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...
Acceptable housing	25,075	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,480	...	...
In core need	6,425	...	...
Not in core need	33,060	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,560	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	12.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,760	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,116	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,020,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,203,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,165	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	53.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	31.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,882	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	114,185	55,215	58,975
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	40	20	20
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	40	20	20
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	30	10	20
Métis single ancestry	0	0	0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	240	80	155
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	240	80	155
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	145	50	90
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	20	70
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,905	55,115	58,795
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	114,190	55,210	58,970
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	99,600	48,470	51,130
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,015	9,825	9,190
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	80,585	38,650	41,940
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,585	6,745	7,845
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	114,190	55,210	58,970
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	50,485	25,370	25,115
Immigrants⁸¹	59,625	27,835	31,790
Before 1980	10,515	4,735	5,775
1980 to 1990	8,090	3,905	4,180
1991 to 2000	14,085	6,715	7,370
2001 to 2010	14,630	6,915	7,715
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,310	5,560	6,750
2011 to 2015	6,330	2,930	3,405
2016 to 2021	5,975	2,625	3,345
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,080	2,010	2,070
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	59,625	27,830	31,790
Under 5 years	4,155	2,130	2,025
5 to 14 years	9,265	4,720	4,545
15 to 24 years	10,500	4,660	5,845
25 to 44 years	28,620	13,055	15,565
45 years and over	7,075	3,265	3,815
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	59,625	27,830	31,790
Americas	4,625	2,155	2,465
Brazil	230	115	115
Colombia	215	75	140
El Salvador	105	45	60
Guyana	485	230	250
Haiti	10	0	10
Jamaica	715	325	390
Mexico	215	100	115
Peru	155	65	90
Trinidad and Tobago	335	130	205
United States of America	1,120	575	540
Other places of birth in Americas	1,045	495	550
Europe	17,170	7,885	9,285
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	35	30
Croatia	90	40	45
France	90	35	60
Germany	405	175	230
Greece	240	115	125
Hungary	385	145	245
Italy	1,745	840	900
Netherlands	40	15	25
Poland	510	230	280
Portugal	510	230	280
Romania	890	440	455
Russian Federation	4,610	2,115	2,500
Serbia⁸⁶	165	80	85
Ukraine	3,425	1,520	1,900
United Kingdom⁸⁷	895	425	475
Other places of birth in Europe	3,100	1,455	1,645
Africa	3,150	1,495	1,650
Algeria	20	0	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0	20
Egypt	205	105	100
Eritrea	35	20	20
Ethiopia	15	10	0
Morocco	605	250	360
Nigeria	230	125	105
Somalia	10	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	1,395	670	720
Other places of birth in Africa	605	305	295
Asia	34,540	16,230	18,310
Afghanistan	150	70	75
Iran⁸⁸	6,225	3,135	3,090
Iraq	280	155	125
Lebanon	120	65	50
Syria⁸⁹	95	50	45
Turkey	475	230	245
China⁹⁰	5,515	2,480	3,035
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,715	705	1,010
Korea, South⁹²	4,185	2,025	2,160
Taiwan	345	150	200
Philippines	4,125	1,580	2,545
Viet Nam	1,085	500	580
Bangladesh	105	60	45
India	2,615	1,265	1,345
Pakistan	440	230	215
Sri Lanka	650	305	340
Other places of birth in Asia	6,430	3,220	3,210
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	145	70	80
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,975	2,630	3,345
Americas	380	195	185
Brazil	55	25	30
Colombia	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	55	30	25
Mexico	50	30	15
United States of America	130	65	65
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	75	35	40
Europe	830	355	475
France	10	0	0
Germany	10	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	20	10	10
Russian Federation	250	105	145
Ukraine	305	115	190
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	15	0
Other places of birth in Europe	215	95	120
Africa	195	100	95
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	15	0	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	130	60	70
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	15
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	15	15	0
Asia	4,565	1,980	2,580
Afghanistan	25	10	15
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	1,050	415	635
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10
India	455	220	235
Iran⁸⁸	890	440	455
Iraq	20	15	0
Israel	265	110	150
Japan	10	0	10
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	280	105	175
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	15	15	0
Pakistan	110	65	50
Philippines	785	315	470
Saudi Arabia	15	10	0
Sri Lanka	20	10	0
Syria⁸⁹	35	10	20
Turkey	210	90	120
United Arab Emirates	30	10	20
Viet Nam	55	15	40
Other places of birth in Asia	280	110	165
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	10
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	114,185	55,210	58,975
First generation¹⁰⁰	64,870	30,425	34,440
Second generation¹⁰¹	31,635	16,100	15,540
Third generation or more¹⁰²	17,680	8,690	8,995
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	49,110	23,100	26,010
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	32,495	15,830	16,660
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,090	7,865	5,230
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	19,400	7,965	11,430
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,220	4,530	6,685
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,855	2,500	2,360
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	540	235	310
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	49,110	23,100	26,010
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,660	1,385	1,275
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,715	1,525	2,200
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,540	800	735
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,505	970	1,535
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	155	90	70
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	38,535	18,340	20,195
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	114,185	55,210	58,975
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	48,890	23,540	25,350
South Asian	7,195	3,690	3,500
Chinese	12,930	6,180	6,750
Black	2,925	1,425	1,500
Filipino	5,460	2,260	3,205
Arab	720	385	335
Latin American	1,670	815	860
Southeast Asian	1,220	545	675
West Asian	7,950	3,980	3,965
Korean	5,855	2,845	3,015
Japanese	145	65	90
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,105	510	590
Multiple visible minorities	1,715	845	875
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	65,295	31,670	33,625
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	114,190	55,210	58,970
Canadian	6,055	2,905	3,145
English	3,985	1,970	2,020
Irish	3,070	1,490	1,575
Scottish	2,975	1,470	1,515
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,185	525	660
German	2,010	995	1,015
Chinese	12,405	5,935	6,470
Italian	6,680	3,275	3,400
Indian (India)	4,510	2,325	2,175
Ukrainian	3,815	1,795	2,020
Dutch	635	345	295
Polish	6,610	3,225	3,385
Québécois	40	15	25
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,405	735	665
Filipino	5,150	2,140	3,015
French Canadian	250	95	155
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,210	575	630
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	90	25	65
Métis	95	30	70
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,580	1,220	1,360
Russian	12,050	5,650	6,400
Norwegian	150	80	75
Welsh	305	140	170
Portuguese	1,275	625	645
American	805	410	395
Spanish	1,140	590	550
Swedish	175	80	95
Hungarian	1,630	795	835
Acadian	45	20	25
Pakistani	550	280	270
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	700	345	350
Jewish	20,320	10,105	10,215
Punjabi	290	165	120
Vietnamese	1,145	510	635
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	265	130	135
Greek	1,405	705	695
Jamaican	1,020	470	555
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,375	620	765
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0	0
Korean	5,775	2,835	2,940
Romanian	2,120	1,015	1,105
Lebanese	240	110	135
Iranian	6,365	3,180	3,185
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	540	240	295
Danish	120	75	50
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	35	20	10
Sikh	95	65	35
Austrian	480	225	250
Belgian	90	25	70
Haitian	25	15	15
Hindu	545	275	270
Mexican	335	175	160
Mennonite	25	15	10
Swiss	100	55	40
Finnish	90	40	50
Sri Lankan	510	260	250
Croatian	135	65	70
Japanese	240	95	140
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	365	160	205
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	0	0	0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	80	35	55
Muslim	235	115	120
Egyptian	335	165	165
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	355	160	190
Tamil	670	335	335
Icelandic	20	20	10
Colombian	220	125	90
Moroccan	1,305	540	765
Czech	220	100	120
Syrian	130	60	65
Guyanese	560	335	225
Afghan	240	90	150
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	335	150	185
Serbian	440	180	255
Ojibway	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	45	10	40
Hong Konger	775	340	435
Ontarian	175	85	90
Persian	2,360	1,200	1,160
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	320	150	175
Turkish	855	410	445
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	90	50	40
Algerian	20	10	10
Brazilian	315	135	180
Nigerian	205	130	75
Armenian	630	315	315
Slovak	155	80	75
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,875	950	925
Somali	15	10	10
Taiwanese	305	170	135
Iraqi	470	220	250
Salvadorean	110	40	70
African Caribbean	265	95	170
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	485	240	250
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	445	215	225
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	220	105	115
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	200	85	115
Lithuanian	1,080	580	495
South African	1,005	485	510
Australian	50	30	20
Palestinian	110	50	55
Chilean	140	90	50
Congolese	40	15	20
Nova Scotian	20	10	10
Ethiopian	10	10	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	260	135	125
Peruvian	130	45	90
Yoruba	60	40	30
Cambodian (Khmer)	135	65	75
Berber	40	20	25
Albanian	335	170	165
Maltese	90	45	40
Macedonian	180	95	85
Slovenian	35	20	10
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	50	30
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	325	195	135
Eritrean	40	15	20
African Canadian	95	35	60
Israeli	4,065	2,090	1,975
Mohawk	10	10	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	55	45
Bulgarian	230	105	125
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	95	50	45
Barbadian	120	70	40
African American	50	20	30
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	75	35	40
Tunisian	65	15	50
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	320	155	165
Cuban	120	40	75
Bosnian	15	15	0
Venezuelan	95	35	60
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	280	115	170
Bengali	65	40	25
Cameroonian	10	10	0
Guatemalan	15	10	0
Indonesian	90	35	50
Laotian	35	10	25
Ilocano	150	60	90
Northern Irish	60	40	20
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	10	20
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	175	95	75
Franco Ontarian	10	0	0
Argentinian	205	100	110
Estonian	25	15	10
Kurdish	195	115	80
Fijian	45	25	25
Jatt	70	30	35
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	35	65
Coptic	75	30	45
Thai	35	15	20
Dominican	30	15	10
Nepali	45	30	15
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	40	25	15
Byelorussian	485	240	245
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	285	145	145
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	10	0	0
Sudanese	20	10	10
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	25	10	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	25	25
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	115	45	65
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	15	30
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	35	20	15
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	30	25	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	80	50	35
Jordanian	40	15	20
Manitoban	15	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	30	20	10
Sinhalese	90	45	45
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	55	15	40
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	565	280	285
Sicilian	20	15	10
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	30	10	20
Goan	15	10	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	40	15	25
Burmese	40	10	25
Mongolian	70	25	45
Azorean	25	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	85	35	45
Ugandan	10	0	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	45	30	15
Yemeni	155	75	75
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	40	30	15
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	60	20	40
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	20	10	10
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	20	0	15
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	25	10	15
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	30	15	15
Singaporean	30	10	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	25	0	15
Tajik	25	10	20
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	114,185	55,210	58,975
Buddhist	2,095	880	1,215
Christian	38,235	17,615	20,620
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,560	3,395	4,160
Anabaptist	25	15	10
Anglican	1,220	605	620
Baptist	625	295	330
Catholic	18,365	8,485	9,875
Christian Orthodox	5,700	2,565	3,135
Jehovah's Witness	140	65	75
Latter Day Saints	35	20	15
Lutheran	205	75	125
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	55	25	30
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	580	275	305
Presbyterian	1,450	690	760
Reformed	80	50	35
United Church	790	385	405
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,415	670	745
Hindu	3,690	1,970	1,715
Jewish	34,775	16,830	17,945
Muslim	7,480	3,735	3,745
Sikh	645	320	325
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	10	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	685	300	380
No religion and secular perspectives	26,585	13,555	13,030
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	113,390	54,815	58,575
Non-movers	100,225	48,450	51,775
Movers	13,160	6,365	6,795
Non-migrants	7,130	3,335	3,795
Migrants	6,030	3,030	3,000
Internal migrants	4,840	2,415	2,420
Intraprovincial migrants	4,460	2,250	2,205
Interprovincial migrants	385	165	215
External migrants	1,190	615	575
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	109,620	52,900	56,720
Non-movers	74,430	35,900	38,530
Movers	35,195	17,005	18,190
Non-migrants	10,620	5,165	5,455
Migrants	24,575	11,840	12,735
Internal migrants	17,315	8,350	8,965
Intraprovincial migrants	15,960	7,655	8,300
Interprovincial migrants	1,360	685	670
External migrants	7,255	3,490	3,770
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,835	46,895	50,945
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,710	5,305	5,410
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,120	41,585	45,535
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,640	28,695	31,950
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,795	1,455	1,335
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,845	27,240	30,615
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,835	46,890	50,945
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,945	4,870	5,075
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,640	10,545	11,095
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	66,255	31,480	34,775
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,270	9,990	11,275
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,450	2,040	1,405
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,015	1,050	965
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,435	995	440
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,430	6,545	7,875
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,395	1,400	1,990
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,990	21,490	23,500
Bachelor's degree	27,820	12,815	15,005
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,820	1,830	1,985
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,720	920	800
Master's degree	9,945	4,905	5,040
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,680	1,010	665
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,645	28,690	31,950
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,405	1,260	1,145
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,505	4,830	4,670
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,735	22,600	26,135
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,375	6,695	7,680
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,040	1,165	880
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,200	585	620
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	835	580	260
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,080	4,590	5,490
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,250	940	1,315
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,360	15,905	18,450
Bachelor's degree	21,045	9,475	11,575
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,640	1,190	1,450
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,270	630	640
Master's degree	8,165	3,930	4,235
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,240	685	550
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,835	46,890	50,940
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,580	15,410	16,165
Education	4,030	670	3,365
13. Education	4,030	670	3,365
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,760	1,095	1,665
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	220	165	60
50. Visual and performing arts	2,535	930	1,610
Humanities	3,940	1,315	2,625
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	645	115	530
23. English language and literature/letters	970	215	760
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,070	310	760
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	15	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	310	220	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	315	195	120
54. History	385	235	150
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	190	20	170
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,400	3,510	5,895
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	20	80
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	975	375	600
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,060	70	990
22. Legal professions and studies	1,895	875	1,015
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	40	95
42. Psychology	1,720	430	1,295
45. Social sciences	3,510	1,690	1,815
Business, management and public administration	15,120	7,215	7,900
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	25	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	910	225	685
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,180	6,970	7,210
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,740	1,745	1,995
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,500	560	940
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	895	400	490
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	15	30
40. Physical sciences	1,205	735	470
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	30	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,780	2,905	1,875
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,400	2,255	1,140
25. Library science	175	30	150
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,015	500	515
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	185	120	70
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,765	9,500	2,265
04. Architecture and related services	685	410	275
14. Engineering	7,080	5,350	1,730
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,675	1,495	180
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	930	905	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	970	950	20
48. Precision production	425	395	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	665	300	370
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	460	215	245
03. Natural resources and conservation	210	90	125
Health and related fields	8,080	2,390	5,695
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	590	295	290
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,975	1,830	5,145
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	20	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	480	240	235
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,950	835	1,120
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,285	330	955
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	365	255	110
49. Transportation and materials moving	285	235	50
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	60,640	28,690	31,950
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,905	6,090	5,815
Education	2,645	425	2,220
13. Education	2,645	425	2,220
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,940	735	1,200
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	120	45
50. Visual and performing arts	1,775	620	1,160
Humanities	2,845	970	1,875
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	485	75	405
23. English language and literature/letters	675	150	525
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	760	230	540
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	10	40
38. Philosophy and religious studies	235	175	55
39. Theology and religious vocations	240	150	90
54. History	280	165	110
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	130	20	110
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,055	2,460	4,600
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	20	65
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	765	275	490
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	730	45	690
22. Legal professions and studies	1,430	565	865
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	20	65
42. Psychology	1,240	280	965
45. Social sciences	2,720	1,260	1,460
Business, management and public administration	11,605	5,430	6,175
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	675	150	530
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,910	5,270	5,645
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,600	1,165	1,440
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,145	405	750
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	570	240	335
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	15	30
40. Physical sciences	770	490	280
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	20	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,900	2,365	1,535
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,890	1,890	1,005
25. Library science	95	10	80
27. Mathematics and statistics	770	365	405
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	95	50
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,240	6,525	1,715
04. Architecture and related services	545	310	235
14. Engineering	5,200	3,880	1,320
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,060	935	130
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	585	575	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	610	610	10
48. Precision production	225	220	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	490	190	300
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	335	125	205
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	60	90
Health and related fields	5,980	1,700	4,275
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	435	195	235
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,210	1,350	3,865
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	300	140	155
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,425	640	785
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	925	245	680
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	305	225	80
49. Transportation and materials moving	190	165	20
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	60,640	28,690	31,950
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,905	6,090	5,815
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,735	22,600	26,135
Location of study inside Canada	29,605	13,850	15,760
Same as province or territory of residence	27,475	12,855	14,615
Different than province or territory of residence	2,135	1,000	1,135
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	19,130	8,750	10,375
Americas	2,420	1,215	1,210
United States of America	1,705	895	810
Mexico	120	45	70
Cuba	20	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	40	25	15
Brazil	145	65	80
Colombia	75	35	45
Peru	35	30	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	10	35
Other locations of study in Americas	220	90	135
Europe	4,805	2,220	2,580
Belgium	15	0	10
France	90	45	40
Germany	50	35	15
Netherlands	25	0	15
Switzerland	15	10	10
Hungary	45	30	20
Moldova¹⁸³	190	75	110
Poland	65	35	30
Romania	335	155	175
Russian Federation	1,755	800	955
Ukraine	1,045	430	615
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	450	235	215
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	20
Italy	50	15	30
Serbia⁸⁶	40	25	15
Other locations of study in Europe	600	290	315
Africa	700	340	360
Nigeria	90	45	45
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	10	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	70	30	40
South Africa, Republic of	460	230	230
Other locations of study in Africa	70	35	40
Asia	11,040	4,905	6,140
Iran⁸⁸	2,505	1,170	1,340
Iraq	45	30	15
Israel	1,500	755	745
Lebanon	20	15	0
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	10
Turkey	185	90	95
China⁹⁰	1,610	770	835
Taiwan	65	25	35
Hong Kong⁹¹	125	40	85
Japan	45	20	35
Korea, South⁹²	1,225	490	735
Philippines	1,600	515	1,080
Viet Nam	55	25	35
Bangladesh	25	10	15
Sri Lanka	50	25	25
India	1,050	505	545
Pakistan	125	70	60
Other locations of study in Asia	790	340	450
Oceania	160	75	85
Australia	125	65	60
New Zealand	35	10	30
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,835	46,895	50,945
In the labour force	62,130	31,555	30,580
Employed	53,920	27,795	26,115
Unemployed	8,215	3,750	4,460
Not in the labour force	35,705	15,340	20,365
Participation rate	63.5	67.3	60.0
Employment rate	55.1	59.3	51.3
Unemployment rate	13.2	11.9	14.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,835	46,890	50,940
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,715	15,945	20,770
Worked	61,125	30,950	30,175
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	33,065	18,120	14,945
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,060	12,830	15,230
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	41.2	39.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,135	31,550	30,580
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	1,035	995
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	60,105	30,520	29,585
Employee	46,435	21,765	24,670
Permanent position	38,570	18,420	20,150
Temporary position	7,865	3,345	4,515
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,235	1,305	1,930
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,630	2,045	2,590
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,670	8,750	4,920
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,135	31,550	30,580
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	1,035	995
All occupations¹⁹¹	60,105	30,520	29,585
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,120	880	240
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,275	5,275	8,995
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	8,205	5,970	2,235
3 Health occupations	5,055	1,485	3,570
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,475	2,270	5,205
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,405	1,155	1,245
6 Sales and service occupations	13,325	6,575	6,755
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,995	5,440	560
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	320	260	65
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,925	1,210	720
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,135	31,550	30,580
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	1,035	995
All industries¹⁹¹	60,105	30,520	29,585
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	130	70	60
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	50	35	10
22 Utilities	255	170	90
23 Construction	3,510	2,795	710
31-33 Manufacturing	4,880	3,155	1,730
41 Wholesale trade	2,655	1,610	1,050
44-45 Retail trade	6,225	3,005	3,220
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,110	1,585	525
51 Information and cultural industries	1,495	880	615
52 Finance and insurance	4,870	2,475	2,390
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,170	1,180	985
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,150	5,340	3,810
55 Management of companies and enterprises	340	175	165
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,220	1,210	1,010
61 Educational services	4,920	1,450	3,465
62 Health care and social assistance	7,145	1,770	5,375
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,075	545	530
72 Accommodation and food services	2,265	1,115	1,160
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,680	1,035	1,650
91 Public administration	1,965	915	1,045
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,390	33,500	32,890
English	59,270	30,290	28,985
French	85	15	70
Non-official language	1,140	530	615
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,140	530	615
English and French	740	265	475
English and non-official language(s)	4,970	2,340	2,630
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	40	80
Multiple non-official languages	55	25	30
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,390	33,500	32,890
Single responses	65,220	32,990	32,230
Official languages	62,905	31,940	30,965
English	62,720	31,905	30,810
French	185	30	155
Non-official languages	2,320	1,050	1,260
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,320	1,050	1,260
Afro-Asiatic languages	120	35	90
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	120	35	90
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	120	30	90
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	20	0	15
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	880	410	470
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	430	180	250
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	430	180	250
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	410	170	245
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	10	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	355	185	170
Indo-Aryan languages	15	10	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	340	175	170
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	340	175	170
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	315	155	155
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	45	45
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	20	15	0
Romanian	15	0	10
Spanish	55	25	35
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	30	15	0
Korean	545	240	310
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	670	325	350
Chinese languages	670	325	350
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	530	280	250
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	145	50	95
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	15	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	30	15	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,165	510	660
English and French	125	40	85
English and non-official language(s)	1,015	455	560
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,390	33,500	32,890
None	61,570	31,305	30,265
English	1,115	475	635
French	550	220	330
Non-official language	2,530	1,250	1,280
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,530	1,250	1,280
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	115	50	65
French and non-official language(s)	80	20	60
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	425	170	255
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	53,920	27,800	26,120
Worked at home	21,355	10,255	11,100
Worked outside Canada	270	200	70
No fixed workplace address	4,945	3,470	1,475
Usual place of work	27,350	13,875	13,475
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,350	13,875	13,475
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	9,930	5,055	4,875
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,330	2,115	2,215
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,030	6,680	6,355
Commute to a different province or territory	55	30	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	32,295	17,345	14,950
Car, truck or van	26,145	14,895	11,250
Car, truck or van - as a driver	23,890	14,165	9,725
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,255	730	1,525
Public transit	3,820	1,415	2,410
Walked	1,225	500	730
Bicycle	150	125	20
Other method	960	410	540
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	32,295	17,345	14,950
Less than 15 minutes	6,375	3,155	3,215
15 to 29 minutes	10,870	5,775	5,095
30 to 44 minutes	8,415	4,890	3,525
45 to 59 minutes	3,275	1,875	1,405
60 minutes and over	3,360	1,655	1,705
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	32,295	17,345	14,950
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,330	920	415
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,770	2,385	1,390
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,055	3,780	3,275
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,480	4,270	4,205
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,545	3,740	3,800
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,110	2,250	1,860
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,270	10,920	10,345
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,730	850	880
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,540	10,065	9,470
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,365	8,440	7,920
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,420	690	725
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	795	380	410
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	630	310	315
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,945	7,750	7,200

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 23, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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