Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Thunder BayMore information: Ontario [Population centre]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	95,266	...	...
Population, 2016¹	94,767^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	45,751	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	43,291	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,253.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	76.03	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	95,265	46,645	48,625
0 to 14 years	13,245	6,780	6,465
0 to 4 years	4,220	2,145	2,075
5 to 9 years	4,410	2,310	2,100
10 to 14 years	4,615	2,325	2,285
15 to 64 years	60,835	30,385	30,450
15 to 19 years	4,615	2,360	2,255
20 to 24 years	6,555	3,490	3,065
25 to 29 years	7,480	3,850	3,630
30 to 34 years	6,290	3,225	3,065
35 to 39 years	5,655	2,840	2,815
40 to 44 years	5,100	2,470	2,630
45 to 49 years	5,355	2,630	2,720
50 to 54 years	5,705	2,750	2,960
55 to 59 years	6,840	3,305	3,540
60 to 64 years	7,235	3,465	3,770
65 years and over	21,190	9,480	11,710
65 to 69 years	6,235	2,990	3,250
70 to 74 years	5,485	2,560	2,925
75 to 79 years	3,610	1,625	1,985
80 to 84 years	2,705	1,125	1,575
85 years and over	3,150	1,175	1,975
85 to 89 years	1,885	780	1,105
90 to 94 years	985	335	650
95 to 99 years	260	65	195
100 years and over	30	5	20
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.9	14.5	13.3
15 to 64 years	63.9	65.1	62.6
65 years and over	22.2	20.3	24.1
85 years and over	3.3	2.5	4.1
Average age of the population	43.8	42.4	45.1
Median age of the population	43.6	41.6	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	43,295	...	...
Single-detached house	26,790	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,040	...	...
Row house	1,415	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,395	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	7,790	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,575	...	...
Other single-attached house	110	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	185	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	43,290	...	...
1 person	15,905	...	...
2 persons	14,915	...	...
3 persons	5,820	...	...
4 persons	4,410	...	...
5 or more persons	2,245	...	...
Number of persons in private households	93,155	45,635	47,520
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	82,020	39,860	42,160
Married or living common-law	40,755	20,255	20,500
Married	30,910	15,355	15,550
Living common-law	9,845	4,895	4,945
Living common law - Never married	7,395	3,695	3,695
Living common law - Separated	505	260	245
Living common law - Divorced	1,680	840	840
Living common law - Widowed	270	100	170
Not married and not living common-law	41,270	19,610	21,660
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,300	14,620	11,680
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,970	1,230	1,740
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,815	2,365	3,445
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,185	1,390	4,790
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,530	...	...
2 persons	14,850	...	...
3 persons	5,230	...	...
4 persons	3,905	...	...
5 or more persons	1,545	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,530	...	...
Total couple families	19,930	...	...
Married couples	15,005	...	...
With children⁶	6,735	...	...
Without children	8,270	...	...
Common-law couples	4,920	...	...
With children⁶	1,825	...	...
Without children	3,095	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,605	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,340	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,265	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	93,155	45,635	47,520
Total - Persons in census families	69,330	33,955	35,370
Married spouses or common-law partners	39,855	19,855	20,000
Parents in one-parent families	5,600	1,265	4,340
Children⁶	23,870	12,835	11,035
In a two-parent family	15,225	8,150	7,075
In a one-parent family	8,640	4,685	3,960
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	23,830	11,685	12,150
Living alone	15,905	7,220	8,680
Living with other relatives⁷	2,325	1,095	1,230
Living with non-relatives only	5,600	3,365	2,235
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	43,290	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,050	...	...
Couple-family households	18,500	...	...
With children⁶	7,960	...	...
Without children	10,545	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,545	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	725	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	125	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,200	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,295	...	...
One-person households	15,905	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	79,925	38,865	41,060
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,240	37,415	39,825
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	45,600	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,260	37,425	39,835
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	40,800	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,735	33,395	34,335
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,400	29,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	52,555	26,760	25,795
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,000	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,095	33,970	37,130
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	9,400	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,055	4,160	3,895
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,680	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	20,005	9,520	10,485
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	79,810	38,755	41,055
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,345	37,415	39,935
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,040	53,950	44,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,370	37,420	39,945
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,200	45,680	38,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,670	33,325	34,345
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,760	49,720	37,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	52,510	26,780	25,730
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,160	48,480	39,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,105	33,975	37,135
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,700	10,620	12,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,925	4,070	3,855
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,710	6,670	6,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	19,565	9,285	10,275
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,750	8,500	8,990
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	79,810	38,755	41,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,180	12,355	10,825
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	65,500	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,900	73,600	63,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,795	10,445	11,355
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,600	21,400	18,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,440	30,760	24,380
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	78.0	82.2	73.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.1	64.4	57.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.9	17.9	26.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.4	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.3	4.4	6.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	3.9	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	79,925	38,865	41,065
Without total income	2,685	1,445	1,240
With total income	77,240	37,415	39,825
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,115	2,355	2,755
$10,000 to $19,999	9,085	3,870	5,210
$20,000 to $29,999	12,110	5,105	7,010
$30,000 to $39,999	10,770	4,725	6,040
$40,000 to $49,999	9,700	4,485	5,215
$50,000 to $59,999	7,885	3,840	4,040
$60,000 to $69,999	6,140	3,205	2,940
$70,000 to $79,999	4,600	2,530	2,065
$80,000 to $89,999	3,200	1,835	1,365
$90,000 to $99,999	2,465	1,430	1,035
$100,000 and over	6,175	4,020	2,155
$100,000 to $149,999	4,710	2,965	1,750
$150,000 and over	1,465	1,055	410
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	79,925	38,865	41,065
Without after-tax income	2,660	1,435	1,230
With after-tax income	77,265	37,430	39,830
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,420	2,425	3,000
$10,000 to $19,999	9,370	4,015	5,360
$20,000 to $29,999	13,810	5,815	7,995
$30,000 to $39,999	12,830	5,915	6,920
$40,000 to $49,999	11,195	5,385	5,810
$50,000 to $59,999	8,325	4,220	4,100
$60,000 to $69,999	5,650	3,135	2,515
$70,000 to $79,999	3,800	2,215	1,590
$80,000 to $89,999	2,740	1,560	1,180
$90,000 to $99,999	1,460	920	540
$100,000 and over	2,660	1,830	825
$100,000 to $124,999	1,545	1,045	495
$125,000 and over	1,115	785	335
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	79,925	38,865	41,065
Without employment income	27,375	12,100	15,270
With employment income	52,550	26,760	25,790
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,545	3,765	3,780
$5,000 to $9,999	3,925	1,725	2,200
$10,000 to $19,999	6,345	2,940	3,400
$20,000 to $29,999	5,220	2,490	2,730
$30,000 to $39,999	4,945	2,445	2,495
$40,000 to $49,999	4,930	2,220	2,715
$50,000 to $59,999	4,585	2,260	2,320
$60,000 to $69,999	3,665	1,895	1,770
$70,000 to $79,999	2,865	1,605	1,260
$80,000 to $89,999	2,195	1,325	865
$90,000 to $99,999	1,895	1,060	835
$100,000 and over	4,445	3,030	1,415
$100,000 to $124,999	2,510	1,610	900
$125,000 and over	1,935	1,420	515
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	79,925	38,865	41,060
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,240	36,825	39,410
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,265	36,830	39,430
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,600	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,345	33,040	34,310
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,000	31,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	53,085	26,765	26,320
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,000	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,630	32,120	35,515
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,000	3,060	7,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,515	3,500	3,015
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,360	5,120	5,520
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	79,810	38,755	41,055
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,230	36,705	39,525
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,680	51,950	41,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,240	36,705	39,530
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,080	43,920	36,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,230	32,910	34,320
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	50,160	38,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	52,995	26,795	26,200
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,160	49,000	39,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,615	32,060	35,555
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,860	7,980	9,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,390	3,390	2,995
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,850	6,335	7,440
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	79,810	38,755	41,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,000	12,220	10,785
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,000	63,600	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,900	70,100	59,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	20,590	9,770	10,820
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,000	26,800	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,000	36,160	28,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.2	86.6	79.2
Employment income (%)	65.8	68.8	62.2
Government transfers (%)	16.8	13.4	20.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.1	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	43,295	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	15,905	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,390	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	43,270	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,945	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,080	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,325	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	43,295	...	...
Under $5,000	395	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	265	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	965	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,080	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,880	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,835	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,730	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,765	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,890	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,815	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,585	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,355	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,120	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,780	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,475	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,360	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,910	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,295	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,695	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,460	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	43,295	...	...
Under $5,000	425	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	275	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	980	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,115	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,985	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,125	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,055	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,130	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,170	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,110	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,190	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,715	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,440	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,040	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,020	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,635	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,915	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,470	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	25,615	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,795	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	8,660	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,325	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	21,505	10,590	10,915
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,200	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	34,000	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	25,555	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,810	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,630	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,310	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	21,480	10,420	11,060
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,320	45,400	43,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,720	39,280	38,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	93,160	45,635	47,520
0 to 17 years	15,895	8,145	7,750
0 to 5 years	5,110	2,595	2,515
18 to 64 years	57,470	28,495	28,975
65 years and over	19,790	9,000	10,790
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,940	5,505	6,435
0 to 17 years	2,740	1,425	1,315
0 to 5 years	980	495	485
18 to 64 years	6,865	3,265	3,590
65 years and over	2,340	810	1,530
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.8	12.1	13.5
0 to 17 years (%)	17.2	17.5	17.0
0 to 5 years (%)	19.2	19.1	19.2
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	11.5	12.4
65 years and over (%)	11.8	9.0	14.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	93,155	45,635	47,520
0 to 17 years	15,895	8,140	7,755
0 to 5 years	5,110	2,590	2,520
18 to 64 years	57,470	28,490	28,975
65 years and over	19,790	9,000	10,790
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,475	2,945	2,530
0 to 17 years	825	435	395
0 to 5 years	325	165	165
18 to 64 years	4,355	2,400	1,960
65 years and over	290	110	185
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	6.5	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2	5.3	5.1
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	6.2	6.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.6	8.4	6.8
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.3	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	93,155	45,635	47,520
In bottom half of the distribution	49,205	23,570	25,635
In bottom decile	11,500	5,650	5,850
In second decile	10,130	4,610	5,520
In third decile	9,435	4,495	4,940
In fourth decile	9,015	4,355	4,665
In fifth decile	9,125	4,460	4,665
In top half of the distribution	43,955	22,070	21,880
In sixth decile	9,530	4,690	4,835
In seventh decile	9,645	4,790	4,855
In eighth decile	9,040	4,525	4,515
In ninth decile	9,100	4,630	4,475
In top decile	6,635	3,435	3,205
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	93,155	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.310	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.439	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.276	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	93,675	45,845	47,835
English only	85,810	42,470	43,340
French only	65	30	30
English and French	7,335	3,130	4,210
Neither English nor French	470	215	260
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	93,675	45,845	47,835
English	91,475	44,820	46,655
French	1,650	785	865
English and French	120	50	80
Neither English nor French	430	195	240
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	93,675	45,845	47,835
Single responses	91,420	44,760	46,660
Official languages	81,105	39,810	41,295
English	79,310	38,960	40,345
French	1,795	845	945
Non-official languages	10,320	4,950	5,370
Indigenous languages³⁹	985	395	585
Algonquian languages	975	390	585
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	75	25	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	75	25	45
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	10	20
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	905	360	540
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	385	140	245
Ojibway languages	515	220	300
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	505	215	290
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	5	0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,335	4,550	4,780
Afro-Asiatic languages	410	230	180
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	30	10	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	5	10
Somali	10	10	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	380	215	165
Amharic	15	10	5
Arabic	355	195	155
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	5	5	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	150	60	85
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	150	60	85
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	275	105	170
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	15	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	15	5	10
Indonesian	5	0	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	225	85	140
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Creole languages	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	5	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	5	5	5
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	655	440	210
Kannada	5	5	5
Malayalam	475	320	155
Tamil	55	35	20
Telugu	110	80	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,685	2,755	2,930
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,325	560	765
Baltic languages	15	5	15
Latvian	10	0	10
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	1,305	555	755
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	0
Czech	30	15	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	555	225	325
Russian	80	40	40
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	215	110	105
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	175	95	80
Serbian	40	15	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	70	30	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	35
Ukrainian	300	110	190
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	525	240	280
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	330	160	175
German	325	150	170
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	135	60	75
Afrikaans	15	10	5
Dutch	110	45	60
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30
Danish	25	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	5	5
Swedish	20	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	115	60	55
Indo-Iranian languages	1,240	725	525
Indo-Aryan languages	1,085	635	450
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	105	55	45
Gujarati	310	205	100
Hindi	235	135	100
Kacchi	5	0	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	0
Marathi	20	10	10
Nepali	60	35	30
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	225	120	105
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5
Urdu	110	55	55
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	155	85	70
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	15	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	0	5
Persian languages	135	70	60
Dari	10	10	5
Iranian Persian	100	55	50
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,470	1,170	1,305
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,840	860	985
Portuguese	250	120	130
Romanian	35	20	15
Spanish	340	165	175
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	10	15
Korean	90	35	50
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	85	45	45
Akan (Twi)	15	5	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	10
Dinka	5	5	5
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	10	10
American Sign Language	15	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	775	390	385
Chinese languages	550	275	275
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	355	185	165
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	160	70	90
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	225	120	110
Burmese	20	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	205	105	100
S'gaw Karen	185	95	90
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	10	10
Lao	5	0	0
Thai	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	5	5	5
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	5	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	1,105	445	660
Estonian	15	5	15
Finnish	1,010	395	615
Hungarian	80	40	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Multiple responses	2,260	1,080	1,175
English and French	540	240	300
English and non-official language(s)	1,555	770	790
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	125	55	65
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	93,675	45,845	47,835
English	83,140	40,790	42,355
French	320	155	165
Non-official language	1,750	830	920
Indigenous³⁹	130	50	80
Non-Indigenous	1,620	780	840
English and French	1,245	525	715
English and non-official language(s)	6,900	3,390	3,510
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	70	110
Multiple non-official languages	150	75	70
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	93,675	45,845	47,835
Single responses	92,200	45,130	47,070
Official languages	88,385	43,205	45,175
English	87,920	42,990	44,930
French	470	215	250
Non-official languages	3,815	1,925	1,895
Indigenous languages³⁹	260	105	150
Algonquian languages	255	100	150
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	5	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	5	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	230	90	135
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	120	50	70
Ojibway languages	105	45	65
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105	45	65
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,560	1,815	1,740
Afro-Asiatic languages	250	140	110
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	10	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	15	5	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	225	125	95
Amharic	10	5	0
Arabic	205	110	95
Aramaic languages	5	0	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	5	5	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	95	50	45
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	95	50	45
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	160	75	85
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	10	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	20	15	5
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	120	55	65
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	10	5	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	5	5
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	410	285	125
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	300	200	95
Tamil	30	20	15
Telugu	75	65	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,855	895	955
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	325	140	185
Baltic languages	5	0	5
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	320	140	180
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	0
Czech	5	5	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	170	75	95
Russian	50	25	20
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	25
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	35	15	25
Serbian	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	5
Ukrainian	30	15	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	30	20	15
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	10	10
German	20	10	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	0
Afrikaans	10	5	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	35	10	20
Indo-Iranian languages	720	420	300
Indo-Aryan languages	620	370	250
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	65	35	30
Gujarati	155	105	50
Hindi	115	75	40
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	50	25	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	155	90	60
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	80	40	40
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	100	50	50
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	85	45	45
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	65	30	35
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	735	305	430
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	515	200	315
Portuguese	65	30	40
Romanian	10	5	5
Spanish	145	70	70
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	5	0	0
Korean	55	25	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	30	10	15
Akan (Twi)	5	0	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	15
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	455	230	220
Chinese languages	295	145	145
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	195	100	100
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	80	35	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	165	85	80
Burmese	15	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	150	80	70
S'gaw Karen	135	75	65
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	5	5
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	210	85	125
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	200	85	120
Hungarian	5	5	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,475	715	765
English and French	175	75	100
English and non-official language(s)	1,275	625	650
French and non-official language(s)	5	5	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	5
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	93,675	45,845	47,835
None	86,490	42,380	44,110
English	1,825	920	905
French	965	410	560
Non-official language	3,705	1,770	1,930
Indigenous³⁹	650	260	390
Non-Indigenous	3,055	1,515	1,535
English and French	10	5	5
English and non-official language(s)	240	155	85
French and non-official language(s)	100	40	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	0
Multiple non-official languages	340	170	175
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	93,050	45,540	47,510
Official languages	92,535	45,270	47,260
English	92,495	45,245	47,250
French	7,295	3,160	4,135
Non-official languages	14,350	6,880	7,475
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,720	695	1,025
Algonquian languages	1,700	685	1,015
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	140	70	70
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	135	70	65
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	0	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	65	35	30
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	50	25	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,590	630	960
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	525	190	335
Ojibway languages	1,100	460	645
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	15	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	10	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	1,065	445	620
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Non-Indigenous languages	12,640	6,190	6,455
Afro-Asiatic languages	615	365	250
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	10	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	35	20	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	20	15	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	590	350	235
Amharic	25	20	0
Arabic	520	315	210
Aramaic languages	15	0	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	15	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	15	15	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	220	90	130
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	215	90	125
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	375	130	245
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	40	15	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	30	10	20
Indonesian	10	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	325	100	225
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Creole languages	65	40	30
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	30	20	10
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	925	610	310
Kannada	35	20	15
Malayalam	670	430	235
Tamil	155	100	60
Telugu	195	150	45
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	8,195	4,035	4,155
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,515	680	840
Baltic languages	25	0	25
Latvian	25	0	25
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,495	680	820
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	0	10
Czech	35	10	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	615	270	350
Russian	165	95	70
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	305	160	145
Bosnian	10	0	0
Croatian	250	140	110
Serbian	75	25	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	45	20	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	30	35
Ukrainian	375	145	220
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	855	390	465
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	565	260	310
German	560	250	310
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	15	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	75	95
Afrikaans	45	40	0
Dutch	125	40	85
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	120	55	60
Danish	25	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	30	15	15
Swedish	60	30	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	160	75	85
Indo-Iranian languages	1,910	1,095	810
Indo-Aryan languages	1,705	1,000	705
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	175	90	90
Gujarati	435	280	155
Hindi	1,110	715	400
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	65	45	20
Nepali	80	35	45
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	385	215	170
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	10
Urdu	160	95	65
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Iranian languages	205	100	105
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	180	90	90
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	150	65	75
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	20	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,910	1,890	2,025
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,780	1,355	1,425
Portuguese	320	160	160
Romanian	30	15	15
Spanish	885	405	475
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	85	45	45
Korean	120	50	70
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	200	95	105
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	15	15	0
Igbo	30	10	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	10	10	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	30	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	10	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	20	40
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	15	30
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	125	45	75
American Sign Language	115	40	75
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,020	520	500
Chinese languages	695	330	365
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	480	220	260
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	235	105	135
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	325	185	135
Burmese	80	50	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	295	170	130
S'gaw Karen	265	150	120
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	10	35
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	45	10	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	35	15	20
Azerbaijani	20	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	1,185	490	695
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	1,120	450	670
Hungarian	60	35	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	93,050	45,540	47,510
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	14,005	6,545	7,455
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	13,685	6,410	7,275
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,900	5,140	5,760
Métis	2,775	1,260	1,510
Inuk (Inuit)	10	10	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	155	85	70
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	170	55	115
Non-Indigenous identity	79,045	38,990	40,050
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	93,050	45,540	47,510
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	9,570	4,490	5,075
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	83,480	41,050	42,430
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	43,270	...	...
Owner	27,895	...	...
Renter	15,380	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	43,270	...	...
Condominium	2,070	...	...
Not condominium	41,200	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	43,270	...	...
No bedrooms	195	...	...
1 bedroom	5,955	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,485	...	...
3 bedrooms	15,695	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	9,940	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	43,270	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	11,570	...	...
5 rooms	7,290	...	...
6 rooms	7,085	...	...
7 rooms	5,835	...	...
8 or more rooms	11,495	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	43,270	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,840	...	...
More than one person per room	430	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	43,270	...	...
Suitable	41,720	...	...
Not suitable	1,550	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	43,270	...	...
1960 or before	17,945	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,525	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,055	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,885	...	...
2001 to 2005	810	...	...
2006 to 2010	760	...	...
2011 to 2015	675	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	610	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	43,270	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,820	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,450	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	43,270	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,210	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,630	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,430	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	43,270	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,580	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,245	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,240	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,705	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,860	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,545	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,375	...	...
85 years and over	1,720	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	43,095	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,865	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,225	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,615	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	43,270	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,180	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,380	...	...
Not suitable only	1,225	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,555	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	130	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	690	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	170	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,090	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	42,485	...	...
In core need	4,095	...	...
Not in core need	38,385	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,890	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	930	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,099	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	280,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	293,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	15,380	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	23.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	970	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	989	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	93,050	45,540	47,510
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	7,565	3,575	3,990
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	7,525	3,550	3,980
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,080	3,345	3,730
Métis single ancestry	440	200	245
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	40	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	40	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	6,910	3,235	3,675
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	6,695	3,140	3,560
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,025	2,375	2,650
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,650	760	890
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	215	95	120
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	190	90	95
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	78,580	38,730	39,845
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	93,050	45,540	47,510
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	88,635	43,100	45,535
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,660	8,055	7,610
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	72,975	35,045	37,925
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	4,415	2,440	1,975
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	93,050	45,540	47,510
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	82,330	40,055	42,275
Immigrants⁸¹	8,080	3,885	4,190
Before 1980	4,135	1,915	2,225
1980 to 1990	685	325	355
1991 to 2000	690	330	355
2001 to 2010	1,005	520	485
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,565	795	775
2011 to 2015	570	285	290
2016 to 2021	995	510	480
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,645	1,600	1,040
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	8,080	3,885	4,190
Under 5 years	1,145	610	535
5 to 14 years	1,610	815	790
15 to 24 years	2,075	965	1,110
25 to 44 years	2,925	1,365	1,565
45 years and over	320	130	195
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	8,080	3,885	4,190
Americas	1,035	425	605
Brazil	30	0	25
Colombia	60	50	10
El Salvador	25	15	0
Guyana	30	0	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	45	30	15
Mexico	20	0	15
Peru	10	0	10
Trinidad and Tobago	45	15	25
United States of America	550	170	380
Other places of birth in Americas	230	120	110
Europe	4,510	2,145	2,365
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	15
Croatia	140	75	70
France	65	15	50
Germany	325	145	180
Greece	70	40	30
Hungary	45	25	20
Italy	1,455	705	750
Netherlands	95	40	55
Poland	340	145	195
Portugal	165	90	70
Romania	25	10	10
Russian Federation	35	25	10
Serbia⁸⁶	25	10	15
Ukraine	45	10	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	840	440	395
Other places of birth in Europe	830	365	470
Africa	420	250	170
Algeria	10	10	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	10	0
Egypt	45	25	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	25	15	15
Morocco	10	10	0
Nigeria	25	15	10
Somalia	15	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	70	40	30
Other places of birth in Africa	200	110	95
Asia	2,065	1,035	1,025
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	80	40	40
Iraq	35	15	25
Lebanon	30	25	0
Syria⁸⁹	105	60	40
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	265	125	140
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	15	15
Korea, South⁹²	60	25	35
Taiwan	0	0	0
Philippines	300	90	205
Viet Nam	110	45	70
Bangladesh	95	50	50
India	310	190	120
Pakistan	90	35	55
Sri Lanka	20	0	15
Other places of birth in Asia	510	305	200
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	55	35	20
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	995	510	480
Americas	160	70	85
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	20	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	0	10
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	65	30	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0
Other places of birth in Americas	45	15	25
Europe	115	65	50
France	20	0	15
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	15	10	10
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	10	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	35	0
Other places of birth in Europe	20	10	10
Africa	115	60	60
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	25	15	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	20	10	0
Somalia	10	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	10	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	20	0	15
Asia	585	295	290
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	35	20	20
China⁹⁰	35	15	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	175	105	75
Iran⁸⁸	15	0	10
Iraq	25	0	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	40	15	30
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	0	0	0
Philippines	95	30	65
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	90	55	40
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	20	10	0
Viet Nam	25	15	15
Other places of birth in Asia	20	15	0
Oceania and other⁹³	15	15	0
Australia	15	15	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	93,050	45,540	47,510
First generation¹⁰⁰	11,205	5,745	5,460
Second generation¹⁰¹	15,360	7,435	7,925
Third generation or more¹⁰²	66,480	32,360	34,125
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	3,940	1,970	1,970
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,745	875	870
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	785	490	295
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	960	385	575
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,265	525	735
Refugees¹⁰⁸	925	570	360
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	0	0	0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	3,940	1,970	1,970
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	130	100	30
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	435	220	220
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	215	75	135
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	290	160	135
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	60	30	25
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	2,805	1,385	1,430
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	93,050	45,540	47,510
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	7,410	4,095	3,315
South Asian	2,660	1,645	1,015
Chinese	890	460	440
Black	1,070	590	475
Filipino	375	145	230
Arab	450	280	175
Latin American	350	170	180
Southeast Asian	710	355	355
West Asian	155	80	70
Korean	140	55	85
Japanese	260	150	110
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	145	60	90
Multiple visible minorities	210	115	100
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	85,640	41,445	44,195
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	93,050	45,540	47,510
Canadian	9,960	4,870	5,090
English	20,705	9,895	10,815
Irish	16,575	7,735	8,840
Scottish	17,735	8,600	9,135
French, n.o.s.¹²²	12,630	5,965	6,670
German	8,535	4,125	4,410
Chinese	985	495	485
Italian	12,790	6,510	6,280
Indian (India)	1,760	1,120	640
Ukrainian	10,295	4,780	5,515
Dutch	2,575	1,200	1,375
Polish	5,450	2,495	2,955
Québécois	200	95	110
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,435	1,120	1,320
Filipino	420	170	250
French Canadian	1,415	660	755
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,195	590	605
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,545	2,625	2,920
Métis	2,330	1,075	1,255
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,325	695	625
Russian	1,020	485	540
Norwegian	2,165	1,050	1,115
Welsh	1,515	735	785
Portuguese	775	415	360
American	920	400	515
Spanish	475	195	280
Swedish	3,370	1,555	1,815
Hungarian	735	365	370
Acadian	120	35	90
Pakistani	135	70	60
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	150	65	85
Jewish	315	155	155
Punjabi	175	80	95
Vietnamese	260	105	160
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	250	135	115
Greek	590	320	270
Jamaican	270	130	145
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	155	75	80
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	625	290	335
Korean	145	60	85
Romanian	430	225	215
Lebanese	160	80	85
Iranian	195	90	105
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	265	135	130
Danish	910	405	505
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,125	1,070	1,055
Sikh	40	30	10
Austrian	615	320	295
Belgian	315	120	195
Haitian	15	10	0
Hindu	280	175	100
Mexican	105	70	35
Mennonite	165	70	95
Swiss	260	110	145
Finnish	8,970	4,255	4,710
Sri Lankan	10	0	10
Croatian	845	395	450
Japanese	320	175	140
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	135	100	45
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	140	70	65
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	495	205	295
Muslim	65	35	35
Egyptian	60	45	20
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	30	15	15
Tamil	20	10	10
Icelandic	515	260	260
Colombian	70	55	15
Moroccan	15	10	0
Czech	250	125	125
Syrian	110	70	40
Guyanese	65	25	40
Afghan	0	0	0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	55	40	15
Serbian	105	55	50
Ojibway	2,675	1,235	1,445
Newfoundlander	210	120	95
Hong Konger	20	0	15
Ontarian	345	170	175
Persian	40	20	20
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	70	30	35
Turkish	35	15	15
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	15	30
Bangladeshi	95	45	50
Algerian	10	10	0
Brazilian	25	10	10
Nigerian	130	85	40
Armenian	20	10	10
Slovak	1,620	830	790
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	275	120	155
Somali	25	20	0
Taiwanese	0	0	0
Iraqi	0	0	0
Salvadorean	40	10	35
African Caribbean	45	30	20
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	20	10	10
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	125	65	55
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	25	0	15
Algonquin	65	35	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	10	20
Lithuanian	95	55	40
South African	100	55	45
Australian	85	25	65
Palestinian	0	0	0
Chilean	85	30	60
Congolese	10	10	0
Nova Scotian	25	10	15
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	15	0	10
Peruvian	30	10	20
Yoruba	20	15	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	15	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	20	10	15
Macedonian	40	30	10
Slovenian	260	110	150
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	45	30	15
New Brunswicker	15	0	10
Gujarati	15	10	10
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	0	0	0
Israeli	0	0	0
Mohawk	120	60	60
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	210	135	80
Bulgarian	50	30	20
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	35	10	20
Barbadian	60	35	30
African American	40	25	15
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	165	85	80
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	65	40	30
Cuban	15	15	0
Bosnian	75	25	40
Venezuelan	30	20	20
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	170	60	110
Bengali	25	10	10
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	10	0	10
Indonesian	20	15	0
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	45	20	20
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	20	10	0
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	10	0	0
Franco Ontarian	60	35	25
Argentinian	0	0	0
Estonian	115	55	65
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	25	15	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	40	55
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	30	15	15
Dominican	10	0	0
Nepali	35	15	20
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	20	10	10
Igbo	10	0	10
Byelorussian	25	15	10
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	0	20
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20	10	10
New Zealander	30	15	15
Sudanese	15	10	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	100	25	75
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	25	10	10
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	40	20	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	520	240	280
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	10	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	40	30	10
Oji-Cree	610	245	365
Vincentian	30	20	10
Jordanian	70	30	40
Manitoban	25	15	10
Cape Bretoner	20	10	15
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	20	15	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	25	0	15
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	20	15	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	25	15	15
United Empire Loyalist	25	25	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	25	10	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	15	15	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	60	35	20
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	15	0	10
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	10	10	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	10	10
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	10	10	0
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	265	145	115
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	93,050	45,540	47,510
Buddhist	250	120	130
Christian	51,225	23,405	27,820
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,750	2,335	2,415
Anabaptist	55	15	35
Anglican	4,770	2,135	2,635
Baptist	1,175	570	605
Catholic	27,335	12,775	14,560
Christian Orthodox	720	335	385
Jehovah's Witness	220	95	125
Latter Day Saints	145	50	95
Lutheran	3,205	1,400	1,805
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	120	65	55
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	585	245	345
Presbyterian	1,425	645	775
Reformed	220	95	125
United Church	4,625	1,845	2,775
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,875	795	1,080
Hindu	1,200	790	410
Jewish	85	40	45
Muslim	940	535	400
Sikh	245	120	125
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	600	285	315
Other religions and spiritual traditions	800	325	475
No religion and secular perspectives	37,710	19,920	17,790
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	92,325	45,205	47,115
Non-movers	80,910	39,485	41,420
Movers	11,420	5,720	5,695
Non-migrants	8,795	4,460	4,335
Migrants	2,620	1,255	1,360
Internal migrants	2,080	985	1,100
Intraprovincial migrants	1,575	730	850
Interprovincial migrants	500	250	250
External migrants	545	275	265
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	88,855	43,425	45,425
Non-movers	56,500	27,545	28,955
Movers	32,360	15,885	16,470
Non-migrants	20,000	9,655	10,340
Migrants	12,360	6,230	6,130
Internal migrants	9,245	4,415	4,825
Intraprovincial migrants	7,530	3,595	3,935
Interprovincial migrants	1,715	820	895
External migrants	3,115	1,815	1,305
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,810	38,755	41,055
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,200	8,445	7,755
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,605	30,310	33,300
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,920	23,990	24,930
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,525	3,650	2,870
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	42,390	20,335	22,060
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,810	38,755	41,055
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,195	7,215	6,975
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,385	11,035	11,350
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,225	20,500	22,725
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,750	12,795	12,960
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,240	4,015	1,225
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,240	1,420	820
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,000	2,595	405
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	19,095	8,110	10,985
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,410	670	745
Bachelor's degree or higher	17,480	7,705	9,770
Bachelor's degree	12,010	5,055	6,950
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,110	545	565
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	505	290	215
Master's degree	3,285	1,465	1,825
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	570	345	215
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,915	23,985	24,925
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,560	3,105	2,455
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,980	6,875	6,105
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	30,375	14,010	16,365
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,455	8,455	8,995
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,110	2,355	755
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,390	845	540
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,720	1,510	215
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,585	5,750	7,835
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	755	350	405
Bachelor's degree or higher	12,925	5,555	7,370
Bachelor's degree	8,740	3,680	5,055
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	785	355	435
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	405	215	190
Master's degree	2,575	1,065	1,505
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	425	250	175
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	79,805	38,755	41,050
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,580	18,255	18,325
Education	2,730	845	1,885
13. Education	2,730	845	1,885
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	965	540	425
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	75	60	10
50. Visual and performing arts	895	475	420
Humanities	1,790	705	1,085
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	90	15	80
23. English language and literature/letters	530	135	400
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	530	200	335
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	10	45
38. Philosophy and religious studies	40	25	15
39. Theology and religious vocations	155	115	35
54. History	285	185	100
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	25	85
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,795	1,395	3,395
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	15	95
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	310	110	195
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,205	135	1,065
22. Legal professions and studies	500	190	310
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	190	60	125
42. Psychology	1,135	260	875
45. Social sciences	1,355	620	730
Business, management and public administration	8,340	2,885	5,455
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,755	335	1,420
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,580	2,550	4,030
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,685	880	810
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	625	275	350
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	325	170	160
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	30	20
40. Physical sciences	600	390	210
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	20	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,415	820	595
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,125	715	415
25. Library science	165	30	135
27. Mathematics and statistics	110	70	35
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,935	8,270	665
04. Architecture and related services	185	135	50
14. Engineering	1,610	1,355	260
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,305	2,085	220
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,560	1,525	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,960	1,915	45
48. Precision production	1,315	1,255	65
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,020	625	395
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	225	85	140
03. Natural resources and conservation	795	540	255
Health and related fields	8,555	1,775	6,785
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	720	340	375
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,620	1,305	6,315
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	10	30
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	185	120	70
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,975	1,755	1,220
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,360	430	930
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	735	540	200
49. Transportation and materials moving	875	780	95
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	48,920	23,990	24,930
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	18,540	9,975	8,560
Education	1,750	510	1,235
13. Education	1,750	510	1,235
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	750	425	330
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	55	50	0
50. Visual and performing arts	705	375	325
Humanities	1,100	420	680
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	45	10	45
23. English language and literature/letters	310	80	230
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	355	130	225
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	20	15	15
39. Theology and religious vocations	75	65	10
54. History	190	120	70
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	0	65
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,515	945	2,570
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	0	65
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	225	80	145
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	880	100	775
22. Legal professions and studies	410	145	265
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	140	45	100
42. Psychology	850	165	685
45. Social sciences	950	420	530
Business, management and public administration	6,155	2,090	4,060
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,330	220	1,110
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	4,815	1,870	2,950
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,255	615	645
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	490	205	285
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	265	130	140
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	30	15
40. Physical sciences	395	245	150
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	10	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	950	570	370
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	785	505	280
25. Library science	80	15	65
27. Mathematics and statistics	70	50	25
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,890	5,340	550
04. Architecture and related services	155	105	50
14. Engineering	1,205	1,000	205
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,620	1,435	185
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	935	905	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,165	1,130	35
48. Precision production	805	765	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	730	415	310
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	155	65	90
03. Natural resources and conservation	570	355	225
Health and related fields	6,130	1,430	4,700
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	565	270	290
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,365	1,055	4,315
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	10	30
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	160	95	65
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,155	1,250	910
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	985	315	670
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	540	380	160
49. Transportation and materials moving	635	555	75
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	48,920	23,990	24,930
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,540	9,975	8,560
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	30,380	14,010	16,365
Location of study inside Canada	27,870	12,705	15,165
Same as province or territory of residence	26,065	11,920	14,145
Different than province or territory of residence	1,810	785	1,020
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,505	1,305	1,200
Americas	510	255	260
United States of America	365	190	175
Mexico	10	0	0
Cuba	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	20	10	10
Colombia	25	10	15
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	20	20
Other locations of study in Americas	35	15	20
Europe	470	260	210
Belgium	10	0	0
France	10	0	0
Germany	15	10	0
Netherlands	0	0	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	35	25	10
Romania	15	0	10
Russian Federation	25	15	10
Ukraine	45	10	30
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	180	110	65
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	20	10	15
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	90	40	50
Africa	75	40	35
Nigeria	25	0	20
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	10	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	40	20	10
Asia	1,355	710	640
Iran⁸⁸	105	45	60
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	10	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	95	45	55
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	50	25	25
Philippines	140	40	100
Viet Nam	35	10	25
Bangladesh	45	25	20
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	755	470	290
Pakistan	25	0	20
Other locations of study in Asia	65	35	30
Oceania	90	50	45
Australia	55	35	25
New Zealand	35	10	20
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	79,810	38,755	41,055
In the labour force	46,200	23,565	22,640
Employed	40,880	20,890	19,985
Unemployed	5,325	2,665	2,650
Not in the labour force	33,610	15,195	18,410
Participation rate	57.9	60.8	55.1
Employment rate	51.2	53.9	48.7
Unemployment rate	11.5	11.3	11.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	79,805	38,755	41,050
Did not work¹⁸⁶	33,250	15,060	18,195
Worked	46,555	23,695	22,860
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	23,645	12,645	11,000
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	22,915	11,050	11,865
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.1	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	46,205	23,565	22,640
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,040	570	470
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	45,160	22,990	22,170
Employee	41,550	20,770	20,780
Permanent position	34,185	17,005	17,180
Temporary position	7,360	3,765	3,595
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,445	1,130	1,315
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,910	2,630	2,280
Self-employed¹⁹²	3,610	2,220	1,390
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	46,205	23,565	22,640
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,040	570	470
All occupations¹⁹¹	45,160	22,990	22,170
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	305	175	130
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	6,600	1,940	4,660
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,710	2,115	595
3 Health occupations	5,220	1,240	3,985
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,105	2,370	4,735
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	925	405	520
6 Sales and service occupations	12,560	5,860	6,705
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,665	7,085	585
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	975	820	160
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,085	980	105
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	46,205	23,565	22,640
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,040	570	470
All industries¹⁹¹	45,160	22,990	22,170
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	640	405	235
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	685	575	115
22 Utilities	510	370	140
23 Construction	2,980	2,670	310
31-33 Manufacturing	1,660	1,320	345
41 Wholesale trade	940	705	230
44-45 Retail trade	6,195	3,060	3,135
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,625	2,115	510
51 Information and cultural industries	770	470	300
52 Finance and insurance	905	380	530
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	490	315	180
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,450	1,420	1,030
55 Management of companies and enterprises	20	15	10
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,605	1,105	500
61 Educational services	3,885	1,485	2,400
62 Health care and social assistance	9,380	1,975	7,400
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	720	380	340
72 Accommodation and food services	3,415	1,580	1,835
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,090	1,065	1,025
91 Public administration	3,180	1,580	1,600
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	50,000	25,530	24,470
English	48,505	24,955	23,550
French	225	65	155
Non-official language	35	10	20
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	15
Non-Indigenous	25	10	10
English and French	625	260	370
English and non-official language(s)	585	225	360
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	50,000	25,530	24,470
Single responses	49,855	25,440	24,410
Official languages	49,760	25,395	24,365
English	49,440	25,305	24,135
French	320	95	230
Non-official languages	100	45	50
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	15	35
Algonquian languages	45	15	35
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	15	35
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	15	10	0
Ojibway languages	35	0	30
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	0	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	50	40	15
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15	10	0
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	0	0	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	25	15	10
Chinese languages	20	10	10
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	0	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	145	85	55
English and French	65	40	25
English and non-official language(s)	75	45	25
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	50,000	25,530	24,470
None	48,895	25,115	23,785
English	145	55	90
French	470	195	275
Non-official language	450	165	295
Indigenous³⁹	200	55	140
Non-Indigenous	255	105	150
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	40,875	20,895	19,985
Worked at home	6,730	2,740	3,990
Worked outside Canada	60	35	25
No fixed workplace address	4,515	3,375	1,145
Usual place of work	29,575	14,750	14,825
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,580	14,755	14,825
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,040	13,710	14,335
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,020	695	325
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	460	315	145
Commute to a different province or territory	55	35	20
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,095	18,125	15,965
Car, truck or van	29,845	15,875	13,970
Car, truck or van - as a driver	27,330	14,715	12,610
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,520	1,160	1,360
Public transit	1,485	810	675
Walked	1,755	840	915
Bicycle	435	305	130
Other method	565	300	270
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,095	18,125	15,965
Less than 15 minutes	18,725	9,315	9,415
15 to 29 minutes	12,085	6,600	5,485
30 to 44 minutes	1,920	1,220	700
45 to 59 minutes	470	310	160
60 minutes and over	890	680	210
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,095	18,125	15,965
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,415	1,045	370
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,215	2,400	1,815
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,180	5,315	3,870
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,525	4,240	5,290
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,145	1,960	2,185
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,605	3,175	2,430
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,215	8,315	7,900
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,360	645	710
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,860	7,665	7,195
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,710	6,030	5,685
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,015	485	530
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	600	285	310
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	415	200	220
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,695	5,540	5,150

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 19, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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