Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Caledon, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	76,581	...	...
Population, 2016¹	66,502^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	15.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	24,795	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	23,699	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	111.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	688.82	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	76,580	38,475	38,110
0 to 14 years	13,155	6,745	6,405
0 to 4 years	3,705	1,895	1,810
5 to 9 years	4,370	2,215	2,160
10 to 14 years	5,080	2,640	2,440
15 to 64 years	52,025	26,300	25,725
15 to 19 years	5,555	2,925	2,635
20 to 24 years	5,435	3,020	2,415
25 to 29 years	4,340	2,345	1,995
30 to 34 years	4,285	2,085	2,205
35 to 39 years	4,680	2,260	2,420
40 to 44 years	5,155	2,470	2,685
45 to 49 years	5,560	2,730	2,830
50 to 54 years	6,225	3,025	3,205
55 to 59 years	6,115	3,100	3,015
60 to 64 years	4,670	2,340	2,325
65 years and over	11,395	5,420	5,975
65 to 69 years	3,640	1,775	1,865
70 to 74 years	3,080	1,440	1,640
75 to 79 years	2,160	1,040	1,120
80 to 84 years	1,435	705	730
85 years and over	1,085	465	620
85 to 89 years	760	330	430
90 to 94 years	260	120	145
95 to 99 years	60	15	45
100 years and over	5	0	5
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.2	17.5	16.8
15 to 64 years	67.9	68.4	67.5
65 years and over	14.9	14.1	15.7
85 years and over	1.4	1.2	1.6
Average age of the population	40.0	39.3	40.7
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	23,700	...	...
Single-detached house	19,120	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,650	...	...
Row house	1,825	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	335	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	480	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	255	...	...
Other single-attached house	15	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	23,700	...	...
1 person	3,140	...	...
2 persons	6,260	...	...
3 persons	4,295	...	...
4 persons	5,710	...	...
5 or more persons	4,295	...	...
Number of persons in private households	76,090	38,200	37,890
Average household size	3.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	63,425	31,725	31,705
Married or living common-law	39,430	19,730	19,705
Married	35,890	17,950	17,935
Living common-law	3,545	1,775	1,770
Living common law - Never married	2,190	1,100	1,085
Living common law - Separated	195	105	90
Living common law - Divorced	1,060	525	535
Living common law - Widowed	105	45	55
Not married and not living common-law	24,000	11,995	12,000
Not married and not living common law - Never married	17,700	9,925	7,775
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,280	555	725
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	2,330	930	1,400
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	2,685	590	2,095
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	21,930	...	...
2 persons	8,345	...	...
3 persons	4,865	...	...
4 persons	6,330	...	...
5 or more persons	2,385	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	21,925	...	...
Total couple families	19,290	...	...
Married couples	17,520	...	...
With children⁶	11,585	...	...
Without children	5,930	...	...
Common-law couples	1,770	...	...
With children⁶	795	...	...
Without children	975	...	...
Total one-parent families	2,640	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,000	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	640	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	76,090	38,200	37,890
Total - Persons in census families	69,055	34,790	34,265
Married spouses or common-law partners	38,580	19,285	19,290
Parents in one-parent families	2,640	640	1,995
Children⁶	27,840	14,865	12,980
In a two-parent family	23,585	12,580	11,015
In a one-parent family	4,255	2,290	1,970
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	7,030	3,410	3,620
Living alone	3,145	1,465	1,680
Living with other relatives⁷	2,370	940	1,430
Living with non-relatives only	1,520	1,010	515
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	23,700	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	16,590	...	...
Couple-family households	14,870	...	...
With children⁶	9,805	...	...
Without children	5,060	...	...
One-parent-family households	1,725	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,145	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	430	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	895	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	495	...	...
One-person households	3,145	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	62,935	31,450	31,485
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,330	30,085	30,245
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	50,800	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,390	30,120	30,265
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,400	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,970	27,960	27,015
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,000	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	46,485	24,225	22,255
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,200	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	53,535	26,340	27,195
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	5,320	8,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,490	2,170	3,315
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	19,110	9,590	9,520
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	62,935	31,460	31,475
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,240	30,080	30,160
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,100	70,000	52,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,290	30,100	30,185
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,320	55,200	43,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	55,045	27,970	27,080
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,600	67,500	47,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	46,485	24,170	22,315
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,950	65,600	47,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	53,685	26,520	27,160
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,540	8,270	10,790
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,450	2,100	3,350
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,010	6,320	7,440
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	19,015	9,530	9,480
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,830	8,460	9,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	62,935	31,460	31,480
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,380	13,190	10,190
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500	79,500	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	85,800	93,700	75,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	16,950	8,000	8,950
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	20,200	15,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,600	33,920	25,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.0	89.6	81.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.8	75.4	67.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.9	10.4	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.1	6.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	3.8	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	62,940	31,455	31,485
Without total income	2,610	1,365	1,245
With total income	60,325	30,085	30,240
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,465	2,425	3,040
$10,000 to $19,999	7,170	3,200	3,970
$20,000 to $29,999	8,310	3,685	4,620
$30,000 to $39,999	6,650	3,015	3,640
$40,000 to $49,999	5,600	2,550	3,050
$50,000 to $59,999	4,865	2,250	2,615
$60,000 to $69,999	4,025	2,025	2,000
$70,000 to $79,999	3,345	1,800	1,545
$80,000 to $89,999	2,890	1,650	1,245
$90,000 to $99,999	2,395	1,370	1,030
$100,000 and over	9,600	6,115	3,490
$100,000 to $149,999	6,350	3,815	2,540
$150,000 and over	3,250	2,295	950
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	62,940	31,455	31,485
Without after-tax income	2,550	1,330	1,220
With after-tax income	60,390	30,125	30,265
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,795	2,555	3,240
$10,000 to $19,999	7,490	3,355	4,140
$20,000 to $29,999	9,395	4,230	5,165
$30,000 to $39,999	7,660	3,525	4,140
$40,000 to $49,999	6,725	3,075	3,655
$50,000 to $59,999	5,515	2,800	2,715
$60,000 to $69,999	4,420	2,385	2,035
$70,000 to $79,999	3,545	2,070	1,470
$80,000 to $89,999	3,160	1,685	1,475
$90,000 to $99,999	1,905	1,180	725
$100,000 and over	4,775	3,270	1,505
$100,000 to $124,999	2,360	1,550	810
$125,000 and over	2,415	1,725	695
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	62,940	31,455	31,485
Without employment income	16,450	7,225	9,225
With employment income	46,485	24,230	22,260
Under $5,000 (including loss)	6,055	2,845	3,205
$5,000 to $9,999	3,730	1,665	2,070
$10,000 to $19,999	5,180	2,475	2,705
$20,000 to $29,999	4,005	2,045	1,965
$30,000 to $39,999	3,460	1,640	1,820
$40,000 to $49,999	3,415	1,585	1,830
$50,000 to $59,999	3,280	1,570	1,710
$60,000 to $69,999	2,905	1,510	1,395
$70,000 to $79,999	2,465	1,370	1,095
$80,000 to $89,999	2,250	1,295	960
$90,000 to $99,999	2,035	1,180	850
$100,000 and over	7,705	5,055	2,650
$100,000 to $124,999	3,630	2,145	1,490
$125,000 and over	4,075	2,915	1,165
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	62,935	31,450	31,485
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,715	29,185	29,530
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	51,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,735	29,190	29,545
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	54,165	27,415	26,740
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,800	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	46,540	24,165	22,370
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	51,200	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	49,765	24,520	25,245
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,400	730	3,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,895	1,420	2,475
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,760	5,160	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	62,935	31,460	31,475
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	58,815	29,200	29,615
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,950	69,600	50,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	58,835	29,210	29,625
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,040	54,300	41,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,220	27,365	26,855
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	69,900	48,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	46,465	24,090	22,380
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,050	67,100	48,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	49,860	24,465	25,395
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,065	4,832	7,250
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,860	1,345	2,515
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,700	5,985	8,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	62,935	31,460	31,480
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,275	13,125	10,150
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	76,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	83,000	91,700	71,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	16,065	7,530	8,540
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	26,800	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,280	41,400	31,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.4	94.2	87.6
Employment income (%)	76.4	79.6	72.4
Government transfers (%)	8.6	5.8	12.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	23,700	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	3,145	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	20,555	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	23,700	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	155,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	125,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,160	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	74,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	20,535	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	167,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	135,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	23,700	...	...
Under $5,000	120	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	55	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	90	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	245	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	320	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	390	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	315	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	380	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	410	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	425	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	890	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,000	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,065	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,155	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,145	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,705	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	2,905	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,790	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,415	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,590	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	23,700	...	...
Under $5,000	175	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	55	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	90	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	260	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	350	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	430	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	340	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	440	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	490	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	525	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,120	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,285	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,400	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,465	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,445	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,835	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,670	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,125	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,035	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	20,330	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	5,235	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,345	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	164,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	2,140	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	4,670	2,470	2,195
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,600	44,400	42,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	40,000	38,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	20,295	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	166,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	134,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,195	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	143,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,375	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	185,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	2,115	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	114,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	96,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	4,650	2,395	2,265
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	64,600	71,600	57,250
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,700	56,350	48,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	76,090	38,200	37,885
0 to 17 years	16,450	8,470	7,985
0 to 5 years	4,505	2,305	2,200
18 to 64 years	48,395	24,355	24,040
65 years and over	11,245	5,380	5,870
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	3,430	1,670	1,760
0 to 17 years	780	410	370
0 to 5 years	235	130	105
18 to 64 years	1,885	945	945
65 years and over	765	315	450
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	4.5	4.4	4.7
0 to 17 years (%)	4.7	4.9	4.6
0 to 5 years (%)	5.2	5.7	4.7
18 to 64 years (%)	3.9	3.9	3.9
65 years and over (%)	6.8	5.8	7.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	76,085	38,200	37,890
0 to 17 years	16,450	8,470	7,980
0 to 5 years	4,510	2,310	2,205
18 to 64 years	48,395	24,355	24,040
65 years and over	11,245	5,375	5,870
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	1,520	860	665
0 to 17 years	275	150	120
0 to 5 years	70	45	25
18 to 64 years	1,065	625	445
65 years and over	180	85	95
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.0	2.3	1.7
0 to 17 years (%)	1.7	1.8	1.5
0 to 5 years (%)	1.5	1.9	1.1
18 to 64 years (%)	2.2	2.6	1.9
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.6	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	76,090	38,200	37,890
In bottom half of the distribution	23,820	11,885	11,935
In bottom decile	3,235	1,705	1,530
In second decile	3,810	1,810	2,000
In third decile	4,655	2,305	2,350
In fourth decile	5,640	2,850	2,790
In fifth decile	6,485	3,215	3,265
In top half of the distribution	52,270	26,315	25,955
In sixth decile	7,450	3,685	3,760
In seventh decile	9,005	4,485	4,525
In eighth decile	10,310	5,160	5,150
In ninth decile	12,075	6,055	6,015
In top decile	13,430	6,930	6,500
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	76,085	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.318	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.402	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.273	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	76,120	38,215	37,900
English only	69,675	35,655	34,020
French only	30	10	15
English and French	4,480	1,805	2,675
Neither English nor French	1,935	740	1,195
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	76,120	38,215	37,900
English	73,320	37,090	36,225
French	575	260	320
English and French	320	140	180
Neither English nor French	1,905	730	1,175
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	76,120	38,215	37,900
Single responses	72,195	36,270	35,920
Official languages	49,770	25,090	24,680
English	49,225	24,840	24,380
French	545	245	300
Non-official languages	22,420	11,180	11,245
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,420	11,180	11,245
Afro-Asiatic languages	550	280	270
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	5	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	545	275	265
Amharic	5	0	0
Arabic	275	150	125
Aramaic languages	195	95	100
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	75	80
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	15	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	5
Maltese	60	25	35
Tigrigna	5	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	155	70	80
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	135	60	75
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	315	125	190
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5
Ilocano	20	10	10
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	280	110	170
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	35	15	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	660	310	350
Kannada	15	5	5
Malayalam	70	40	35
Tamil	525	245	290
Telugu	45	20	25
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	19,665	9,890	9,770
Albanian	30	15	10
Armenian	15	5	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,850	880	975
Baltic languages	40	20	20
Latvian	15	10	5
Lithuanian	25	10	15
Slavic languages	1,815	855	955
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	15	10
Czech	65	30	30
Macedonian	80	25	50
Polish	730	345	385
Russian	245	115	135
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	350	170	175
Bosnian	10	0	5
Croatian	265	125	135
Serbian	75	40	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	35	10	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	85	45	40
Ukrainian	195	100	100
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	615	295	325
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	425	205	220
German	415	200	210
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	5	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	155	75	85
Afrikaans	10	0	5
Dutch	140	65	75
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	5
Scandinavian languages	30	15	15
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	5	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	180	80	100
Indo-Iranian languages	10,670	5,510	5,160
Indo-Aryan languages	10,360	5,350	5,010
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	25	15	10
Gujarati	555	285	275
Hindi	600	305	290
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	5	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	15	5	5
Nepali	25	10	15
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	5	0	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,465	4,375	4,090
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	120	70	50
Urdu	525	265	260
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Iranian languages	305	165	145
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	5	0
Persian languages	290	155	135
Dari	135	70	65
Iranian Persian	120	65	60
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,300	3,110	3,195
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	4,110	2,055	2,055
Portuguese	1,080	545	545
Romanian	125	60	65
Spanish	980	445	535
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	15	5	10
Korean	85	40	40
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	175	85	90
Akan (Twi)	95	45	50
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	5	10
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	5	5
American Sign Language	5	0	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	505	235	275
Chinese languages	500	230	275
Hakka	5	0	5
Mandarin	345	160	190
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	135	65	75
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	5	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	15
Lao	20	5	10
Thai	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	50	30	20
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	45	30	20
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	165	70	95
Estonian	15	10	10
Finnish	15	0	5
Hungarian	135	60	80
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,930	1,950	1,980
English and French	245	120	125
English and non-official language(s)	3,350	1,690	1,665
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50
Multiple non-official languages	220	95	125
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	76,120	38,215	37,900
English	52,470	26,505	25,960
French	100	50	45
Non-official language	6,095	3,020	3,075
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	6,095	3,020	3,075
English and French	585	265	315
English and non-official language(s)	16,000	8,000	8,000
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	450	180	270
Multiple non-official languages	405	185	215
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	76,120	38,215	37,900
Single responses	72,280	36,280	36,000
Official languages	60,645	30,430	30,210
English	60,485	30,355	30,135
French	155	80	75
Non-official languages	11,640	5,850	5,790
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	11,640	5,850	5,790
Afro-Asiatic languages	250	120	130
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	245	120	130
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	130	65	65
Aramaic languages	110	50	60
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80	35	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	85	40	45
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	80	40	45
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	120	55	65
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	50	60
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	25	15	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	440	220	225
Kannada	5	5	0
Malayalam	45	25	20
Tamil	365	175	185
Telugu	30	10	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,210	5,155	5,055
Albanian	5	5	5
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	710	365	350
Baltic languages	15	5	10
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	10	0	5
Slavic languages	695	360	340
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	0
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	20	10	10
Polish	285	150	135
Russian	140	75	70
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	100	50	50
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	70	40	30
Serbian	30	10	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	5
Ukrainian	95	45	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	55	25	30
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	45	25	25
German	45	25	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	50	25	25
Indo-Iranian languages	7,690	3,955	3,740
Indo-Aryan languages	7,550	3,880	3,670
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	20	10	10
Gujarati	350	180	170
Hindi	340	175	170
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	5	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	5	5	5
Nepali	20	10	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,420	3,310	3,110
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	30	30
Urdu	315	160	160
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	145	75	70
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	140	70	65
Dari	65	35	30
Iranian Persian	65	30	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,695	785	905
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	990	455	535
Portuguese	275	135	135
Romanian	55	30	30
Spanish	370	165	205
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	5	0	0
Korean	45	25	25
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	60	30	30
Akan (Twi)	40	20	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	10
American Sign Language	10	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	305	140	165
Chinese languages	300	140	160
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	245	115	130
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	20	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	15	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	25	15	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	45	25	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	40	20	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,835	1,940	1,900
English and French	110	50	60
English and non-official language(s)	3,635	1,845	1,790
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15
Multiple non-official languages	50	30	25
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	76,120	38,215	37,900
None	61,730	31,130	30,600
English	4,510	2,335	2,180
French	545	240	305
Non-official language	7,665	3,710	3,955
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	7,665	3,710	3,955
English and French	60	20	45
English and non-official language(s)	665	335	325
French and non-official language(s)	235	90	140
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	700	345	350
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	76,090	38,200	37,890
Official languages	74,170	37,495	36,675
English	74,125	37,475	36,655
French	4,515	1,840	2,675
Non-official languages	31,810	15,680	16,135
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	31,805	15,675	16,130
Afro-Asiatic languages	885	460	425
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	0
Hausa	10	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	875	455	425
Amharic	15	15	0
Arabic	525	270	250
Aramaic languages	330	160	170
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	255	130	125
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	100	40	60
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	65	35	30
Maltese	75	35	45
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	185	75	110
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	170	70	100
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	485	180	305
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	20	10	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	0	20
Ilocano	20	0	20
Indonesian	10	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	35	20	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	430	150	280
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	165	80	80
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	60	30	30
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	25	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	60	35	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20
Dravidian languages	1,000	475	520
Kannada	30	15	15
Malayalam	135	60	75
Tamil	830	395	435
Telugu	75	40	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	28,055	13,945	14,105
Albanian	20	10	15
Armenian	10	0	10
Balto-Slavic languages	2,595	1,255	1,340
Baltic languages	45	15	30
Latvian	20	0	20
Lithuanian	20	10	10
Slavic languages	2,555	1,240	1,315
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	10	0
Czech	115	45	70
Macedonian	135	60	75
Polish	985	465	520
Russian	435	215	220
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	615	310	305
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	390	190	200
Serbian	245	130	120
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	60	30	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	115	55	60
Ukrainian	380	175	205
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	35	10	25
Irish	15	0	15
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,055	515	540
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	785	405	380
German	760	395	370
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	15	15
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	235	100	140
Afrikaans	20	10	10
Dutch	220	90	130
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30
Danish	25	15	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	0	10
Swedish	10	0	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	320	150	170
Indo-Iranian languages	14,035	7,210	6,825
Indo-Aryan languages	13,690	7,035	6,655
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	50	30	25
Gujarati	645	325	325
Hindi	4,045	1,940	2,105
Kacchi	20	15	10
Kashmiri	25	10	10
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	50	20	35
Nepali	45	20	30
Oriya languages	25	15	15
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	11,515	5,965	5,545
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	170	90	85
Urdu	1,105	535	565
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Iranian languages	375	190	185
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	10	0
Persian languages	360	180	180
Dari	185	90	100
Iranian Persian	150	70	75
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	20	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,365	4,985	5,380
Catalan	10	0	0
Italian	7,035	3,385	3,650
Portuguese	1,570	805	765
Romanian	105	50	55
Spanish	2,040	935	1,100
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	60	30	35
Korean	120	65	55
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	360	195	170
Akan (Twi)	115	60	55
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	20	10	10
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	0
Lingala	25	15	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	10	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	115	70	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	30	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	65	30	35
American Sign Language	60	25	35
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	570	245	325
Chinese languages	560	240	320
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	450	190	260
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	160	75	85
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	25	35
Lao	35	25	15
Thai	20	0	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	70	40	35
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	70	40	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	200	75	130
Estonian	10	0	10
Finnish	20	10	10
Hungarian	165	60	105
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	76,085	38,200	37,890
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	620	325	290
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	580	315	270
First Nations (North American Indian)	250	145	100
Métis	295	140	160
Inuk (Inuit)	35	30	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	15	15
Non-Indigenous identity	75,470	37,870	37,595
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	76,085	38,200	37,890
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	180	95	85
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	75,905	38,100	37,805
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	23,700	...	...
Owner	21,180	...	...
Renter	2,525	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	23,700	...	...
Condominium	805	...	...
Not condominium	22,895	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	23,700	...	...
No bedrooms	55	...	...
1 bedroom	725	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,705	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,000	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,215	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	23,700	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	2,075	...	...
5 rooms	2,605	...	...
6 rooms	3,440	...	...
7 rooms	4,040	...	...
8 or more rooms	11,540	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	23,700	...	...
One person or fewer per room	23,065	...	...
More than one person per room	630	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	23,700	...	...
Suitable	22,555	...	...
Not suitable	1,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	23,700	...	...
1960 or before	2,465	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,650	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,060	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,935	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,390	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,115	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,475	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,600	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	23,700	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	22,830	...	...
Major repairs needed	870	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	23,700	...	...
One-maintainer household	8,430	...	...
Two-maintainer household	13,575	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,700	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	23,700	...	...
15 to 24 years	110	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,815	...	...
35 to 44 years	4,265	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,090	...	...
55 to 64 years	5,645	...	...
65 to 74 years	3,290	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,880	...	...
85 years and over	605	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	23,465	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	18,315	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	5,155	...	...
30% to less than 100%	4,650	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	23,700	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	6,615	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	4,680	...	...
Not suitable only	835	...	...
Major repairs needed only	580	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	225	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	205	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...
Acceptable housing	17,090	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	22,965	...	...
In core need	1,755	...	...
Not in core need	21,205	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,020	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,040	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,142	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,212,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,500	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,776	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	76,090	38,200	37,885
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	135	80	60
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	135	80	60
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	75	50	25
Métis single ancestry	65	30	30
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	640	310	335
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	600	290	315
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	385	185	200
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	185	80	110
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	45	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	75,310	37,815	37,495
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	76,090	38,200	37,890
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	70,550	35,410	35,130
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,110	8,320	7,790
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	54,440	27,090	27,345
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	5,545	2,790	2,755
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	76,090	38,200	37,890
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	52,710	26,670	26,040
Immigrants⁸¹	22,220	10,775	11,440
Before 1980	6,430	3,150	3,280
1980 to 1990	2,870	1,380	1,485
1991 to 2000	4,640	2,245	2,395
2001 to 2010	5,130	2,605	2,530
2011 to 2021⁸²	3,150	1,400	1,755
2011 to 2015	1,615	735	885
2016 to 2021	1,535	665	865
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,155	750	405
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	22,225	10,780	11,440
Under 5 years	2,140	1,030	1,105
5 to 14 years	3,995	2,040	1,955
15 to 24 years	6,275	2,895	3,385
25 to 44 years	7,795	3,915	3,875
45 years and over	2,020	900	1,125
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	22,225	10,780	11,440
Americas	2,745	1,305	1,435
Brazil	55	20	30
Colombia	90	35	60
El Salvador	95	45	55
Guyana	340	180	160
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	575	295	280
Mexico	120	40	75
Peru	25	10	15
Trinidad and Tobago	350	160	190
United States of America	380	185	200
Other places of birth in Americas	715	340	370
Europe	7,850	3,785	4,065
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	35	25
Croatia	180	95	90
France	65	40	20
Germany	335	185	150
Greece	110	50	65
Hungary	70	30	40
Italy	2,510	1,265	1,245
Netherlands	150	90	65
Poland	695	295	395
Portugal	810	420	385
Romania	130	55	75
Russian Federation	125	65	55
Serbia⁸⁶	105	60	45
Ukraine	190	80	115
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,615	700	910
Other places of birth in Europe	700	320	380
Africa	730	345	380
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	15	10
Egypt	100	40	65
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	10	10	0
Morocco	10	0	0
Nigeria	185	105	85
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	50	35	15
Other places of birth in Africa	345	135	205
Asia	10,800	5,295	5,510
Afghanistan	160	85	75
Iran⁸⁸	125	70	55
Iraq	285	165	120
Lebanon	50	15	35
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	45	25	15
China⁹⁰	355	165	190
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	20
Korea, South⁹²	85	45	40
Taiwan	10	0	10
Philippines	430	155	275
Viet Nam	155	65	90
Bangladesh	25	10	15
India	7,575	3,770	3,810
Pakistan	480	230	245
Sri Lanka	550	265	285
Other places of birth in Asia	440	210	225
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	100	40	55
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,530	665	870
Americas	125	45	80
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	0	0
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	45	20	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	15
Other places of birth in Americas	55	15	40
Europe	150	75	80
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	45	25	25
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	15	0	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	25	20
Other places of birth in Europe	35	15	20
Africa	90	35	55
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	20	0	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	25	10	15
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	10	0	10
Asia	1,145	500	645
Afghanistan	10	10	10
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	35	15	20
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	840	390	455
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	25	10	15
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0
Lebanon	10	0	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	65	40	30
Philippines	75	10	60
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	35	15	20
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	10	0	0
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	10	0	10
Oceania and other⁹³	20	10	10
Australia	20	10	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	76,090	38,200	37,890
First generation¹⁰⁰	23,855	11,755	12,105
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,830	13,030	12,800
Third generation or more¹⁰²	26,405	13,415	12,985
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	15,790	7,630	8,165
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	6,230	3,225	3,010
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,465	1,695	765
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,765	1,520	2,240
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,545	3,355	4,195
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,810	965	845
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	205	85	115
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	15,790	7,630	8,165
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	900	540	355
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,265	675	590
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	185	85	100
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	605	345	260
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	160	95	65
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	12,675	5,890	6,785
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	76,085	38,200	37,890
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	25,015	12,505	12,510
South Asian	16,310	8,280	8,030
Chinese	750	365	385
Black	2,770	1,445	1,325
Filipino	735	260	475
Arab	495	275	220
Latin American	1,310	635	670
Southeast Asian	370	155	215
West Asian	565	265	300
Korean	145	80	65
Japanese	80	35	45
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	875	425	450
Multiple visible minorities	615	295	320
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	51,070	25,690	25,380
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	76,090	38,200	37,890
Canadian	8,095	4,240	3,855
English	10,320	5,075	5,245
Irish	7,880	3,735	4,145
Scottish	8,270	4,030	4,240
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2,695	1,235	1,460
German	3,750	1,920	1,825
Chinese	1,025	505	520
Italian	17,630	8,960	8,670
Indian (India)	9,120	4,640	4,485
Ukrainian	1,660	805	855
Dutch	1,675	845	830
Polish	2,415	1,235	1,175
Québécois	110	55	55
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,445	1,225	1,220
Filipino	770	275	495
French Canadian	515	220	295
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	785	410	380
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	200	100	100
Métis	270	120	155
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,105	475	630
Russian	495	230	265
Norwegian	290	130	160
Welsh	820	485	330
Portuguese	3,320	1,745	1,580
American	520	240	280
Spanish	815	380	445
Swedish	205	90	120
Hungarian	585	240	345
Acadian	115	50	65
Pakistani	695	365	335
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	585	270	315
Jewish	265	135	130
Punjabi	3,390	1,730	1,660
Vietnamese	250	110	140
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	185	110	70
Greek	990	520	470
Jamaican	935	505	430
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	395	215	180
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	25	15	10
Korean	170	90	70
Romanian	305	140	165
Lebanese	195	85	110
Iranian	200	105	95
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	355	185	170
Danish	250	120	130
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	70	30	40
Sikh	2,655	1,345	1,315
Austrian	495	285	210
Belgian	240	140	105
Haitian	0	0	0
Hindu	770	370	400
Mexican	220	125	95
Mennonite	30	15	15
Swiss	195	130	65
Finnish	220	95	125
Sri Lankan	655	305	345
Croatian	800	410	390
Japanese	120	55	65
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	520	240	280
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	65	30	40
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	110	45	60
Muslim	145	70	75
Egyptian	145	75	70
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	305	150	160
Tamil	265	140	125
Icelandic	45	10	30
Colombian	170	95	70
Moroccan	25	15	10
Czech	240	120	120
Syrian	50	20	30
Guyanese	605	310	295
Afghan	275	140	140
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	120	55	70
Serbian	305	175	130
Ojibway	45	20	15
Newfoundlander	155	85	70
Hong Konger	10	0	10
Ontarian	270	175	100
Persian	115	55	60
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	510	235	275
Turkish	160	80	80
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	40	10
Bangladeshi	15	0	15
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	90	35	55
Nigerian	145	80	65
Armenian	55	30	30
Slovak	195	95	105
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	80	40	35
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	10	0	10
Iraqi	175	110	60
Salvadorean	170	80	95
African Caribbean	265	140	120
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	40	45
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	185	85	100
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	240	110	130
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	265	140	120
Lithuanian	85	50	40
South African	75	45	30
Australian	110	45	75
Palestinian	60	35	25
Chilean	110	60	45
Congolese	20	15	10
Nova Scotian	35	20	15
Ethiopian	10	10	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	125	55	70
Peruvian	50	20	20
Yoruba	40	25	20
Cambodian (Khmer)	40	15	25
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	55	25	35
Maltese	590	295	295
Macedonian	270	155	115
Slovenian	300	90	210
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	0	0	0
New Brunswicker	40	25	10
Gujarati	135	80	55
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	130	55	80
Israeli	60	35	30
Mohawk	35	20	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	30	15	15
Bulgarian	35	35	0
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	135	70	70
Barbadian	80	45	35
African American	45	25	25
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	50	30	25
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	50	70
Cuban	80	45	35
Bosnian	60	40	20
Venezuelan	65	30	35
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	50	25	30
Bengali	10	0	0
Cameroonian	25	10	15
Guatemalan	20	0	15
Indonesian	30	20	10
Laotian	40	25	15
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	60	30	35
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	10	0	10
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	210	85	125
Franco Ontarian	30	15	15
Argentinian	130	80	45
Estonian	65	35	30
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	20	15	0
Jatt	255	135	125
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	65	30	35
Coptic	30	10	20
Thai	25	10	20
Dominican	10	0	10
Nepali	90	30	60
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	150	75	80
Igbo	25	25	0
Byelorussian	55	25	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	15	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	20	0	15
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	20	15
Malaysian	65	40	25
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	20	20	0
Gaspesian	10	0	0
Norman	15	10	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	0	15
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	75	35	40
Mauritian	35	10	25
Kenyan	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	40	15	20
Jordanian	80	50	35
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	15	0	15
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	80	35	40
Sinhalese	70	40	30
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	20	15	0
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	40	20	20
Flemish	20	10	15
United Empire Loyalist	30	0	25
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	40	30	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	45	20	25
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	10	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	30	25	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	10	0	10
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	90	35	50
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	30	30
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	30	15	10
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	10	10	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	20	15	10
Singaporean	20	15	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	20	0	15
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	76,085	38,200	37,890
Buddhist	365	170	195
Christian	44,495	21,615	22,880
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,580	2,230	2,350
Anabaptist	70	40	25
Anglican	2,530	1,235	1,295
Baptist	540	255	285
Catholic	29,060	14,260	14,800
Christian Orthodox	1,385	720	670
Jehovah's Witness	290	155	140
Latter Day Saints	90	50	40
Lutheran	360	180	175
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	75	35	35
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	880	445	435
Presbyterian	915	350	560
Reformed	80	25	60
United Church	2,505	1,095	1,415
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,125	535	590
Hindu	3,545	1,735	1,815
Jewish	280	145	135
Muslim	1,580	795	790
Sikh	10,865	5,630	5,230
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	290	145	150
No religion and secular perspectives	14,665	7,955	6,700
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	75,410	37,840	37,570
Non-movers	67,820	34,115	33,705
Movers	7,590	3,725	3,865
Non-migrants	2,660	1,295	1,360
Migrants	4,935	2,425	2,505
Internal migrants	4,605	2,265	2,340
Intraprovincial migrants	4,500	2,220	2,280
Interprovincial migrants	105	40	65
External migrants	330	160	165
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	72,385	36,295	36,085
Non-movers	46,730	23,505	23,225
Movers	25,655	12,790	12,860
Non-migrants	4,985	2,475	2,510
Migrants	20,670	10,320	10,350
Internal migrants	18,770	9,240	9,525
Intraprovincial migrants	18,280	9,030	9,250
Interprovincial migrants	490	215	275
External migrants	1,905	1,080	825
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,935	31,460	31,475
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,230	5,345	4,885
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,705	26,120	26,585
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	40,700	20,140	20,560
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,365	1,980	1,385
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	37,340	18,160	19,175
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,935	31,460	31,475
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,520	4,900	4,620
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,470	9,395	9,080
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	34,950	17,170	17,775
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,430	9,900	8,530
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,780	2,895	895
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,685	1,095	590
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,100	1,800	305
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,165	6,245	6,920
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,480	765	715
Bachelor's degree or higher	16,515	7,275	9,245
Bachelor's degree	11,635	5,035	6,590
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,240	575	670
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	300	150	150
Master's degree	3,065	1,350	1,720
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	275	165	115
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	40,705	20,140	20,565
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,960	1,725	1,235
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,500	5,430	5,070
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,240	12,985	14,255
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,080	7,400	6,680
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,645	2,015	630
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,160	725	430
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,485	1,285	200
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,350	4,840	5,505
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,085	545	540
Bachelor's degree or higher	13,160	5,580	7,575
Bachelor's degree	9,235	3,915	5,320
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	970	405	570
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	260	125	135
Master's degree	2,495	1,040	1,460
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	190	100	95
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	62,940	31,465	31,475
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,985	14,290	13,700
Education	2,080	380	1,700
13. Education	2,080	380	1,700
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,235	515	720
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	115	35
50. Visual and performing arts	1,080	405	680
Humanities	2,290	815	1,475
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	195	30	165
23. English language and literature/letters	425	75	350
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,035	365	670
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	25	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	115	65	50
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	70	20
54. History	300	180	115
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	45	0	45
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,685	1,415	3,275
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	0	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	460	180	280
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	770	65	705
22. Legal professions and studies	910	275	630
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	35	55
42. Psychology	700	130	570
45. Social sciences	1,710	725	990
Business, management and public administration	8,185	3,740	4,445
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	480	100	390
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,695	3,640	4,055
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,455	645	810
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	530	215	310
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	470	190	280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	0	20
40. Physical sciences	360	210	145
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	20	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,535	980	550
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,200	835	370
25. Library science	50	0	50
27. Mathematics and statistics	240	120	115
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	20	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,225	6,660	565
04. Architecture and related services	325	245	75
14. Engineering	1,830	1,470	360
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,460	1,355	105
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,550	1,545	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,425	1,410	10
48. Precision production	645	640	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	700	355	350
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	470	240	240
03. Natural resources and conservation	225	115	110
Health and related fields	3,555	750	2,805
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	535	250	285
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	2,980	475	2,510
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	10	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	25	20	0
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,990	920	1,075
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,015	225	790
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	705	480	230
49. Transportation and materials moving	260	205	55
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	40,700	20,140	20,565
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,465	7,155	6,310
Education	1,595	285	1,310
13. Education	1,595	285	1,310
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	975	410	575
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	90	30
50. Visual and performing arts	855	315	540
Humanities	1,725	600	1,120
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	115	20	100
23. English language and literature/letters	330	55	275
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	835	295	540
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	40
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	50	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	75	60	15
54. History	205	115	80
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	35	0	35
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,730	1,045	2,685
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	30	0	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	335	120	215
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	630	55	575
22. Legal professions and studies	775	225	550
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	60	20	35
42. Psychology	540	85	460
45. Social sciences	1,355	535	815
Business, management and public administration	6,720	3,015	3,705
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	370	70	300
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,340	2,940	3,400
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,080	445	635
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	395	155	240
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	350	130	220
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	0	20
40. Physical sciences	245	135	105
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	20	40
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,300	800	505
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,035	680	350
25. Library science	35	0	30
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	95	100
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	15	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,325	4,880	445
04. Architecture and related services	235	185	50
14. Engineering	1,360	1,035	325
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,085	1,020	65
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,215	1,215	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,015	1,010	0
48. Precision production	410	410	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	485	225	265
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	335	145	190
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	75	70
Health and related fields	2,775	585	2,190
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	385	175	210
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	2,355	390	1,970
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	10	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	25	15	10
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,530	700	830
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	785	185	605
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	570	385	185
49. Transportation and materials moving	175	135	35
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	40,700	20,140	20,565
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,465	7,155	6,310
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	27,235	12,980	14,255
Location of study inside Canada	21,895	10,340	11,550
Same as province or territory of residence	20,955	9,920	11,040
Different than province or territory of residence	940	430	515
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	5,345	2,640	2,705
Americas	1,045	550	495
United States of America	740	415	325
Mexico	60	30	30
Cuba	15	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	55	25	25
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	25	10	25
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15
Other locations of study in Americas	110	55	55
Europe	940	480	460
Belgium	20	10	0
France	0	0	0
Germany	50	25	25
Netherlands	10	0	10
Switzerland	10	10	0
Hungary	10	10	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	140	60	80
Romania	50	25	25
Russian Federation	55	35	20
Ukraine	40	15	25
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	375	175	195
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	30	25	10
Serbia⁸⁶	20	15	10
Other locations of study in Europe	110	50	55
Africa	180	105	65
Nigeria	55	40	15
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	50	30	25
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	60	35	25
Asia	3,095	1,450	1,640
Iran⁸⁸	15	10	10
Iraq	85	45	40
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	30	20	15
China⁹⁰	160	80	80
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	20	10	0
Philippines	130	35	95
Viet Nam	10	0	10
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	50	30	25
India	2,380	1,115	1,260
Pakistan	145	75	70
Other locations of study in Asia	50	30	20
Oceania	90	50	40
Australia	70	45	30
New Zealand	10	0	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	62,935	31,460	31,475
In the labour force	43,140	22,865	20,275
Employed	38,305	20,655	17,650
Unemployed	4,835	2,210	2,625
Not in the labour force	19,800	8,590	11,200
Participation rate	68.5	72.7	64.4
Employment rate	60.9	65.7	56.1
Unemployment rate	11.2	9.7	12.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	62,935	31,465	31,475
Did not work¹⁸⁶	20,575	9,030	11,540
Worked	42,365	22,430	19,930
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	24,190	13,750	10,450
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	18,170	8,685	9,485
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.5	42.6	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	43,140	22,865	20,270
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	505	585
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	42,050	22,365	19,685
Employee	34,035	16,610	17,425
Permanent position	29,235	14,395	14,840
Temporary position	4,805	2,215	2,585
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,255	510	745
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,550	1,705	1,845
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,015	5,755	2,260
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	43,140	22,865	20,270
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	505	585
All occupations¹⁹¹	42,050	22,365	19,685
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	775	545	235
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,875	2,585	6,285
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,960	2,310	655
3 Health occupations	2,005	375	1,630
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,760	1,380	3,380
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,020	445	575
6 Sales and service occupations	9,360	4,255	5,105
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,380	8,480	905
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	900	640	260
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,010	1,355	655
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	43,140	22,865	20,270
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	505	585
All industries¹⁹¹	42,050	22,365	19,685
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	520	290	230
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	60	30	25
22 Utilities	170	130	40
23 Construction	4,785	4,060	725
31-33 Manufacturing	4,510	2,965	1,545
41 Wholesale trade	2,065	1,165	900
44-45 Retail trade	4,780	2,230	2,550
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,010	2,885	1,130
51 Information and cultural industries	725	410	320
52 Finance and insurance	1,870	810	1,060
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	965	525	440
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,360	1,825	1,535
55 Management of companies and enterprises	180	65	110
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,765	1,025	745
61 Educational services	3,365	780	2,585
62 Health care and social assistance	3,235	505	2,725
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	670	320	350
72 Accommodation and food services	1,475	530	940
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,745	910	840
91 Public administration	1,790	905	890
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	45,845	24,250	21,590
English	42,610	22,535	20,075
French	60	30	30
Non-official language	305	150	150
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	305	150	150
English and French	555	180	370
English and non-official language(s)	2,265	1,340	930
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	45,845	24,250	21,590
Single responses	45,275	23,940	21,340
Official languages	44,695	23,665	21,030
English	44,580	23,630	20,955
French	115	40	80
Non-official languages	580	275	305
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	580	275	305
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	520	245	275
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	0	20
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	35	0	20
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	20	0	10
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	435	205	230
Indo-Aryan languages	435	205	230
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	420	205	215
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	0	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	55	30	25
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	30	20	15
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	15	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	15	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	25	10	15
Chinese languages	25	10	15
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	25	10	15
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	570	315	250
English and French	65	10	55
English and non-official language(s)	495	305	185
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	45,845	24,250	21,590
None	43,475	22,995	20,475
English	300	110	185
French	450	170	280
Non-official language	1,330	825	505
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,330	825	505
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	35	15	15
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	235	130	110
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	38,300	20,660	17,650
Worked at home	10,700	4,620	6,075
Worked outside Canada	90	80	10
No fixed workplace address	5,730	4,650	1,080
Usual place of work	21,780	11,300	10,480
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	21,780	11,300	10,480
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	6,360	2,850	3,515
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,515	3,995	3,520
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,860	4,425	3,435
Commute to a different province or territory	40	25	10
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	27,515	15,955	11,560
Car, truck or van	26,200	15,365	10,835
Car, truck or van - as a driver	24,330	14,510	9,820
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,865	855	1,010
Public transit	340	170	180
Walked	460	210	250
Bicycle	40	25	10
Other method	470	180	285
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	27,515	15,955	11,560
Less than 15 minutes	4,835	2,305	2,530
15 to 29 minutes	6,970	3,720	3,255
30 to 44 minutes	8,760	5,350	3,400
45 to 59 minutes	3,940	2,455	1,485
60 minutes and over	3,010	2,120	890
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	27,515	15,955	11,560
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,955	2,350	600
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,925	3,435	1,490
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,570	3,385	3,190
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	5,610	2,740	2,875
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	3,875	1,730	2,145
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,575	2,310	1,265
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,855	8,690	8,170
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,205	610	595
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,655	8,080	7,575
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,870	6,650	6,220
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	970	490	485
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	560	285	275
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	410	205	210
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,900	6,160	5,740

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 19, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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