Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Brampton WestMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	162,353	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	130,000	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	24.9	...	...	24.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	43,245	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,890	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,801.8	...	...	2,801.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	57.95	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	162,355	81,125	81,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	34,105	17,445	16,660	21.0	21.5	20.5
0 to 4 years	10,610	5,400	5,210	6.5	6.7	6.4
5 to 9 years	11,700	5,960	5,740	7.2	7.3	7.1
10 to 14 years	11,800	6,085	5,710	7.3	7.5	7.0
15 to 64 years	113,935	57,015	56,920	70.2	70.3	70.1
15 to 19 years	11,240	5,810	5,430	6.9	7.2	6.7
20 to 24 years	13,360	7,495	5,865	8.2	9.2	7.2
25 to 29 years	12,660	6,490	6,170	7.8	8.0	7.6
30 to 34 years	13,560	6,485	7,075	8.4	8.0	8.7
35 to 39 years	14,070	6,610	7,465	8.7	8.1	9.2
40 to 44 years	12,420	5,995	6,430	7.6	7.4	7.9
45 to 49 years	11,085	5,410	5,675	6.8	6.7	7.0
50 to 54 years	9,965	4,880	5,080	6.1	6.0	6.3
55 to 59 years	8,800	4,440	4,360	5.4	5.5	5.4
60 to 64 years	6,775	3,405	3,370	4.2	4.2	4.1
65 years and over	14,310	6,665	7,645	8.8	8.2	9.4
65 to 69 years	5,290	2,520	2,770	3.3	3.1	3.4
70 to 74 years	4,120	1,935	2,185	2.5	2.4	2.7
75 to 79 years	2,535	1,220	1,315	1.6	1.5	1.6
80 to 84 years	1,380	610	770	0.8	0.8	0.9
85 years and over	995	375	615	0.6	0.5	0.8
85 to 89 years	645	275	375	0.4	0.3	0.5
90 to 94 years	275	80	190	0.2	0.1	0.2
95 to 99 years	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
100 years and over	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	21.0	21.5	20.5	21.0	21.5	20.5
15 to 64 years	70.2	70.3	70.1	70.2	70.3	70.1
65 years and over	8.8	8.2	9.4	8.8	8.2	9.4
85 years and over	0.6	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.8
Average age of the population	34.7	34.1	35.3	34.7	34.1	35.3
Median age of the population	33.6	32.4	34.4	33.6	32.4	34.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	26,745	...	...	63.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	7,295	...	...	17.4	...	...
Row house	5,350	...	...	12.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,415	...	...	3.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	475	...	...	1.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	580	...	...	1.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	2,825	...	...	6.7	...	...
2 persons	6,440	...	...	15.4	...	...
3 persons	8,510	...	...	20.3	...	...
4 persons	11,640	...	...	27.8	...	...
5 or more persons	12,475	...	...	29.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	161,795	80,885	80,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	128,245	63,680	64,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	77,025	38,400	38,620	60.1	60.3	59.8
Married	73,220	36,500	36,725	57.1	57.3	56.9
Living common-law	3,805	1,905	1,895	3.0	3.0	2.9
Living common law - Never married	2,685	1,330	1,360	2.1	2.1	2.1
Living common law - Separated	225	125	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	840	430	410	0.7	0.7	0.6
Living common law - Widowed	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Not married and not living common-law	51,225	25,275	25,950	39.9	39.7	40.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	40,665	22,285	18,380	31.7	35.0	28.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,460	870	1,590	1.9	1.4	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	3,950	1,340	2,605	3.1	2.1	4.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,145	775	3,370	3.2	1.2	5.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	43,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,020	...	...	30.0	...	...
3 persons	11,095	...	...	25.6	...	...
4 persons	13,810	...	...	31.8	...	...
5 or more persons	5,450	...	...	12.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	43,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	36,780	...	...	84.8	...	...
Married couples	34,880	...	...	80.4	...	...
With children⁶	25,925	...	...	59.8	...	...
Without children	8,960	...	...	20.7	...	...
Common-law couples	1,900	...	...	4.4	...	...
With children⁶	1,150	...	...	2.7	...	...
Without children	750	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,590	...	...	15.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,400	...	...	12.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,195	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	161,795	80,885	80,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	143,415	71,080	72,335	88.6	87.9	89.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	73,565	36,760	36,805	45.5	45.4	45.5
Parents in one-parent families	6,595	1,195	5,395	4.1	1.5	6.7
Children⁶	63,260	33,125	30,135	39.1	41.0	37.2
In a two-parent family	51,750	27,140	24,605	32.0	33.6	30.4
In a one-parent family	11,515	5,985	5,525	7.1	7.4	6.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,380	9,805	8,575	11.4	12.1	10.6
Living alone	2,825	1,495	1,325	1.7	1.8	1.6
Living with other relatives⁷	8,195	3,345	4,855	5.1	4.1	6.0
Living with non-relatives only	7,365	4,965	2,400	4.6	6.1	3.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,350	...	...	62.9	...	...
Couple-family households	22,955	...	...	54.8	...	...
With children⁶	18,545	...	...	44.3	...	...
Without children	4,405	...	...	10.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,400	...	...	8.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	6,535	...	...	15.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,405	...	...	3.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,105	...	...	7.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,660	...	...	4.0	...	...
One-person households	2,820	...	...	6.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	127,690	63,440	64,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	119,230	59,195	60,035	93.4	93.3	93.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	40,800	35,200	37,600	40,800	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	119,290	59,220	60,065	93.4	93.3	93.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	36,800	32,800	34,800	36,800	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	104,045	53,535	50,510	81.5	84.4	78.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	39,600	27,600	33,200	39,600	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,355	49,265	45,095	73.9	77.7	70.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,400	31,000	35,600	40,400	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	109,325	53,565	55,755	85.6	84.4	86.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,550	4,240	9,100	6,550	4,240	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	12,625	4,535	8,090	9.9	7.1	12.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,480	5,920	5,720	5,480	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	46,600	23,215	23,385	36.5	36.6	36.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	127,755	63,360	64,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	119,485	59,340	60,145	93.5	93.7	93.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,640	51,550	41,800	46,640	51,550	41,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	119,555	59,365	60,190	93.6	93.7	93.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,960	43,240	36,760	39,960	43,240	36,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,210	53,620	50,590	81.6	84.6	78.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,360	49,520	36,880	43,360	49,520	36,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,410	49,280	45,135	73.9	77.8	70.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,680	50,360	38,520	44,680	50,360	38,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	109,620	53,740	55,880	85.8	84.8	86.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,600	7,490	11,620	9,600	7,490	11,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	12,450	4,355	8,095	9.7	6.9	12.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,100	6,100	7,630	7,100	6,100	7,630
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	46,905	23,345	23,560	36.7	36.8	36.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,140	8,800	9,470	9,140	8,800	9,470
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	127,750	63,360	64,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	44,085	25,290	18,795	34.5	39.9	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	65,000	56,000	60,800	65,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,200	71,300	61,750	67,200	71,300	61,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	35,825	17,170	18,650	28.0	27.1	29.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	21,000	16,200	18,600	21,000	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,080	30,480	23,960	27,080	30,480	23,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.2	86.8	74.2	81.2	86.8	74.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	75.8	81.2	69.2	75.8	81.2	69.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.9	13.2	25.8	18.9	13.2	25.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	0.9	2.5	1.6	0.9	2.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.5	7.2	10.2	8.5	7.2	10.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.7	6.7	8.9	7.7	6.7	8.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	127,690	63,440	64,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,460	4,240	4,215	6.6	6.7	6.6
With total income	119,230	59,195	60,035	93.4	93.3	93.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,130	5,690	7,445	11.0	9.6	12.4
$10,000 to $19,999	15,390	7,210	8,185	12.9	12.2	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	19,075	9,120	9,955	16.0	15.4	16.6
$30,000 to $39,999	15,525	7,130	8,395	13.0	12.0	14.0
$40,000 to $49,999	12,735	5,740	6,995	10.7	9.7	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	10,205	4,800	5,405	8.6	8.1	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	7,950	3,985	3,960	6.7	6.7	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	6,170	3,405	2,765	5.2	5.8	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	5,115	3,055	2,060	4.3	5.2	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3,805	2,340	1,470	3.2	4.0	2.4
$100,000 and over	10,120	6,720	3,400	8.5	11.4	5.7
$100,000 to $149,999	8,140	5,230	2,910	6.8	8.8	4.8
$150,000 and over	1,980	1,495	480	1.7	2.5	0.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	127,690	63,440	64,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	8,400	4,215	4,185	6.6	6.6	6.5
With after-tax income	119,290	59,225	60,065	93.4	93.4	93.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,305	5,780	7,530	11.2	9.8	12.5
$10,000 to $19,999	16,070	7,600	8,475	13.5	12.8	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	21,530	10,240	11,295	18.0	17.3	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	17,940	8,305	9,630	15.0	14.0	16.0
$40,000 to $49,999	14,680	6,870	7,805	12.3	11.6	13.0
$50,000 to $59,999	10,940	5,500	5,445	9.2	9.3	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	8,230	4,530	3,700	6.9	7.6	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,910	3,540	2,370	5.0	6.0	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,375	2,530	1,840	3.7	4.3	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,550	1,655	900	2.1	2.8	1.5
$100,000 and over	3,750	2,665	1,085	3.1	4.5	1.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,455	1,700	755	2.1	2.9	1.3
$125,000 and over	1,295	965	330	1.1	1.6	0.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	127,690	63,440	64,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	33,335	14,175	19,160	26.1	22.3	29.8
With employment income	94,355	49,265	45,090	73.9	77.7	70.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,210	5,100	6,110	11.9	10.4	13.6
$5,000 to $9,999	8,775	3,800	4,975	9.3	7.7	11.0
$10,000 to $19,999	12,160	5,875	6,290	12.9	11.9	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	9,985	5,275	4,715	10.6	10.7	10.5
$30,000 to $39,999	8,735	4,340	4,395	9.3	8.8	9.7
$40,000 to $49,999	8,590	4,015	4,570	9.1	8.1	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,380	3,740	3,640	7.8	7.6	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	6,090	3,290	2,800	6.5	6.7	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,155	3,080	2,075	5.5	6.3	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,295	2,710	1,585	4.6	5.5	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	3,360	2,085	1,270	3.6	4.2	2.8
$100,000 and over	8,615	5,950	2,665	9.1	12.1	5.9
$100,000 to $124,999	5,080	3,280	1,795	5.4	6.7	4.0
$125,000 and over	3,535	2,665	870	3.7	5.4	1.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	127,690	63,440	64,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	115,045	56,930	58,115	90.1	89.7	90.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,800	31,000	34,400	38,800	31,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	115,055	56,930	58,120	90.1	89.7	90.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,200	29,200	32,000	35,200	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	101,575	52,155	49,420	79.5	82.2	76.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,400	30,200	34,800	40,400	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,295	48,630	44,660	73.1	76.7	69.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,800	32,400	36,000	40,800	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	101,420	49,275	52,145	79.4	77.7	81.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,220	690	3,520	1,220	690	3,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,075	2,450	5,630	6.3	3.9	8.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,200	5,040	6,750	6,200	5,040	6,750
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	127,755	63,360	64,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	115,105	56,845	58,260	90.1	89.7	90.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,320	48,640	38,160	43,320	48,640	38,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	115,125	56,850	58,270	90.1	89.7	90.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,160	40,840	33,560	37,160	40,840	33,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	101,485	51,955	49,530	79.4	82.0	76.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,920	50,160	37,400	43,920	50,160	37,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,295	48,485	44,805	73.0	76.5	69.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,600	50,320	38,360	44,600	50,320	38,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	101,890	49,385	52,505	79.8	77.9	81.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,210	3,248	7,060	5,210	3,248	7,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,100	2,315	5,785	6.3	3.7	9.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,890	6,035	8,630	7,890	6,035	8,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	127,750	63,360	64,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,550	24,960	18,590	34.1	39.4	28.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,000	60,800	50,800	56,000	60,800	50,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,500	67,200	56,200	62,500	67,200	56,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	33,370	16,125	17,245	26.1	25.4	26.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	26,000	22,200	24,200	26,000	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,080	35,960	28,440	32,080	35,960	28,440
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.4	94.2	83.4	89.4	94.2	83.4
Employment income (%)	83.4	88.2	77.4	83.4	88.2	77.4
Government transfers (%)	10.6	5.8	16.7	10.6	5.8	16.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.5	2.3	1.3	0.5	2.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	2,820	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,800	...	...	54,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,200	...	...	47,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	39,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,855	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	133,200	...	...	133,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	114,200	...	...	114,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	2,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	62,350	...	...	62,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,900	...	...	51,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	39,075	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...	138,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,600	...	...	118,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	200	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	125	...	...	0.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	190	...	...	0.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	360	...	...	0.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	375	...	...	0.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	400	...	...	1.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	525	...	...	1.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	645	...	...	1.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	725	...	...	1.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,720	...	...	4.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,015	...	...	4.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,405	...	...	5.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,455	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,635	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	27,015	...	...	64.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,610	...	...	15.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,085	...	...	14.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,070	...	...	19.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,250	...	...	14.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	210	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	135	...	...	0.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	205	...	...	0.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	400	...	...	1.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	405	...	...	1.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	445	...	...	1.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	630	...	...	1.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	765	...	...	1.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	845	...	...	2.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,130	...	...	5.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,715	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,970	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,255	...	...	7.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,355	...	...	8.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,320	...	...	55.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,865	...	...	18.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,050	...	...	14.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,405	...	...	22.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	38,730	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	5,270	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	26,780	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,920	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	10,180	6,460	3,725	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,400	28,400	31,400	29,400	28,400	31,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	28,200	27,200	30,000	28,200	27,200	30,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	38,700	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	134,200	...	...	134,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,385	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,100	...	...	102,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,100	...	...	86,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	26,715	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,200	...	...	146,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,100	...	...	125,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,870	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	104,900	...	...	104,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	10,030	6,275	3,760	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,680	36,040	40,440	37,680	36,040	40,440
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,800	31,320	35,240	32,800	31,320	35,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	161,795	80,885	80,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	40,950	20,965	19,990	25.3	25.9	24.7
0 to 5 years	12,870	6,565	6,310	8.0	8.1	7.8
18 to 64 years	106,710	53,315	53,400	66.0	65.9	66.0
65 years and over	14,130	6,610	7,520	8.7	8.2	9.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,760	4,495	4,265	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,920	1,535	1,380	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	955	490	460	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,985	2,585	2,400	...	...	...
65 years and over	855	370	485	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.4	5.6	5.3	5.4	5.6	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.1	7.3	6.9	7.1	7.3	6.9
0 to 5 years (%)	7.4	7.5	7.3	7.4	7.5	7.3
18 to 64 years (%)	4.7	4.9	4.5	4.7	4.9	4.5
65 years and over (%)	6.1	5.6	6.5	6.1	5.6	6.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	161,795	80,885	80,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	40,950	20,960	19,990	25.3	25.9	24.7
0 to 5 years	12,875	6,565	6,310	8.0	8.1	7.8
18 to 64 years	106,715	53,310	53,400	66.0	65.9	66.0
65 years and over	14,130	6,605	7,525	8.7	8.2	9.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,415	4,315	3,100	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,415	700	715	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	430	205	220	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,655	3,455	2,195	...	...	...
65 years and over	350	155	190	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.6	5.3	3.8	4.6	5.3	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.5	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.3	3.6
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.1	3.6	3.3	3.1	3.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	6.5	4.1	5.3	6.5	4.1
65 years and over (%)	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	161,795	80,880	80,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	72,800	36,800	36,005	45.0	45.5	44.5
In bottom decile	10,510	5,900	4,610	6.5	7.3	5.7
In second decile	12,095	6,070	6,025	7.5	7.5	7.4
In third decile	15,540	7,700	7,845	9.6	9.5	9.7
In fourth decile	16,205	8,050	8,155	10.0	10.0	10.1
In fifth decile	18,450	9,080	9,370	11.4	11.2	11.6
In top half of the distribution	88,990	44,085	44,905	55.0	54.5	55.5
In sixth decile	19,500	9,585	9,910	12.1	11.9	12.2
In seventh decile	19,770	9,780	9,990	12.2	12.1	12.3
In eighth decile	19,770	9,780	9,990	12.2	12.1	12.3
In ninth decile	18,820	9,335	9,490	11.6	11.5	11.7
In top decile	11,130	5,600	5,525	6.9	6.9	6.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	161,795	...	...	161,795	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.258	...	...	0.258	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.358	...	...	0.358	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.229	...	...	0.229	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	161,830	80,900	80,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	146,425	74,465	71,955	90.5	92.0	88.9
French only	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	7,915	3,520	4,395	4.9	4.4	5.4
Neither English nor French	7,335	2,850	4,485	4.5	3.5	5.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	161,830	80,900	80,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	152,080	76,905	75,175	94.0	95.1	92.9
French	1,285	610	675	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	1,250	600	655	0.8	0.7	0.8
Neither English nor French	7,210	2,785	4,425	4.5	3.4	5.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	161,830	80,900	80,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	146,085	73,010	73,075	90.3	90.2	90.3
Official languages	68,755	34,080	34,670	42.5	42.1	42.8
English	67,655	33,555	34,105	41.8	41.5	42.1
French	1,090	525	560	0.7	0.6	0.7
Non-official languages	77,330	38,930	38,405	47.8	48.1	47.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	77,325	38,925	38,400	47.8	48.1	47.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,595	810	790	1.0	1.0	1.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,435	730	700	0.9	0.9	0.9
Amharic	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,030	530	495	0.6	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	205	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030	470	555	0.6	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	985	445	540	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,950	1,260	1,690	1.8	1.6	2.1
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	140	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,560	1,090	1,470	1.6	1.3	1.8
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	245	115	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	90	40	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,725	3,375	3,350	4.2	4.2	4.1
Kannada	250	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayalam	1,330	675	655	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tamil	3,960	1,960	2,000	2.4	2.4	2.5
Telugu	1,155	600	555	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tulu	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	61,870	31,520	30,350	38.2	39.0	37.5
Albanian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,440	655	785	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,435	650	780	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	785	350	430	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	125	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	330	165	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	205	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	85	40	40	0.1	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	55,105	28,310	26,800	34.1	35.0	33.1
Indo-Aryan languages	54,060	27,785	26,275	33.4	34.3	32.5
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	935	460	475	0.6	0.6	0.6
Gujarati	5,440	2,730	2,710	3.4	3.4	3.3
Hindi	6,180	3,095	3,090	3.8	3.8	3.8
Kacchi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	380	180	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	350	165	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	32,850	17,265	15,585	20.3	21.3	19.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	460	215	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Urdu	7,060	3,490	3,570	4.4	4.3	4.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,050	525	530	0.6	0.6	0.7
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	760	375	385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	590	285	305	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,025	2,425	2,600	3.1	3.0	3.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	740	355	385	0.5	0.4	0.5
Portuguese	2,455	1,190	1,265	1.5	1.5	1.6
Romanian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,735	830	910	1.1	1.0	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,335	640	695	0.8	0.8	0.9
Akan (Twi)	570	280	295	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	320	150	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,200	560	635	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	1,165	550	615	0.7	0.7	0.8
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	495	240	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	580	270	305	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	15,745	7,895	7,855	9.7	9.8	9.7
English and French	490	225	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	13,805	6,950	6,860	8.5	8.6	8.5
French and non-official language(s)	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	295	140	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	1,035	520	510	0.6	0.6	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	161,830	80,900	80,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	66,110	32,785	33,330	40.9	40.5	41.2
French	425	210	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	24,730	12,250	12,480	15.3	15.1	15.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	24,725	12,250	12,475	15.3	15.1	15.4
English and French	1,165	530	635	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	64,595	32,880	31,715	39.9	40.6	39.2
French and non-official language(s)	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,725	770	955	1.1	1.0	1.2
Multiple non-official languages	2,975	1,425	1,555	1.8	1.8	1.9
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	161,830	80,900	80,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	141,960	70,955	71,000	87.7	87.7	87.7
Official languages	87,740	43,510	44,235	54.2	53.8	54.7
English	87,035	43,175	43,865	53.8	53.4	54.2
French	705	335	370	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official languages	54,220	27,455	26,765	33.5	33.9	33.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	54,215	27,450	26,765	33.5	33.9	33.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	800	390	410	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	760	365	395	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	535	265	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	730	335	390	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	710	330	385	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,505	695	810	0.9	0.9	1.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,360	620	740	0.8	0.8	0.9
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,805	2,380	2,425	3.0	2.9	3.0
Kannada	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	840	420	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	3,010	1,470	1,540	1.9	1.8	1.9
Telugu	790	405	385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	44,775	22,895	21,885	27.7	28.3	27.0
Albanian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	745	365	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	745	370	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	445	215	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	41,735	21,420	20,310	25.8	26.5	25.1
Indo-Aryan languages	41,070	21,090	19,975	25.4	26.1	24.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	605	295	310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	3,945	1,960	1,990	2.4	2.4	2.5
Hindi	4,235	2,125	2,110	2.6	2.6	2.6
Kacchi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	225	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Oriya languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	26,490	13,890	12,600	16.4	17.2	15.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	215	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	4,905	2,395	2,510	3.0	3.0	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	660	325	330	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	205	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	435	210	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	350	165	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,225	1,065	1,155	1.4	1.3	1.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	175	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,035	510	525	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	975	460	515	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	480	230	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	220	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	760	350	415	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese languages	760	350	410	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	355	170	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	370	165	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	19,870	9,945	9,925	12.3	12.3	12.3
English and French	355	175	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	18,880	9,475	9,400	11.7	11.7	11.6
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	395	180	215	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	161,830	80,900	80,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	105,750	52,450	53,305	65.3	64.8	65.9
English	20,795	10,705	10,095	12.8	13.2	12.5
French	1,125	525	605	0.7	0.6	0.7
Non-official language	23,285	11,640	11,640	14.4	14.4	14.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	23,280	11,640	11,645	14.4	14.4	14.4
English and French	240	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	6,010	3,190	2,820	3.7	3.9	3.5
French and non-official language(s)	675	265	410	0.4	0.3	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,870	1,975	1,895	2.4	2.4	2.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	161,860	80,780	81,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	154,545	78,020	76,525	95.5	96.6	94.4
English	154,380	77,945	76,435	95.4	96.5	94.3
French	7,955	3,645	4,310	4.9	4.5	5.3
Non-official languages	105,355	52,875	52,480	65.1	65.5	64.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	105,355	52,875	52,480	65.1	65.5	64.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,490	1,270	1,215	1.5	1.6	1.5
Berber languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	255	115	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	255	115	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,225	1,170	1,060	1.4	1.4	1.3
Amharic	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,910	1,005	915	1.2	1.2	1.1
Aramaic languages	275	130	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	100	40	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,365	615	750	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,320	600	725	0.8	0.7	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,895	1,615	2,280	2.4	2.0	2.8
Bikol	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	285	130	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,740	1,555	2,185	2.3	1.9	2.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	1,110	495	615	0.7	0.6	0.8
Haitian Creole	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Krio	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Morisyen	370	170	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	350	155	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	10,835	5,445	5,390	6.7	6.7	6.6
Kannada	780	410	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Malayalam	2,140	1,070	1,070	1.3	1.3	1.3
Tamil	6,540	3,320	3,215	4.0	4.1	4.0
Telugu	2,285	1,140	1,145	1.4	1.4	1.4
Tulu	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	83,920	42,895	41,025	51.8	53.1	50.6
Albanian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,740	830	910	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,730	820	905	1.1	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	885	395	490	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	280	155	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	450	225	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Croatian	300	150	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	175	105	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	355	180	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	225	135	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
German	225	135	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	80	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	74,305	38,305	36,000	45.9	47.4	44.4
Indo-Aryan languages	73,225	37,855	35,370	45.2	46.9	43.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,365	670	695	0.8	0.8	0.9
Gujarati	7,365	3,675	3,695	4.6	4.5	4.6
Hindi	32,295	16,600	15,695	20.0	20.5	19.4
Kacchi	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	215	120	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	1,030	500	530	0.6	0.6	0.7
Nepali	520	260	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oriya languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Odia	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45,950	24,220	21,730	28.4	30.0	26.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	695	330	370	0.4	0.4	0.5
Urdu	11,575	5,810	5,765	7.2	7.2	7.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	320	185	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages	1,515	705	805	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	460	235	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian languages	1,160	550	610	0.7	0.7	0.8
Dari	915	410	505	0.6	0.5	0.6
Iranian Persian	200	120	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,670	3,675	3,995	4.7	4.5	4.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,365	715	650	0.8	0.9	0.8
Portuguese	3,625	1,675	1,945	2.2	2.1	2.4
Romanian	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,870	1,330	1,540	1.8	1.6	1.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,510	1,615	1,900	2.2	2.0	2.3
Akan (Twi)	1,035	475	560	0.6	0.6	0.7
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Éwé	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ganda	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	290	145	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	390	205	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,155	530	630	0.7	0.7	0.8
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	340	140	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,595	760	835	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese languages	1,570	750	820	1.0	0.9	1.0
Hakka	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	905	435	470	0.6	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	760	345	415	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Thai	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	200	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	195	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	161,860	80,780	81,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	605	260	340	0.4	0.3	0.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	545	235	310	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian)	320	140	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis	225	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	161,255	80,515	80,740	99.6	99.7	99.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	161,860	80,780	81,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	161,740	80,730	81,010	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	35,845	...	...	85.6	...	...
Renter	6,010	...	...	14.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	2,220	...	...	5.3	...	...
Not condominium	39,630	...	...	94.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	275	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	1,045	...	...	2.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	2,340	...	...	5.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	14,080	...	...	33.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	24,115	...	...	57.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	6,280	...	...	15.0	...	...
5 rooms	7,700	...	...	18.4	...	...
6 rooms	7,865	...	...	18.8	...	...
7 rooms	6,420	...	...	15.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,585	...	...	32.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	38,600	...	...	92.2	...	...
More than one person per room	3,255	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	36,805	...	...	87.9	...	...
Not suitable	5,050	...	...	12.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	590	...	...	1.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,255	...	...	3.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	2,105	...	...	5.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,530	...	...	10.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	11,700	...	...	28.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,025	...	...	14.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	7,220	...	...	17.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,430	...	...	20.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	41,150	...	...	98.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	710	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	12,775	...	...	30.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	22,410	...	...	53.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,670	...	...	15.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	670	...	...	1.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,870	...	...	14.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,580	...	...	27.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,150	...	...	26.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,795	...	...	18.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	3,420	...	...	8.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,055	...	...	2.5	...	...
85 years and over	310	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	27,895	...	...	66.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,865	...	...	33.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,995	...	...	31.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,130	...	...	43.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,455	...	...	29.8	...	...
Not suitable only	3,750	...	...	9.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	445	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,220	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	180	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	23,720	...	...	56.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	40,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,955	...	...	9.7	...	...
Not in core need	36,935	...	...	90.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	35,840	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	86.2	...	...	86.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.0	...	...	32.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.9	...	...	7.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,620	...	...	2,620	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,572	...	...	2,572	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	950,000	...	...	950,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,003,000	...	...	1,003,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,005	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.6	...	...	40.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.8	...	...	20.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,260	...	...	2,260	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,042	...	...	2,042	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	161,860	80,775	81,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	220	90	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	220	90	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	95	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	575	260	310	0.4	0.3	0.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	555	250	300	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	425	195	225	0.3	0.2	0.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	161,065	80,425	80,645	99.5	99.6	99.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	161,860	80,775	81,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	125,405	61,930	63,480	77.5	76.7	78.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	37,035	18,975	18,065	22.9	23.5	22.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	88,370	42,955	45,410	54.6	53.2	56.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	36,450	18,850	17,600	22.5	23.3	21.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	161,860	80,775	81,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	63,075	31,960	31,115	39.0	39.6	38.4
Immigrants⁸¹	89,830	43,450	46,380	55.5	53.8	57.2
Before 1980	6,810	3,115	3,700	4.2	3.9	4.6
1980 to 1990	8,250	3,865	4,385	5.1	4.8	5.4
1991 to 2000	18,045	8,550	9,495	11.1	10.6	11.7
2001 to 2010	27,560	13,380	14,180	17.0	16.6	17.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	29,170	14,545	14,620	18.0	18.0	18.0
2011 to 2015	13,690	6,775	6,920	8.5	8.4	8.5
2016 to 2021	15,480	7,770	7,705	9.6	9.6	9.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,950	5,365	3,585	5.5	6.6	4.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	89,835	43,455	46,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	7,080	3,485	3,600	7.9	8.0	7.8
5 to 14 years	13,290	6,560	6,735	14.8	15.1	14.5
15 to 24 years	18,590	8,080	10,515	20.7	18.6	22.7
25 to 44 years	40,870	20,845	20,020	45.5	48.0	43.2
45 years and over	10,000	4,490	5,510	11.1	10.3	11.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	89,835	43,455	46,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	15,410	6,720	8,695	17.2	15.5	18.7
Brazil	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	180	75	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
El Salvador	295	160	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
Guyana	3,235	1,405	1,825	3.6	3.2	3.9
Haiti	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	6,730	2,835	3,900	7.5	6.5	8.4
Mexico	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	90	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	1,985	915	1,065	2.2	2.1	2.3
United States of America	905	420	490	1.0	1.0	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	1,720	755	965	1.9	1.7	2.1
Europe	5,540	2,655	2,885	6.2	6.1	6.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatia	150	70	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Germany	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Greece	50	20	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungary	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	580	315	265	0.6	0.7	0.6
Netherlands	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	645	295	350	0.7	0.7	0.8
Portugal	1,970	945	1,025	2.2	2.2	2.2
Romania	125	70	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	75	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,055	495	555	1.2	1.1	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	385	180	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	5,310	2,570	2,740	5.9	5.9	5.9
Algeria	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	155	65	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Egypt	235	115	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrea	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	2,025	965	1,060	2.3	2.2	2.3
Somalia	140	60	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,515	1,240	1,275	2.8	2.9	2.7
Asia	63,355	31,415	31,940	70.5	72.3	68.9
Afghanistan	765	355	405	0.9	0.8	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	135	80	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iraq	450	225	220	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanon	160	95	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	680	290	385	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	160	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	3,945	1,705	2,245	4.4	3.9	4.8
Viet Nam	1,125	500	630	1.3	1.2	1.4
Bangladesh	685	335	350	0.8	0.8	0.8
India	43,220	21,850	21,365	48.1	50.3	46.1
Pakistan	6,190	3,110	3,075	6.9	7.2	6.6
Sri Lanka	3,440	1,720	1,725	3.8	4.0	3.7
Other places of birth in Asia	2,065	915	1,155	2.3	2.1	2.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	210	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	15,475	7,775	7,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,160	550	615	7.5	7.1	8.0
Brazil	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	40	0	35	0.3	0.0	0.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	495	260	235	3.2	3.3	3.0
Mexico	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United States of America	290	135	160	1.9	1.7	2.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	305	135	170	2.0	1.7	2.2
Europe	155	95	65	1.0	1.2	0.8
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	30	20	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Russian Federation	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	20	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	50	35	20	0.3	0.5	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	40	25	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
Africa	855	405	445	5.5	5.2	5.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	50	25	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	610	295	310	3.9	3.8	4.0
Somalia	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	125	45	80	0.8	0.6	1.0
Asia	13,270	6,715	6,555	85.8	86.4	85.1
Afghanistan	95	20	75	0.6	0.3	1.0
Bangladesh	40	20	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	60	10	50	0.4	0.1	0.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	11,590	5,995	5,595	74.9	77.1	72.6
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	105	45	60	0.7	0.6	0.8
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	20	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Nepal	50	25	30	0.3	0.3	0.4
Pakistan	575	275	300	3.7	3.5	3.9
Philippines	245	85	160	1.6	1.1	2.1
Saudi Arabia	50	35	15	0.3	0.5	0.2
Sri Lanka	215	100	115	1.4	1.3	1.5
Syria⁸⁹	55	35	25	0.4	0.5	0.3
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	35	15	25	0.2	0.2	0.3
Viet Nam	25	0	25	0.2	0.0	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	95	35	60	0.6	0.5	0.8
Oceania and other⁹³	30	0	30	0.2	0.0	0.4
Australia	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	161,860	80,780	81,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	99,555	49,250	50,305	61.5	61.0	62.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	50,355	25,630	24,725	31.1	31.7	30.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	11,955	5,900	6,055	7.4	7.3	7.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	83,020	40,335	42,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	40,885	21,605	19,280	49.2	53.6	45.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	17,345	12,055	5,290	20.9	29.9	12.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	23,540	9,550	13,990	28.4	23.7	32.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	33,750	14,200	19,545	40.7	35.2	45.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,365	4,005	3,365	8.9	9.9	7.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,020	530	495	1.2	1.3	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	83,020	40,335	42,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,855	2,820	2,035	5.8	7.0	4.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,995	3,150	2,845	7.2	7.8	6.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	805	415	400	1.0	1.0	0.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,805	3,135	1,670	5.8	7.8	3.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	370	180	195	0.4	0.4	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	66,185	30,640	35,545	79.7	76.0	83.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	161,860	80,780	81,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	140,145	70,115	70,035	86.6	86.8	86.4
South Asian	90,595	46,620	43,970	56.0	57.7	54.2
Chinese	1,680	820	860	1.0	1.0	1.1
Black	26,035	12,405	13,635	16.1	15.4	16.8
Filipino	5,550	2,500	3,050	3.4	3.1	3.8
Arab	1,530	755	775	0.9	0.9	1.0
Latin American	2,615	1,235	1,380	1.6	1.5	1.7
Southeast Asian	2,120	1,000	1,120	1.3	1.2	1.4
West Asian	1,495	740	755	0.9	0.9	0.9
Korean	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,855	2,325	2,525	3.0	2.9	3.1
Multiple visible minorities	3,425	1,580	1,845	2.1	2.0	2.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	21,715	10,665	11,050	13.4	13.2	13.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	161,860	80,780	81,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,180	4,670	4,505	5.7	5.8	5.6
English	4,075	2,090	1,990	2.5	2.6	2.5
Irish	2,960	1,415	1,545	1.8	1.8	1.9
Scottish	3,220	1,625	1,605	2.0	2.0	2.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,280	580	700	0.8	0.7	0.9
German	1,540	740	805	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese	2,790	1,325	1,460	1.7	1.6	1.8
Italian	3,345	1,685	1,660	2.1	2.1	2.0
Indian (India)	48,680	24,895	23,785	30.1	30.8	29.3
Ukrainian	610	265	345	0.4	0.3	0.4
Dutch	500	290	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
Polish	1,745	845	900	1.1	1.0	1.1
Québécois	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,050	510	545	0.6	0.6	0.7
Filipino	5,655	2,600	3,050	3.5	3.2	3.8
French Canadian	210	80	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	535	270	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	250	145	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Métis	240	95	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	845	440	410	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	245	110	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Norwegian	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	195	80	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	5,590	2,715	2,870	3.5	3.4	3.5
American	385	175	210	0.2	0.2	0.3
Spanish	1,165	535	635	0.7	0.7	0.8
Swedish	105	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	300	165	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Acadian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistani	7,980	4,015	3,965	4.9	5.0	4.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,015	1,930	2,090	2.5	2.4	2.6
Jewish	125	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	14,025	7,395	6,625	8.7	9.2	8.2
Vietnamese	1,730	805	925	1.1	1.0	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	515	265	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Greek	280	140	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican	9,885	4,665	5,220	6.1	5.8	6.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,410	1,210	1,200	1.5	1.5	1.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	235	125	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lebanese	375	185	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	970	435	535	0.6	0.5	0.7
Danish	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sikh	10,020	5,175	4,850	6.2	6.4	6.0
Austrian	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	105	70	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haitian	130	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	7,620	3,960	3,655	4.7	4.9	4.5
Mexican	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	75	55	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Finnish	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lankan	2,965	1,485	1,480	1.8	1.8	1.8
Croatian	410	210	195	0.3	0.3	0.2
Japanese	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	4,085	2,075	2,005	2.5	2.6	2.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	180	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	1,385	725	660	0.9	0.9	0.8
Egyptian	335	170	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	455	220	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,920	1,470	1,445	1.8	1.8	1.8
Icelandic	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	270	115	160	0.2	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	365	195	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	3,650	1,675	1,975	2.3	2.1	2.4
Afghan	1,205	520	690	0.7	0.6	0.9
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,180	985	1,200	1.3	1.2	1.5
Serbian	190	120	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	190	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	250	120	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Persian	190	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,995	940	1,055	1.2	1.2	1.3
Turkish	220	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	750	380	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Algerian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	1,635	810	825	1.0	1.0	1.0
Armenian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	340	170	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	155	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	260	120	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
African Caribbean	2,155	1,010	1,145	1.3	1.3	1.4
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	515	245	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	220	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,285	610	675	0.8	0.8	0.8
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,890	880	1,010	1.2	1.1	1.2
Lithuanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	105	35	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Congolese	175	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	170	120	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	530	220	310	0.3	0.3	0.4
Peruvian	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	980	500	480	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cambodian (Khmer)	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	450	250	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,510	710	795	0.9	0.9	1.0
Eritrean	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	740	370	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Israeli	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	1,065	525	540	0.7	0.6	0.7
Barbadian	380	170	210	0.2	0.2	0.3
African American	435	200	235	0.3	0.2	0.3
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	50	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	95	40	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cuban	250	105	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	220	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	195	105	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	220	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	250	115	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	1,120	585	535	0.7	0.7	0.7
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	80	50	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	390	200	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	395	170	230	0.2	0.2	0.3
Byelorussian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	160	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	190	70	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	245	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	275	120	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordanian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	355	170	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayali	495	250	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chaldean	95	35	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sinhalese	380	185	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mayan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	325	160	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	250	115	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	385	180	205	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ugandan	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	80	55	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yemeni	45	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	305	145	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	140	40	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Igorot	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	400	190	210	0.2	0.2	0.3
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	195	80	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tajik	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	161,860	80,780	81,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,725	745	980	1.1	0.9	1.2
Christian	55,345	25,940	29,400	34.2	32.1	36.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	15,195	7,135	8,065	9.4	8.8	9.9
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,420	630	790	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baptist	1,135	545	590	0.7	0.7	0.7
Catholic	26,330	12,540	13,790	16.3	15.5	17.0
Christian Orthodox	945	505	445	0.6	0.6	0.5
Jehovah's Witness	600	245	355	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	260	145	115	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	5,225	2,385	2,840	3.2	3.0	3.5
Presbyterian	535	260	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Reformed	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	960	350	615	0.6	0.4	0.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,425	1,070	1,350	1.5	1.3	1.7
Hindu	33,000	16,930	16,070	20.4	21.0	19.8
Jewish	70	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Muslim	17,220	8,585	8,635	10.6	10.6	10.6
Sikh	39,495	20,585	18,905	24.4	25.5	23.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	715	365	350	0.4	0.5	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	14,285	7,580	6,710	8.8	9.4	8.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	159,795	79,780	80,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	137,180	67,945	69,235	85.8	85.2	86.5
Movers	22,615	11,835	10,780	14.2	14.8	13.5
Non-migrants	15,630	8,260	7,370	9.8	10.4	9.2
Migrants	6,985	3,575	3,405	4.4	4.5	4.3
Internal migrants	4,680	2,395	2,285	2.9	3.0	2.9
Intraprovincial migrants	4,225	2,160	2,060	2.6	2.7	2.6
Interprovincial migrants	455	235	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	2,305	1,180	1,120	1.4	1.5	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	151,185	75,455	75,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	80,700	39,455	41,245	53.4	52.3	54.5
Movers	70,485	36,000	34,490	46.6	47.7	45.5
Non-migrants	34,940	17,660	17,280	23.1	23.4	22.8
Migrants	35,550	18,335	17,215	23.5	24.3	22.7
Internal migrants	18,295	9,340	8,955	12.1	12.4	11.8
Intraprovincial migrants	16,110	8,100	8,010	10.7	10.7	10.6
Interprovincial migrants	2,185	1,235	945	1.4	1.6	1.2
External migrants	17,255	8,995	8,255	11.4	11.9	10.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	127,750	63,360	64,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,175	9,875	10,295	15.8	15.6	16.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	107,575	53,480	54,095	84.2	84.4	84.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,890	43,425	45,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,590	4,525	4,055	9.7	10.4	8.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	80,305	38,900	41,405	90.3	89.6	91.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	127,755	63,360	64,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,195	9,335	9,865	15.0	14.7	15.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	34,440	17,960	16,475	27.0	28.3	25.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	74,115	36,060	38,055	58.0	56.9	59.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,095	15,285	14,810	23.6	24.1	23.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,495	2,990	1,505	3.5	4.7	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,620	1,620	995	2.1	2.6	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,870	1,370	500	1.5	2.2	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	21,610	10,330	11,290	16.9	16.3	17.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,990	1,965	2,025	3.1	3.1	3.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,025	20,780	23,245	34.5	32.8	36.1
Bachelor's degree	28,105	13,310	14,795	22.0	21.0	23.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,800	1,445	1,355	2.2	2.3	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	955	375	580	0.7	0.6	0.9
Master's degree	11,660	5,345	6,315	9.1	8.4	9.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	505	310	195	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,885	43,425	45,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,870	4,140	3,730	8.9	9.5	8.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,760	10,330	9,430	22.2	23.8	20.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,255	28,960	32,300	68.9	66.7	71.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,935	11,110	11,825	25.8	25.6	26.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,365	2,215	1,150	3.8	5.1	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,890	1,135	750	2.1	2.6	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,475	1,075	395	1.7	2.5	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,580	7,470	9,115	18.7	17.2	20.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,990	1,430	1,565	3.4	3.3	3.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	38,320	17,850	20,470	43.1	41.1	45.0
Bachelor's degree	23,620	11,055	12,565	26.6	25.5	27.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,415	1,250	1,165	2.7	2.9	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	870	305	565	1.0	0.7	1.2
Master's degree	10,970	4,975	5,995	12.3	11.5	13.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	440	265	180	0.5	0.6	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	127,755	63,355	64,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	53,640	27,300	26,340	42.0	43.1	40.9
Education	2,460	385	2,075	1.9	0.6	3.2
13. Education	2,460	385	2,075	1.9	0.6	3.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,450	630	820	1.1	1.0	1.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	185	145	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,265	490	780	1.0	0.8	1.2
Humanities	5,460	1,795	3,665	4.3	2.8	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	70	325	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	710	165	545	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,575	1,255	2,315	2.8	2.0	3.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	405	160	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,505	2,245	5,255	5.9	3.5	8.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	15	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	595	245	350	0.5	0.4	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,575	150	1,430	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,390	485	905	1.1	0.8	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	825	170	655	0.6	0.3	1.0
45. Social sciences	2,915	1,130	1,785	2.3	1.8	2.8
Business, management and public administration	19,825	9,465	10,355	15.5	14.9	16.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,065	245	820	0.8	0.4	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	18,740	9,215	9,525	14.7	14.5	14.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,010	1,665	2,340	3.1	2.6	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,510	525	980	1.2	0.8	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,400	595	805	1.1	0.9	1.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	870	480	390	0.7	0.8	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	175	60	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,925	4,370	2,560	5.4	6.9	4.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,230	4,015	2,210	4.9	6.3	3.4
25. Library science	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	535	265	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	80	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,900	11,920	1,980	10.9	18.8	3.1
04. Architecture and related services	345	220	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	6,645	5,280	1,365	5.2	8.3	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,280	2,860	420	2.6	4.5	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,080	1,070	10	0.8	1.7	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,760	1,715	40	1.4	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	785	775	15	0.6	1.2	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	705	405	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	565	345	215	0.4	0.5	0.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	8,990	1,820	7,170	7.0	2.9	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	570	320	255	0.4	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,290	1,455	6,840	6.5	2.3	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,875	1,350	1,525	2.3	2.1	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,490	385	1,105	1.2	0.6	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	940	575	365	0.7	0.9	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	440	390	50	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	88,890	43,425	45,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,630	14,470	13,160	31.1	33.3	28.9
Education	1,935	270	1,665	2.2	0.6	3.7
13. Education	1,935	270	1,665	2.2	0.6	3.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,120	475	640	1.3	1.1	1.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	110	15	0.1	0.3	0.0
50. Visual and performing arts	990	360	625	1.1	0.8	1.4
Humanities	4,390	1,335	3,055	4.9	3.1	6.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	315	50	270	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	590	120	470	0.7	0.3	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,845	925	1,920	3.2	2.1	4.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	355	135	215	0.4	0.3	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,125	1,755	4,365	6.9	4.0	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	0	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	485	180	305	0.5	0.4	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,210	90	1,120	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,165	380	790	1.3	0.9	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	685	150	535	0.8	0.3	1.2
45. Social sciences	2,420	905	1,515	2.7	2.1	3.3
Business, management and public administration	16,750	7,690	9,060	18.8	17.7	19.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	890	205	690	1.0	0.5	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,840	7,485	8,355	17.8	17.2	18.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,030	1,195	1,830	3.4	2.8	4.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,095	360	735	1.2	0.8	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,065	420	645	1.2	1.0	1.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	720	380	345	0.8	0.9	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	115	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,150	3,795	2,350	6.9	8.7	5.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,520	3,475	2,040	6.2	8.0	4.5
25. Library science	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	490	240	255	0.6	0.6	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	100	75	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,420	9,640	1,785	12.8	22.2	3.9
04. Architecture and related services	305	195	110	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	5,860	4,590	1,270	6.6	10.6	2.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,485	2,145	340	2.8	4.9	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	875	865	10	1.0	2.0	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,320	1,290	35	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	570	560	10	0.6	1.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	575	325	250	0.6	0.7	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	460	280	180	0.5	0.6	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Health and related fields	7,565	1,485	6,080	8.5	3.4	13.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	360	215	150	0.4	0.5	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,090	1,230	5,860	8.0	2.8	12.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,195	985	1,210	2.5	2.3	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,165	270	890	1.3	0.6	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	695	415	280	0.8	1.0	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	330	290	40	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	88,890	43,425	45,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,630	14,470	13,160	31.1	33.3	28.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	61,260	28,960	32,300	68.9	66.7	71.0
Location of study inside Canada	30,015	13,820	16,195	33.8	31.8	35.6
Same as province or territory of residence	28,670	13,175	15,500	32.3	30.3	34.1
Different than province or territory of residence	1,345	650	695	1.5	1.5	1.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	31,240	15,135	16,110	35.1	34.9	35.4
Americas	2,815	1,435	1,380	3.2	3.3	3.0
United States of America	1,235	690	545	1.4	1.6	1.2
Mexico	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	630	285	350	0.7	0.7	0.8
Brazil	50	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombia	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	730	360	365	0.8	0.8	0.8
Europe	1,295	735	565	1.5	1.7	1.2
Belgium	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Germany	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	115	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	30	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	715	370	345	0.8	0.9	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	135	90	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Africa	1,220	590	630	1.4	1.4	1.4
Nigeria	720	350	370	0.8	0.8	0.8
Algeria	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	330	155	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
Asia	25,730	12,260	13,470	28.9	28.2	29.6
Iran⁸⁸	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	245	115	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	1,565	570	995	1.8	1.3	2.2
Viet Nam	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bangladesh	240	120	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	310	155	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
India	20,685	9,970	10,710	23.3	23.0	23.6
Pakistan	2,015	990	1,025	2.3	2.3	2.3
Other locations of study in Asia	350	160	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oceania	175	110	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
Australia	135	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
New Zealand	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	127,755	63,360	64,395	...	...	...
In the labour force	89,530	47,850	41,680	...	...	...
Employed	78,175	42,930	35,255	...	...	...
Unemployed	11,355	4,925	6,430	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	38,225	15,510	22,715	...	...	...
Participation rate	70.1	75.5	64.7	70.1	75.5	64.7
Employment rate	61.2	67.8	54.7	61.2	67.8	54.7
Unemployment rate	12.7	10.3	15.4	12.7	10.3	15.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	127,755	63,360	64,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	44,010	18,785	25,225	34.4	29.6	39.2
Worked	83,740	44,570	39,170	65.5	70.3	60.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	45,330	26,095	19,240	35.5	41.2	29.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	38,410	18,480	19,925	30.1	29.2	30.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4	42.0	38.7	40.4	42.0	38.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	89,530	47,850	41,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,390	1,480	1,910	3.8	3.1	4.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	86,140	46,370	39,770	96.2	96.9	95.4
Employee	72,415	36,105	36,310	80.9	75.5	87.1
Permanent position	60,670	30,780	29,885	67.8	64.3	71.7
Temporary position	11,745	5,325	6,420	13.1	11.1	15.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,650	1,635	2,020	4.1	3.4	4.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,095	3,690	4,400	9.0	7.7	10.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,730	10,265	3,460	15.3	21.5	8.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	89,530	47,850	41,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,390	1,480	1,910	3.8	3.1	4.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	86,140	46,370	39,770	96.2	96.9	95.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	460	340	125	0.5	0.7	0.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	16,885	6,295	10,585	18.9	13.2	25.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,480	7,465	3,015	11.7	15.6	7.2
3 Health occupations	5,395	830	4,565	6.0	1.7	11.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,795	1,875	4,920	7.6	3.9	11.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,165	580	590	1.3	1.2	1.4
6 Sales and service occupations	19,565	8,750	10,810	21.9	18.3	25.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	19,215	16,560	2,655	21.5	34.6	6.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	335	260	75	0.4	0.5	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,850	3,420	2,430	6.5	7.1	5.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	89,530	47,850	41,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,390	1,480	1,910	3.8	3.1	4.6
All industries¹⁹¹	86,140	46,370	39,770	96.2	96.9	95.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	175	125	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	75	60	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	380	210	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
23 Construction	4,735	4,020	715	5.3	8.4	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	8,835	5,790	3,050	9.9	12.1	7.3
41 Wholesale trade	3,455	2,010	1,450	3.9	4.2	3.5
44-45 Retail trade	10,310	5,035	5,275	11.5	10.5	12.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	13,620	10,100	3,520	15.2	21.1	8.4
51 Information and cultural industries	1,960	1,190	770	2.2	2.5	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	6,265	2,820	3,450	7.0	5.9	8.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,820	1,095	730	2.0	2.3	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,295	4,810	3,485	9.3	10.1	8.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	385	205	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,220	2,185	2,030	4.7	4.6	4.9
61 Educational services	3,925	1,025	2,900	4.4	2.1	7.0
62 Health care and social assistance	8,030	1,220	6,810	9.0	2.5	16.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	675	370	310	0.8	0.8	0.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,760	1,620	2,140	4.2	3.4	5.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,590	1,340	1,250	2.9	2.8	3.0
91 Public administration	2,615	1,140	1,475	2.9	2.4	3.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	93,190	49,515	43,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	83,360	43,915	39,445	89.5	88.7	90.3
French	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	1,140	645	495	1.2	1.3	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,140	645	495	1.2	1.3	1.1
English and French	895	395	500	1.0	0.8	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	7,590	4,495	3,100	8.1	9.1	7.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	93,190	49,515	43,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	91,310	48,410	42,900	98.0	97.8	98.2
Official languages	88,970	47,000	41,975	95.5	94.9	96.1
English	88,750	46,925	41,830	95.2	94.8	95.8
French	220	75	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	2,340	1,405	930	2.5	2.8	2.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,340	1,405	930	2.5	2.8	2.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,125	1,305	825	2.3	2.6	1.9
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,960	1,220	745	2.1	2.5	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages	1,950	1,215	735	2.1	2.5	1.7
Bengali	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,610	1,070	540	1.7	2.2	1.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	135	80	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,880	1,105	770	2.0	2.2	1.8
English and French	220	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,645	1,010	635	1.8	2.0	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	93,190	49,515	43,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	86,200	45,530	40,670	92.5	92.0	93.1
English	1,125	715	410	1.2	1.4	0.9
French	565	260	305	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	3,855	2,250	1,610	4.1	4.5	3.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,855	2,250	1,610	4.1	4.5	3.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	145	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,250	670	580	1.3	1.4	1.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	78,180	42,925	35,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	19,670	9,525	10,145	25.2	22.2	28.8
Worked outside Canada	475	385	85	0.6	0.9	0.2
No fixed workplace address	12,155	9,225	2,925	15.5	21.5	8.3
Usual place of work	45,880	23,785	22,095	58.7	55.4	62.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	45,880	23,780	22,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	19,055	8,720	10,330	41.5	36.7	46.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	13,905	7,470	6,435	30.3	31.4	29.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,835	7,550	5,285	28.0	31.7	23.9
Commute to a different province or territory	85	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	58,035	33,010	25,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	50,550	29,920	20,635	87.1	90.6	82.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	45,480	28,095	17,390	78.4	85.1	69.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	5,070	1,820	3,245	8.7	5.5	13.0
Public transit	5,330	2,230	3,105	9.2	6.8	12.4
Walked	655	210	445	1.1	0.6	1.8
Bicycle	70	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other method	1,425	605	820	2.5	1.8	3.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	58,035	33,010	25,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,400	2,855	3,545	11.0	8.6	14.2
15 to 29 minutes	18,410	10,165	8,245	31.7	30.8	33.0
30 to 44 minutes	18,975	11,640	7,335	32.7	35.3	29.3
45 to 59 minutes	6,560	3,890	2,670	11.3	11.8	10.7
60 minutes and over	7,685	4,465	3,225	13.2	13.5	12.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	58,035	33,010	25,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,080	3,550	1,530	8.8	10.8	6.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,705	5,700	4,005	16.7	17.3	16.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,655	6,195	5,465	20.1	18.8	21.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,095	5,150	4,940	17.4	15.6	19.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,635	4,640	3,995	14.9	14.1	16.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	12,860	7,775	5,085	22.2	23.6	20.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	41,660	21,330	20,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,415	1,755	1,660	8.2	8.2	8.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	38,240	19,570	18,670	91.8	91.7	91.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	30,315	15,550	14,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,825	1,450	1,380	9.3	9.3	9.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,010	1,035	975	6.6	6.7	6.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	815	415	405	2.7	2.7	2.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	27,490	14,105	13,385	90.7	90.7	90.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed February 14, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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