Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VancouverMore information: British Columbia [Population centre]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,426,160	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	2,268,864^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.9	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,015,170	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	958,604	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,661.3	...	...	2,661.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	911.64	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,426,165	1,189,925	1,236,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	339,565	175,430	164,130	14.0	14.7	13.3
0 to 4 years	105,460	53,990	51,470	4.3	4.5	4.2
5 to 9 years	114,225	59,225	55,005	4.7	5.0	4.4
10 to 14 years	119,880	62,215	57,665	4.9	5.2	4.7
15 to 64 years	1,679,030	827,605	851,430	69.2	69.6	68.9
15 to 19 years	125,485	64,805	60,675	5.2	5.4	4.9
20 to 24 years	163,895	83,790	80,110	6.8	7.0	6.5
25 to 29 years	191,725	96,460	95,265	7.9	8.1	7.7
30 to 34 years	198,935	99,445	99,490	8.2	8.4	8.0
35 to 39 years	186,865	92,645	94,220	7.7	7.8	7.6
40 to 44 years	165,370	80,235	85,135	6.8	6.7	6.9
45 to 49 years	158,830	74,980	83,850	6.5	6.3	6.8
50 to 54 years	167,650	80,125	87,525	6.9	6.7	7.1
55 to 59 years	168,220	82,030	86,190	6.9	6.9	7.0
60 to 64 years	152,055	73,095	78,965	6.3	6.1	6.4
65 years and over	407,570	186,890	220,685	16.8	15.7	17.9
65 to 69 years	129,155	61,590	67,565	5.3	5.2	5.5
70 to 74 years	107,345	50,550	56,790	4.4	4.2	4.6
75 to 79 years	69,750	32,105	37,650	2.9	2.7	3.0
80 to 84 years	49,350	21,865	27,485	2.0	1.8	2.2
85 years and over	51,965	20,775	31,190	2.1	1.7	2.5
85 to 89 years	31,395	13,550	17,845	1.3	1.1	1.4
90 to 94 years	15,690	5,855	9,835	0.6	0.5	0.8
95 to 99 years	4,175	1,215	2,960	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	710	150	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.0	14.7	13.3	14.0	14.7	13.3
15 to 64 years	69.2	69.6	68.9	69.2	69.6	68.9
65 years and over	16.8	15.7	17.9	16.8	15.7	17.9
85 years and over	2.1	1.7	2.5	2.1	1.7	2.5
Average age of the population	41.4	40.5	42.3	41.4	40.5	42.3
Median age of the population	40.0	39.2	41.2	40.0	39.2	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	958,605	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	244,480	...	...	25.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	19,155	...	...	2.0	...	...
Row house	96,200	...	...	10.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	159,205	...	...	16.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	240,360	...	...	25.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	194,855	...	...	20.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,220	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	3,120	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	958,605	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	281,100	...	...	29.3	...	...
2 persons	301,950	...	...	31.5	...	...
3 persons	151,355	...	...	15.8	...	...
4 persons	133,625	...	...	13.9	...	...
5 or more persons	90,570	...	...	9.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	2,394,755	1,174,500	1,220,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,086,605	1,014,495	1,072,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	1,169,240	582,985	586,255	56.0	57.5	54.7
Married	1,000,635	497,615	503,020	48.0	49.1	46.9
Living common-law	168,605	85,365	83,240	8.1	8.4	7.8
Living common law - Never married	133,505	67,670	65,835	6.4	6.7	6.1
Living common law - Separated	5,370	2,890	2,480	0.3	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	27,430	13,820	13,605	1.3	1.4	1.3
Living common law - Widowed	2,295	985	1,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	917,360	431,510	485,855	44.0	42.5	45.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	652,945	348,645	304,300	31.3	34.4	28.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	49,070	20,005	29,065	2.4	2.0	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	121,970	44,590	77,385	5.8	4.4	7.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	93,375	18,275	75,105	4.5	1.8	7.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	661,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	325,880	...	...	49.3	...	...
3 persons	154,160	...	...	23.3	...	...
4 persons	138,345	...	...	20.9	...	...
5 or more persons	43,170	...	...	6.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	661,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	560,515	...	...	84.7	...	...
Married couples	476,220	...	...	72.0	...	...
With children⁶	279,040	...	...	42.2	...	...
Without children	197,185	...	...	29.8	...	...
Common-law couples	84,295	...	...	12.7	...	...
With children⁶	21,170	...	...	3.2	...	...
Without children	63,125	...	...	9.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	101,035	...	...	15.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	81,020	...	...	12.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	20,015	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,394,755	1,174,500	1,220,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,894,745	938,700	956,050	79.1	79.9	78.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,121,030	561,880	559,150	46.8	47.8	45.8
Parents in one-parent families	101,035	20,015	81,020	4.2	1.7	6.6
Children⁶	672,680	356,800	315,880	28.1	30.4	25.9
In a two-parent family	526,615	278,095	248,520	22.0	23.7	20.4
In a one-parent family	146,065	78,710	67,355	6.1	6.7	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	500,010	235,805	264,210	20.9	20.1	21.7
Living alone	281,100	129,285	151,820	11.7	11.0	12.4
Living with other relatives⁷	79,260	30,275	48,985	3.3	2.6	4.0
Living with non-relatives only	139,650	76,245	63,405	5.8	6.5	5.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	958,605	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	527,545	...	...	55.0	...	...
Couple-family households	452,680	...	...	47.2	...	...
With children⁶	240,850	...	...	25.1	...	...
Without children	211,830	...	...	22.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	74,865	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	45,925	...	...	4.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	10,970	...	...	1.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	36,855	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	56,205	...	...	5.9	...	...
One-person households	281,100	...	...	29.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,055,650	999,335	1,056,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,986,565	965,865	1,020,700	96.6	96.7	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,600	36,400	40,400	45,600	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,987,585	966,410	1,021,175	96.7	96.7	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,600	36,800	41,200	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,776,130	875,105	901,025	86.4	87.6	85.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,000	30,000	36,400	44,000	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,450,690	736,025	714,660	70.6	73.7	67.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,800	33,200	39,600	46,800	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,632,475	747,105	885,370	79.4	74.8	83.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	7,400	9,100	8,400	7,400	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	174,595	74,865	99,730	8.5	7.5	9.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,560	5,480	5,440	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	590,495	283,520	306,975	28.7	28.4	29.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,055,730	999,370	1,056,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,985,805	965,265	1,020,540	96.6	96.6	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,950	65,200	47,200	55,950	65,200	47,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,986,830	965,795	1,021,035	96.6	96.6	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,240	52,400	40,440	46,240	52,400	40,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,774,625	874,655	899,970	86.3	87.5	85.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,200	63,750	42,960	53,200	63,750	42,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,450,660	736,675	713,985	70.6	73.7	67.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,300	62,800	43,440	53,300	62,800	43,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,630,600	745,390	885,215	79.3	74.6	83.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,220	9,600	10,750	10,220	9,600	10,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	174,225	74,625	99,595	8.5	7.5	9.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	5,720	7,030	6,470	5,720	7,030
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	588,825	282,475	306,350	28.6	28.3	29.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,410	9,300	9,510	9,410	9,300	9,510
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,055,730	999,375	1,056,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	673,900	380,090	293,805	32.8	38.0	27.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	72,000	60,000	66,000	72,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,000	91,500	69,600	82,000	91,500	69,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	589,420	268,465	320,960	28.7	26.9	30.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,200	17,400	19,000	21,200	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,320	34,640	26,680	30,320	34,640	26,680
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	88.6	80.2	85.0	88.6	80.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	73.6	64.4	69.6	73.6	64.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.0	11.4	19.8	15.0	11.4	19.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.5	1.0	0.7	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	5.0	7.5	6.1	5.0	7.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.2	6.1	5.0	4.2	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,055,650	999,340	1,056,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	69,085	33,475	35,615	3.4	3.3	3.4
With total income	1,986,565	965,860	1,020,700	96.6	96.6	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	213,020	93,545	119,470	10.7	9.7	11.7
$10,000 to $19,999	229,820	100,735	129,080	11.6	10.4	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	301,755	129,515	172,240	15.2	13.4	16.9
$30,000 to $39,999	241,175	105,325	135,850	12.1	10.9	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	205,255	92,215	113,035	10.3	9.5	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	170,195	79,490	90,705	8.6	8.2	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	134,790	68,565	66,225	6.8	7.1	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	105,950	57,895	48,055	5.3	6.0	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	83,255	46,990	36,260	4.2	4.9	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	66,335	37,740	28,595	3.3	3.9	2.8
$100,000 and over	235,025	153,855	81,170	11.8	15.9	8.0
$100,000 to $149,999	148,325	92,505	55,820	7.5	9.6	5.5
$150,000 and over	86,705	61,350	25,350	4.4	6.4	2.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,055,650	999,340	1,056,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	68,065	32,925	35,135	3.3	3.3	3.3
With after-tax income	1,987,585	966,410	1,021,180	96.7	96.7	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	220,465	96,725	123,735	11.1	10.0	12.1
$10,000 to $19,999	237,285	104,145	133,140	11.9	10.8	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	339,415	146,550	192,865	17.1	15.2	18.9
$30,000 to $39,999	277,635	123,260	154,375	14.0	12.8	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	235,295	108,295	127,000	11.8	11.2	12.4
$50,000 to $59,999	183,925	91,795	92,135	9.3	9.5	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	135,285	73,755	61,535	6.8	7.6	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	99,890	56,520	43,370	5.0	5.8	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	72,835	42,200	30,635	3.7	4.4	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	48,905	29,890	19,020	2.5	3.1	1.9
$100,000 and over	136,655	93,280	43,375	6.9	9.7	4.2
$100,000 to $124,999	65,165	42,720	22,450	3.3	4.4	2.2
$125,000 and over	71,490	50,565	20,925	3.6	5.2	2.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,055,650	999,340	1,056,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	604,965	263,315	341,655	29.4	26.3	32.3
With employment income	1,450,685	736,030	714,660	70.6	73.7	67.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	184,900	83,945	100,955	12.7	11.4	14.1
$5,000 to $9,999	121,200	52,420	68,775	8.4	7.1	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	169,770	75,270	94,500	11.7	10.2	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	128,345	58,340	70,005	8.8	7.9	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	126,490	58,115	68,380	8.7	7.9	9.6
$40,000 to $49,999	125,510	59,265	66,245	8.7	8.1	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	118,180	57,670	60,510	8.1	7.8	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	97,685	52,710	44,975	6.7	7.2	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	79,100	45,240	33,865	5.5	6.1	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	65,130	37,915	27,215	4.5	5.2	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	53,820	31,295	22,525	3.7	4.3	3.2
$100,000 and over	180,555	123,845	56,710	12.4	16.8	7.9
$100,000 to $124,999	79,035	50,175	28,860	5.4	6.8	4.0
$125,000 and over	101,520	73,670	27,850	7.0	10.0	3.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,055,650	999,335	1,056,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,918,715	930,165	988,550	93.3	93.1	93.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,400	32,800	38,000	44,400	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,922,465	931,070	991,390	93.5	93.2	93.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	39,200	30,200	34,000	39,200	30,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,748,685	859,990	888,695	85.1	86.1	84.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,800	31,600	37,600	44,800	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,469,045	740,385	728,660	71.5	74.1	69.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,000	33,200	38,800	46,000	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,282,365	547,400	734,965	62.4	54.8	69.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,760	1,460	4,080	2,760	1,460	4,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	102,685	41,190	61,500	5.0	4.1	5.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,760	6,120	5,480	4,760	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,055,730	999,370	1,056,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,917,460	929,470	987,990	93.3	93.0	93.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,350	63,150	44,160	53,350	63,150	44,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,921,105	930,275	990,830	93.5	93.1	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,800	50,640	37,400	43,800	50,640	37,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,746,845	859,375	887,470	85.0	86.0	84.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,500	64,200	43,120	53,500	64,200	43,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,469,105	741,115	727,990	71.5	74.2	68.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,900	61,550	42,120	51,900	61,550	42,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,280,575	545,545	735,025	62.3	54.6	69.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,950	6,510	7,280	6,950	6,510	7,280
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,500	41,325	61,180	5.0	4.1	5.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,310	5,960	8,220	7,310	5,960	8,220
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,055,730	999,375	1,056,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	665,605	375,105	290,500	32.4	37.5	27.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	67,500	54,800	61,200	67,500	54,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,000	85,700	63,500	76,000	85,700	63,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	552,020	251,170	300,850	26.9	25.1	28.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	28,600	23,400	25,400	28,600	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,360	41,880	31,720	36,360	41,880	31,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.4	94.0	87.8	91.4	94.0	87.8
Employment income (%)	74.6	77.6	70.4	74.6	77.6	70.4
Government transfers (%)	8.7	6.1	12.3	8.7	6.1	12.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.2	0.7	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	958,600	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	281,100	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	677,505	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	958,750	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	115,800	...	...	115,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,800	...	...	95,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	281,005	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,100	...	...	59,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,880	...	...	48,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	677,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	139,400	...	...	139,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,300	...	...	115,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	958,600	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	19,045	...	...	2.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	7,775	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	9,925	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	19,320	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	36,550	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	27,940	...	...	2.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	28,660	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	32,895	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	31,055	...	...	3.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	31,130	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	62,835	...	...	6.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	61,375	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	59,130	...	...	6.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	55,505	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	51,160	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	424,300	...	...	44.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	108,810	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	84,880	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	109,620	...	...	11.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	120,995	...	...	12.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	958,600	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	21,400	...	...	2.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	7,930	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	10,150	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	20,105	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	38,585	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	31,615	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	32,880	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	37,610	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	36,500	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	36,970	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	73,885	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	71,255	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	66,890	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	61,555	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	55,330	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	355,935	...	...	37.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	114,020	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	82,135	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	159,785	...	...	16.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	639,515	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	222,480	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	299,660	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	89,920	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	420,750	205,530	215,220	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	41,200	38,800	39,600	41,200	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,600	35,600	36,400	37,600	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	639,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	139,600	...	...	139,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	221,750	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,400	...	...	101,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	299,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,000	...	...	168,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,600	...	...	137,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	89,250	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,400	...	...	88,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,400	...	...	76,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	419,940	204,635	215,305	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,050	54,700	49,560	52,050	54,700	49,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,760	45,360	42,280	43,760	45,360	42,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,394,755	1,174,505	1,220,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	412,015	212,895	199,125	17.2	18.1	16.3
0 to 5 years	127,590	65,430	62,160	5.3	5.6	5.1
18 to 64 years	1,593,690	781,800	811,890	66.5	66.6	66.5
65 years and over	389,050	179,815	209,240	16.2	15.3	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	268,970	126,330	142,640	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	48,025	25,050	22,975	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	14,065	7,200	6,870	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	162,890	77,095	85,800	...	...	...
65 years and over	58,055	24,190	33,865	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.2	10.8	11.7	11.2	10.8	11.7
0 to 17 years (%)	11.7	11.8	11.5	11.7	11.8	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	11.0	11.1	11.0	11.0	11.1
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.9	10.6	10.2	9.9	10.6
65 years and over (%)	14.9	13.5	16.2	14.9	13.5	16.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,386,865	1,170,675	1,216,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	410,720	212,200	198,525	17.2	18.1	16.3
0 to 5 years	127,175	65,215	61,960	5.3	5.6	5.1
18 to 64 years	1,588,560	779,320	809,245	66.6	66.6	66.5
65 years and over	387,580	179,155	208,420	16.2	15.3	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	191,275	94,600	96,680	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	28,945	15,165	13,775	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	7,800	4,025	3,780	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	137,755	68,715	69,035	...	...	...
65 years and over	24,575	10,715	13,860	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.0	8.1	8.0	8.0	8.1	8.0
0 to 17 years (%)	7.1	7.2	6.9	7.1	7.2	6.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	6.2	6.1	6.1	6.2	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.7	8.8	8.5	8.7	8.8	8.5
65 years and over (%)	6.3	6.0	6.7	6.3	6.0	6.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,394,755	1,174,505	1,220,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,078,650	516,385	562,265	45.0	44.0	46.1
In bottom decile	267,100	128,650	138,455	11.2	11.0	11.3
In second decile	203,680	95,115	108,560	8.5	8.1	8.9
In third decile	196,965	94,125	102,835	8.2	8.0	8.4
In fourth decile	199,470	96,050	103,420	8.3	8.2	8.5
In fifth decile	211,430	102,440	108,990	8.8	8.7	8.9
In top half of the distribution	1,316,105	658,120	657,990	55.0	56.0	53.9
In sixth decile	222,235	108,905	113,325	9.3	9.3	9.3
In seventh decile	236,550	116,950	119,600	9.9	10.0	9.8
In eighth decile	256,400	127,700	128,705	10.7	10.9	10.5
In ninth decile	281,820	141,695	140,120	11.8	12.1	11.5
In top decile	319,100	162,860	156,245	13.3	13.9	12.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,394,755	...	...	2,394,755	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.363	...	...	0.363	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.458	...	...	0.458	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.319	...	...	0.319	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,114,240	1,054,170	1,060,070	87.9	89.3	86.5
French only	1,045	490	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	156,080	70,280	85,800	6.5	6.0	7.0
Neither English nor French	134,590	55,190	79,395	5.6	4.7	6.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	2,235,965	1,107,715	1,128,250	92.9	93.9	92.0
French	23,930	12,065	11,870	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and French	13,485	6,105	7,380	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	132,575	54,250	78,330	5.5	4.6	6.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,269,480	1,114,530	1,154,950	94.3	94.4	94.2
Official languages	1,209,830	619,750	590,075	50.3	52.5	48.1
English	1,187,170	608,205	578,960	49.3	51.5	47.2
French	22,660	11,545	11,120	0.9	1.0	0.9
Non-official languages	1,059,655	494,780	564,870	44.0	41.9	46.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	535	250	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	250	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,059,120	494,530	564,585	44.0	41.9	46.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,380	13,995	12,385	1.1	1.2	1.0
Berber languages	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,710	865	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	240	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,395	695	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	24,540	13,045	11,495	1.0	1.1	0.9
Amharic	1,305	635	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	17,625	9,390	8,230	0.7	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	1,420	725	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	535	275	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	760	385	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,870	1,050	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,230	1,205	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	27,125	12,040	15,085	1.1	1.0	1.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,180	520	660	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	25,895	11,500	14,395	1.1	1.0	1.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	83,385	34,795	48,590	3.5	2.9	4.0
Bikol	345	140	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	995	410	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	2,570	1,050	1,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,555	630	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	5,330	2,245	3,085	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	3,575	1,580	2,000	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kankanaey	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	270	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	715	325	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	340	145	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	66,160	27,470	38,685	2.7	2.3	3.2
Waray-Waray	255	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	710	320	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	600	300	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	295	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10,290	5,520	4,770	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kannada	465	240	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	3,040	1,580	1,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	4,420	2,300	2,120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	2,295	1,355	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	140	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	450,755	221,685	229,070	18.7	18.8	18.7
Albanian	1,075	550	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	1,125	545	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	53,275	24,840	28,440	2.2	2.1	2.3
Baltic languages	570	245	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	265	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	305	130	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	52,705	24,595	28,110	2.2	2.1	2.3
Belarusian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,585	745	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	3,030	1,450	1,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	9,885	4,575	5,310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	19,495	8,870	10,625	0.8	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	12,680	6,245	6,430	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	1,310	640	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	4,680	2,230	2,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	6,460	3,255	3,200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,075	910	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	415	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,235	1,440	1,790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	180	115	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25,270	12,090	13,170	1.1	1.0	1.1
Frisian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15,855	7,485	8,375	0.7	0.6	0.7
German	15,120	7,140	7,985	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	595	275	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,525	3,220	3,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	1,295	655	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	4,955	2,425	2,525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,805	1,350	1,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	1,225	600	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	530	255	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	955	450	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,995	2,050	1,945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	284,495	141,765	142,730	11.8	12.0	11.6
Indo-Aryan languages	227,360	113,280	114,080	9.4	9.6	9.3
Assamese	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,815	2,095	1,715	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	6,845	3,405	3,445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	27,190	13,440	13,750	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kacchi	1,075	460	615	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,325	675	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,240	630	605	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	173,065	86,090	86,970	7.2	7.3	7.1
Rohingya	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,555	765	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	9,975	5,050	4,920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	545	275	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	57,105	28,470	28,630	2.4	2.4	2.3
Baluchi	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,530	1,375	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,220	680	540	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	53,110	26,290	26,820	2.2	2.2	2.2
Dari	5,610	2,765	2,845	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	42,680	21,110	21,570	1.8	1.8	1.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,820	2,415	2,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	81,325	39,725	41,600	3.4	3.4	3.4
Catalan	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	12,555	6,295	6,265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	17,545	8,355	9,195	0.7	0.7	0.8
Romanian	6,415	3,095	3,320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	44,605	21,870	22,735	1.9	1.9	1.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	16,695	5,525	11,170	0.7	0.5	0.9
Korean	50,520	22,530	27,995	2.1	1.9	2.3
Mongolian	385	165	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,300	1,675	1,625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	415	230	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	190	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	770	380	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	315	175	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	465	245	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	310	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	535	300	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	475	265	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	375,155	169,460	205,690	15.6	14.4	16.8
Chinese languages	372,995	168,405	204,585	15.5	14.3	16.7
Hakka	1,900	830	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	175,360	78,060	97,300	7.3	6.6	7.9
Min Dong	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10,620	4,740	5,880	0.4	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,940	1,285	1,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	179,860	82,440	97,415	7.5	7.0	7.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,040	925	1,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,090	1,020	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	915	440	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	565	275	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	510	245	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	290	150	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,795	960	1,830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	770	365	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,925	550	1,370	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	5,030	2,745	2,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	550	295	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	3,905	2,185	1,715	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	5,560	2,505	3,055	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	1,245	475	765	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	4,045	1,915	2,130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	136,475	65,600	70,875	5.7	5.6	5.8
English and French	7,580	3,730	3,855	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	112,250	54,375	57,870	4.7	4.6	4.7
French and non-official language(s)	1,715	810	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,065	935	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	12,865	5,755	7,110	0.5	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,272,570	645,435	627,135	52.9	54.7	51.2
French	5,040	2,490	2,545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	380,055	175,475	204,585	15.8	14.9	16.7
Indigenous³⁹	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	379,985	175,440	204,545	15.8	14.9	16.7
English and French	19,300	9,310	9,985	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	678,625	324,750	353,870	28.2	27.5	28.9
French and non-official language(s)	780	350	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15,045	6,845	8,200	0.6	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	34,550	15,480	19,070	1.4	1.3	1.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,405,960	1,180,135	1,225,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,250,500	1,105,695	1,144,810	93.5	93.7	93.4
Official languages	1,557,490	780,215	777,270	64.7	66.1	63.4
English	1,549,285	776,210	773,080	64.4	65.8	63.1
French	8,205	4,010	4,195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	693,010	325,475	367,535	28.8	27.6	30.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	692,915	325,430	367,485	28.8	27.6	30.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,115	8,140	7,975	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,015	495	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	855	405	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15,065	7,625	7,435	0.6	0.6	0.6
Amharic	620	285	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10,765	5,415	5,350	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	1,065	515	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	375	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	580	280	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	900	480	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,685	910	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,090	7,695	9,395	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	615	285	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	16,440	7,390	9,050	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	45,070	20,165	24,910	1.9	1.7	2.0
Bikol	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	430	190	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,330	590	740	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	745	335	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,825	1,275	1,550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,275	625	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	365	165	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	37,215	16,550	20,660	1.5	1.4	1.7
Waray-Waray	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,275	3,225	3,050	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,795	920	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	2,855	1,420	1,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	1,385	760	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	273,690	134,640	139,055	11.4	11.4	11.3
Albanian	410	205	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	585	275	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25,505	12,210	13,300	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25,365	12,140	13,225	1.1	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	725	340	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,015	510	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,710	1,760	1,950	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	12,175	5,790	6,380	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5,760	2,795	2,965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	615	285	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,535	705	825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	3,550	1,770	1,780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	745	355	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,085	510	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,155	1,510	1,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,900	895	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	1,830	860	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	915	455	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	490	250	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	410	195	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	325	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,450	675	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	202,040	100,050	101,990	8.4	8.5	8.3
Indo-Aryan languages	162,520	80,880	81,640	6.8	6.9	6.7
Assamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,240	1,150	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	3,490	1,705	1,790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	14,920	7,350	7,575	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	430	175	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	665	340	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	825	420	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	131,885	65,765	66,125	5.5	5.6	5.4
Rohingya	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	770	360	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	6,790	3,385	3,405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	230	120	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	39,515	19,170	20,350	1.6	1.6	1.7
Baluchi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,620	825	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	800	430	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	36,985	17,855	19,130	1.5	1.5	1.6
Dari	3,505	1,705	1,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	30,325	14,635	15,695	1.3	1.2	1.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,155	1,520	1,635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	40,530	19,690	20,840	1.7	1.7	1.7
Catalan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,250	1,415	1,840	0.1	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	10,350	4,995	5,350	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	2,780	1,325	1,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	24,075	11,915	12,165	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	8,235	3,375	4,865	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	38,545	17,610	20,930	1.6	1.5	1.7
Mongolian	205	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,120	540	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	300	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	880	485	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	740	415	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	280,070	126,770	153,300	11.6	10.7	12.5
Chinese languages	278,605	126,035	152,570	11.6	10.7	12.4
Hakka	565	245	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	139,380	63,200	76,185	5.8	5.4	6.2
Min Dong	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,695	2,570	3,120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,845	850	995	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	129,765	58,570	71,200	5.4	5.0	5.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,215	530	685	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,435	715	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	610	295	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	405	210	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	375	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	195	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,070	450	620	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	345	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	670	260	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,590	1,315	1,275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	275	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,100	1,090	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,390	650	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	240	95	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,110	535	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	155,455	74,440	81,020	6.5	6.3	6.6
English and French	3,690	1,805	1,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	145,285	69,685	75,605	6.0	5.9	6.2
French and non-official language(s)	410	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,085	535	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	4,980	2,230	2,750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,405,955	1,180,130	1,225,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,785,160	884,620	900,545	74.2	75.0	73.5
English	244,350	117,935	126,410	10.2	10.0	10.3
French	16,360	7,765	8,595	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official language	279,370	131,350	148,020	11.6	11.1	12.1
Indigenous³⁹	545	220	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	278,825	131,130	147,695	11.6	11.1	12.0
English and French	2,110	960	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	39,220	18,990	20,230	1.6	1.6	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	7,790	3,505	4,285	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	510	230	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	31,090	14,775	16,315	1.3	1.3	1.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	2,260,345	1,119,500	1,140,845	94.4	95.3	93.5
English	2,259,380	1,119,110	1,140,275	94.3	95.3	93.4
French	156,780	70,440	86,335	6.5	6.0	7.1
Non-official languages	1,331,675	628,205	703,475	55.6	53.5	57.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,705	760	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	485	175	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	320	120	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	320	120	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	135	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	120	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	150	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	45	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	625	325	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	220	135	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	285	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,330,130	627,535	702,595	55.5	53.4	57.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,950	21,265	18,680	1.7	1.8	1.5
Berber languages	120	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,325	1,215	1,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	360	200	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,950	1,020	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	37,880	20,225	17,655	1.6	1.7	1.4
Amharic	2,585	1,350	1,240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	27,565	14,900	12,665	1.2	1.3	1.0
Aramaic languages	2,030	1,065	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	795	450	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	990	490	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	280	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5,395	2,720	2,670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,075	1,700	1,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	35,010	15,745	19,265	1.5	1.3	1.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,655	780	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	33,480	15,035	18,445	1.4	1.3	1.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	118,960	49,845	69,110	5.0	4.2	5.7
Bikol	615	295	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,110	470	640	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	4,185	1,805	2,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	810	375	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	2,595	1,035	1,555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	9,505	3,865	5,640	0.4	0.3	0.5
Indonesian	5,720	2,710	3,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	280	100	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	180	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	2,865	1,370	1,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,295	555	740	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	840	345	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	107,130	44,370	62,760	4.5	3.8	5.1
Waray-Waray	625	250	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,490	1,130	1,360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,020	1,035	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	210	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	845	425	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	460	245	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	350	190	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	16,190	8,600	7,595	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kannada	1,365	740	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	4,475	2,395	2,080	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	8,250	4,300	3,950	0.3	0.4	0.3
Telugu	3,860	2,185	1,670	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	190	120	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	609,700	300,985	308,715	25.5	25.6	25.3
Albanian	1,525	725	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,325	625	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	65,675	31,365	34,305	2.7	2.7	2.8
Baltic languages	755	335	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	345	170	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	410	170	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	65,155	31,155	34,005	2.7	2.7	2.8
Belarusian	220	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,820	860	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	4,290	2,150	2,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	360	175	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	12,280	5,835	6,450	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	28,075	13,200	14,875	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	16,225	8,140	8,085	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	2,540	1,255	1,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	7,710	3,725	3,985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	9,005	4,610	4,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	375	200	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,670	1,240	1,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	570	270	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	6,900	3,045	3,855	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,790	1,020	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	1,345	765	585	0.1	0.1	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	295	170	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	45,855	22,000	23,855	1.9	1.9	2.0
Frisian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	31,240	15,145	16,095	1.3	1.3	1.3
German	30,550	14,825	15,730	1.3	1.3	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	795	375	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	11,220	5,460	5,760	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	4,125	2,130	1,995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	6,985	3,285	3,695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	180	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	165	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5,110	2,330	2,775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	1,860	895	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	1,255	560	695	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	2,135	985	1,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	75	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	6,495	3,355	3,145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	369,655	185,250	184,415	15.4	15.8	15.1
Indo-Aryan languages	304,450	152,805	151,640	12.7	13.0	12.4
Assamese	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	5,235	2,785	2,460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	12,200	5,935	6,260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	106,845	53,150	53,695	4.5	4.5	4.4
Kacchi	2,595	1,150	1,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	610	315	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	2,855	1,510	1,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,635	820	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	60	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	228,445	114,855	113,590	9.5	9.8	9.3
Rohingya	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	470	235	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,945	1,370	1,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	20,925	11,055	9,870	0.9	0.9	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,365	670	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	67,535	33,720	33,815	2.8	2.9	2.8
Baluchi	105	70	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	3,695	2,020	1,675	0.2	0.2	0.1
Parsi	255	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,395	1,380	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	63,170	31,445	31,720	2.6	2.7	2.6
Dari	7,665	3,690	3,975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	51,145	25,500	25,640	2.1	2.2	2.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,105	2,650	2,455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	134,190	65,010	69,180	5.6	5.5	5.7
Catalan	430	215	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	22,860	10,920	11,940	1.0	0.9	1.0
Portuguese	22,765	11,115	11,660	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	8,205	4,070	4,135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	89,055	43,345	45,715	3.7	3.7	3.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	295	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30,590	12,965	17,625	1.3	1.1	1.4
Korean	58,910	26,230	32,680	2.5	2.2	2.7
Mongolian	500	230	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	8,710	4,440	4,270	0.4	0.4	0.3
Akan (Twi)	980	505	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	310	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	480	260	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	420	190	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	265	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	280	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	425	180	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,770	1,985	1,780	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,050	535	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,425	715	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	465	225	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	340	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	3,350	1,495	1,855	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	3,075	1,350	1,730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	345	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	439,030	201,210	237,825	18.3	17.1	19.5
Chinese languages	436,425	199,895	236,530	18.2	17.0	19.4
Hakka	3,245	1,490	1,755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	272,635	122,735	149,900	11.4	10.4	12.3
Min Dong	210	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	21,525	9,530	11,995	0.9	0.8	1.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,340	1,835	2,500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	229,340	104,980	124,360	9.6	8.9	10.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,750	810	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	225	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,785	1,400	1,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	1,525	770	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	290	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	650	315	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	600	280	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	390	205	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	220	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	4,365	1,835	2,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	1,145	540	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	3,340	1,325	2,015	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	8,980	4,575	4,400	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	1,440	730	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	190	55	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	7,570	3,915	3,655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	195	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	6,635	3,050	3,585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	305	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	1,510	660	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	4,835	2,250	2,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	335	150	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	56,775	27,515	29,265	2.4	2.3	2.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	54,325	26,355	27,970	2.3	2.2	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	32,700	15,720	16,975	1.4	1.3	1.4
Métis	21,165	10,440	10,730	0.9	0.9	0.9
Inuk (Inuit)	455	195	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,500	705	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	955	455	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	2,338,225	1,147,080	1,191,145	97.6	97.7	97.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	22,520	10,770	11,750	0.9	0.9	1.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,372,485	1,163,820	1,208,660	99.1	99.1	99.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	582,495	...	...	60.8	...	...
Renter	375,610	...	...	39.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	640	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	320,635	...	...	33.4	...	...
Not condominium	638,115	...	...	66.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	21,520	...	...	2.2	...	...
1 bedroom	223,425	...	...	23.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	269,395	...	...	28.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	201,275	...	...	21.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	243,135	...	...	25.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	465,095	...	...	48.5	...	...
5 rooms	128,550	...	...	13.4	...	...
6 rooms	92,920	...	...	9.7	...	...
7 rooms	75,130	...	...	7.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	197,060	...	...	20.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.3	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	917,045	...	...	95.7	...	...
More than one person per room	41,705	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	876,840	...	...	91.5	...	...
Not suitable	81,910	...	...	8.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	114,970	...	...	12.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	220,890	...	...	23.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	135,225	...	...	14.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	160,460	...	...	16.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	64,035	...	...	6.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	85,155	...	...	8.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	78,430	...	...	8.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	99,585	...	...	10.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	907,165	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	51,585	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	473,740	...	...	49.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	409,805	...	...	42.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	75,205	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	30,115	...	...	3.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	155,405	...	...	16.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	177,625	...	...	18.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	180,695	...	...	18.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	183,685	...	...	19.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	135,515	...	...	14.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	68,255	...	...	7.1	...	...
85 years and over	27,455	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	951,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	664,785	...	...	69.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	286,475	...	...	30.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	237,415	...	...	25.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	958,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	380,940	...	...	39.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	252,680	...	...	26.4	...	...
Not suitable only	58,830	...	...	6.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	31,590	...	...	3.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	17,845	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	14,760	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,045	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,185	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	577,810	...	...	60.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	902,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	155,810	...	...	17.3	...	...
Not in core need	746,395	...	...	82.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	580,705	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.7	...	...	59.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.7	...	...	24.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.1	...	...	11.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...	1,640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,984	...	...	1,984	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,300,000	...	...	1,300,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	374,395	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.2	...	...	11.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.5	...	...	38.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.2	...	...	27.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,616	...	...	1,616	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	640	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	190	...	...	190	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	284	...	...	284	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,395,005	1,174,595	1,220,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	18,185	8,655	9,535	0.8	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	17,660	8,435	9,220	0.7	0.7	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	14,235	6,790	7,445	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis single ancestry	3,315	1,620	1,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	105	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	525	220	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	475	195	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	45,165	22,135	23,025	1.9	1.9	1.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	43,535	21,405	22,135	1.8	1.8	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	29,320	14,425	14,895	1.2	1.2	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,890	6,810	7,075	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	330	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,625	730	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,555	705	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,331,655	1,143,805	1,187,855	97.4	97.4	97.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,395,005	1,174,595	1,220,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,987,310	978,545	1,008,765	83.0	83.3	82.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	372,645	192,685	179,965	15.6	16.4	14.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,614,660	785,860	828,800	67.4	66.9	67.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	407,695	196,045	211,650	17.0	16.7	17.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,395,005	1,174,595	1,220,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,235,370	628,930	606,445	51.6	53.5	49.7
Immigrants⁸¹	1,029,540	479,715	549,830	43.0	40.8	45.1
Before 1980	142,595	67,640	74,955	6.0	5.8	6.1
1980 to 1990	120,730	56,590	64,145	5.0	4.8	5.3
1991 to 2000	245,220	112,975	132,245	10.2	9.6	10.8
2001 to 2010	246,545	113,155	133,385	10.3	9.6	10.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	274,450	129,350	145,100	11.5	11.0	11.9
2011 to 2015	126,565	58,795	67,765	5.3	5.0	5.6
2016 to 2021	147,890	70,550	77,335	6.2	6.0	6.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	130,085	65,950	64,140	5.4	5.6	5.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,029,545	479,710	549,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	75,765	38,785	36,975	7.4	8.1	6.7
5 to 14 years	157,900	81,545	76,355	15.3	17.0	13.9
15 to 24 years	192,010	87,315	104,695	18.6	18.2	19.0
25 to 44 years	475,225	213,680	261,540	46.2	44.5	47.6
45 years and over	128,640	58,380	70,260	12.5	12.2	12.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,029,545	479,710	549,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	70,465	33,990	36,475	6.8	7.1	6.6
Brazil	6,870	3,225	3,645	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	3,905	1,825	2,080	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	4,340	2,230	2,105	0.4	0.5	0.4
Guyana	940	390	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	2,275	1,165	1,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	9,455	4,350	5,105	0.9	0.9	0.9
Peru	2,760	1,245	1,515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	1,790	845	950	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	24,735	12,180	12,555	2.4	2.5	2.3
Other places of birth in Americas	13,185	6,425	6,755	1.3	1.3	1.2
Europe	144,565	71,345	73,220	14.0	14.9	13.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,690	1,815	1,875	0.4	0.4	0.3
Croatia	3,430	1,680	1,745	0.3	0.4	0.3
France	4,060	2,260	1,805	0.4	0.5	0.3
Germany	9,740	4,490	5,250	0.9	0.9	1.0
Greece	2,375	1,305	1,070	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	2,515	1,130	1,380	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	8,600	4,345	4,255	0.8	0.9	0.8
Netherlands	4,165	2,105	2,060	0.4	0.4	0.4
Poland	8,565	3,995	4,565	0.8	0.8	0.8
Portugal	4,125	1,995	2,130	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	6,825	3,250	3,575	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian Federation	8,775	3,805	4,970	0.9	0.8	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	3,575	1,795	1,780	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	6,575	3,045	3,525	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	43,185	22,170	21,015	4.2	4.6	3.8
Other places of birth in Europe	24,375	12,155	12,215	2.4	2.5	2.2
Africa	36,265	18,455	17,810	3.5	3.8	3.2
Algeria	425	275	155	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	705	360	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	2,575	1,445	1,130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	2,255	1,300	950	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	2,060	1,040	1,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	905	430	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	2,135	1,125	1,010	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	1,060	500	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	7,890	4,010	3,875	0.8	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	16,255	7,975	8,275	1.6	1.7	1.5
Asia	755,255	344,875	410,385	73.4	71.9	74.6
Afghanistan	5,810	2,840	2,970	0.6	0.6	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	42,190	21,120	21,070	4.1	4.4	3.8
Iraq	6,390	3,430	2,960	0.6	0.7	0.5
Lebanon	1,850	1,035	815	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	4,570	2,415	2,160	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkey	2,440	1,315	1,130	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	191,260	83,140	108,125	18.6	17.3	19.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	74,600	34,795	39,805	7.2	7.3	7.2
Korea, South⁹²	40,480	18,060	22,420	3.9	3.8	4.1
Taiwan	36,605	16,500	20,100	3.6	3.4	3.7
Philippines	106,645	44,910	61,740	10.4	9.4	11.2
Viet Nam	26,385	11,785	14,595	2.6	2.5	2.7
Bangladesh	2,525	1,275	1,250	0.2	0.3	0.2
India	145,050	71,370	73,675	14.1	14.9	13.4
Pakistan	10,605	5,480	5,125	1.0	1.1	0.9
Sri Lanka	4,755	2,275	2,475	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	53,090	23,135	29,955	5.2	4.8	5.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	22,985	11,040	11,945	2.2	2.3	2.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	147,890	70,555	77,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	15,930	7,770	8,160	10.8	11.0	10.6
Brazil	4,530	2,160	2,370	3.1	3.1	3.1
Colombia	805	400	405	0.5	0.6	0.5
Haiti	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	385	185	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	2,370	1,155	1,220	1.6	1.6	1.6
United States of America	5,000	2,525	2,470	3.4	3.6	3.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	415	165	245	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	2,415	1,165	1,250	1.6	1.7	1.6
Europe	17,315	9,275	8,040	11.7	13.1	10.4
France	1,295	725	570	0.9	1.0	0.7
Germany	765	375	385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	2,055	1,260	790	1.4	1.8	1.0
Italy	780	445	335	0.5	0.6	0.4
Russian Federation	1,650	700	950	1.1	1.0	1.2
Ukraine	1,465	660	805	1.0	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,330	2,525	1,800	2.9	3.6	2.3
Other places of birth in Europe	4,975	2,575	2,400	3.4	3.6	3.1
Africa	7,185	3,910	3,280	4.9	5.5	4.2
Algeria	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	230	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Côte d'Ivoire	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	475	280	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Eritrea	1,415	870	545	1.0	1.2	0.7
Ethiopia	470	265	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
Morocco	220	95	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	1,050	555	495	0.7	0.8	0.6
Somalia	210	115	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,135	575	565	0.8	0.8	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,455	740	710	1.0	1.0	0.9
Asia	105,000	48,170	56,830	71.0	68.3	73.5
Afghanistan	1,220	645	575	0.8	0.9	0.7
Bangladesh	530	285	250	0.4	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	26,115	10,790	15,330	17.7	15.3	19.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,270	1,015	1,250	1.5	1.4	1.6
India	29,795	15,290	14,510	20.1	21.7	18.8
Iran⁸⁸	5,545	2,715	2,830	3.7	3.8	3.7
Iraq	1,395	775	620	0.9	1.1	0.8
Israel	515	305	205	0.3	0.4	0.3
Japan	1,560	390	1,170	1.1	0.6	1.5
Jordan	310	170	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	5,970	2,375	3,590	4.0	3.4	4.6
Lebanon	280	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepal	230	105	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pakistan	1,805	1,005	805	1.2	1.4	1.0
Philippines	14,520	6,295	8,225	9.8	8.9	10.6
Saudi Arabia	470	290	180	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	590	270	325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	3,315	1,790	1,530	2.2	2.5	2.0
Turkey	780	480	305	0.5	0.7	0.4
United Arab Emirates	485	215	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	2,200	765	1,435	1.5	1.1	1.9
Other places of birth in Asia	5,085	2,070	3,015	3.4	2.9	3.9
Oceania and other⁹³	2,460	1,430	1,030	1.7	2.0	1.3
Australia	1,730	1,040	695	1.2	1.5	0.9
Other places of birth⁹⁸	725	390	335	0.5	0.6	0.4
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,190,380	561,110	629,265	49.7	47.8	51.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	581,345	296,905	284,445	24.3	25.3	23.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	623,280	316,580	306,700	26.0	27.0	25.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	886,945	412,070	474,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	525,560	253,710	271,850	59.3	61.6	57.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	214,475	122,035	92,440	24.2	29.6	19.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	311,085	131,675	179,410	35.1	32.0	37.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	269,955	110,465	159,495	30.4	26.8	33.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	78,900	42,375	36,520	8.9	10.3	7.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	12,535	5,520	7,010	1.4	1.3	1.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	886,945	412,070	474,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	23,090	13,230	9,865	2.6	3.2	2.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	94,015	38,385	55,635	10.6	9.3	11.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	31,575	15,705	15,870	3.6	3.8	3.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	56,160	26,165	30,005	6.3	6.3	6.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,120	1,350	1,775	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	678,980	317,240	361,735	76.6	77.0	76.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,358,860	651,685	707,175	56.7	55.5	57.9
South Asian	352,310	178,350	173,955	14.7	15.2	14.3
Chinese	487,235	228,105	259,130	20.3	19.4	21.2
Black	39,120	20,520	18,600	1.6	1.7	1.5
Filipino	137,850	61,175	76,680	5.8	5.2	6.3
Arab	21,690	11,625	10,070	0.9	1.0	0.8
Latin American	49,615	24,540	25,075	2.1	2.1	2.1
Southeast Asian	54,795	25,435	29,355	2.3	2.2	2.4
West Asian	63,230	31,595	31,635	2.6	2.7	2.6
Korean	61,000	27,740	33,265	2.5	2.4	2.7
Japanese	29,465	12,055	17,410	1.2	1.0	1.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	14,070	7,055	7,010	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	48,480	23,495	24,985	2.0	2.0	2.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,036,145	522,905	513,240	43.3	44.5	42.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,395,000	1,174,590	1,220,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	153,930	80,065	73,860	6.4	6.8	6.1
English	313,415	157,140	156,275	13.1	13.4	12.8
Irish	205,745	100,135	105,610	8.6	8.5	8.7
Scottish	244,360	120,490	123,865	10.2	10.3	10.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	95,485	47,215	48,265	4.0	4.0	4.0
German	158,515	78,165	80,345	6.6	6.7	6.6
Chinese	451,960	211,475	240,485	18.9	18.0	19.7
Italian	76,275	38,510	37,765	3.2	3.3	3.1
Indian (India)	203,030	101,975	101,055	8.5	8.7	8.3
Ukrainian	71,520	34,905	36,610	3.0	3.0	3.0
Dutch	53,870	27,285	26,590	2.2	2.3	2.2
Polish	51,925	24,740	27,185	2.2	2.1	2.2
Québécois	2,225	1,135	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	67,835	34,205	33,630	2.8	2.9	2.8
Filipino	136,895	61,120	75,775	5.7	5.2	6.2
French Canadian	13,855	6,865	6,990	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	31,560	16,560	15,000	1.3	1.4	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	21,275	10,480	10,795	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis	19,295	9,350	9,945	0.8	0.8	0.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	36,985	18,995	17,990	1.5	1.6	1.5
Russian	46,495	22,150	24,345	1.9	1.9	2.0
Norwegian	38,695	18,655	20,045	1.6	1.6	1.6
Welsh	32,135	15,440	16,695	1.3	1.3	1.4
Portuguese	21,270	10,330	10,940	0.9	0.9	0.9
American	23,565	11,795	11,770	1.0	1.0	1.0
Spanish	33,900	15,810	18,090	1.4	1.3	1.5
Swedish	29,790	14,085	15,705	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hungarian	19,605	9,395	10,210	0.8	0.8	0.8
Acadian	2,095	1,120	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	14,865	7,670	7,195	0.6	0.7	0.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	10,925	5,650	5,275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jewish	20,935	10,540	10,395	0.9	0.9	0.9
Punjabi	68,000	34,705	33,295	2.8	3.0	2.7
Vietnamese	41,185	19,220	21,960	1.7	1.6	1.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,445	5,095	4,345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	13,170	6,855	6,310	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jamaican	5,180	2,730	2,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,175	18,335	20,840	1.6	1.6	1.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	5,765	2,710	3,055	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	60,420	27,500	32,920	2.5	2.3	2.7
Romanian	14,165	7,040	7,125	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	4,890	2,490	2,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	44,915	22,345	22,575	1.9	1.9	1.8
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	7,960	3,970	3,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	16,705	8,390	8,310	0.7	0.7	0.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	5,525	2,615	2,910	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	49,825	25,435	24,385	2.1	2.2	2.0
Austrian	15,655	7,565	8,090	0.7	0.6	0.7
Belgian	6,505	3,215	3,285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	510	245	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	15,210	7,860	7,355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mexican	18,430	9,220	9,205	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mennonite	5,250	2,745	2,505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swiss	8,420	4,120	4,305	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	11,015	5,360	5,650	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sri Lankan	5,310	2,615	2,695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	13,270	6,480	6,790	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	36,695	15,610	21,090	1.5	1.3	1.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	15,170	7,535	7,635	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,190	565	620	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	9,665	4,745	4,920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	6,955	3,510	3,445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egyptian	4,155	2,255	1,905	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	8,555	4,300	4,260	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamil	3,000	1,625	1,380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	8,910	4,360	4,550	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	5,330	2,680	2,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	1,260	615	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	9,095	4,530	4,565	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	4,205	2,205	2,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	1,435	725	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	8,770	4,320	4,450	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,815	1,430	1,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	9,195	4,805	4,390	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ojibway	1,420	740	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	1,095	590	500	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	28,350	13,730	14,625	1.2	1.2	1.2
Ontarian	1,015	510	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	16,600	8,445	8,155	0.7	0.7	0.7
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,430	1,300	1,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	6,025	3,170	2,850	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	515	220	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	3,050	1,590	1,460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	650	390	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	9,395	4,590	4,805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	2,355	1,220	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	2,835	1,415	1,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	5,485	2,615	2,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	5,655	2,545	3,105	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	2,260	1,210	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	33,400	15,450	17,955	1.4	1.3	1.5
Iraqi	3,920	2,005	1,915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	4,870	2,445	2,425	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	1,115	585	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	8,720	4,120	4,600	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,170	2,140	2,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,605	740	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	465	245	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,160	540	620	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	3,070	1,405	1,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	6,600	3,300	3,295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	7,580	3,955	3,630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Palestinian	2,150	1,095	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	3,740	1,875	1,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	965	475	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	685	305	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	2,120	1,040	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,660	1,680	1,980	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	3,025	1,460	1,565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	810	445	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,485	1,165	1,320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	440	275	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,625	805	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	1,050	510	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	730	355	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	2,460	1,205	1,260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	3,290	1,600	1,685	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	290	130	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	2,120	1,025	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	1,955	1,065	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	940	495	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	2,515	1,285	1,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	700	360	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,955	945	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	2,385	1,130	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	985	550	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	1,150	650	505	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	1,055	525	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	2,245	1,200	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,190	1,015	1,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	345	195	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,020	1,505	1,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	1,015	515	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	2,855	1,440	1,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	1,250	595	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	2,050	1,085	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,070	585	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	220	140	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	1,775	1,000	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	5,705	2,680	3,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	1,745	825	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	3,910	1,740	2,165	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	1,890	910	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,135	1,065	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	6,540	3,345	3,190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	680	360	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	140	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	1,505	735	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	1,985	945	1,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	3,145	1,690	1,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	13,905	6,610	7,295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jatt	5,910	3,095	2,820	0.2	0.3	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	845	475	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	670	385	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	3,485	1,315	2,165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	540	275	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,485	710	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	540	325	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	460	255	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	1,590	795	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	605	310	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	880	400	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	305	135	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	3,165	1,625	1,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	675	335	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	165	105	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	405	215	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	4,455	2,075	2,380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	220	135	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	515	305	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	810	360	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	2,635	1,230	1,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	250	170	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,405	665	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	275	155	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	315	140	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	350	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	1,000	600	400	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nicaraguan	1,390	655	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	830	405	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	1,585	760	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	235	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	690	330	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	635	330	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	135	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	420	210	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	200	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	665	325	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	750	380	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	1,085	515	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	1,405	785	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	1,090	560	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	680	310	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	305	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	595	295	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	315	185	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	1,060	530	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	375	215	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	820	390	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	2,050	995	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	580	265	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	200	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	440	230	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	640	305	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	1,790	920	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	1,300	585	710	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azorean	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	885	395	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	400	210	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	735	375	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	295	135	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	505	290	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	595	330	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	260	155	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	390	175	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	1,030	500	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	120	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	515	285	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	510	270	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	675	340	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	455	220	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	2,195	1,000	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	815	435	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	605	305	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	280	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	245	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,395,005	1,174,590	1,220,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	67,840	28,310	39,530	2.8	2.4	3.2
Christian	781,205	358,245	422,955	32.6	30.5	34.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	204,100	94,555	109,550	8.5	8.1	9.0
Anabaptist	6,070	2,855	3,210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Anglican	42,865	18,735	24,125	1.8	1.6	2.0
Baptist	23,335	10,500	12,835	1.0	0.9	1.1
Catholic	331,205	154,205	176,995	13.8	13.1	14.5
Christian Orthodox	33,315	16,325	16,990	1.4	1.4	1.4
Jehovah's Witness	8,695	3,790	4,900	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	3,285	1,480	1,805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	14,980	6,375	8,605	0.6	0.5	0.7
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,025	1,410	1,610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	17,260	7,750	9,510	0.7	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	12,960	5,680	7,275	0.5	0.5	0.6
Reformed	3,410	1,710	1,705	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	38,115	15,040	23,080	1.6	1.3	1.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	38,595	17,835	20,760	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hindu	64,560	33,275	31,285	2.7	2.8	2.6
Jewish	18,895	9,185	9,710	0.8	0.8	0.8
Muslim	107,260	53,630	53,630	4.5	4.6	4.4
Sikh	211,415	105,605	105,805	8.8	9.0	8.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,745	790	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	22,555	9,595	12,965	0.9	0.8	1.1
No religion and secular perspectives	1,119,545	575,955	543,585	46.7	49.0	44.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,374,800	1,164,190	1,210,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	2,019,450	989,475	1,029,975	85.0	85.0	85.1
Movers	355,345	174,720	180,630	15.0	15.0	14.9
Non-migrants	205,335	100,465	104,875	8.6	8.6	8.7
Migrants	150,010	74,250	75,760	6.3	6.4	6.3
Internal migrants	106,135	52,605	53,525	4.5	4.5	4.4
Intraprovincial migrants	82,140	40,430	41,715	3.5	3.5	3.4
Interprovincial migrants	23,995	12,175	11,815	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	43,880	21,650	22,235	1.8	1.9	1.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,289,670	1,120,600	1,169,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,299,485	632,150	667,330	56.8	56.4	57.1
Movers	990,190	488,445	501,745	43.2	43.6	42.9
Non-migrants	390,240	192,170	198,070	17.0	17.1	16.9
Migrants	599,950	296,280	303,670	26.2	26.4	26.0
Internal migrants	388,510	191,990	196,520	17.0	17.1	16.8
Intraprovincial migrants	313,540	154,385	159,155	13.7	13.8	13.6
Interprovincial migrants	74,970	37,605	37,360	3.3	3.4	3.2
External migrants	211,440	104,290	107,150	9.2	9.3	9.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,055,730	999,375	1,056,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	273,420	136,910	136,515	13.3	13.7	12.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,782,310	862,465	919,840	86.7	86.3	87.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,379,510	671,970	707,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	106,370	58,085	48,280	7.7	8.6	6.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,273,145	613,885	659,260	92.3	91.4	93.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,055,725	999,375	1,056,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	250,685	123,220	127,465	12.2	12.3	12.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	564,150	283,745	280,400	27.4	28.4	26.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,240,895	592,410	648,485	60.4	59.3	61.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,940	250,440	256,495	24.7	25.1	24.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	112,535	80,695	31,840	5.5	8.1	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	52,630	30,750	21,875	2.6	3.1	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	59,910	49,945	9,965	2.9	5.0	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	309,535	133,050	176,485	15.1	13.3	16.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	84,865	36,695	48,170	4.1	3.7	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	733,960	341,970	391,990	35.7	34.2	37.1
Bachelor's degree	477,575	218,890	258,685	23.2	21.9	24.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,595	21,225	28,375	2.4	2.1	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,160	9,915	9,235	0.9	1.0	0.9
Master's degree	161,565	76,430	85,140	7.9	7.6	8.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	26,060	15,505	10,555	1.3	1.6	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,379,510	671,975	707,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	92,715	50,090	42,630	6.7	7.5	6.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	311,775	163,715	148,055	22.6	24.4	20.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	975,020	458,165	516,855	70.7	68.2	73.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	371,925	183,315	188,610	27.0	27.3	26.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	78,655	57,015	21,640	5.7	8.5	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	36,485	21,540	14,940	2.6	3.2	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	42,170	35,475	6,700	3.1	5.3	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	231,015	99,520	131,500	16.7	14.8	18.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	62,255	26,785	35,470	4.5	4.0	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	603,095	274,850	328,245	43.7	40.9	46.4
Bachelor's degree	389,865	176,265	213,605	28.3	26.2	30.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	39,630	16,475	23,155	2.9	2.5	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	14,930	7,045	7,890	1.1	1.0	1.1
Master's degree	138,690	63,885	74,805	10.1	9.5	10.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	19,980	11,185	8,795	1.4	1.7	1.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,055,725	999,375	1,056,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	814,835	406,970	407,870	39.6	40.7	38.6
Education	67,260	14,690	52,570	3.3	1.5	5.0
13. Education	67,260	14,690	52,570	3.3	1.5	5.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	69,315	30,525	38,795	3.4	3.1	3.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,090	6,375	2,720	0.4	0.6	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	60,225	24,150	36,070	2.9	2.4	3.4
Humanities	84,420	31,820	52,600	4.1	3.2	5.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	11,430	2,605	8,825	0.6	0.3	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	20,730	5,900	14,830	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	31,310	12,550	18,765	1.5	1.3	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,260	505	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,915	2,290	1,630	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,135	3,140	2,000	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	8,555	4,455	4,100	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,080	385	1,695	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	168,210	61,535	106,675	8.2	6.2	10.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,865	735	2,130	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	20,415	7,505	12,905	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	18,175	1,980	16,205	0.9	0.2	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	26,380	9,860	16,520	1.3	1.0	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,740	1,455	2,290	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	29,410	7,695	21,720	1.4	0.8	2.1
45. Social sciences	67,220	32,315	34,905	3.3	3.2	3.3
Business, management and public administration	279,145	122,860	156,285	13.6	12.3	14.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	365	130	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	10,455	2,690	7,765	0.5	0.3	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	268,330	120,040	148,290	13.1	12.0	14.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	62,405	31,355	31,050	3.0	3.1	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	25,355	10,760	14,600	1.2	1.1	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	16,110	7,540	8,565	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,085	345	745	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	18,375	12,185	6,190	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,485	530	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	72,420	48,150	24,270	3.5	4.8	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	58,540	41,515	17,020	2.8	4.2	1.6
25. Library science	3,170	465	2,705	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	8,825	4,990	3,830	0.4	0.5	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,890	1,175	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	210,820	180,145	30,675	10.3	18.0	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	12,915	7,660	5,260	0.6	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	84,940	67,100	17,845	4.1	6.7	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	36,435	31,570	4,860	1.8	3.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	34,885	33,710	1,175	1.7	3.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	27,635	26,865	765	1.3	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	13,975	13,230	745	0.7	1.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	19,690	9,765	9,925	1.0	1.0	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	12,195	5,550	6,645	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,495	4,210	3,280	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	159,380	38,215	121,165	7.8	3.8	11.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	12,870	6,640	6,225	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	140,360	28,235	112,125	6.8	2.8	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	350	80	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,795	3,255	2,545	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	47,465	23,180	24,285	2.3	2.3	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,495	11,165	21,335	1.6	1.1	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	95	75	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	215	210	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,715	4,140	1,575	0.3	0.4	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,940	7,590	1,345	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	355	155	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,379,510	671,970	707,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	404,490	213,805	190,680	29.3	31.8	26.9
Education	46,450	9,670	36,780	3.4	1.4	5.2
13. Education	46,450	9,670	36,780	3.4	1.4	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	56,460	24,965	31,495	4.1	3.7	4.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,225	5,125	2,110	0.5	0.8	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	49,230	19,840	29,385	3.6	3.0	4.2
Humanities	63,605	23,145	40,460	4.6	3.4	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,905	1,805	7,100	0.6	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	15,955	4,335	11,620	1.2	0.6	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	23,140	8,955	14,185	1.7	1.3	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	875	355	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,030	1,695	1,335	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,730	2,315	1,415	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	6,520	3,415	3,105	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,455	270	1,185	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	136,865	48,775	88,085	9.9	7.3	12.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,375	595	1,780	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	17,765	6,450	11,315	1.3	1.0	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	14,090	1,465	12,620	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	21,655	7,325	14,330	1.6	1.1	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,985	1,195	1,790	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	23,450	5,860	17,585	1.7	0.9	2.5
45. Social sciences	54,555	25,890	28,665	4.0	3.9	4.1
Business, management and public administration	226,220	97,675	128,550	16.4	14.5	18.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	265	95	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,890	1,975	5,915	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	218,065	95,600	122,465	15.8	14.2	17.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	47,280	23,005	24,270	3.4	3.4	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	20,000	8,310	11,685	1.4	1.2	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,865	5,435	6,430	0.9	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	925	290	635	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	13,550	8,650	4,900	1.0	1.3	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	945	325	620	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	61,745	41,440	20,300	4.5	6.2	2.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	51,640	36,755	14,890	3.7	5.5	2.1
25. Library science	2,085	325	1,760	0.2	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,460	3,420	3,040	0.5	0.5	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,555	945	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	160,980	134,620	26,360	11.7	20.0	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	10,420	5,840	4,580	0.8	0.9	0.6
14. Engineering	68,730	52,935	15,795	5.0	7.9	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	26,660	22,700	3,955	1.9	3.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	25,915	25,030	890	1.9	3.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	19,715	19,190	525	1.4	2.9	0.1
48. Precision production	9,500	8,910	585	0.7	1.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	15,450	7,255	8,195	1.1	1.1	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	9,470	4,075	5,395	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,980	3,180	2,805	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	123,940	30,000	93,935	9.0	4.5	13.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,165	5,350	4,815	0.7	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	109,190	22,420	86,770	7.9	3.3	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	300	45	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,290	2,190	2,095	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	35,755	17,495	18,260	2.6	2.6	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,485	8,550	15,935	1.8	1.3	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	90	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,555	3,270	1,290	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,555	5,540	1,015	0.5	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	275	110	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,379,510	671,970	707,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	404,490	213,805	190,680	29.3	31.8	26.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	975,020	458,165	516,855	70.7	68.2	73.1
Location of study inside Canada	632,285	303,725	328,560	45.8	45.2	46.4
Same as province or territory of residence	516,890	245,050	271,840	37.5	36.5	38.4
Different than province or territory of residence	115,395	58,675	56,720	8.4	8.7	8.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	342,735	154,445	188,295	24.8	23.0	26.6
Americas	55,205	27,480	27,720	4.0	4.1	3.9
United States of America	34,145	17,705	16,445	2.5	2.6	2.3
Mexico	6,945	3,195	3,750	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cuba	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	270	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	7,180	3,365	3,815	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombia	1,785	800	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	705	265	445	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	645	290	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	3,285	1,630	1,660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	59,575	30,725	28,850	4.3	4.6	4.1
Belgium	495	285	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	3,745	1,995	1,755	0.3	0.3	0.2
Germany	2,510	1,320	1,190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	1,020	585	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	910	415	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	590	285	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	370	175	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	2,145	1,000	1,145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	2,750	1,330	1,420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	4,550	2,060	2,485	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	3,175	1,455	1,720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	4,740	2,750	1,990	0.3	0.4	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,615	12,055	10,565	1.6	1.8	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	685	325	355	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	1,165	645	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,345	730	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	6,760	3,320	3,435	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	7,360	3,905	3,455	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nigeria	760	420	335	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algeria	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	255	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,210	630	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	2,990	1,555	1,430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	1,930	1,050	885	0.1	0.2	0.1
Asia	210,585	87,170	123,415	15.3	13.0	17.4
Iran⁸⁸	15,195	6,665	8,525	1.1	1.0	1.2
Iraq	1,310	750	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	1,095	570	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	410	185	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	590	300	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	1,400	835	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	49,980	20,705	29,275	3.6	3.1	4.1
Taiwan	7,795	2,620	5,180	0.6	0.4	0.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,595	2,645	3,955	0.5	0.4	0.6
Japan	6,305	1,600	4,705	0.5	0.2	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	16,415	5,965	10,450	1.2	0.9	1.5
Philippines	43,230	16,140	27,085	3.1	2.4	3.8
Viet Nam	1,665	470	1,200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	935	405	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	860	430	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	45,720	21,825	23,885	3.3	3.2	3.4
Pakistan	3,215	1,525	1,695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	7,880	3,520	4,355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Oceania	10,020	5,160	4,855	0.7	0.8	0.7
Australia	7,320	3,705	3,610	0.5	0.6	0.5
New Zealand	1,970	1,070	900	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	730	380	345	0.1	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,055,725	999,375	1,056,355	...	...	...
In the labour force	1,359,955	703,860	656,090	...	...	...
Employed	1,241,250	646,005	595,250	...	...	...
Unemployed	118,705	57,860	60,850	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	695,775	295,515	400,260	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.2	70.4	62.1	66.2	70.4	62.1
Employment rate	60.4	64.6	56.3	60.4	64.6	56.3
Unemployment rate	8.7	8.2	9.3	8.7	8.2	9.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,055,725	999,375	1,056,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	722,110	311,340	410,770	35.1	31.2	38.9
Worked	1,333,615	688,035	645,580	64.9	68.8	61.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	699,470	396,255	303,210	34.0	39.7	28.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	634,150	291,780	342,370	30.8	29.2	32.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.9	39.8	40.9	41.9	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,359,955	703,860	656,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	30,770	14,460	16,315	2.3	2.1	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,329,185	689,405	639,780	97.7	97.9	97.5
Employee	1,108,220	553,475	554,750	81.5	78.6	84.6
Permanent position	921,990	468,670	453,320	67.8	66.6	69.1
Temporary position	186,235	84,800	101,435	13.7	12.0	15.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	70,420	32,685	37,740	5.2	4.6	5.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	115,810	52,120	63,690	8.5	7.4	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	220,960	135,930	85,030	16.2	19.3	13.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,359,955	703,860	656,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	30,770	14,460	16,315	2.3	2.1	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,329,185	689,405	639,780	97.7	97.9	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	17,530	12,560	4,975	1.3	1.8	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	254,230	87,395	166,830	18.7	12.4	25.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	129,570	97,935	31,630	9.5	13.9	4.8
3 Health occupations	95,885	23,180	72,705	7.1	3.3	11.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	154,560	52,215	102,340	11.4	7.4	15.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	69,470	35,070	34,405	5.1	5.0	5.2
6 Sales and service occupations	341,465	155,315	186,145	25.1	22.1	28.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	208,645	187,930	20,715	15.3	26.7	3.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	15,680	11,085	4,595	1.2	1.6	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	42,145	26,715	15,425	3.1	3.8	2.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,359,955	703,860	656,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	30,770	14,460	16,315	2.3	2.1	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	1,329,185	689,405	639,780	97.7	97.9	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	9,855	5,340	4,515	0.7	0.8	0.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,705	2,580	1,125	0.3	0.4	0.2
22 Utilities	7,535	4,955	2,575	0.6	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	103,840	88,800	15,040	7.6	12.6	2.3
31-33 Manufacturing	77,100	50,900	26,200	5.7	7.2	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	49,920	32,080	17,845	3.7	4.6	2.7
44-45 Retail trade	148,455	70,580	77,875	10.9	10.0	11.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	79,660	60,400	19,260	5.9	8.6	2.9
51 Information and cultural industries	52,235	32,700	19,535	3.8	4.6	3.0
52 Finance and insurance	62,125	28,795	33,330	4.6	4.1	5.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	35,005	19,275	15,730	2.6	2.7	2.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	149,955	84,855	65,095	11.0	12.1	9.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,680	1,690	2,000	0.3	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	55,955	31,850	24,105	4.1	4.5	3.7
61 Educational services	102,130	34,965	67,165	7.5	5.0	10.2
62 Health care and social assistance	152,065	32,650	119,415	11.2	4.6	18.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	30,140	15,365	14,780	2.2	2.2	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	91,545	39,985	51,560	6.7	5.7	7.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	57,060	23,745	33,320	4.2	3.4	5.1
91 Public administration	57,220	27,900	29,325	4.2	4.0	4.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,447,275	744,625	702,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,260,220	651,940	608,280	87.1	87.6	86.6
French	1,385	425	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	43,780	22,765	21,010	3.0	3.1	3.0
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	43,755	22,760	21,000	3.0	3.1	3.0
English and French	10,990	4,390	6,600	0.8	0.6	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	125,475	62,415	63,055	8.7	8.4	9.0
French and non-official language(s)	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,740	790	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,620	1,865	1,755	0.3	0.3	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,447,275	744,625	702,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,417,900	729,705	688,195	98.0	98.0	97.9
Official languages	1,339,735	689,525	650,205	92.6	92.6	92.5
English	1,336,645	688,645	648,000	92.4	92.5	92.2
French	3,090	885	2,205	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	78,165	40,175	37,990	5.4	5.4	5.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	78,135	40,160	37,975	5.4	5.4	5.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	430	265	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	415	265	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	310	220	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,820	600	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,805	600	1,215	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	755	400	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	590	315	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,425	13,355	9,075	1.5	1.8	1.3
Albanian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	770	295	470	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	760	295	465	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	540	190	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	120	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	110	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	18,740	11,630	7,105	1.3	1.6	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	16,840	10,550	6,290	1.2	1.4	0.9
Bengali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	490	260	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,235	10,235	6,000	1.1	1.4	0.9
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,900	1,080	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,870	1,065	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	105	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,610	890	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	115	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,675	1,325	1,355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	480	210	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,065	1,060	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,695	590	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	6,110	3,050	3,060	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	195	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	195	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	44,430	21,705	22,720	3.1	2.9	3.2
Chinese languages	44,370	21,665	22,700	3.1	2.9	3.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	25,075	11,990	13,085	1.7	1.6	1.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	195	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	19,020	9,550	9,470	1.3	1.3	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	130	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	29,375	14,920	14,455	2.0	2.0	2.1
English and French	1,410	535	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	27,085	13,910	13,175	1.9	1.9	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	770	425	350	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,447,275	744,625	702,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,329,865	687,705	642,165	91.9	92.4	91.4
English	28,790	14,395	14,395	2.0	1.9	2.0
French	8,175	3,550	4,620	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	62,770	30,845	31,930	4.3	4.1	4.5
Indigenous³⁹	125	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	62,655	30,780	31,875	4.3	4.1	4.5
English and French	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	4,380	1,995	2,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,370	595	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	11,885	5,510	6,370	0.8	0.7	0.9
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,241,245	646,005	595,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	328,070	161,860	166,205	26.4	25.1	27.9
Worked outside Canada	7,140	4,710	2,430	0.6	0.7	0.4
No fixed workplace address	175,255	129,040	46,215	14.1	20.0	7.8
Usual place of work	730,785	350,385	380,400	58.9	54.2	63.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	730,785	350,385	380,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	339,445	148,215	191,235	46.4	42.3	50.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	378,535	194,700	183,835	51.8	55.6	48.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	10,645	6,195	4,445	1.5	1.8	1.2
Commute to a different province or territory	2,160	1,275	885	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	906,045	479,430	426,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	667,545	376,405	291,135	73.7	78.5	68.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	607,150	354,445	252,710	67.0	73.9	59.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	60,385	21,960	38,430	6.7	4.6	9.0
Public transit	142,985	58,460	84,525	15.8	12.2	19.8
Walked	58,990	24,190	34,800	6.5	5.0	8.2
Bicycle	17,665	11,080	6,580	1.9	2.3	1.5
Other method	18,865	9,300	9,565	2.1	1.9	2.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	906,045	479,430	426,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	184,010	83,830	100,180	20.3	17.5	23.5
15 to 29 minutes	319,625	165,670	153,955	35.3	34.6	36.1
30 to 44 minutes	239,735	138,440	101,295	26.5	28.9	23.7
45 to 59 minutes	88,750	50,500	38,250	9.8	10.5	9.0
60 minutes and over	73,920	40,985	32,930	8.2	8.5	7.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	906,045	479,430	426,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	56,940	40,090	16,850	6.3	8.4	3.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	136,540	85,865	50,675	15.1	17.9	11.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	202,350	104,515	97,835	22.3	21.8	22.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	197,040	92,730	104,305	21.7	19.3	24.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	172,865	80,665	92,200	19.1	16.8	21.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	140,305	75,565	64,745	15.5	15.8	15.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	420,775	217,395	203,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,045	12,675	12,370	6.0	5.8	6.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	395,730	204,720	191,010	94.0	94.2	93.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	307,670	159,505	148,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,540	9,930	9,615	6.4	6.2	6.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,005	5,940	6,065	3.9	3.7	4.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,540	3,985	3,545	2.5	2.5	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	288,130	149,575	138,555	93.6	93.8	93.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 25, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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