Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vaughan, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	323,103	...	...
Population, 2016¹	306,233	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	107,159	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	103,914	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,185.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	272.44	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	323,105	157,535	165,570
0 to 14 years	53,290	27,310	25,980
0 to 4 years	14,375	7,370	7,000
5 to 9 years	17,945	9,165	8,775
10 to 14 years	20,970	10,770	10,200
15 to 64 years	217,120	106,120	111,000
15 to 19 years	22,300	11,420	10,880
20 to 24 years	21,695	11,115	10,575
25 to 29 years	20,000	10,320	9,680
30 to 34 years	18,450	9,025	9,420
35 to 39 years	19,705	9,385	10,320
40 to 44 years	21,085	9,755	11,330
45 to 49 years	23,845	11,135	12,710
50 to 54 years	25,730	12,370	13,360
55 to 59 years	24,185	11,885	12,295
60 to 64 years	20,130	9,710	10,420
65 years and over	52,690	24,105	28,585
65 to 69 years	15,665	7,285	8,385
70 to 74 years	14,035	6,605	7,425
75 to 79 years	8,915	4,200	4,710
80 to 84 years	7,190	3,235	3,960
85 years and over	6,880	2,770	4,105
85 to 89 years	4,325	1,870	2,460
90 to 94 years	1,965	720	1,240
95 to 99 years	530	165	370
100 years and over	55	15	40
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.5	17.3	15.7
15 to 64 years	67.2	67.4	67.0
65 years and over	16.3	15.3	17.3
85 years and over	2.1	1.8	2.5
Average age of the population	40.9	39.9	41.7
Median age of the population	41.6	40.0	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	103,915	...	...
Single-detached house	64,995	...	...
Semi-detached house	7,960	...	...
Row house	11,410	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,485	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,265	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	13,750	...	...
Other single-attached house	35	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	103,915	...	...
1 person	15,780	...	...
2 persons	27,310	...	...
3 persons	19,725	...	...
4 persons	24,440	...	...
5 or more persons	16,660	...	...
Number of persons in private households	321,315	156,990	164,320
Average household size	3.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	269,815	130,225	139,585
Married or living common-law	162,570	81,000	81,570
Married	153,375	76,405	76,975
Living common-law	9,190	4,595	4,595
Living common law - Never married	5,985	2,985	3,005
Living common law - Separated	465	255	215
Living common law - Divorced	2,495	1,245	1,250
Living common law - Widowed	240	110	130
Not married and not living common-law	107,240	49,225	58,020
Not married and not living common law - Never married	77,545	40,995	36,545
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,410	2,125	3,285
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	10,890	3,725	7,165
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	13,400	2,385	11,020
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	91,860	...	...
2 persons	34,025	...	...
3 persons	22,155	...	...
4 persons	25,670	...	...
5 or more persons	10,010	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	91,865	...	...
Total couple families	79,210	...	...
Married couples	74,620	...	...
With children⁶	50,465	...	...
Without children	24,155	...	...
Common-law couples	4,590	...	...
With children⁶	1,960	...	...
Without children	2,635	...	...
Total one-parent families	12,650	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	10,155	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,495	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	321,315	156,995	164,320
Total - Persons in census families	290,210	144,450	145,760
Married spouses or common-law partners	158,430	79,200	79,230
Parents in one-parent families	12,650	2,495	10,155
Children⁶	119,135	62,760	56,380
In a two-parent family	99,250	52,135	47,115
In a one-parent family	19,885	10,625	9,260
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	31,100	12,540	18,560
Living alone	15,780	6,515	9,260
Living with other relatives⁷	9,185	2,955	6,230
Living with non-relatives only	6,135	3,070	3,070
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	103,910	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	72,680	...	...
Couple-family households	64,180	...	...
With children⁶	43,350	...	...
Without children	20,835	...	...
One-parent-family households	8,500	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	7,825	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,425	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,015	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,195	...	...
One-person households	15,780	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	268,050	129,695	138,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	256,160	123,730	132,430
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,000	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	256,335	123,810	132,520
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,800	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	232,065	114,160	117,905
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,600	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	191,530	96,510	95,015
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,400	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	230,535	110,505	120,025
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,850	6,040	9,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,495	8,785	13,710
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,805	43,270	45,540
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	268,055	129,635	138,420
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	256,315	123,700	132,610
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,050	72,400	52,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	256,505	123,790	132,715
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,840	56,500	43,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	232,205	114,120	118,085
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,450	69,800	47,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	191,530	96,255	95,280
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,650	70,500	48,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	230,520	110,310	120,205
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,110	9,000	11,130
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	22,230	8,755	13,475
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,640	5,945	7,080
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,175	43,150	45,030
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,810	9,640	9,970
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	268,050	129,630	138,420
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	94,485	51,815	42,670
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	75,000	83,000	67,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,500	102,700	77,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	70,545	32,185	38,360
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	19,400	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,640	35,680	26,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.4	89.0	80.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.8	75.8	66.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.6	11.1	19.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.0	5.0	7.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.4	4.7	6.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	268,050	129,695	138,350
Without total income	11,895	5,970	5,925
With total income	256,160	123,730	132,430
Under $10,000 (including loss)	23,675	10,255	13,425
$10,000 to $19,999	30,865	13,395	17,470
$20,000 to $29,999	39,335	17,275	22,060
$30,000 to $39,999	28,565	12,545	16,020
$40,000 to $49,999	23,105	10,240	12,865
$50,000 to $59,999	19,360	8,700	10,665
$60,000 to $69,999	15,990	7,665	8,325
$70,000 to $79,999	13,130	6,635	6,495
$80,000 to $89,999	11,145	5,965	5,180
$90,000 to $99,999	9,655	5,240	4,415
$100,000 and over	41,330	25,815	15,520
$100,000 to $149,999	26,090	14,945	11,150
$150,000 and over	15,240	10,870	4,370
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	268,050	129,695	138,350
Without after-tax income	11,715	5,880	5,835
With after-tax income	256,335	123,815	132,520
Under $10,000 (including loss)	24,685	10,705	13,985
$10,000 to $19,999	32,340	14,125	18,215
$20,000 to $29,999	43,715	19,160	24,550
$30,000 to $39,999	32,625	14,440	18,185
$40,000 to $49,999	27,285	12,330	14,950
$50,000 to $59,999	21,785	10,400	11,385
$60,000 to $69,999	17,315	8,855	8,460
$70,000 to $79,999	13,900	7,645	6,250
$80,000 to $89,999	12,630	6,460	6,170
$90,000 to $99,999	8,000	4,650	3,345
$100,000 and over	22,060	15,035	7,025
$100,000 to $124,999	10,415	6,615	3,795
$125,000 and over	11,650	8,420	3,230
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	268,050	129,695	138,350
Without employment income	76,520	33,185	43,335
With employment income	191,530	96,515	95,020
Under $5,000 (including loss)	26,075	12,020	14,050
$5,000 to $9,999	17,215	7,565	9,650
$10,000 to $19,999	20,175	9,255	10,920
$20,000 to $29,999	14,795	6,705	8,090
$30,000 to $39,999	13,535	6,125	7,410
$40,000 to $49,999	13,790	6,145	7,645
$50,000 to $59,999	13,245	6,115	7,130
$60,000 to $69,999	11,780	5,960	5,825
$70,000 to $79,999	10,195	5,335	4,855
$80,000 to $89,999	8,915	5,010	3,900
$90,000 to $99,999	8,485	4,485	4,000
$100,000 and over	33,335	21,790	11,545
$100,000 to $124,999	14,790	8,510	6,275
$125,000 and over	18,540	13,275	5,270
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	268,050	129,695	138,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	249,645	120,340	129,310
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	47,600	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	249,695	120,350	129,350
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,400	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	228,675	112,420	116,260
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	47,600	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	192,290	96,845	95,445
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	50,800	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	214,835	103,685	111,155
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,240	765	2,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	13,500	4,925	8,575
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,560	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	268,055	129,635	138,420
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	250,085	120,435	129,655
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,600	70,600	49,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	250,115	120,430	129,685
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,720	54,700	41,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	229,060	112,620	116,430
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	71,000	48,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	192,655	96,995	95,660
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,900	70,500	49,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	215,115	103,630	111,485
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,980	4,880	7,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	13,385	4,985	8,400
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,260	6,920	9,060
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	268,050	129,630	138,420
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	93,920	51,540	42,380
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,000	79,000	63,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,900	98,500	72,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	67,140	30,935	36,205
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	26,000	23,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	37,160	42,320	32,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.4	94.0	87.8
Employment income (%)	77.4	80.4	73.4
Government transfers (%)	8.6	6.0	12.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	103,915	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	15,780	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	88,140	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	103,915	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	153,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,665	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	71,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,250	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	88,245	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	167,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	134,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	103,915	...	...
Under $5,000	785	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	360	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	580	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	970	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,020	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,150	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,990	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,280	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,410	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,305	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,920	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,905	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,015	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,035	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,965	...	...
$100,000 and over	63,225	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,680	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,685	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	16,785	...	...
$200,000 and over	24,080	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	103,915	...	...
Under $5,000	1,015	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	375	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	605	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,015	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,170	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,465	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,160	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,565	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,745	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,770	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,725	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,165	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,220	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,250	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,865	...	...
$100,000 and over	55,805	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,040	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	12,190	...	...
$150,000 and over	29,575	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	87,195	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	21,570	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	52,520	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	10,640	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	21,920	9,585	12,330
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	47,200	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	41,600	35,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	87,255	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	166,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	133,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,605	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	52,510	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	195,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,660	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	107,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	21,870	9,390	12,475
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	62,500	71,600	55,700
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,240	56,350	45,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	321,315	156,990	164,325
0 to 17 years	66,765	34,255	32,505
0 to 5 years	17,675	9,025	8,650
18 to 64 years	203,420	99,040	104,380
65 years and over	51,130	23,695	27,435
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	20,460	9,505	10,955
0 to 17 years	4,685	2,380	2,305
0 to 5 years	1,400	700	700
18 to 64 years	10,925	5,260	5,670
65 years and over	4,845	1,865	2,980
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.4	6.1	6.7
0 to 17 years (%)	7.0	7.0	7.1
0 to 5 years (%)	7.9	7.8	8.1
18 to 64 years (%)	5.4	5.3	5.4
65 years and over (%)	9.5	7.9	10.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	321,315	156,995	164,320
0 to 17 years	66,765	34,260	32,505
0 to 5 years	17,680	9,025	8,655
18 to 64 years	203,415	99,040	104,375
65 years and over	51,135	23,690	27,440
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,055	5,895	6,155
0 to 17 years	2,605	1,340	1,260
0 to 5 years	750	380	370
18 to 64 years	7,750	3,865	3,880
65 years and over	1,705	695	1,015
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.8	3.8	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.9	3.9	3.9
0 to 5 years (%)	4.2	4.2	4.3
18 to 64 years (%)	3.8	3.9	3.7
65 years and over (%)	3.3	2.9	3.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	321,315	156,990	164,325
In bottom half of the distribution	108,725	51,410	57,310
In bottom decile	18,090	8,575	9,520
In second decile	20,245	9,180	11,065
In third decile	21,575	10,235	11,340
In fourth decile	22,970	10,950	12,020
In fifth decile	25,840	12,470	13,370
In top half of the distribution	212,595	105,580	107,010
In sixth decile	29,310	14,200	15,115
In seventh decile	33,670	16,595	17,080
In eighth decile	39,635	19,610	20,025
In ninth decile	49,465	24,650	24,815
In top decile	60,515	30,525	29,985
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	321,315	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.350	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.446	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.300	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	322,060	157,235	164,830
English only	289,015	143,925	145,090
French only	140	60	80
English and French	19,760	8,285	11,470
Neither English nor French	13,150	4,960	8,185
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	322,060	157,235	164,830
English	304,420	150,315	154,105
French	2,090	950	1,145
English and French	2,575	1,105	1,470
Neither English nor French	12,975	4,865	8,110
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	322,060	157,235	164,830
Single responses	301,535	147,450	154,080
Official languages	147,360	74,720	72,640
English	145,560	73,885	71,675
French	1,805	840	960
Non-official languages	154,175	72,730	81,445
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	154,175	72,730	81,440
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,140	5,130	5,015
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	20	10	10
Cushitic languages	130	60	70
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	5	0
Somali	125	55	65
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	9,985	5,055	4,935
Amharic	95	40	50
Arabic	3,135	1,590	1,545
Aramaic languages	2,245	1,075	1,170
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,575	750	825
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	630	305	325
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Harari	5	0	0
Hebrew	4,250	2,220	2,030
Maltese	145	65	75
Tigrigna	110	55	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,930	2,210	2,725
Khmer (Cambodian)	375	185	195
Vietnamese	4,555	2,025	2,530
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,185	1,995	3,190
Bikol	10	5	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	25
Cebuano	60	30	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	50	20	30
Ilocano	460	185	270
Indonesian	145	55	90
Kankanaey	5	0	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	10
Pangasinan	20	15	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,315	1,640	2,675
Waray-Waray	15	10	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30
Creole languages	65	30	35
Haitian Creole	15	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	25	15	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	4,220	2,045	2,180
Kannada	35	15	20
Malayalam	470	225	245
Tamil	3,470	1,675	1,795
Telugu	245	120	125
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	185	100	90
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	99,005	46,920	52,085
Albanian	950	470	475
Armenian	615	285	325
Balto-Slavic languages	23,555	10,890	12,665
Baltic languages	115	45	65
Latvian	40	15	20
Lithuanian	75	35	45
Slavic languages	23,440	10,845	12,595
Belarusian	45	25	20
Bulgarian	270	120	145
Czech	65	30	35
Macedonian	320	150	165
Polish	1,265	570	690
Russian	19,375	9,015	10,365
Rusyn	5	0	5
Serbo-Croatian	1,030	475	555
Bosnian	75	30	45
Croatian	475	220	255
Serbian	460	210	250
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Slovak	105	45	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	135	55	75
Ukrainian	815	345	465
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,180	540	645
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,010	470	545
German	515	235	280
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	5	10
Yiddish	480	220	260
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	140	60	80
Afrikaans	35	15	20
Dutch	105	45	65
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20
Danish	10	5	10
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,375	635	740
Indo-Iranian languages	25,605	12,735	12,870
Indo-Aryan languages	16,245	8,095	8,150
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	500	260	240
Gujarati	2,705	1,340	1,365
Hindi	1,855	925	925
Kacchi	125	50	80
Kashmiri	10	10	5
Konkani	30	15	15
Marathi	175	80	95
Nepali	45	20	30
Oriya languages	20	10	15
Odia	10	0	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,900	2,460	2,440
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	30	20	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	245	120	130
Urdu	5,555	2,770	2,785
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Iranian languages	9,350	4,635	4,715
Baluchi	5	0	5
Kurdish	410	230	180
Parsi	35	20	15
Pashto	125	55	70
Persian languages	8,735	4,310	4,430
Dari	1,430	695	730
Iranian Persian	6,365	3,140	3,225
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	940	470	465
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	45,725	21,360	24,360
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	31,515	14,650	16,865
Portuguese	4,155	1,975	2,180
Romanian	2,200	1,050	1,145
Spanish	7,810	3,665	4,140
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Japanese	155	50	105
Korean	5,360	2,575	2,780
Mongolian	15	5	10
Niger-Congo languages	650	305	345
Akan (Twi)	215	100	115
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	10	10
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	5	5
Ganda	15	10	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	85	35	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	5
Ndebele	5	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	45	20	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	195	95	100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	15
American Sign Language	25	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,755	9,700	11,055
Chinese languages	20,685	9,665	11,015
Hakka	220	115	105
Mandarin	12,780	5,945	6,835
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	535	245	295
Wu (Shanghainese)	140	65	75
Yue (Cantonese)	6,890	3,240	3,655
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	45	40
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	30	40
Burmese	50	20	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	215	80	130
Lao	160	65	95
Thai	50	15	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	2,435	1,230	1,205
Azerbaijani	230	120	115
Kazakh	5	0	5
Turkish	2,085	1,060	1,025
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	55	25	30
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25
Uralic languages	800	335	460
Estonian	15	5	10
Finnish	40	10	25
Hungarian	740	320	425
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Multiple responses	20,525	9,780	10,745
English and French	710	330	380
English and non-official language(s)	17,185	8,275	8,905
French and non-official language(s)	285	120	165
English, French and non-official language(s)	500	205	290
Multiple non-official languages	1,850	845	1,000
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	322,060	157,235	164,830
English	163,690	82,410	81,275
French	415	190	225
Non-official language	44,030	20,170	23,860
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	44,030	20,170	23,860
English and French	1,980	850	1,135
English and non-official language(s)	104,510	50,455	54,055
French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,320	1,295	2,025
Multiple non-official languages	4,040	1,825	2,215
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	322,060	157,235	164,830
Single responses	298,785	146,190	152,595
Official languages	212,825	105,760	107,070
English	212,155	105,445	106,710
French	670	310	360
Non-official languages	85,960	40,435	45,525
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	85,960	40,435	45,525
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,060	2,450	2,610
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	5	5
Cushitic languages	35	20	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	25	20	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,020	2,425	2,595
Amharic	20	10	15
Arabic	1,390	660	730
Aramaic languages	1,505	705	795
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,095	505	585
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	395	190	200
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Harari	0	5	5
Hebrew	2,045	1,025	1,020
Maltese	20	5	10
Tigrigna	35	15	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,195	1,450	1,740
Khmer (Cambodian)	215	100	115
Vietnamese	2,980	1,350	1,630
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,560	1,120	1,440
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	230	100	125
Indonesian	45	20	20
Kankanaey	5	0	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	0
Pangasinan	10	10	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,170	950	1,225
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Creole languages	45	20	25
Haitian Creole	5	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	5	5	5
Morisyen	20	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	2,795	1,340	1,450
Kannada	5	0	5
Malayalam	260	125	135
Tamil	2,405	1,155	1,245
Telugu	125	60	65
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	110	60	50
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	50,295	23,565	26,735
Albanian	450	220	235
Armenian	270	115	155
Balto-Slavic languages	14,225	6,705	7,525
Baltic languages	25	15	10
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	20	10	10
Slavic languages	14,200	6,695	7,510
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	125	55	70
Czech	5	5	0
Macedonian	110	55	60
Polish	435	220	220
Russian	12,650	5,960	6,690
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	390	180	210
Bosnian	15	10	10
Croatian	160	75	85
Serbian	200	90	110
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	30	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20
Ukrainian	395	190	210
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	105	50	50
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	90	45	45
German	45	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	45	25	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5
Afrikaans	5	0	0
Dutch	5	0	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	400	190	210
Indo-Iranian languages	16,790	8,235	8,555
Indo-Aryan languages	10,445	5,155	5,290
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	275	135	145
Gujarati	1,615	775	840
Hindi	1,090	545	540
Kacchi	30	10	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	100	50	55
Nepali	35	10	20
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,320	1,665	1,655
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	10	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	140	70	70
Urdu	3,785	1,860	1,930
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Iranian languages	6,345	3,080	3,265
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	235	120	115
Parsi	20	10	15
Pashto	75	40	35
Persian languages	5,980	2,895	3,080
Dari	845	405	435
Iranian Persian	4,530	2,200	2,335
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	605	290	315
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	18,045	8,045	10,000
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10,920	4,650	6,275
Portuguese	1,705	835	875
Romanian	1,075	505	570
Spanish	4,330	2,055	2,275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5
Japanese	75	30	45
Korean	4,035	1,950	2,085
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	260	110	145
Akan (Twi)	95	40	60
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	0	0
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	30	10	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	85	45	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	85	55	30
American Sign Language	75	50	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,395	7,275	8,120
Chinese languages	15,355	7,255	8,095
Hakka	100	55	45
Mandarin	10,115	4,815	5,295
Min Dong	0	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	265	120	145
Wu (Shanghainese)	110	55	60
Yue (Cantonese)	4,705	2,175	2,525
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	25	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20
Burmese	30	10	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	95	35	55
Lao	80	35	50
Thai	15	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,700	850	855
Azerbaijani	105	50	60
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	1,525	765	760
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	45	20	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Uralic languages	255	115	140
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	0	5
Hungarian	245	110	135
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	23,270	11,040	12,235
English and French	415	165	250
English and non-official language(s)	22,040	10,530	11,510
French and non-official language(s)	50	20	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	275	100	170
Multiple non-official languages	490	225	270
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	322,060	157,230	164,830
None	227,235	111,865	115,370
English	32,745	15,925	16,825
French	2,110	895	1,220
Non-official language	47,720	22,840	24,880
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous	47,720	22,840	24,880
English and French	440	175	265
English and non-official language(s)	5,330	2,630	2,700
French and non-official language(s)	1,735	665	1,065
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	40	60
Multiple non-official languages	4,650	2,200	2,445
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	321,315	156,965	164,345
Official languages	308,155	151,945	156,215
English	308,050	151,910	156,140
French	19,800	8,245	11,560
Non-official languages	204,760	97,375	107,385
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	20
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	204,760	97,375	107,385
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,700	11,180	11,520
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	40	25	20
Hausa	40	25	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	45	20	25
Cushitic languages	145	80	65
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	145	80	65
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	22,520	11,085	11,440
Amharic	200	90	110
Arabic	6,245	3,070	3,175
Aramaic languages	3,340	1,665	1,680
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,405	1,175	1,235
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	905	460	445
Aramaic, n.o.s.	105	60	40
Harari	15	10	10
Hebrew	14,065	6,945	7,120
Maltese	220	90	130
Tigrigna	185	80	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,070	3,175	3,895
Khmer (Cambodian)	565	255	315
Vietnamese	6,550	2,935	3,610
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	6,895	2,615	4,280
Bikol	50	20	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	135	50	85
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	50	10	40
Ilocano	790	300	485
Indonesian	170	80	90
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	105	35	70
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	15	50
Pangasinan	55	25	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,485	2,455	4,025
Waray-Waray	30	15	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	90	30	60
Creole languages	415	185	230
Haitian Creole	80	25	60
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	90	45	45
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	175	80	100
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40
Dravidian languages	6,305	3,080	3,225
Kannada	160	70	80
Malayalam	725	350	375
Tamil	5,225	2,550	2,685
Telugu	450	250	200
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	275	150	125
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	135,295	64,945	70,355
Albanian	1,220	615	600
Armenian	965	470	500
Balto-Slavic languages	28,340	13,290	15,050
Baltic languages	255	125	125
Latvian	85	45	45
Lithuanian	165	85	80
Slavic languages	28,280	13,260	15,020
Belarusian	115	60	55
Bulgarian	380	140	240
Czech	140	55	90
Macedonian	535	255	280
Polish	1,730	865	865
Russian	24,160	11,330	12,835
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,345	635	715
Bosnian	135	65	70
Croatian	775	380	385
Serbian	685	300	385
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	105	50	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	175	80	95
Ukrainian	2,645	1,220	1,425
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	10	0
Irish	10	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,135	1,520	1,615
Frisian	15	10	0
High German languages	2,570	1,240	1,335
German	1,465	740	730
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	0	15
Yiddish	1,135	515	625
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	500	245	255
Afrikaans	305	170	135
Dutch	200	80	120
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10
Scandinavian languages	105	60	45
Danish	30	15	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	25	20	0
Swedish	45	25	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	2,405	1,175	1,230
Indo-Iranian languages	34,285	17,205	17,085
Indo-Aryan languages	23,290	11,740	11,550
Assamese	15	10	0
Bengali	655	310	345
Gujarati	4,060	2,070	1,995
Hindi	8,495	4,290	4,210
Kacchi	210	100	110
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	65	40	20
Marathi	435	220	225
Nepali	65	30	35
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,980	4,645	4,340
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	70	45	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	440	210	230
Urdu	8,500	4,255	4,245
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	95	60	40
Iranian languages	11,265	5,610	5,665
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	675	390	280
Parsi	15	0	10
Pashto	405	200	205
Persian languages	10,480	5,180	5,300
Dari	1,840	875	960
Iranian Persian	7,835	3,925	3,910
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	890	435	455
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20
Italic (Romance) languages	67,845	32,120	35,720
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	48,880	22,885	25,995
Portuguese	6,015	2,925	3,085
Romanian	2,855	1,415	1,445
Spanish	12,675	6,070	6,605
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	40	25
Japanese	420	165	250
Korean	6,085	2,930	3,155
Mongolian	20	0	15
Niger-Congo languages	1,755	910	845
Akan (Twi)	375	190	185
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	40	10	35
Éwé	15	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	25	10	10
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	245	145	105
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	30	15	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	300	180	120
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	665	365	300
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	55	95
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
African, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Sign languages	255	125	130
American Sign Language	250	125	125
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	25,130	11,865	13,265
Chinese languages	25,080	11,840	13,235
Hakka	330	165	160
Mandarin	17,645	8,290	9,355
Min Dong	50	20	30
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	820	350	470
Wu (Shanghainese)	270	120	150
Yue (Cantonese)	9,930	4,580	5,350
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	40
Burmese	80	40	40
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	355	165	195
Lao	295	145	160
Thai	130	50	75
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	3,685	1,815	1,870
Azerbaijani	445	210	235
Kazakh	65	15	45
Turkish	3,195	1,565	1,625
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	85	45	40
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	125	70	60
Uralic languages	1,180	480	700
Estonian	10	0	10
Finnish	55	10	45
Hungarian	1,110	465	650
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	321,315	156,965	164,345
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	675	290	380
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	580	245	335
First Nations (North American Indian)	320	145	170
Métis	235	85	155
Inuk (Inuit)	25	20	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	10	10	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	80	35	45
Non-Indigenous identity	320,635	156,680	163,965
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	321,315	156,965	164,345
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	255	105	155
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	321,055	156,865	164,190
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	103,915	...	...
Owner	89,290	...	...
Renter	14,620	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	103,915	...	...
Condominium	18,835	...	...
Not condominium	85,080	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	103,915	...	...
No bedrooms	320	...	...
1 bedroom	7,615	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,115	...	...
3 bedrooms	29,865	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	53,995	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	103,915	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	20,330	...	...
5 rooms	13,335	...	...
6 rooms	15,305	...	...
7 rooms	14,455	...	...
8 or more rooms	40,490	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	103,915	...	...
One person or fewer per room	101,010	...	...
More than one person per room	2,910	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	103,915	...	...
Suitable	97,985	...	...
Not suitable	5,930	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	103,915	...	...
1960 or before	1,450	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,445	...	...
1981 to 1990	20,700	...	...
1991 to 2000	23,080	...	...
2001 to 2005	16,755	...	...
2006 to 2010	14,875	...	...
2011 to 2015	9,720	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,875	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	103,915	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	101,295	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,615	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	103,915	...	...
One-maintainer household	39,375	...	...
Two-maintainer household	56,745	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	7,790	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	103,915	...	...
15 to 24 years	900	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,920	...	...
35 to 44 years	18,155	...	...
45 to 54 years	25,060	...	...
55 to 64 years	23,670	...	...
65 to 74 years	15,240	...	...
75 to 84 years	8,650	...	...
85 years and over	3,325	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	103,545	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	74,660	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	28,885	...	...
30% to less than 100%	25,505	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	103,915	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	34,915	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	26,535	...	...
Not suitable only	4,275	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,615	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,485	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	835	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...
Acceptable housing	69,000	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	100,165	...	...
In core need	10,970	...	...
Not in core need	89,195	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	89,275	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,980	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,214	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,282,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,615	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	50.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,040	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,048	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	321,310	156,970	164,345
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	115	60	50
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	110	60	45
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	60	25	35
Métis single ancestry	20	15	0
Inuit single ancestry	25	15	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	660	270	390
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	645	260	385
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	435	195	240
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	200	55	140
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	15	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	320,540	156,640	163,905
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	321,315	156,970	164,345
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	290,840	142,915	147,935
Canadian citizens aged under 18	63,190	32,585	30,605
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	227,650	110,325	117,325
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	30,470	14,055	16,415
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	321,315	156,970	164,345
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	165,865	83,580	82,280
Immigrants⁸¹	149,235	70,440	78,800
Before 1980	36,430	16,945	19,485
1980 to 1990	19,400	9,675	9,725
1991 to 2000	34,425	16,390	18,040
2001 to 2010	33,430	15,800	17,630
2011 to 2021⁸²	25,550	11,625	13,925
2011 to 2015	12,520	5,680	6,840
2016 to 2021	13,030	5,940	7,085
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,210	2,945	3,260
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	149,235	70,440	78,800
Under 5 years	12,665	6,310	6,355
5 to 14 years	26,180	12,720	13,460
15 to 24 years	34,175	15,710	18,465
25 to 44 years	62,400	29,530	32,870
45 years and over	13,815	6,170	7,650
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	149,235	70,440	78,800
Americas	14,875	6,885	7,995
Brazil	830	400	425
Colombia	835	390	440
El Salvador	595	315	280
Guyana	1,955	860	1,095
Haiti	55	10	40
Jamaica	2,325	1,045	1,275
Mexico	580	240	335
Peru	475	200	275
Trinidad and Tobago	995	475	520
United States of America	1,905	865	1,045
Other places of birth in Americas	4,330	2,075	2,255
Europe	51,135	24,035	27,100
Bosnia and Herzegovina	190	90	100
Croatia	350	180	170
France	330	150	180
Germany	645	255	385
Greece	750	350	400
Hungary	545	225	325
Italy	21,830	10,455	11,370
Netherlands	90	45	45
Poland	1,255	590	665
Portugal	2,695	1,310	1,385
Romania	2,185	1,060	1,125
Russian Federation	6,920	3,145	3,775
Serbia⁸⁶	260	105	155
Ukraine	5,390	2,455	2,935
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,715	800	920
Other places of birth in Europe	5,980	2,820	3,155
Africa	6,610	3,255	3,355
Algeria	40	15	25
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	25	25
Egypt	820	395	420
Eritrea	130	60	70
Ethiopia	150	75	75
Morocco	685	275	410
Nigeria	1,070	570	505
Somalia	95	50	40
South Africa, Republic of	1,690	820	875
Other places of birth in Africa	1,880	970	910
Asia	76,330	36,125	40,205
Afghanistan	1,270	635	635
Iran⁸⁸	6,820	3,400	3,420
Iraq	3,485	1,725	1,755
Lebanon	590	290	300
Syria⁸⁹	380	170	215
Turkey	1,740	865	875
China⁹⁰	12,545	5,710	6,840
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,355	1,030	1,325
Korea, South⁹²	4,615	2,235	2,375
Taiwan	560	250	305
Philippines	6,235	2,505	3,730
Viet Nam	5,340	2,430	2,910
Bangladesh	330	155	175
India	10,265	5,035	5,230
Pakistan	5,030	2,465	2,570
Sri Lanka	3,350	1,620	1,725
Other places of birth in Asia	11,425	5,605	5,815
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	285	140	145
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	13,025	5,945	7,085
Americas	1,075	515	560
Brazil	190	95	100
Colombia	60	30	30
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	140	85	55
Mexico	65	45	25
United States of America	320	150	165
Venezuela⁹⁵	60	15	45
Other places of birth in Americas	230	100	135
Europe	1,735	750	985
France	50	25	25
Germany	35	10	30
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	0
Italy	130	60	75
Russian Federation	450	160	290
Ukraine	490	200	290
United Kingdom⁸⁷	90	60	35
Other places of birth in Europe	470	225	245
Africa	650	345	300
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	15	15	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	75	35	40
Eritrea	35	25	15
Ethiopia	15	10	0
Morocco	10	0	10
Nigeria	335	160	175
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	45	25	25
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	100	75	25
Asia	9,550	4,325	5,225
Afghanistan	160	90	70
Bangladesh	35	20	20
China⁹⁰	2,395	1,030	1,370
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	25
India	1,595	830	770
Iran⁸⁸	730	335	390
Iraq	215	95	115
Israel	430	170	260
Japan	20	0	20
Jordan	25	20	0
Korea, South⁹²	340	140	200
Lebanon	35	15	20
Nepal	20	15	0
Pakistan	1,010	530	475
Philippines	840	320	515
Saudi Arabia	50	25	20
Sri Lanka	80	30	50
Syria⁸⁹	60	25	35
Turkey	630	300	330
United Arab Emirates	90	45	50
Viet Nam	275	100	175
Other places of birth in Asia	485	175	305
Oceania and other⁹³	25	10	10
Australia	15	10	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	321,315	156,965	164,345
First generation¹⁰⁰	158,430	74,775	83,650
Second generation¹⁰¹	111,345	56,120	55,225
Third generation or more¹⁰²	51,540	26,070	25,465
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	112,810	53,490	59,320
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	61,200	30,455	30,750
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	24,395	15,845	8,555
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	36,805	14,610	22,195
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	32,105	12,855	19,250
Refugees¹⁰⁸	18,240	9,595	8,645
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,265	590	675
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	112,810	53,490	59,320
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	8,370	4,425	3,945
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,080	3,840	4,245
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,865	1,430	1,440
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	5,385	2,365	3,025
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	635	275	365
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	87,465	41,160	46,310
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	321,315	156,965	164,345
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	132,655	64,430	68,225
South Asian	35,890	18,050	17,835
Chinese	26,815	12,975	13,840
Black	10,510	5,040	5,470
Filipino	8,935	3,860	5,075
Arab	4,735	2,350	2,385
Latin American	8,320	4,095	4,225
Southeast Asian	7,985	3,680	4,305
West Asian	12,890	6,410	6,480
Korean	6,765	3,280	3,485
Japanese	275	110	165
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,845	1,850	1,995
Multiple visible minorities	5,695	2,740	2,955
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	188,660	92,535	96,120
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	321,315	156,970	164,350
Canadian	17,780	9,100	8,680
English	8,265	4,100	4,165
Irish	6,715	3,395	3,325
Scottish	5,895	2,835	3,060
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,050	1,410	1,635
German	4,455	2,195	2,255
Chinese	27,235	13,095	14,140
Italian	85,030	42,090	42,945
Indian (India)	17,330	8,565	8,760
Ukrainian	7,080	3,375	3,705
Dutch	1,320	690	640
Polish	9,885	4,725	5,160
Québécois	85	40	40
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,580	1,295	1,280
Filipino	8,730	3,775	4,955
French Canadian	610	285	325
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,390	1,170	1,215
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	260	105	155
Métis	240	80	150
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	5,790	2,790	3,000
Russian	18,245	8,550	9,695
Norwegian	215	100	115
Welsh	605	300	305
Portuguese	8,300	4,020	4,285
American	1,420	680	730
Spanish	4,095	2,045	2,050
Swedish	200	95	110
Hungarian	2,445	1,205	1,235
Acadian	115	65	60
Pakistani	6,485	3,215	3,270
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,225	1,040	1,180
Jewish	25,325	12,560	12,760
Punjabi	2,715	1,455	1,255
Vietnamese	7,305	3,390	3,915
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,335	670	665
Greek	4,820	2,460	2,360
Jamaican	3,240	1,565	1,680
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,285	1,525	1,760
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	25	10	20
Korean	6,685	3,255	3,420
Romanian	3,905	1,920	1,985
Lebanese	1,105	605	505
Iranian	6,935	3,495	3,440
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,810	875	935
Danish	205	120	85
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	65	30	35
Sikh	1,565	805	765
Austrian	920	445	475
Belgian	145	75	70
Haitian	155	55	100
Hindu	2,605	1,345	1,260
Mexican	1,050	460	590
Mennonite	10	10	0
Swiss	210	85	120
Finnish	290	160	135
Sri Lankan	3,135	1,495	1,640
Croatian	1,330	665	665
Japanese	480	205	280
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,990	1,025	965
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	50	20	30
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	130	60	65
Muslim	1,415	720	690
Egyptian	1,295	645	650
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,395	670	725
Tamil	2,885	1,460	1,425
Icelandic	105	55	45
Colombian	1,105	575	530
Moroccan	1,565	655	910
Czech	370	155	215
Syrian	580	315	270
Guyanese	2,285	1,085	1,205
Afghan	2,300	1,120	1,180
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	815	385	425
Serbian	765	340	425
Ojibway	15	10	0
Newfoundlander	140	70	75
Hong Konger	995	445	550
Ontarian	320	165	160
Persian	2,775	1,365	1,420
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,055	495	565
Turkish	2,770	1,345	1,430
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	35	10
Bangladeshi	335	165	170
Algerian	50	25	20
Brazilian	1,095	525	565
Nigerian	960	500	460
Armenian	1,695	840	855
Slovak	300	155	145
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,315	1,175	1,135
Somali	185	105	85
Taiwanese	525	265	260
Iraqi	2,515	1,220	1,295
Salvadorean	680	320	355
African Caribbean	1,110	465	645
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,055	515	540
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,485	715	775
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	630	280	345
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	910	420	490
Lithuanian	1,360	725	635
South African	1,320	640	675
Australian	140	75	60
Palestinian	525	250	275
Chilean	530	275	260
Congolese	45	20	25
Nova Scotian	25	10	10
Ethiopian	185	115	70
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	885	470	410
Peruvian	490	220	270
Yoruba	425	245	185
Cambodian (Khmer)	770	335	435
Berber	60	25	35
Albanian	1,390	695	700
Maltese	925	425	500
Macedonian	855	430	420
Slovenian	595	275	315
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	135	90
New Brunswicker	25	15	15
Gujarati	665	350	310
Eritrean	120	55	65
African Canadian	220	100	110
Israeli	5,400	2,715	2,690
Mohawk	30	25	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	140	70	70
Bulgarian	505	200	300
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	400	180	215
Barbadian	260	145	115
African American	90	30	55
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	185	85	100
Tunisian	125	50	75
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	525	240	285
Cuban	330	115	210
Bosnian	125	70	60
Venezuelan	320	140	180
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	440	200	240
Bengali	135	75	60
Cameroonian	60	35	25
Guatemalan	170	115	60
Indonesian	240	95	140
Laotian	345	150	200
Ilocano	160	70	90
Northern Irish	40	25	15
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	60	30	25
British Columbian	10	0	0
Ecuadorian	1,840	885	955
Franco Ontarian	45	20	20
Argentinian	695	365	325
Estonian	100	75	25
Kurdish	675	360	310
Fijian	130	75	60
Jatt	115	55	55
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	125	45	80
Coptic	370	185	180
Thai	145	45	100
Dominican	255	130	130
Nepali	115	80	40
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	1,870	905	965
Igbo	270	135	135
Byelorussian	1,035	510	525
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	560	295	265
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	30	0	20
Sudanese	60	30	30
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	85	50	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	85	30	50
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	690	370	325
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	25	10	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	265	130	135
Ivorian	20	15	10
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	70	40	30
Nicaraguan	120	55	65
Mauritian	110	60	50
Kenyan	140	80	60
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	130	80	50
Jordanian	155	80	75
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	10	0	0
Rwandan	10	0	10
Grenadian	150	55	95
Malayali	140	70	70
Chaldean	845	425	420
Sinhalese	240	125	115
Mayan	65	30	30
Honduran	45	15	35
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10
Indo-Caribbean	290	125	165
Flemish	10	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	715	355	360
Sicilian	235	125	110
Pashtun	105	60	40
Malay	30	0	20
Goan	130	55	75
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	15	0
Zimbabwean	65	25	35
Burmese	65	25	45
Mongolian	75	20	55
Azorean	120	65	55
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	225	95	130
Ugandan	40	10	25
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	205	100	105
Yemeni	200	95	105
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	40	30	15
Basque	35	15	20
Uruguayan	280	130	145
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	35	25
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	15
Igorot	20	10	10
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	35	10	25
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	20	0	10
Telugu	65	35	35
Roma	35	25	15
Costa Rican	115	75	40
African Nova Scotian	25	10	15
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	75	30	45
Singaporean	50	10	40
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	70	25	40
Tajik	125	75	55
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	20	0	20
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	321,315	156,965	164,345
Buddhist	7,585	3,400	4,185
Christian	170,705	81,990	88,715
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	18,935	8,870	10,060
Anabaptist	85	35	50
Anglican	1,950	930	1,015
Baptist	1,195	540	655
Catholic	123,865	60,130	63,735
Christian Orthodox	14,820	6,885	7,935
Jehovah's Witness	750	305	450
Latter Day Saints	105	50	60
Lutheran	380	155	225
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	145	70	75
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,730	1,280	1,450
Presbyterian	1,915	950	970
Reformed	85	50	30
United Church	1,015	450	565
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,715	1,285	1,435
Hindu	15,340	7,690	7,650
Jewish	42,395	20,550	21,840
Muslim	23,770	11,795	11,975
Sikh	5,715	2,905	2,820
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	30	20	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,265	595	670
No religion and secular perspectives	54,510	28,030	26,480
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	318,685	155,620	163,065
Non-movers	290,755	142,110	148,645
Movers	27,930	13,515	14,420
Non-migrants	15,375	7,345	8,030
Migrants	12,560	6,170	6,385
Internal migrants	10,265	5,075	5,185
Intraprovincial migrants	9,685	4,805	4,880
Interprovincial migrants	575	265	305
External migrants	2,300	1,095	1,205
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	306,875	149,430	157,445
Non-movers	216,380	105,480	110,900
Movers	90,495	43,950	46,545
Non-migrants	33,000	16,035	16,960
Migrants	57,495	27,910	29,585
Internal migrants	43,955	21,500	22,455
Intraprovincial migrants	41,435	20,230	21,205
Interprovincial migrants	2,525	1,270	1,255
External migrants	13,535	6,410	7,125
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	268,050	129,635	138,420
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	45,320	21,895	23,425
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	222,735	107,740	114,995
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	173,005	83,260	89,745
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,245	7,125	6,120
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	159,755	76,130	83,625
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	268,050	129,635	138,415
No certificate, diploma or degree	42,470	19,970	22,505
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	65,770	32,540	33,225
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	159,810	77,125	82,685
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	62,035	31,585	30,455
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,485	8,020	3,465
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,940	3,670	2,275
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,545	4,350	1,190
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	42,650	20,030	22,625
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,895	3,530	4,365
Bachelor's degree or higher	97,780	45,540	52,235
Bachelor's degree	63,505	28,665	34,840
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,840	3,540	4,295
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,940	1,560	1,375
Master's degree	20,770	10,180	10,590
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,720	1,595	1,125
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	173,000	83,260	89,745
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,845	6,240	5,610
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	34,420	17,200	17,220
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	126,735	59,815	66,920
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	47,005	23,530	23,470
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,300	5,030	2,265
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,550	2,095	1,455
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,745	2,930	815
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	33,850	15,885	17,960
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,855	2,615	3,245
Bachelor's degree or higher	79,730	36,285	43,445
Bachelor's degree	50,910	22,600	28,315
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,100	2,650	3,455
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,355	1,165	1,195
Master's degree	18,190	8,675	9,510
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,175	1,200	975
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	268,050	129,635	138,415
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	108,240	52,510	55,730
Education	9,355	1,595	7,760
13. Education	9,355	1,595	7,760
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,870	2,350	3,520
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	515	370	155
50. Visual and performing arts	5,350	1,985	3,365
Humanities	8,555	2,575	5,985
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,465	230	1,235
23. English language and literature/letters	1,905	395	1,515
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,805	820	1,985
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	125	20	105
38. Philosophy and religious studies	520	310	215
39. Theology and religious vocations	475	300	175
54. History	880	465	415
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	375	40	340
Social and behavioural sciences and law	22,900	7,545	15,355
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	210	20	190
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,275	845	1,430
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,995	175	2,820
22. Legal professions and studies	4,710	1,765	2,945
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	325	85	235
42. Psychology	3,700	820	2,880
45. Social sciences	8,685	3,830	4,850
Business, management and public administration	39,745	18,675	21,070
30.16 Accounting and computer science	60	35	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,000	490	1,515
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	37,680	18,145	19,535
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,170	3,525	4,640
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,195	1,115	2,085
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,330	1,000	1,330
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	160	60	100
40. Physical sciences	2,240	1,260	980
41. Science technologies/technicians	240	85	155
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,380	6,670	3,710
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,865	5,460	2,405
25. Library science	320	35	285
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,865	940	925
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	330	235	95
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	30,625	26,010	4,615
04. Architecture and related services	1,820	1,250	565
14. Engineering	14,380	10,960	3,420
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,190	4,720	475
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0
46. Construction trades	4,380	4,340	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,230	3,175	50
48. Precision production	1,625	1,565	55
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,375	645	735
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	905	445	460
03. Natural resources and conservation	470	205	270
Health and related fields	16,475	4,790	11,685
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,560	865	695
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,145	3,560	10,580
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	65	20	45
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	710	345	365
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,340	2,745	3,590
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,280	1,205	3,075
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	1,300	900	400
49. Transportation and materials moving	735	625	110
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	173,005	83,260	89,745
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	46,270	23,440	22,830
Education	7,305	1,200	6,105
13. Education	7,305	1,200	6,105
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,515	1,760	2,755
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	405	280	125
50. Visual and performing arts	4,110	1,480	2,630
Humanities	6,755	1,955	4,795
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,195	150	1,045
23. English language and literature/letters	1,515	295	1,220
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,155	625	1,530
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	110	10	105
38. Philosophy and religious studies	400	240	165
39. Theology and religious vocations	390	250	145
54. History	725	365	360
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	250	20	235
Social and behavioural sciences and law	18,400	5,830	12,570
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	195	25	175
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,820	655	1,165
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,245	95	2,150
22. Legal professions and studies	3,960	1,320	2,635
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	235	70	165
42. Psychology	2,810	585	2,225
45. Social sciences	7,130	3,085	4,045
Business, management and public administration	33,050	15,335	17,710
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	25	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,590	365	1,225
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	31,415	14,950	16,470
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,955	2,485	3,465
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,395	800	1,590
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,660	670	990
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	135	55	85
40. Physical sciences	1,580	895	680
41. Science technologies/technicians	185	55	125
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,990	5,760	3,230
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,025	4,825	2,205
25. Library science	180	10	170
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,500	715	780
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	285	210	75
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	23,140	19,395	3,740
04. Architecture and related services	1,460	985	470
14. Engineering	11,420	8,605	2,815
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,990	3,625	360
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,945	2,930	15
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,330	2,300	30
48. Precision production	990	950	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,025	450	565
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	660	290	365
03. Natural resources and conservation	360	160	200
Health and related fields	12,915	3,645	9,275
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,120	610	505
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,215	2,790	8,430
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	55	0	45
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	530	240	290
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,685	2,000	2,675
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,085	810	2,280
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	1,070	745	325
49. Transportation and materials moving	525	445	80
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	173,005	83,260	89,745
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,270	23,440	22,830
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	126,735	59,820	66,915
Location of study inside Canada	87,630	41,415	46,210
Same as province or territory of residence	83,670	39,465	44,205
Different than province or territory of residence	3,960	1,955	2,005
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	39,110	18,405	20,705
Americas	5,805	2,985	2,820
United States of America	3,590	1,940	1,650
Mexico	290	120	170
Cuba	70	40	30
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	160	85	80
Brazil	390	175	215
Colombia	305	150	155
Peru	110	45	75
Venezuela⁹⁵	160	60	100
Other locations of study in Americas	725	380	345
Europe	10,250	4,950	5,305
Belgium	45	25	20
France	190	85	105
Germany	115	75	40
Netherlands	60	35	25
Switzerland	45	20	25
Hungary	85	45	40
Moldova¹⁸³	315	140	175
Poland	215	105	115
Romania	1,020	520	500
Russian Federation	2,935	1,380	1,560
Ukraine	1,845	785	1,060
Ireland⁹⁶	40	25	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,375	715	665
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	30	25
Italy	400	220	180
Serbia⁸⁶	60	30	30
Other locations of study in Europe	1,455	720	735
Africa	1,405	725	685
Nigeria	325	175	145
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	35	10	25
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	305	165	145
South Africa, Republic of	570	285	280
Other locations of study in Africa	160	85	75
Asia	21,310	9,595	11,710
Iran⁸⁸	2,320	1,070	1,245
Iraq	575	265	310
Israel	2,220	1,060	1,155
Lebanon	80	40	40
Syria⁸⁹	75	30	45
Turkey	420	210	210
China⁹⁰	3,930	1,830	2,100
Taiwan	95	40	55
Hong Kong⁹¹	185	65	120
Japan	95	25	65
Korea, South⁹²	1,415	580	840
Philippines	2,575	940	1,640
Viet Nam	310	145	160
Bangladesh	55	20	35
Sri Lanka	260	120	140
India	3,735	1,775	1,960
Pakistan	1,360	660	695
Other locations of study in Asia	1,605	725	880
Oceania	330	145	190
Australia	290	130	160
New Zealand	35	10	30
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	10	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	268,050	129,635	138,415
In the labour force	176,625	91,370	85,255
Employed	154,615	81,405	73,210
Unemployed	22,010	9,965	12,045
Not in the labour force	91,420	38,265	53,165
Participation rate	65.9	70.5	61.6
Employment rate	57.7	62.8	52.9
Unemployment rate	12.5	10.9	14.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	268,050	129,635	138,415
Did not work¹⁸⁶	94,200	40,315	53,890
Worked	173,850	89,325	84,525
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	97,575	53,880	43,690
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	76,280	35,445	40,835
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.9	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	176,630	91,370	85,255
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,180	2,530	2,655
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	171,445	88,845	82,600
Employee	137,760	66,285	71,475
Permanent position	117,955	57,810	60,145
Temporary position	19,805	8,475	11,330
Fixed term (1 year or more)	7,360	2,865	4,495
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	12,445	5,610	6,835
Self-employed¹⁹²	33,680	22,560	11,125
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	176,630	91,370	85,255
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,180	2,530	2,655
All occupations¹⁹¹	171,445	88,845	82,600
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,320	2,555	770
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	40,465	13,355	27,105
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	19,670	14,505	5,160
3 Health occupations	10,550	2,900	7,655
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	20,025	5,620	14,405
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,035	2,440	2,595
6 Sales and service occupations	39,900	19,540	20,365
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	24,490	22,605	1,885
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,180	1,005	180
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,805	4,315	2,490
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	176,630	91,370	85,255
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,180	2,530	2,655
All industries¹⁹¹	171,445	88,845	82,600
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	385	190	190
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	105	30
22 Utilities	785	545	245
23 Construction	16,740	13,625	3,125
31-33 Manufacturing	15,955	9,990	5,965
41 Wholesale trade	7,890	4,555	3,330
44-45 Retail trade	19,180	9,480	9,705
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,635	5,595	2,040
51 Information and cultural industries	3,770	2,200	1,575
52 Finance and insurance	13,325	6,450	6,875
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,485	2,895	2,590
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	20,500	11,655	8,845
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,035	475	560
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,850	3,355	2,495
61 Educational services	13,800	3,555	10,245
62 Health care and social assistance	16,055	3,575	12,480
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,530	1,340	1,190
72 Accommodation and food services	6,845	3,245	3,605
81 Other services (except public administration)	7,235	3,185	4,050
91 Public administration	6,305	2,835	3,470
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	187,835	96,315	91,520
English	172,155	89,195	82,965
French	240	40	195
Non-official language	2,230	1,050	1,180
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,230	1,050	1,180
English and French	1,920	545	1,380
English and non-official language(s)	10,975	5,375	5,610
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	220	70	150
Multiple non-official languages	85	40	40
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	187,835	96,315	91,520
Single responses	185,325	95,185	90,140
Official languages	180,960	93,140	87,820
English	180,455	93,080	87,375
French	500	65	440
Non-official languages	4,365	2,045	2,320
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,365	2,045	2,320
Afro-Asiatic languages	180	65	110
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	180	65	110
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	40	25	15
Aramaic languages	10	0	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	120	35	90
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	85	95
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	175	85	90
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	25	0	15
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	40	30	15
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	40	30	15
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	10	0
Indo-European languages	1,855	905	950
Albanian	10	0	10
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	670	245	425
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	670	245	425
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	10	10	0
Polish	30	15	15
Russian	620	220	400
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	10	0	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	490	295	195
Indo-Aryan languages	220	140	80
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	25	10	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	110	70	40
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	85	55	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	270	155	120
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	265	145	120
Dari	20	10	10
Iranian Persian	220	120	95
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	20	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	675	355	320
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	255	95	160
Portuguese	125	95	30
Romanian	15	0	10
Spanish	280	165	120
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	15	15
Korean	475	200	270
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,455	660	795
Chinese languages	1,455	660	795
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,220	570	645
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	235	85	150
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	115	65	50
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	110	60	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,515	1,135	1,380
English and French	360	100	260
English and non-official language(s)	2,120	1,020	1,105
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	187,835	96,315	91,520
None	176,840	91,275	85,570
English	2,150	905	1,245
French	1,355	445	905
Non-official language	6,290	3,160	3,135
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	6,290	3,160	3,135
English and French	10	0	10
English and non-official language(s)	170	80	90
French and non-official language(s)	150	45	105
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	870	405	460
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	154,615	81,405	73,210
Worked at home	53,225	24,565	28,655
Worked outside Canada	585	450	140
No fixed workplace address	17,885	13,750	4,125
Usual place of work	82,925	42,635	40,285
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	82,925	42,635	40,285
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	37,865	18,645	19,220
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,855	3,625	4,230
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	37,115	20,315	16,795
Commute to a different province or territory	90	55	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	100,805	56,390	44,415
Car, truck or van	89,475	51,895	37,580
Car, truck or van - as a driver	82,340	49,220	33,125
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,125	2,675	4,450
Public transit	6,565	2,495	4,070
Walked	2,045	790	1,255
Bicycle	275	220	55
Other method	2,445	985	1,460
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	100,805	56,390	44,415
Less than 15 minutes	20,325	9,720	10,605
15 to 29 minutes	35,340	19,595	15,740
30 to 44 minutes	26,770	16,245	10,530
45 to 59 minutes	9,590	5,785	3,805
60 minutes and over	8,780	5,050	3,735
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	100,805	56,390	44,415
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,900	4,705	1,200
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	14,965	10,455	4,510
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	23,595	13,095	10,495
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	24,800	11,890	12,905
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	19,400	9,300	10,100
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	12,145	6,945	5,205
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	68,325	35,045	33,285
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,185	2,595	2,590
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	63,135	32,445	30,695
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	52,865	27,130	25,730
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,235	2,115	2,115
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,755	1,335	1,415
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,480	780	700
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	48,635	25,020	23,615

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed February 11, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
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