Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VancouverMore information: British Columbia [Census metropolitan area] Remove Vancouver, Census metropolitan area			CanadaMore information: [Country] Remove Canada, Country
	Counts			Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,642,825	...	...	36,991,981	...	...
Population, 2016¹	2,463,431	...	...	35,151,728	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.3	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,104,532	...	...	16,284,235	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,043,319	...	...	14,978,941	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	918.0	...	...	4.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,878.93	...	...	8,788,702.80	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,642,825	1,294,420	1,348,405	36,991,980	18,226,240	18,765,740
0 to 14 years	372,050	192,225	179,815	6,012,795	3,086,510	2,926,285
0 to 4 years	114,775	58,780	56,000	1,831,195	938,790	892,405
5 to 9 years	125,290	65,020	60,275	2,054,900	1,054,240	1,000,655
10 to 14 years	131,975	68,430	63,550	2,126,705	1,093,480	1,033,225
15 to 64 years	1,809,985	891,130	918,860	23,957,760	11,915,050	12,042,710
15 to 19 years	137,415	70,955	66,455	2,012,975	1,036,730	976,240
20 to 24 years	174,255	89,245	85,010	2,202,255	1,138,825	1,063,430
25 to 29 years	201,270	101,265	100,000	2,421,510	1,228,135	1,193,370
30 to 34 years	210,035	104,750	105,285	2,518,835	1,252,795	1,266,040
35 to 39 years	199,405	98,575	100,830	2,511,345	1,238,515	1,272,835
40 to 44 years	178,110	86,165	91,940	2,399,405	1,175,875	1,223,530
45 to 49 years	172,885	81,615	91,270	2,304,170	1,129,185	1,174,985
50 to 54 years	183,290	87,530	95,760	2,368,350	1,161,665	1,206,685
55 to 59 years	184,880	90,050	94,830	2,647,330	1,299,975	1,347,350
60 to 64 years	168,455	80,970	87,480	2,571,580	1,253,335	1,318,245
65 years and over	460,790	211,070	249,730	7,021,430	3,224,680	3,796,750
65 to 69 years	144,285	68,715	75,570	2,210,970	1,065,305	1,145,665
70 to 74 years	121,230	56,855	64,370	1,847,585	879,850	967,735
75 to 79 years	80,025	37,020	43,015	1,260,930	589,090	671,845
80 to 84 years	56,105	24,940	31,165	840,545	370,905	469,645
85 years and over	59,145	23,540	35,605	861,395	319,540	541,860
85 to 89 years	35,605	15,280	20,320	525,445	212,735	312,705
90 to 94 years	17,875	6,675	11,200	258,035	87,300	170,735
95 to 99 years	4,850	1,410	3,440	68,380	17,670	50,715
100 years and over	820	175	645	9,535	1,830	7,710
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1	14.9	13.3	16.3	16.9	15.6
15 to 64 years	68.5	68.8	68.1	64.8	65.4	64.2
65 years and over	17.4	16.3	18.5	19.0	17.7	20.2
85 years and over	2.2	1.8	2.6	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	41.7	40.8	42.6	41.9	41.0	42.8
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	42.0	41.6	40.4	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,043,315	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Single-detached house	288,775	...	...	7,872,310	...	...
Semi-detached house	22,030	...	...	746,560	...	...
Row house	105,965	...	...	980,110	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	167,855	...	...	821,490	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	255,555	...	...	2,738,020	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	197,280	...	...	1,596,155	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,340	...	...	34,880	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,525	...	...	189,420	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1 person	303,030	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
2 persons	332,130	...	...	5,124,800	...	...
3 persons	164,100	...	...	2,194,825	...	...
4 persons	146,150	...	...	2,002,455	...	...
5 or more persons	97,910	...	...	1,260,850	...	...
Number of persons in private households	2,607,015	1,277,300	1,329,710	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,270,780	1,102,195	1,168,590	30,979,185	15,139,730	15,839,460
Married or living common-law	1,283,005	639,625	643,380	17,626,005	8,813,405	8,812,595
Married	1,100,315	547,205	553,105	13,725,625	6,859,755	6,865,875
Living common-law	182,695	92,415	90,275	3,900,375	1,953,650	1,946,725
Living common law - Never married	142,340	72,100	70,240	2,967,665	1,485,985	1,481,685
Living common law - Separated	5,995	3,250	2,740	123,830	65,045	58,785
Living common law - Divorced	31,570	15,865	15,705	721,715	365,760	355,950
Living common law - Widowed	2,790	1,200	1,590	87,165	36,860	50,300
Not married and not living common-law	987,775	462,565	525,205	13,353,180	6,326,325	7,026,860
Not married and not living common law - Never married	694,885	371,015	323,865	9,025,865	4,881,410	4,144,455
Not married and not living common law - Separated	53,410	21,780	31,630	741,135	319,045	422,090
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	134,670	49,055	85,615	1,921,880	760,425	1,161,460
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	104,810	20,715	84,090	1,664,295	365,440	1,298,855
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	724,930	...	...	10,262,925	...	...
2 persons	359,330	...	...	5,306,105	...	...
3 persons	167,280	...	...	2,147,825	...	...
4 persons	150,890	...	...	1,953,035	...	...
5 or more persons	47,440	...	...	855,960	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	724,930	...	...	10,262,925	...	...
Total couple families	615,345	...	...	8,576,585	...	...
Married couples	524,010	...	...	6,627,310	...	...
With children⁶	303,525	...	...	3,481,775	...	...
Without children	220,485	...	...	3,145,535	...	...
Common-law couples	91,335	...	...	1,949,275	...	...
With children⁶	23,510	...	...	808,645	...	...
Without children	67,825	...	...	1,140,630	...	...
Total one-parent families	109,590	...	...	1,686,340	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	87,695	...	...	1,302,670	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	21,895	...	...	383,670	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,607,015	1,277,300	1,329,710	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245
Total - Persons in census families	2,073,700	1,027,500	1,046,200	29,478,475	14,616,850	14,861,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,230,685	616,715	613,975	17,153,165	8,577,610	8,575,560
Parents in one-parent families	109,590	21,890	87,700	1,686,340	383,675	1,302,670
Children⁶	733,425	388,895	344,525	10,638,965	5,655,570	4,983,400
In a two-parent family	574,915	303,560	271,355	8,024,590	4,238,785	3,785,805
In a one-parent family	158,505	85,335	73,175	2,614,375	1,416,785	1,197,595
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	533,310	249,805	283,510	6,850,005	3,320,385	3,529,620
Living alone	303,030	137,905	165,130	4,396,015	2,048,495	2,347,520
Living with other relatives⁷	83,900	32,035	51,870	927,345	393,085	534,260
Living with non-relatives only	146,385	79,865	66,515	1,526,645	878,800	647,840
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,043,315	...	...	14,978,945	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	580,980	...	...	8,932,695	...	...
Couple-family households	499,615	...	...	7,627,195	...	...
With children⁶	263,600	...	...	3,789,795	...	...
Without children	236,015	...	...	3,837,400	...	...
One-parent-family households	81,360	...	...	1,305,500	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	49,135	...	...	441,745	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	11,915	...	...	94,235	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	39,725	...	...	450,415	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	58,530	...	...	663,835	...	...
One-person households	303,030	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,235,455	1,085,355	1,150,100	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,160,680	1,049,160	1,111,515	29,241,810	14,316,155	14,925,660
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	36,400	41,200	46,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,161,860	1,049,800	1,112,060	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,425
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	34,000	36,800	40,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,936,905	952,805	984,100	26,045,500	13,010,250	13,035,250
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,400	30,000	35,200	42,400	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,569,015	796,000	773,010	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,130
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,200	33,200	37,200	43,200	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,770,635	808,310	962,325	25,401,740	12,065,555	13,336,180
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,600	7,650	9,300	9,800	8,500	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	185,775	79,335	106,435	3,185,840	1,548,250	1,637,590
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,560	5,720	5,760	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	632,110	302,505	329,610	8,373,550	4,140,705	4,232,845
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,159,815	1,048,320	1,111,495	29,242,935	14,316,595	14,926,335
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,650	66,300	47,520	54,450	62,650	46,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,160,985	1,048,945	1,112,040	29,257,325	14,324,165	14,933,160
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,720	53,200	40,640	44,920	50,320	39,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,935,565	952,175	983,390	26,047,020	13,011,765	13,035,250
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,800	64,800	43,120	50,240	59,500	41,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,569,015	796,565	772,445	21,127,690	10,908,965	10,218,725
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,650	63,500	43,480	50,280	58,050	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,768,405	806,320	962,085	25,397,565	12,061,765	13,335,800
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,310	9,690	10,830	11,170	10,180	12,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	185,340	78,955	106,380	3,179,395	1,544,580	1,634,815
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,720	7,060	7,050	6,710	7,370
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	630,145	301,340	328,810	8,346,145	4,128,810	4,217,340
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,390	9,270	9,500	8,920	8,740	9,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,235,445	1,085,250	1,150,200	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	728,635	412,070	316,570	9,912,810	5,493,720	4,419,090
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500	72,500	60,000	63,600	69,000	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,600	92,300	69,900	77,200	85,400	67,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	636,030	288,460	347,570	8,426,645	3,988,060	4,438,585
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,200	17,400	18,400	21,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,520	35,080	26,760	29,160	33,960	24,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	88.8	80.2	82.2	86.4	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.8	72.8	63.6	66.8	70.6	61.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.9	11.2	19.7	17.8	13.7	23.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	4.8	7.4	5.4	4.5	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	4.0	5.9	4.7	4.0	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without total income	74,780	36,195	38,585	1,094,320	545,400	548,915
With total income	2,160,675	1,049,165	1,111,515	29,241,815	14,316,150	14,925,660
Under $10,000 (including loss)	229,760	100,650	129,105	2,434,730	1,058,420	1,376,310
$10,000 to $19,999	248,480	108,075	140,405	3,448,185	1,445,240	2,002,945
$20,000 to $29,999	325,665	138,935	186,735	4,635,650	2,018,080	2,617,570
$30,000 to $39,999	260,250	112,910	147,345	3,723,680	1,648,300	2,075,375
$40,000 to $49,999	222,385	99,405	122,980	3,290,715	1,529,960	1,760,755
$50,000 to $59,999	184,935	85,970	98,965	2,677,465	1,302,135	1,375,330
$60,000 to $69,999	146,880	74,635	72,245	2,073,335	1,086,545	986,795
$70,000 to $79,999	115,620	63,075	52,545	1,592,465	887,985	704,480
$80,000 to $89,999	91,245	51,605	39,635	1,239,395	708,430	530,965
$90,000 to $99,999	72,940	41,530	31,415	965,950	553,435	412,510
$100,000 and over	262,520	172,375	90,140	3,160,245	2,077,620	1,082,625
$100,000 to $149,999	164,230	102,590	61,635	2,102,630	1,319,110	783,520
$150,000 and over	98,290	69,785	28,500	1,057,615	758,510	299,105
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without after-tax income	73,600	35,560	38,035	1,079,955	537,800	542,155
With after-tax income	2,161,860	1,049,795	1,112,065	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,430
Under $10,000 (including loss)	238,430	104,275	134,155	2,561,695	1,100,975	1,460,725
$10,000 to $19,999	256,780	111,790	144,990	3,608,250	1,521,395	2,086,855
$20,000 to $29,999	365,930	157,105	208,820	5,294,505	2,321,660	2,972,845
$30,000 to $39,999	299,665	132,205	167,460	4,442,970	2,035,725	2,407,250
$40,000 to $49,999	255,155	116,795	138,360	3,798,710	1,839,700	1,959,005
$50,000 to $59,999	200,175	99,735	100,445	2,833,120	1,471,200	1,361,920
$60,000 to $69,999	147,710	80,535	67,175	2,020,895	1,114,110	906,790
$70,000 to $79,999	109,585	62,060	47,525	1,428,520	814,645	613,875
$80,000 to $89,999	80,250	46,660	33,590	1,027,015	592,405	434,605
$90,000 to $99,999	54,010	33,095	20,915	643,700	402,325	241,380
$100,000 and over	154,165	105,535	48,625	1,596,790	1,109,610	487,185
$100,000 to $124,999	72,800	47,770	25,025	792,455	530,970	261,490
$125,000 and over	81,370	57,765	23,600	804,335	578,645	225,695
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without employment income	666,445	289,355	377,090	9,208,520	3,955,070	5,253,450
With employment income	1,569,010	796,005	773,010	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,125
Under $5,000 (including loss)	203,790	92,590	111,200	2,951,135	1,446,185	1,504,955
$5,000 to $9,999	130,600	56,325	74,275	1,739,570	765,825	973,750
$10,000 to $19,999	182,310	80,525	101,785	2,498,120	1,128,310	1,369,810
$20,000 to $29,999	137,610	62,335	75,280	1,960,665	902,615	1,058,050
$30,000 to $39,999	135,255	61,730	73,530	1,903,100	899,905	1,003,190
$40,000 to $49,999	134,010	63,060	70,945	1,859,845	899,795	960,055
$50,000 to $59,999	126,735	61,655	65,080	1,640,805	842,030	798,780
$60,000 to $69,999	105,025	56,610	48,415	1,367,510	754,825	612,685
$70,000 to $79,999	85,095	48,620	36,475	1,099,625	637,060	462,570
$80,000 to $89,999	70,465	41,075	29,395	929,490	539,395	390,095
$90,000 to $99,999	58,530	34,060	24,465	760,035	439,505	320,530
$100,000 and over	199,585	137,420	62,160	2,417,710	1,651,040	766,670
$100,000 to $124,999	86,360	54,985	31,380	1,129,445	714,235	415,210
$125,000 and over	113,225	82,440	30,785	1,288,265	936,805	351,460
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,235,455	1,085,355	1,150,100	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,087,955	1,010,945	1,077,005	28,598,395	13,976,715	14,621,680
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	45,200	33,200	39,200	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,092,110	1,011,925	1,080,185	28,617,610	13,979,960	14,637,655
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,000	30,400	35,200	40,000	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,907,325	936,490	970,835	25,708,470	12,830,580	12,877,890
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,200	31,600	36,800	44,000	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,592,300	802,110	790,185	21,241,445	10,932,825	10,308,625
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,400	32,800	38,000	44,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,393,380	593,275	800,115	23,196,815	10,876,635	12,320,175
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,040	1,620	4,360	4,240	1,960	6,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	110,515	44,125	66,395	2,428,800	1,182,025	1,246,770
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,760	6,120	5,720	5,560	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,086,875	1,010,335	1,076,540	28,599,665	13,976,240	14,623,425
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,250	64,600	44,560	52,350	61,250	43,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,090,930	1,011,220	1,079,710	28,618,280	13,979,265	14,639,015
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,440	51,650	37,720	42,920	49,000	37,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,905,655	935,925	969,735	25,709,140	12,829,990	12,879,155
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,250	65,500	43,320	51,040	60,800	41,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,592,505	802,890	789,625	21,242,575	10,934,760	10,307,815
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,300	62,250	42,160	50,560	58,800	41,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,391,425	591,290	800,135	23,191,860	10,869,800	12,322,065
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,120	6,710	7,420	7,950	6,990	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	110,385	44,295	66,090	2,430,165	1,181,385	1,248,780
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,320	5,965	8,220	7,560	6,880	8,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,235,445	1,085,250	1,150,200	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	719,975	406,860	313,125	9,831,805	5,446,500	4,385,305
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	68,500	54,800	60,000	66,000	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,800	86,700	63,950	73,200	81,900	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	596,215	270,110	326,110	7,934,985	3,759,675	4,175,305
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	28,400	23,200	24,200	28,000	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,600	42,480	31,760	35,200	41,280	29,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	94.0	87.6	87.6	91.2	83.0
Employment income (%)	73.6	76.6	69.4	71.8	75.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	8.7	6.1	12.4	12.3	8.9	16.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	303,030	...	...	4,396,015	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	740,285	...	...	10,582,930	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	117,300	...	...	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,800	...	...	87,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	302,895	...	...	4,394,500	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,550	...	...	53,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,160	...	...	44,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	740,425	...	...	10,584,445	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,300	...	...	105,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Under $5,000	20,105	...	...	165,175	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,225	...	...	91,750	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	10,585	...	...	178,475	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	20,590	...	...	274,140	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	39,230	...	...	637,695	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	30,285	...	...	505,875	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	30,830	...	...	488,735	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	35,445	...	...	560,950	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	33,750	...	...	572,650	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	33,710	...	...	559,155	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	68,050	...	...	1,093,185	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	66,550	...	...	1,044,715	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	64,050	...	...	986,460	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	60,070	...	...	921,205	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	55,585	...	...	844,835	...	...
$100,000 and over	466,250	...	...	6,053,945	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	118,385	...	...	1,753,485	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	92,470	...	...	1,283,445	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	120,095	...	...	1,545,935	...	...
$200,000 and over	135,305	...	...	1,471,075	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Under $5,000	22,790	...	...	186,735	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,405	...	...	95,195	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	10,875	...	...	183,430	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	21,425	...	...	289,545	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	41,415	...	...	681,900	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	34,225	...	...	589,110	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	35,420	...	...	582,275	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	40,580	...	...	666,675	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,605	...	...	676,995	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	40,015	...	...	655,100	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	80,010	...	...	1,285,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	77,200	...	...	1,223,830	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	72,480	...	...	1,137,840	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	66,915	...	...	1,039,375	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	60,370	...	...	911,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	391,580	...	...	4,773,995	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	124,245	...	...	1,757,035	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	89,890	...	...	1,152,855	...	...
$150,000 and over	177,450	...	...	1,864,100	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	700,885	...	...	10,117,305	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	247,460	...	...	3,929,500	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	326,565	...	...	4,311,315	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	97,675	...	...	1,547,920	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	449,415	217,770	231,645	5,922,660	2,927,295	2,995,365
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	41,600	38,800	38,400	40,000	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	37,600	36,000	34,800	36,000	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	700,360	...	...	10,113,100	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	105,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	246,715	...	...	3,926,040	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	125,700	...	...	112,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,600	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	326,830	...	...	4,318,755	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	169,600	...	...	160,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	96,940	...	...	1,539,580	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,400	...	...	82,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,300	...	...	71,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	448,025	216,430	231,595	5,916,895	2,916,490	3,000,405
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,650	55,400	50,040	49,440	52,050	46,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,160	45,800	42,640	41,560	43,080	40,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,607,010	1,277,305	1,329,710	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250
0 to 17 years	451,730	233,415	218,310	7,196,545	3,696,540	3,500,005
0 to 5 years	139,005	71,305	67,700	2,225,085	1,140,315	1,084,775
18 to 64 years	1,716,485	841,060	875,425	22,545,065	11,159,405	11,385,665
65 years and over	438,795	202,825	235,970	6,586,865	3,081,285	3,505,580
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	289,615	135,575	154,040	4,016,065	1,881,305	2,134,765
0 to 17 years	52,575	27,390	25,185	854,565	439,490	415,075
0 to 5 years	15,240	7,785	7,455	282,315	144,250	138,065
18 to 64 years	174,150	82,185	91,970	2,175,755	1,050,115	1,125,640
65 years and over	62,895	26,005	36,885	985,745	391,695	594,050
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.6	11.6	11.1	10.5	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.6	11.7	11.5	11.9	11.9	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	10.9	11.0	12.7	12.7	12.7
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.8	10.5	9.7	9.4	9.9
65 years and over (%)	14.3	12.8	15.6	15.0	12.7	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,596,300	1,272,125	1,324,175	35,837,970	17,691,535	18,146,440
0 to 17 years	449,990	232,490	217,495	7,043,545	3,618,040	3,425,505
0 to 5 years	138,435	71,020	67,415	2,175,935	1,115,010	1,060,925
18 to 64 years	1,709,765	837,800	871,965	22,262,940	11,019,070	11,243,865
65 years and over	436,545	201,830	234,720	6,531,490	3,054,420	3,477,065
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	200,160	98,875	101,285	1,863,335	950,150	913,180
0 to 17 years	31,010	16,225	14,785	319,545	164,490	155,060
0 to 5 years	8,255	4,250	4,005	99,435	50,875	48,560
18 to 64 years	143,600	71,515	72,090	1,344,640	702,660	641,975
65 years and over	25,555	11,140	14,410	199,155	83,010	116,145
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.7	7.8	7.7	5.2	5.4	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	6.9	7.0	6.8	4.5	4.6	4.5
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0	6.0	5.9	4.6	4.6	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	8.4	8.5	8.3	6.0	6.4	5.7
65 years and over (%)	5.9	5.5	6.1	3.1	2.7	3.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,607,010	1,277,305	1,329,710	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250
In bottom half of the distribution	1,160,745	554,335	606,410	18,164,550	8,775,210	9,389,345
In bottom decile	286,250	137,510	148,735	3,632,735	1,759,660	1,873,070
In second decile	218,965	101,905	117,060	3,632,975	1,695,310	1,937,660
In third decile	211,650	100,865	110,790	3,632,895	1,752,160	1,880,735
In fourth decile	215,485	103,580	111,905	3,632,745	1,775,535	1,857,210
In fifth decile	228,400	110,475	117,925	3,633,205	1,792,540	1,840,670
In top half of the distribution	1,446,270	722,965	723,300	18,163,925	9,162,020	9,001,900
In sixth decile	240,740	117,895	122,845	3,632,910	1,810,370	1,822,535
In seventh decile	257,800	127,340	130,460	3,632,765	1,819,535	1,813,230
In eighth decile	279,315	139,075	140,240	3,632,555	1,829,025	1,803,530
In ninth decile	309,635	155,670	153,965	3,632,930	1,841,520	1,791,415
In top decile	358,770	182,985	175,785	3,632,765	1,861,575	1,771,195
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,607,015	...	...	36,328,475	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.366	...	...	0.347	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.459	...	...	0.462	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.321	...	...	0.302	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.3	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English only	2,307,135	1,148,625	1,158,505	25,261,655	12,620,855	12,640,800
French only	1,095	505	585	4,087,895	1,914,500	2,173,390
English and French	170,965	76,685	94,280	6,581,680	3,244,350	3,337,330
Neither English nor French	140,240	57,675	82,565	689,725	284,170	405,555
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English	2,441,160	1,207,410	1,233,750	27,643,140	13,696,115	13,947,025
French	25,925	12,960	12,965	7,828,545	3,854,435	3,974,110
English and French	14,255	6,470	7,785	476,175	237,635	238,535
Neither English nor French	138,090	56,660	81,425	673,100	275,685	397,420
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
Single responses	2,476,420	1,214,835	1,261,585	35,145,265	17,344,665	17,800,600
Official languages	1,365,700	696,455	669,240	27,296,445	13,583,930	13,712,510
English	1,340,995	683,970	657,020	20,107,200	10,036,360	10,070,835
French	24,710	12,490	12,225	7,189,245	3,547,565	3,641,675
Non-official languages	1,110,720	518,375	592,345	7,848,820	3,760,725	4,088,090
Indigenous languages³⁹	555	260	300	148,895	71,630	77,265
Algonquian languages	260	125	135	97,125	46,545	50,580
Blackfoot	15	5	10	2,520	1,180	1,340
Cree-Innu languages	175	90	85	67,665	32,715	34,950
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,500	2,825	2,670
Cree languages	175	90	85	53,070	25,645	27,430
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	155	70	85
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	580	300	280
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	3,460	1,675	1,785
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	10	5	2,475	1,075	1,395
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	20	25	5,025	2,345	2,675
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	5	2,850	1,370	1,480
Cree, n.o.s.	100	50	45	38,535	18,810	19,725
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	8,465	3,930	4,535
Naskapi	0	0	0	625	310	315
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	5,155	2,415	2,745
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	4,910	2,290	2,620
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	245	125	120
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	25	35	21,775	10,230	11,550
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0	865	400	460
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	9,310	4,525	4,790
Ojibway languages	55	20	35	11,605	5,300	6,300
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	470	235	235
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	65	25	40
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	0	15	1,880	850	1,030
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	15	9,185	4,190	4,995
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	0
Athabaskan languages	70	35	35	12,885	6,200	6,680
Northern Athabaskan languages	70	35	35	12,785	6,155	6,630
Dakelh (Carrier)	35	15	20	625	280	340
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	120	55	60
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	5	8,060	3,865	4,190
Gwich'in	0	0	0	175	70	105
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	1,505	755	755
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	400	195	200
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	270	120	150
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	840	440	400
Tahltan languages	5	5	0	150	80	65
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0	65	40	25
Tahltan	0	0	0	80	40	40
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	5	0	1,390	725	670
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	35	5	30
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	5	5	465	210	255
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	25	15	10
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	120	40	85
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	70	15	55
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	25	10	15
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	25	10	20
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	120	50	65
Tlingit	0	0	0	50	20	25
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	20	25
Haida	15	0	15	45	15	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	33,790	16,480	17,315
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	560	220	340
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	335	140	200
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	225	85	140
Inuktitut	10	5	5	33,200	16,240	16,955
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	10	20
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	355	150	205
Cayuga	0	0	0	35	15	15
Mohawk	5	5	5	275	115	155
Oneida	0	0	0	45	10	30
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0	30	15	15
Michif	10	0	10	485	220	265
Salish languages	55	25	30	1,095	520	575
Halkomelem	15	5	5	185	90	95
Lillooet	0	0	0	100	45	55
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	180	100	80
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	5	5	265	125	140
Squamish	25	10	10	25	10	15
Straits	0	0	0	95	40	50
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	185	80	105
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	55	30	25
Siouan languages	5	5	0	1,040	485	555
Assiniboine	0	0	0	70	40	25
Dakota	0	0	0	560	245	315
Stoney	0	0	0	365	180	190
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	20	20
Tsimshian languages	60	35	30	1,035	515	515
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	15	15	590	300	290
Nisga'a	20	10	10	325	155	170
Tsimshian	10	5	5	120	60	60
Wakashan languages	45	15	25	770	385	385
Haisla	5	5	5	85	35	55
Heiltsuk	15	5	5	300	180	120
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	10	10	150	70	80
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	220	95	130
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	20	5	15
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	60	25	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	10	180	75	100
Non-Indigenous languages	1,110,165	518,120	592,040	7,699,925	3,689,100	4,010,830
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,995	14,310	12,685	698,355	359,625	338,730
Berber languages	90	55	30	27,490	14,715	12,775
Kabyle	65	40	25	24,760	13,130	11,625
Tamazight	15	10	5	2,340	1,365	975
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	395	225	170
Chadic languages	40	30	15	1,985	1,085	905
Hausa	25	20	5	1,315	740	570
Mina	10	10	5	675	340	335
Coptic	10	5	5	1,015	510	505
Cushitic languages	1,715	870	845	49,410	23,275	26,135
Bilen	25	10	10	2,020	1,085	935
Oromo	240	130	105	5,905	3,015	2,890
Somali	1,400	695	705	40,730	18,775	21,955
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	755	400	350
Semitic languages	25,150	13,350	11,795	618,450	320,045	298,405
Amharic	1,320	640	675	25,685	12,090	13,600
Arabic	18,130	9,640	8,485	508,410	265,350	243,060
Aramaic languages	1,440	730	705	27,690	13,465	14,220
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	540	275	260	17,220	8,320	8,900
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	780	390	385	8,860	4,335	4,525
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	60	55	1,600	805	795
Harari	15	10	15	1,220	550	675
Hebrew	1,925	1,085	840	19,495	10,505	8,995
Maltese	60	25	35	4,425	2,080	2,340
Tigrigna	2,240	1,205	1,030	31,075	15,775	15,300
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	450	235	220
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,110	12,505	15,600	192,985	87,230	105,750
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,210	535	675	19,525	8,820	10,705
Vietnamese	26,850	11,945	14,900	173,000	78,180	94,820
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	20	25	460	230	225
Austronesian languages	85,375	35,505	49,870	565,375	238,875	326,500
Bikol	345	140	205	2,115	940	1,180
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,025	420	605	8,215	3,425	4,790
Cebuano	2,615	1,070	1,545	18,945	7,800	11,145
Fijian	265	130	135	605	325	280
Hiligaynon	1,595	645	955	9,690	3,900	5,795
Ilocano	5,425	2,275	3,155	33,520	14,140	19,380
Indonesian	3,665	1,610	2,050	11,910	4,990	6,920
Kankanaey	170	70	100	1,100	465	640
Kinaray-a	105	40	70	670	275	395
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	2,085	990	1,090
Merina	0	0	0	1,245	580	670
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	5	10	835	415	425
Malay	280	140	135	1,330	570	760
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	725	325	400	5,615	2,635	2,980
Pangasinan	345	145	200	2,050	900	1,150
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	67,790	28,045	39,745	461,150	194,805	266,345
Waray-Waray	260	105	150	1,625	690	935
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	730	335	400	4,740	2,035	2,705
Creole languages	640	310	325	78,235	35,650	42,580
Haitian Creole	60	35	25	52,435	23,355	29,085
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10	600	315	290
Krio	20	10	15	795	365	435
Morisyen	315	140	170	6,125	3,015	3,110
Sango	0	0	0	580	280	300
Creole, n.o.s.	105	60	50	15,550	7,325	8,230
Creole languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60	2,135	1,000	1,140
Dravidian languages	10,510	5,645	4,870	244,165	125,180	118,990
Kannada	480	245	235	6,240	3,215	3,020
Malayalam	3,115	1,630	1,490	54,050	29,375	24,670
Tamil	4,500	2,345	2,155	152,850	75,010	77,845
Telugu	2,335	1,385	950	30,045	17,095	12,950
Tulu	65	35	30	615	310	305
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	370	170	195
Georgian	140	85	55	2,180	1,175	1,005
Hmong-Mien languages	70	35	35	565	265	305
Indo-European languages	474,005	232,735	241,270	4,124,860	2,018,340	2,106,520
Albanian	1,150	590	560	29,265	14,690	14,580
Armenian	1,185	570	615	33,720	16,335	17,385
Balto-Slavic languages	56,960	26,435	30,525	648,810	297,100	351,710
Baltic languages	625	265	360	10,560	4,425	6,135
Latvian	295	130	160	4,430	1,875	2,555
Lithuanian	330	135	195	6,130	2,555	3,580
Slavic languages	56,340	26,170	30,165	638,250	292,670	345,580
Belarusian	45	20	25	720	325	395
Bulgarian	1,680	790	890	19,035	9,090	9,950
Czech	3,365	1,580	1,785	20,025	9,215	10,815
Macedonian	245	125	125	14,795	7,075	7,720
Polish	10,645	4,900	5,745	160,170	72,120	88,050
Russian	20,685	9,380	11,310	197,905	89,100	108,800
Rusyn	10	5	5	500	240	255
Serbo-Croatian	13,295	6,560	6,735	116,735	56,900	59,835
Bosnian	1,345	655	685	13,820	6,785	7,040
Croatian	4,990	2,385	2,600	43,500	20,755	22,740
Serbian	6,715	3,390	3,325	57,425	28,410	29,015
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	245	130	120	1,995	945	1,045
Slovak	2,215	965	1,240	15,255	6,930	8,320
Slovene (Slovenian)	475	220	260	7,965	3,425	4,535
Ukrainian	3,650	1,610	2,045	84,705	38,005	46,695
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	440	235	205
Celtic languages	200	120	85	2,150	1,110	1,045
Irish	80	55	30	665	355	315
Scottish Gaelic	40	20	20	425	210	210
Welsh	70	40	30	825	410	420
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	230	135	95
Germanic languages	30,225	14,375	15,850	463,400	221,365	242,035
Frisian	55	20	30	1,570	800	775
High German languages	18,910	8,910	10,000	301,570	142,580	158,990
German	18,090	8,520	9,565	272,865	128,250	144,615
Pennsylvania German	0	0	5	9,065	4,530	4,540
Swiss German	665	310	355	7,575	3,740	3,835
Yiddish	155	75	75	12,060	6,060	6,005
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,840	3,825	4,020	138,655	67,815	70,840
Afrikaans	1,500	745	755	12,270	6,175	6,095
Dutch	6,005	2,915	3,085	80,315	39,000	41,310
Low German, n.o.s.	25	15	10	8,670	4,255	4,420
Low Saxon	20	10	15	1,270	650	625
Plautdietsch	165	80	85	33,200	16,410	16,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	120	65	60	2,935	1,325	1,605
Scandinavian languages	3,380	1,600	1,785	20,275	9,500	10,775
Danish	1,525	745	785	9,945	4,750	5,195
Icelandic	115	50	65	905	430	480
Norwegian	635	290	345	3,535	1,675	1,860
Swedish	1,110	510	595	5,890	2,645	3,245
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	1,330	670	660
Greek	4,295	2,210	2,085	93,335	45,860	47,470
Indo-Iranian languages	294,870	146,860	148,010	1,659,505	847,400	812,105
Indo-Aryan languages	236,465	117,710	118,750	1,358,645	697,075	661,575
Assamese	70	35	30	545	265	280
Bengali	3,870	2,125	1,750	87,580	45,160	42,425
Gujarati	7,075	3,515	3,555	138,985	73,335	65,655
Hindi	27,990	13,815	14,175	152,825	79,585	73,240
Kacchi	1,125	480	645	6,930	3,100	3,830
Kashmiri	60	40	25	745	395	350
Konkani	245	120	125	3,425	1,675	1,745
Marathi	1,370	700	670	14,145	7,330	6,810
Nepali	1,270	645	625	23,425	11,920	11,510
Oriya languages	95	50	45	1,775	940	835
Odia	60	35	25	1,125	615	510
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	20	645	325	320
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180,355	89,660	90,695	666,585	341,515	325,065
Rohingya	65	35	30	545	265	280
Sindhi	210	110	100	3,985	2,070	1,915
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,605	790	820	18,000	8,895	9,110
Urdu	10,495	5,310	5,185	235,290	118,540	116,755
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	555	275	275	3,865	2,085	1,780
Iranian languages	58,375	29,130	29,240	300,555	150,160	150,390
Baluchi	45	20	25	555	305	250
Kurdish	2,550	1,385	1,165	16,485	8,770	7,715
Parsi	135	70	60	555	310	240
Pashto	1,225	680	545	19,520	10,170	9,355
Persian languages	54,350	26,935	27,415	262,625	130,180	132,440
Dari	5,705	2,815	2,890	57,220	28,070	29,155
Iranian Persian	43,720	21,655	22,070	179,425	89,070	90,360
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,925	2,470	2,460	25,975	13,040	12,930
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	815	425	390
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	305	165	140
Italic (Romance) languages	85,100	41,570	43,530	1,194,290	574,295	619,995
Catalan	140	75	60	905	470	440
Italian	13,285	6,705	6,580	319,505	154,295	165,205
Portuguese	18,185	8,650	9,530	240,680	115,235	125,450
Romanian	6,780	3,270	3,515	93,160	44,185	48,975
Spanish	46,645	22,835	23,810	538,870	259,500	279,375
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	1,165	610	550
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	385	195	185
Japanese	17,340	5,735	11,605	43,850	14,205	29,650
Korean	52,525	23,415	29,110	170,400	77,075	93,325
Mongolian	410	175	235	1,850	800	1,050
Niger-Congo languages	3,435	1,735	1,705	108,295	52,850	55,440
Akan (Twi)	420	235	190	13,120	6,400	6,720
Bamanankan	5	0	0	1,855	1,000	860
Edo	55	30	30	1,685	745	940
Éwé	85	45	40	1,955	1,030	920
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10	3,520	1,825	1,695
Ga	35	20	15	815	400	415
Ganda	125	60	65	1,890	885	1,010
Gikuyu	40	20	15	760	320	440
Igbo	205	100	100	5,175	2,720	2,460
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	215	105	115	7,380	3,365	4,015
Lingala	55	25	30	4,260	1,925	2,335
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10	520	245	275
Mòoré	0	0	0	515	260	260
Mwani	20	15	10	695	365	325
Ndebele	35	15	25	920	420	500
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	85	105	8,660	4,035	4,625
Shona	210	95	120	3,605	1,665	1,940
Soninke	0	0	0	505	315	190
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	20	25	520	200	320
Swahili	810	390	415	16,000	7,630	8,370
Wojenaka	10	0	0	1,030	495	535
Wolof	30	20	15	4,890	2,605	2,285
Yoruba	335	185	150	15,015	7,605	7,410
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495	250	240	13,000	6,405	6,590
Nilo-Saharan languages	315	165	155	6,920	3,565	3,355
Dinka	75	40	35	1,865	1,000	865
Nuer	35	15	20	1,090	515	570
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	175	95	85	3,395	1,745	1,645
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20	575	305	270
Sign languages	580	325	250	6,955	3,710	3,250
American Sign Language	515	295	225	4,965	2,635	2,335
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	990	520	465
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25	1,005	555	450
Sino-Tibetan languages	395,250	178,750	216,505	1,309,825	602,025	707,800
Chinese languages	393,030	177,675	215,360	1,292,640	593,580	699,055
Hakka	1,945	845	1,100	9,765	4,420	5,345
Mandarin	191,475	85,475	106,005	679,255	310,750	368,510
Min Dong	180	85	90	1,310	665	645
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,195	5,005	6,185	27,805	12,415	15,390
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,085	1,355	1,725	8,880	3,995	4,880
Yue (Cantonese)	182,910	83,885	99,025	553,380	255,540	297,835
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,125	965	1,160	11,610	5,500	6,110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70	630	295	330
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,150	1,045	1,110	16,600	8,160	8,445
Burmese	930	445	485	3,305	1,590	1,710
Kuki-Chin languages	205	90	115	870	400	475
Karenic languages	580	280	305	4,520	2,240	2,275
S'gaw Karen	525	250	275	3,900	1,940	1,960
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	615	305	315
Tibetan	320	165	150	7,025	3,475	3,545
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55	890	445	440
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	585	285	295
Tai-Kadai languages	2,960	1,015	1,940	22,350	8,605	13,745
Lao	810	390	425	11,485	5,475	6,010
Thai	2,045	580	1,465	10,455	2,960	7,495
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	100	40	55	410	165	240
Turkic languages	5,260	2,860	2,400	53,520	28,385	25,135
Azerbaijani	565	305	265	4,490	2,460	2,030
Kazakh	100	40	60	540	230	305
Turkish	4,095	2,280	1,815	44,190	23,615	20,570
Uyghur	225	110	115	1,355	660	690
Uzbek	130	60	65	1,805	890	920
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	65	80	1,150	530	620
Uralic languages	6,145	2,770	3,375	68,180	31,000	37,180
Estonian	340	145	195	4,485	1,945	2,535
Finnish	1,395	540	855	12,200	5,075	7,120
Hungarian	4,410	2,085	2,330	51,500	23,980	27,525
Other languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50	1,060	540	520
Multiple responses	143,005	68,660	74,350	1,475,690	719,210	756,480
English and French	8,240	4,030	4,210	291,325	142,420	148,905
English and non-official language(s)	117,335	56,800	60,535	921,480	450,685	470,800
French and non-official language(s)	1,775	835	935	117,910	57,875	60,040
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,190	985	1,205	52,880	25,900	26,975
Multiple non-official languages	13,465	6,000	7,460	92,095	42,330	49,765
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English	1,433,630	724,330	709,305	20,920,835	10,420,570	10,500,270
French	5,350	2,635	2,715	6,456,960	3,188,280	3,268,685
Non-official language	396,810	183,310	213,500	2,402,180	1,139,865	1,262,315
Indigenous³⁹	75	35	40	50,460	25,385	25,080
Non-Indigenous	396,730	183,270	213,455	2,351,720	1,114,475	1,237,240
English and French	20,960	10,040	10,920	953,760	465,560	488,205
English and non-official language(s)	710,270	339,560	370,715	4,835,815	2,350,245	2,485,570
French and non-official language(s)	800	360	440	395,320	188,195	207,125
English, French and non-official language(s)	16,000	7,270	8,730	455,760	217,995	237,770
Multiple non-official languages	35,600	15,995	19,610	200,320	93,165	107,155
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
Single responses	2,457,520	1,206,005	1,251,520	35,057,615	17,305,575	17,752,035
Official languages	1,734,900	866,510	868,385	30,421,050	15,070,205	15,350,850
English	1,726,210	862,290	863,925	23,376,200	11,588,715	11,787,485
French	8,690	4,225	4,465	7,044,855	3,481,490	3,563,365
Non-official languages	722,625	339,490	383,130	4,636,560	2,235,370	2,401,190
Indigenous languages³⁹	110	50	55	85,835	42,950	42,885
Algonquian languages	40	15	20	50,135	25,010	25,120
Blackfoot	5	5	0	980	495	480
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20	38,255	19,165	19,090
Atikamekw	0	0	0	4,345	2,285	2,060
Cree languages	30	10	20	26,700	13,425	13,270
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	50	30	30
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	560	300	265
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	2,545	1,225	1,315
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	665	305	360
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	1,455	730	725
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	830	430	405
Cree, n.o.s.	15	10	10	20,585	10,400	10,180
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	6,710	3,190	3,520
Naskapi	0	0	0	505	260	245
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	2,650	1,250	1,395
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	2,595	1,225	1,365
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	55	25	25
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	8,250	4,100	4,155
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	230	105	120
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	4,540	2,305	2,235
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	3,480	1,685	1,800
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	145	70	70
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	25	10	15
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	390	195	200
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	2,925	1,405	1,515
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	5	7,260	3,675	3,585
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	7,230	3,655	3,575
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	220	100	125
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	30	10	15
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	5,255	2,610	2,650
Gwich'in	0	0	0	35	15	20
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	705	390	315
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	200	110	95
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	115	60	55
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	395	220	175
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	5	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	5	0	5
Tahltan	0	0	0	5	5	5
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	755	420	335
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	165	85	75
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	10	5	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	5
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5	0	40	20	20
Tlingit	5	0	0	10	5	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	5
Haida	0	0	0	10	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	27,295	13,695	13,600
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	145	65	80
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	95	45	55
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	50	25	25
Inuktitut	0	0	0	27,140	13,625	13,520
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	100	45	55
Cayuga	0	0	0	15	10	5
Mohawk	10	5	5	65	30	40
Oneida	0	0	0	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Michif	0	0	0	150	80	70
Salish languages	15	5	5	260	130	130
Halkomelem	5	0	5	50	20	30
Lillooet	0	0	0	35	20	20
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	35	20	10
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	85	40	40
Squamish	5	0	5	5	0	5
Straits	0	0	0	30	15	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	15	5	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	240	110	130
Assiniboine	0	0	0	10	5	10
Dakota	0	0	0	120	65	60
Stoney	0	0	0	90	40	55
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	5	5
Tsimshian languages	15	5	10	220	115	105
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	120	65	55
Nisga'a	10	5	5	85	40	45
Tsimshian	0	0	0	10	5	5
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	70	25	40
Haisla	0	0	0	10	5	5
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	5	5	5
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	20	5	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	25	5	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	85	40	40
Non-Indigenous languages	722,515	339,440	383,075	4,550,725	2,192,420	2,358,305
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,370	8,255	8,115	395,840	197,010	198,830
Berber languages	25	15	10	11,295	5,940	5,355
Kabyle	15	15	10	10,180	5,325	4,850
Tamazight	5	0	0	840	455	380
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	280	155	130
Chadic languages	5	5	5	835	425	410
Hausa	0	0	0	635	330	305
Mina	5	5	0	200	95	105
Coptic	0	0	0	545	265	280
Cushitic languages	1,015	495	525	30,375	14,115	16,260
Bilen	20	10	10	1,645	890	760
Oromo	120	65	55	3,890	1,935	1,960
Somali	855	405	450	24,410	11,075	13,335
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	425	215	205
Semitic languages	15,325	7,745	7,575	352,790	176,270	176,520
Amharic	625	290	335	14,030	6,470	7,565
Arabic	10,980	5,520	5,465	285,915	143,650	142,260
Aramaic languages	1,075	520	555	20,740	9,940	10,800
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	380	185	190	12,935	6,150	6,785
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	585	285	305	6,585	3,185	3,400
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110	55	60	1,220	605	615
Harari	20	5	15	680	305	380
Hebrew	915	485	435	8,515	4,355	4,160
Maltese	5	0	5	795	360	435
Tigrigna	1,685	915	775	21,860	11,050	10,810
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	250	135	115
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,825	8,050	9,775	127,730	58,660	69,070
Khmer (Cambodian)	630	290	340	10,650	4,765	5,880
Vietnamese	17,160	7,740	9,420	116,785	53,735	63,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	20	15	300	160	135
Austronesian languages	45,860	20,520	25,345	326,245	149,550	176,700
Bikol	100	45	55	760	370	395
Bisaya, n.o.s.	445	195	245	4,125	1,895	2,230
Cebuano	1,345	600	745	10,195	4,720	5,480
Fijian	80	45	40	200	110	85
Hiligaynon	750	330	415	5,015	2,265	2,750
Ilocano	2,865	1,295	1,570	18,350	8,350	10,000
Indonesian	1,300	640	660	4,150	1,985	2,170
Kankanaey	95	40	55	585	265	320
Kinaray-a	50	20	30	320	150	170
Malagasy languages	10	0	5	725	370	355
Merina	0	0	0	330	165	170
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	5	390	205	190
Malay	45	30	20	280	145	140
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	365	165	200	3,030	1,435	1,590
Pangasinan	115	50	65	680	310	375
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	37,890	16,855	21,035	275,045	125,870	149,170
Waray-Waray	110	60	50	680	325	360
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	300	145	150	2,100	1,000	1,105
Creole languages	330	155	180	35,195	15,455	19,740
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	22,610	9,620	12,990
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	300	125	175
Krio	15	5	10	360	150	210
Morisyen	205	100	105	3,640	1,760	1,880
Sango	0	0	0	295	135	160
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	20	7,120	3,275	3,845
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30	870	395	475
Dravidian languages	6,395	3,295	3,100	169,705	85,265	84,440
Kannada	200	110	95	3,060	1,575	1,485
Malayalam	1,840	945	895	35,390	19,010	16,380
Tamil	2,915	1,455	1,465	112,335	54,240	58,095
Telugu	1,405	770	630	18,470	10,215	8,250
Tulu	25	15	15	240	120	120
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	205	105	105
Georgian	90	60	35	1,335	730	610
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20	215	105	120
Indo-European languages	283,360	139,345	144,015	2,264,155	1,111,775	1,152,380
Albanian	430	215	215	14,110	7,005	7,100
Armenian	605	290	320	21,970	10,415	11,550
Balto-Slavic languages	26,885	12,850	14,030	303,480	143,495	159,985
Baltic languages	155	80	75	2,495	1,120	1,380
Latvian	65	35	35	880	395	485
Lithuanian	90	40	45	1,615	720	895
Slavic languages	26,735	12,775	13,955	300,985	142,375	158,610
Belarusian	10	5	5	215	100	115
Bulgarian	760	360	405	10,315	5,005	5,310
Czech	1,105	550	555	5,680	2,705	2,980
Macedonian	100	50	50	6,105	2,880	3,225
Polish	3,935	1,860	2,070	65,140	30,225	34,915
Russian	12,840	6,105	6,740	125,780	59,290	66,490
Rusyn	5	0	0	290	155	135
Serbo-Croatian	5,975	2,900	3,070	53,150	25,720	27,430
Bosnian	630	290	335	6,480	3,135	3,345
Croatian	1,595	735	860	14,925	6,965	7,960
Serbian	3,685	1,840	1,850	31,110	15,310	15,800
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65	40	30	640	315	325
Slovak	780	370	410	5,015	2,410	2,605
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	30	1,375	595	785
Ukrainian	1,185	545	635	27,825	13,250	14,580
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	95	55	40
Celtic languages	25	20	5	555	295	265
Irish	10	10	5	310	165	145
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	105	55	55
Welsh	5	10	0	100	55	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	40	25	15
Germanic languages	3,695	1,755	1,935	140,450	68,575	71,875
Frisian	10	5	5	270	110	155
High German languages	2,215	1,030	1,190	103,780	50,460	53,325
German	2,130	995	1,140	86,820	41,815	45,005
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	7,270	3,640	3,630
Swiss German	80	40	50	1,750	870	875
Yiddish	0	5	0	7,950	4,140	3,810
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,100	545	560	33,710	16,730	16,980
Afrikaans	590	295	295	6,095	3,055	3,035
Dutch	495	240	255	8,100	3,950	4,150
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	4,965	2,480	2,485
Low Saxon	0	0	0	490	240	245
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	13,845	6,895	6,945
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	220	100	120
Scandinavian languages	365	175	190	1,940	920	1,020
Danish	130	60	65	615	280	340
Icelandic	25	15	10	175	75	95
Norwegian	40	20	20	260	125	135
Swedish	175	85	85	890	435	450
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	740	355	390
Greek	1,550	720	830	38,300	17,490	20,810
Indo-Iranian languages	208,160	103,040	105,125	1,167,370	590,435	576,930
Indo-Aryan languages	167,845	83,465	84,380	962,820	490,815	472,000
Assamese	20	10	10	215	110	110
Bengali	2,260	1,155	1,100	56,750	28,435	28,315
Gujarati	3,555	1,735	1,820	92,005	47,790	44,215
Hindi	15,285	7,520	7,765	91,930	47,555	44,375
Kacchi	450	185	270	3,055	1,310	1,750
Kashmiri	20	15	5	270	130	140
Konkani	45	20	25	880	415	470
Marathi	690	350	335	7,460	3,800	3,660
Nepali	845	425	420	16,835	8,595	8,235
Oriya languages	35	15	15	795	420	375
Odia	25	10	15	525	275	250
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	270	145	130
Punjabi (Panjabi)	136,300	67,930	68,370	520,390	266,775	253,610
Rohingya	55	30	25	410	195	215
Sindhi	100	45	55	2,110	1,060	1,050
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	795	370	425	9,665	4,775	4,890
Urdu	7,165	3,550	3,615	158,040	78,420	79,615
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	230	115	115	2,015	1,040	975
Iranian languages	40,315	19,570	20,745	204,420	99,545	104,875
Baluchi	25	10	10	330	170	155
Kurdish	1,630	835	800	10,380	5,245	5,135
Parsi	65	30	35	280	130	150
Pashto	810	430	375	13,215	6,670	6,545
Persian languages	37,760	18,245	19,515	179,745	87,075	92,670
Dari	3,555	1,730	1,830	36,190	17,395	18,795
Iranian Persian	30,985	14,965	16,020	125,840	61,060	64,780
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,220	1,550	1,665	17,715	8,620	9,095
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	475	250	225
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	125	70	55
Italic (Romance) languages	42,000	20,450	21,550	577,735	273,965	303,770
Catalan	50	25	25	370	185	190
Italian	3,330	1,450	1,880	92,755	38,750	54,005
Portuguese	10,615	5,120	5,490	118,730	56,685	62,045
Romanian	2,935	1,395	1,535	48,090	23,135	24,955
Spanish	25,050	12,445	12,605	317,365	155,005	162,360
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	425	210	220
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	190	95	95
Japanese	8,485	3,475	5,005	20,055	8,290	11,765
Korean	40,050	18,290	21,750	125,525	58,250	67,275
Mongolian	210	115	100	1,050	505	545
Niger-Congo languages	1,150	550	600	38,600	18,055	20,545
Akan (Twi)	135	65	70	6,000	2,755	3,240
Bamanankan	0	0	0	560	280	280
Edo	10	5	5	365	150	215
Éwé	40	20	20	470	225	245
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	1,315	665	650
Ga	10	10	5	260	115	150
Ganda	25	20	10	555	260	295
Gikuyu	10	5	5	105	50	55
Igbo	60	30	30	1,530	770	765
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	35	45	2,720	1,205	1,520
Lingala	15	5	10	1,520	655	860
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	90	35	60
Mòoré	0	0	0	70	30	35
Mwani	0	0	0	160	85	75
Ndebele	5	0	5	295	130	160
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	50	65	3,780	1,760	2,025
Shona	40	15	20	1,035	480	555
Soninke	0	0	0	235	145	85
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	130	45	85
Swahili	310	145	160	7,055	3,290	3,765
Wojenaka	0	0	0	290	130	160
Wolof	10	5	10	1,945	1,040	910
Yoruba	115	60	60	5,395	2,505	2,890
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	165	85	85	2,720	1,250	1,470
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60	3,155	1,555	1,600
Dinka	25	10	10	900	485	420
Nuer	10	5	0	645	295	355
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	1,465	705	760
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10	140	75	70
Sign languages	950	540	415	12,160	7,005	5,160
American Sign Language	805	460	345	8,175	4,660	3,515
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	1,475	830	645
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65	2,520	1,515	1,000
Sino-Tibetan languages	295,940	134,200	161,745	967,965	450,210	517,755
Chinese languages	294,455	133,455	161,000	955,685	444,115	511,565
Hakka	580	260	320	3,625	1,645	1,985
Mandarin	152,805	69,445	83,360	530,945	249,675	281,270
Min Dong	90	45	50	775	370	405
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	6,040	2,740	3,300	13,945	6,255	7,685
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,950	900	1,045	5,750	2,705	3,050
Yue (Cantonese)	131,660	59,480	72,180	393,430	180,000	213,435
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,275	560	715	6,985	3,360	3,625
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	225	110	115
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,455	730	730	11,990	5,960	6,035
Burmese	615	300	320	2,075	1,010	1,070
Kuki-Chin languages	170	85	85	660	320	340
Karenic languages	415	215	205	3,400	1,725	1,675
S'gaw Karen	385	195	185	2,960	1,500	1,460
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	440	225	210
Tibetan	205	105	100	5,395	2,680	2,705
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	465	225	240
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	290	135	155
Tai-Kadai languages	1,135	475	660	10,120	4,660	5,460
Lao	370	175	190	5,955	2,850	3,105
Thai	715	275	435	3,955	1,725	2,230
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	210	85	125
Turkic languages	2,695	1,355	1,335	32,490	16,530	15,960
Azerbaijani	275	125	145	2,200	1,095	1,105
Kazakh	15	5	10	105	55	50
Turkish	2,195	1,130	1,070	27,970	14,290	13,685
Uyghur	115	55	60	850	420	435
Uzbek	50	25	30	950	470	480
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	410	195	210
Uralic languages	1,495	695	800	18,790	8,625	10,165
Estonian	50	30	25	615	245	370
Finnish	270	105	165	1,880	825	1,050
Hungarian	1,180	560	615	16,295	7,550	8,745
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	390	195	195
Multiple responses	161,905	77,490	84,415	1,563,345	758,295	805,045
English and French	3,935	1,915	2,025	230,955	112,070	118,880
English and non-official language(s)	151,220	72,500	78,720	1,123,355	546,255	577,095
French and non-official language(s)	425	195	225	125,525	60,405	65,125
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,145	560	590	56,805	27,370	29,430
Multiple non-official languages	5,180	2,320	2,855	26,705	12,190	14,515
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,619,425	1,283,490	1,335,935	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,085
None	1,968,775	974,115	994,655	31,053,450	15,366,470	15,686,980
English	255,090	123,090	132,005	1,956,965	969,380	987,580
French	17,840	8,410	9,430	571,040	268,530	302,510
Non-official language	293,690	137,890	155,800	2,248,130	1,071,870	1,176,260
Indigenous³⁹	560	230	335	63,565	29,285	34,280
Non-Indigenous	293,125	137,665	155,465	2,184,565	1,042,590	1,141,975
English and French	2,230	1,015	1,210	86,185	42,600	43,585
English and non-official language(s)	40,505	19,595	20,910	323,845	161,995	161,850
French and non-official language(s)	8,320	3,745	4,580	134,565	61,575	72,995
English, French and non-official language(s)	530	240	290	11,870	5,975	5,895
Multiple non-official languages	32,445	15,390	17,055	234,905	115,470	119,430
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,770	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,310
Official languages	2,466,835	1,219,760	1,247,075	35,644,660	17,656,300	17,988,360
English	2,465,850	1,219,360	1,246,490	31,628,570	15,769,105	15,859,470
French	171,635	76,755	94,880	10,563,235	5,115,365	5,447,875
Non-official languages	1,398,170	659,050	739,130	10,724,700	5,156,300	5,568,400
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,800	790	1,010	243,155	116,360	126,795
Algonquian languages	505	175	330	163,815	78,135	85,675
Blackfoot	20	0	15	6,680	3,120	3,560
Cree-Innu languages	335	120	220	105,850	50,975	54,870
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,815	3,455	3,360
Cree languages	335	120	220	87,875	42,340	45,530
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	420	220	200
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	895	450	445
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	4,880	2,320	2,555
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	45	0	35	4,675	2,025	2,645
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	140	65	75	12,005	5,440	6,555
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30	10	20	5,110	2,460	2,650
Cree, n.o.s.	145	50	95	61,000	29,930	31,070
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	10,745	4,935	5,805
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,035	515	525
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0	15	10,035	4,770	5,260
Mi'kmaq	20	0	15	9,245	4,370	4,880
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	820	420	400
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	50	90	42,865	20,015	22,850
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	0	0	1,950	895	1,060
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	15,305	7,450	7,855
Ojibway languages	125	40	85	26,160	11,930	14,235
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	10	25	2,035	875	1,165
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	215	80	135
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	0	25	3,625	1,670	1,955
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65	35	30	20,720	9,495	11,225
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	165	100	65
Athabaskan languages	165	65	105	20,390	9,635	10,755
Northern Athabaskan languages	150	50	90	20,135	9,515	10,620
Dakelh (Carrier)	45	0	45	1,550	680	870
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	270	125	145
Dene, n.o.s.	35	20	15	11,560	5,470	6,085
Gwich'in	0	0	0	295	115	180
Slavey-Hare languages	15	0	15	2,330	1,140	1,190
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	775	355	420
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	10	415	195	215
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	1,210	620	590
Tahltan languages	10	0	0	480	265	220
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	245	130	115
Tahltan	10	0	0	235	140	100
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	2,140	1,080	1,060
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	135	40	95
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	0	870	400	470
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	175	75	100
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	320	120	190
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	135	50	85
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	140	50	85
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	50	25	25
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30	15	15	290	140	150
Tlingit	10	0	0	150	75	75
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	110	55	55
Haida	45	0	35	245	90	155
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55	30	25	42,795	20,980	21,820
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	15	10	1,140	505	630
Inuinnaqtun	20	15	10	795	365	430
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	350	145	205
Inuktitut	55	30	25	41,680	20,495	21,185
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	70	30	40
Iroquoian languages	55	35	15	2,055	880	1,175
Cayuga	0	0	0	230	95	135
Mohawk	50	30	15	1,605	655	950
Oneida	0	0	0	210	105	110
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	65	35	25
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	215	90	120
Michif	50	10	35	1,905	850	1,050
Salish languages	655	345	310	5,305	2,555	2,755
Halkomelem	245	145	105	1,415	670	745
Lillooet	20	10	10	600	285	305
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	510	300	215
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	35	20	15	1,090	510	580
Squamish	285	145	140	350	165	185
Straits	25	10	15	325	135	185
Syilx (Okanagan)	40	15	20	705	320	390
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	360	190	175
Siouan languages	25	15	15	2,965	1,465	1,495
Assiniboine	0	0	0	370	195	175
Dakota	10	10	0	1,530	715	810
Stoney	0	0	0	925	470	455
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	325	180	140
Tsimshian languages	125	55	65	2,665	1,335	1,335
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	10	20	1,135	555	580
Nisga'a	65	25	35	1,110	595	515
Tsimshian	35	20	20	465	210	255
Wakashan languages	95	35	60	2,205	1,010	1,200
Haisla	0	0	0	295	145	145
Heiltsuk	25	10	15	335	170	170
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	45	15	30	820	355	465
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	0	700	315	390
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	55	30	25
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	645	310	335
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	40	20	20	855	405	450
Non-Indigenous languages	1,396,545	658,350	738,195	10,485,595	5,041,770	5,443,825
Afro-Asiatic languages	41,165	21,885	19,280	1,100,035	565,845	534,195
Berber languages	130	85	45	42,835	22,775	20,060
Kabyle	90	65	30	37,415	19,660	17,755
Tamazight	30	15	15	4,735	2,720	2,015
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	1,330	750	575
Chadic languages	195	105	90	7,090	3,740	3,350
Hausa	175	85	85	5,080	2,695	2,380
Mina	25	20	10	2,010	1,040	965
Coptic	55	35	25	3,690	1,790	1,900
Cushitic languages	2,340	1,225	1,115	71,930	34,430	37,500
Bilen	0	0	0	2,745	1,490	1,260
Oromo	360	200	160	9,635	4,860	4,780
Somali	1,970	1,030	935	59,005	27,735	31,270
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	1,400	760	645
Semitic languages	39,075	20,835	18,245	1,015,485	524,700	490,780
Amharic	2,590	1,350	1,240	48,305	23,910	24,395
Arabic	28,450	15,355	13,095	838,045	436,510	401,540
Aramaic languages	2,130	1,100	1,030	39,655	19,690	19,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	820	455	360	23,865	11,765	12,100
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,015	500	520	13,285	6,625	6,655
Aramaic, n.o.s.	340	170	165	3,195	1,625	1,570
Harari	20	0	20	2,000	925	1,075
Hebrew	5,650	2,865	2,785	83,205	42,515	40,685
Maltese	115	55	60	6,535	3,080	3,450
Tigrigna	3,090	1,710	1,385	45,970	23,120	22,845
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	1,760	1,065	695
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,210	16,325	19,880	260,030	120,035	139,995
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,690	795	900	28,390	13,100	15,290
Vietnamese	34,650	15,605	19,045	232,800	107,435	125,355
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	20	30	910	455	455
Austronesian languages	122,120	51,035	71,090	793,275	336,445	456,840
Bikol	620	295	320	4,260	1,975	2,275
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,145	480	665	10,990	4,625	6,375
Cebuano	4,315	1,860	2,455	33,045	13,790	19,250
Fijian	835	385	450	1,765	900	865
Hiligaynon	2,655	1,055	1,605	16,385	6,650	9,735
Ilocano	9,645	3,925	5,725	61,680	25,280	36,400
Indonesian	5,895	2,780	3,115	19,815	8,895	10,915
Kankanaey	280	100	180	1,950	770	1,175
Kinaray-a	180	65	110	860	345	510
Malagasy languages	40	15	30	3,885	1,960	1,920
Merina	15	10	10	2,355	1,215	1,140
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	10	15	1,565	785	780
Malay	2,960	1,405	1,555	10,770	4,995	5,775
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,310	560	745	10,555	4,690	5,865
Pangasinan	840	345	490	4,455	1,885	2,575
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	109,930	45,405	64,535	737,565	310,735	426,830
Waray-Waray	645	255	385	4,520	1,910	2,610
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,595	1,180	1,415	20,140	8,785	11,355
Creole languages	2,090	1,065	1,030	184,840	85,045	99,790
Haitian Creole	240	115	120	134,895	61,215	73,680
Jamaican English Creole	130	55	80	4,875	2,200	2,675
Krio	105	40	60	1,955	870	1,090
Morisyen	860	430	430	15,345	7,620	7,725
Sango	15	10	10	1,535	785	750
Creole, n.o.s.	465	255	215	31,220	14,400	16,825
Creole languages, n.i.e.	355	190	165	9,585	4,575	5,005
Dravidian languages	16,585	8,800	7,785	359,485	185,160	174,325
Kannada	1,425	765	660	18,420	9,660	8,760
Malayalam	4,615	2,470	2,150	77,910	42,025	35,890
Tamil	8,440	4,400	4,040	237,890	119,570	118,320
Telugu	3,940	2,235	1,705	54,685	30,575	24,110
Tulu	180	90	95	1,765	935	835
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	970	450	520
Georgian	195	120	75	3,015	1,565	1,445
Hmong-Mien languages	125	65	55	720	365	360
Indo-European languages	643,875	317,270	326,605	5,849,775	2,867,575	2,982,195
Albanian	1,585	755	830	38,345	19,410	18,935
Armenian	1,390	660	725	44,500	21,675	22,825
Balto-Slavic languages	70,160	33,320	36,845	820,305	384,390	435,915
Baltic languages	805	350	460	13,890	5,900	7,985
Latvian	365	170	195	6,020	2,595	3,425
Lithuanian	440	180	265	7,895	3,325	4,570
Slavic languages	69,615	33,095	36,520	809,985	380,025	429,960
Belarusian	235	110	125	2,825	1,185	1,640
Bulgarian	1,965	940	1,025	24,210	11,805	12,400
Czech	4,785	2,350	2,435	28,625	13,595	15,030
Macedonian	380	190	190	23,015	10,965	12,050
Polish	13,165	6,195	6,970	204,460	94,135	110,325
Russian	29,885	13,995	15,885	309,235	145,375	163,860
Rusyn	15	0	0	680	345	330
Serbo-Croatian	17,080	8,555	8,530	155,775	76,800	78,975
Bosnian	2,605	1,285	1,325	25,380	12,555	12,825
Croatian	8,235	3,995	4,240	73,845	36,015	37,830
Serbian	9,430	4,810	4,625	83,735	41,550	42,185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	385	205	180	3,085	1,590	1,500
Slovak	2,835	1,300	1,545	20,905	9,455	11,450
Slovene (Slovenian)	675	310	365	10,650	4,715	5,935
Ukrainian	7,515	3,310	4,205	131,655	59,230	72,425
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	770	385	385
Celtic languages	1,855	1,030	825	10,485	5,430	5,055
Irish	1,365	765	600	5,360	2,940	2,415
Scottish Gaelic	95	60	40	2,170	1,050	1,120
Welsh	330	175	155	2,170	1,015	1,155
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	910	495	415
Germanic languages	53,220	25,535	27,685	658,705	319,800	338,905
Frisian	90	40	55	2,835	1,480	1,350
High German languages	35,890	17,430	18,455	453,995	222,215	231,780
German	35,110	17,065	18,045	419,195	204,840	214,355
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	10,565	5,260	5,305
Swiss German	915	440	475	10,465	5,025	5,440
Yiddish	355	160	195	20,155	10,105	10,045
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	13,230	6,435	6,795	191,840	93,435	98,405
Afrikaans	4,765	2,465	2,305	29,670	15,335	14,335
Dutch	8,290	3,905	4,385	107,985	51,330	56,650
Low German, n.o.s.	35	25	0	10,555	5,245	5,315
Low Saxon	10	0	10	1,310	640	670
Plautdietsch	255	105	155	41,165	20,590	20,575
Vlaams (Flemish)	190	100	90	3,985	1,825	2,155
Scandinavian languages	6,065	2,755	3,310	37,500	17,205	20,300
Danish	2,250	1,065	1,190	14,700	6,805	7,900
Icelandic	145	65	85	1,475	685	790
Norwegian	1,440	635	805	8,860	4,180	4,675
Swedish	2,540	1,180	1,365	14,620	6,765	7,855
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	75	55	15	1,275	720	555
Greek	7,005	3,600	3,405	145,060	71,685	73,375
Indo-Iranian languages	384,455	192,610	191,845	2,263,825	1,162,830	1,100,990
Indo-Aryan languages	317,790	159,415	158,380	1,918,570	989,350	929,220
Assamese	95	50	45	1,155	590	565
Bengali	5,325	2,830	2,500	120,605	62,330	58,270
Gujarati	12,615	6,155	6,465	209,415	110,000	99,405
Hindi	110,485	54,890	55,600	761,425	395,410	366,015
Kacchi	2,745	1,210	1,535	15,085	6,785	8,300
Kashmiri	140	75	65	1,830	965	865
Konkani	655	335	320	8,950	4,300	4,645
Marathi	2,930	1,545	1,385	35,230	18,210	17,020
Nepali	1,645	830	815	30,660	15,680	14,980
Oriya languages	140	70	75	3,235	1,665	1,570
Odia	60	35	35	1,710	925	785
Oriya, n.o.s.	80	35	40	1,550	755	795
Punjabi (Panjabi)	239,205	120,220	118,990	942,170	488,075	454,090
Rohingya	55	35	20	765	345	420
Sindhi	505	260	250	8,385	4,480	3,910
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,045	1,420	1,630	33,050	16,645	16,400
Urdu	21,965	11,575	10,390	414,870	211,895	202,975
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,395	690	705	11,320	6,280	5,040
Iranian languages	69,060	34,510	34,550	370,520	186,750	183,770
Baluchi	105	70	40	985	565	420
Kurdish	3,720	2,025	1,690	24,035	13,005	11,030
Parsi	255	105	150	1,000	535	470
Pashto	2,440	1,410	1,030	31,695	16,810	14,885
Persian languages	64,655	32,215	32,440	326,285	163,665	162,620
Dari	7,840	3,780	4,055	78,220	38,765	39,460
Iranian Persian	52,285	26,110	26,175	222,160	111,750	110,415
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,290	2,730	2,555	30,345	15,460	14,880
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145	95	55	1,830	970	855
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	85	65	2,135	1,245	895
Italic (Romance) languages	142,265	68,760	73,500	2,054,885	975,310	1,079,575
Catalan	460	220	235	2,855	1,560	1,305
Italian	24,325	11,660	12,665	547,655	263,950	283,705
Portuguese	23,835	11,590	12,245	336,865	164,985	171,880
Romanian	8,735	4,285	4,450	116,520	55,570	60,950
Spanish	94,560	45,905	48,655	1,171,450	548,315	623,135
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	330	175	155	4,890	2,835	2,060
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	230	105	125	1,965	1,025	940
Japanese	31,770	13,490	18,275	98,070	43,380	54,690
Korean	61,165	27,260	33,905	203,885	92,275	111,605
Mongolian	525	240	285	2,545	1,085	1,455
Niger-Congo languages	9,095	4,625	4,475	267,520	131,495	136,025
Akan (Twi)	1,010	520	490	26,240	12,585	13,660
Bamanankan	40	25	15	4,950	2,570	2,380
Edo	155	75	85	4,945	2,315	2,630
Éwé	240	135	105	4,645	2,490	2,165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	10	20	7,840	4,100	3,740
Ga	150	95	60	3,255	1,565	1,685
Ganda	310	160	150	4,650	2,055	2,600
Gikuyu	80	30	55	1,850	750	1,100
Igbo	485	265	220	18,365	9,345	9,020
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	430	190	240	13,515	6,305	7,210
Lingala	270	130	140	25,720	12,260	13,460
Luba-Kasai	55	30	25	2,695	1,300	1,395
Mòoré	0	0	0	2,085	1,055	1,035
Mwani	10	10	0	1,080	585	490
Ndebele	130	60	70	2,425	1,140	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	285	115	170	14,825	7,070	7,755
Shona	435	190	245	7,280	3,440	3,845
Soninke	0	0	0	1,010	650	360
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	35	20	1,305	580	725
Swahili	3,925	2,060	1,865	57,295	28,950	28,340
Wojenaka	10	0	10	2,820	1,440	1,380
Wolof	105	60	45	12,940	6,925	6,015
Yoruba	1,130	570	560	50,935	25,265	25,675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,495	745	750	43,625	21,935	21,685
Nilo-Saharan languages	480	230	250	11,090	5,570	5,530
Dinka	95	45	45	2,815	1,470	1,345
Nuer	35	10	20	1,490	685	805
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	355	170	185	6,815	3,425	3,385
African, n.o.s.	90	55	40	2,760	1,485	1,275
Sign languages	3,615	1,595	2,020	49,535	19,685	29,850
American Sign Language	3,315	1,440	1,875	37,620	14,430	23,195
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	6,195	2,525	3,670
Sign languages, n.i.e.	380	180	195	7,450	3,515	3,940
Sino-Tibetan languages	461,875	211,710	250,165	1,550,930	721,520	829,410
Chinese languages	459,215	210,380	248,830	1,528,860	710,700	818,160
Hakka	3,385	1,565	1,815	14,830	6,845	7,980
Mandarin	292,720	131,975	160,745	987,300	452,995	534,305
Min Dong	215	85	130	1,825	840	980
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	22,615	10,030	12,585	51,755	22,840	28,920
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,555	1,930	2,620	13,660	6,060	7,600
Yue (Cantonese)	233,750	106,925	126,820	724,925	335,185	389,740
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,820	835	985	11,720	5,695	6,020
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	235	120	110	1,185	560	625
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,850	1,430	1,420	22,300	10,955	11,345
Burmese	1,560	780	775	5,935	2,910	3,025
Kuki-Chin languages	290	125	160	1,140	520	620
Karenic languages	650	315	335	5,705	2,790	2,915
S'gaw Karen	600	280	320	5,030	2,490	2,545
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30	845	395	450
Tibetan	415	220	200	9,160	4,565	4,590
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	220	125	95	1,940	890	1,050
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	190	90	100	1,220	540	680
Tai-Kadai languages	4,550	1,905	2,645	33,705	14,255	19,440
Lao	1,180	550	630	17,630	8,320	9,310
Thai	3,500	1,390	2,110	18,575	6,955	11,615
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	155	80	75	800	330	465
Turkic languages	9,305	4,745	4,560	91,375	47,575	43,800
Azerbaijani	1,480	755	720	9,875	5,380	4,490
Kazakh	190	55	135	1,415	600	815
Turkish	7,840	4,050	3,790	78,500	41,130	37,365
Uyghur	220	110	110	1,660	790	875
Uzbek	245	120	125	3,290	1,645	1,640
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	105	145	2,150	980	1,165
Uralic languages	7,285	3,325	3,955	85,055	39,290	45,765
Estonian	360	170	190	5,315	2,320	2,990
Finnish	1,695	735	965	15,325	6,735	8,590
Hungarian	5,250	2,440	2,805	64,625	30,320	34,300
Other languages, n.i.e.	355	160	190	5,545	2,750	2,790
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	63,345	30,695	32,650	1,807,250	877,645	929,605
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	60,565	29,410	31,155	1,743,165	847,385	895,785
First Nations (North American Indian)	35,950	17,325	18,630	1,048,405	506,515	541,890
Métis	24,105	11,875	12,230	624,220	306,220	318,000
Inuk (Inuit)	510	210	300	70,540	34,645	35,895
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,700	770	930	28,855	13,645	15,215
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,075	520	560	35,225	16,620	18,610
Non-Indigenous identity	2,543,670	1,246,545	1,297,120	34,521,230	17,059,520	17,461,710
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	24,605	11,745	12,860	831,720	402,310	429,405
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,582,410	1,265,500	1,316,910	35,496,755	17,534,850	17,961,905
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Owner	647,870	...	...	9,955,975	...	...
Renter	394,710	...	...	4,953,840	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	735	...	...	69,130	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Condominium	339,250	...	...	2,248,280	...	...
Not condominium	704,070	...	...	12,730,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
No bedrooms	21,815	...	...	132,060	...	...
1 bedroom	231,855	...	...	2,124,485	...	...
2 bedrooms	291,055	...	...	3,829,965	...	...
3 bedrooms	226,590	...	...	4,982,900	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	272,005	...	...	3,909,525	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	486,500	...	...	4,662,125	...	...
5 rooms	141,345	...	...	2,323,910	...	...
6 rooms	104,495	...	...	2,037,185	...	...
7 rooms	85,645	...	...	1,796,855	...	...
8 or more rooms	225,340	...	...	4,158,855	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,000,375	...	...	14,625,230	...	...
More than one person per room	42,945	...	...	353,715	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Suitable	958,590	...	...	14,173,290	...	...
Not suitable	84,735	...	...	805,650	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
1960 or before	120,385	...	...	3,027,045	...	...
1961 to 1980	243,195	...	...	4,171,840	...	...
1981 to 1990	151,115	...	...	1,982,515	...	...
1991 to 2000	173,545	...	...	1,805,985	...	...
2001 to 2005	69,100	...	...	959,860	...	...
2006 to 2010	91,675	...	...	1,034,925	...	...
2011 to 2015	84,850	...	...	967,540	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	109,460	...	...	1,029,220	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	988,135	...	...	14,059,395	...	...
Major repairs needed	55,185	...	...	919,545	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
One-maintainer household	513,180	...	...	7,659,700	...	...
Two-maintainer household	450,060	...	...	6,631,755	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	80,080	...	...	687,485	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
15 to 24 years	30,925	...	...	424,695	...	...
25 to 34 years	161,980	...	...	2,077,895	...	...
35 to 44 years	189,720	...	...	2,600,000	...	...
45 to 54 years	196,810	...	...	2,646,945	...	...
55 to 64 years	202,020	...	...	3,046,560	...	...
65 to 74 years	152,290	...	...	2,432,140	...	...
75 to 84 years	78,330	...	...	1,292,805	...	...
85 years and over	31,235	...	...	457,900	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,033,410	...	...	14,687,350	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	725,970	...	...	11,612,640	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	307,440	...	...	3,074,715	...	...
30% to less than 100%	254,850	...	...	2,742,920	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,043,320	...	...	14,978,940	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	406,540	...	...	4,379,420	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	272,030	...	...	2,728,995	...	...
Not suitable only	60,880	...	...	595,110	...	...
Major repairs needed only	34,030	...	...	645,465	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	18,445	...	...	135,770	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	15,750	...	...	199,355	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,190	...	...	64,095	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,210	...	...	10,630	...	...
Acceptable housing	636,780	...	...	10,599,520	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	980,820	...	...	14,355,555	...	...
In core need	166,100	...	...	1,451,025	...	...
Not in core need	814,720	...	...	12,904,530	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	644,275	...	...	9,807,720	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.2	...	...	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.4	...	...	14.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.9	...	...	5.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,980	...	...	1,498	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,050,000	...	...	472,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,304,000	...	...	618,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	393,260	...	...	4,936,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1	...	...	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.5	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.2	...	...	20.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...	1,070	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,624	...	...	1,209	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	735	...	...	69,130	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	6.2	...	...	5.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	200	...	...	284	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	326	...	...	327	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,607,015	1,277,240	1,329,770	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,315
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	19,765	9,420	10,350	985,200	480,950	504,245
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	19,180	9,175	10,005	963,705	470,850	492,855
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	15,265	7,295	7,975	763,230	371,400	391,825
Métis single ancestry	3,795	1,845	1,945	146,010	72,680	73,325
Inuit single ancestry	125	40	85	54,475	26,770	27,700
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	590	240	345	21,490	10,095	11,395
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	530	215	310	17,665	8,215	9,450
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	10	2,430	1,185	1,250
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	10	1,070	530	535
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	15	320	165	155
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	51,145	25,105	26,045	1,219,285	585,590	633,690
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	49,255	24,240	25,015	1,183,350	568,980	614,365
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	33,045	16,320	16,730	801,630	384,550	417,075
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15,860	7,750	8,110	362,130	174,975	187,150
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	355	175	175	19,595	9,450	10,150
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,890	860	1,030	35,930	16,605	19,320
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,810	830	975	31,815	14,790	17,025
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	20	35	2,785	1,190	1,595
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10	1,005	500	505
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	330	125	210
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,536,095	1,242,720	1,293,375	34,124,000	16,870,625	17,253,375
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,180,525	1,072,430	1,108,100	33,143,225	16,360,910	16,782,315
Canadian citizens aged under 18	409,560	211,730	197,825	6,784,875	3,486,545	3,298,330
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,770,975	860,695	910,275	26,358,355	12,874,365	13,483,990
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	426,480	204,820	221,665	3,185,250	1,576,255	1,608,995
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,384,550	702,470	682,080	27,042,120	13,461,515	13,580,610
Immigrants⁸¹	1,089,185	507,280	581,900	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,340
Before 1980	158,270	75,060	83,210	1,540,610	731,340	809,265
1980 to 1990	126,870	59,335	67,530	924,320	443,805	480,520
1991 to 2000	255,475	117,730	137,750	1,511,475	708,315	803,165
2001 to 2010	259,830	119,250	140,585	1,930,525	911,190	1,019,340
2011 to 2021⁸²	288,735	135,905	152,830	2,454,570	1,181,515	1,273,055
2011 to 2015	133,920	62,150	71,765	1,126,330	536,615	589,715
2016 to 2021	154,820	73,755	81,065	1,328,240	644,900	683,335
Non-permanent residents⁸³	133,275	67,495	65,785	924,850	499,490	425,365
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,089,180	507,280	581,905	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345
Under 5 years	81,230	41,410	39,820	748,265	377,795	370,470
5 to 14 years	168,170	86,775	81,390	1,438,440	730,675	707,765
15 to 24 years	203,110	92,205	110,905	1,594,290	720,630	873,660
25 to 44 years	501,615	225,450	276,170	3,783,335	1,782,805	2,000,525
45 years and over	135,060	61,440	73,625	797,180	364,260	432,920
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,089,180	507,280	581,905	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345
Americas	76,000	36,560	39,440	1,203,180	546,325	656,855
Brazil	7,100	3,335	3,760	48,450	22,405	26,050
Colombia	4,145	1,915	2,230	80,570	36,675	43,900
El Salvador	4,485	2,295	2,185	49,450	24,430	25,015
Guyana	995	415	580	85,530	37,870	47,660
Haiti	250	125	125	99,945	44,585	55,360
Jamaica	2,455	1,270	1,180	145,360	63,430	81,925
Mexico	10,060	4,625	5,440	90,585	42,215	48,370
Peru	2,875	1,310	1,565	31,420	13,925	17,490
Trinidad and Tobago	1,980	935	1,045	65,035	29,110	35,930
United States of America	27,615	13,505	14,110	256,090	115,380	140,705
Other places of birth in Americas	14,045	6,840	7,210	250,760	116,305	134,460
Europe	162,415	79,875	82,545	1,967,620	955,840	1,011,785
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,785	1,870	1,915	35,925	17,705	18,220
Croatia	3,690	1,815	1,875	36,675	18,115	18,560
France	4,360	2,395	1,970	121,525	63,845	57,685
Germany	11,545	5,430	6,115	126,470	60,560	65,915
Greece	2,550	1,415	1,130	54,715	27,050	27,665
Hungary	2,750	1,225	1,520	31,050	14,595	16,450
Italy	9,090	4,640	4,455	204,065	101,445	102,625
Netherlands	5,145	2,605	2,545	75,830	39,020	36,810
Poland	9,210	4,265	4,950	135,030	60,660	74,370
Portugal	4,400	2,130	2,275	128,795	62,880	65,910
Romania	7,235	3,420	3,815	86,770	40,820	45,955
Russian Federation	9,350	4,025	5,320	81,840	35,185	46,650
Serbia⁸⁶	3,745	1,865	1,875	31,925	15,480	16,450
Ukraine	7,090	3,300	3,790	81,135	36,840	44,295
United Kingdom⁸⁷	51,440	26,085	25,355	464,135	229,710	234,430
Other places of birth in Europe	27,030	13,390	13,635	271,725	131,935	139,790
Africa	38,530	19,615	18,915	821,735	412,365	409,375
Algeria	445	280	160	79,660	41,065	38,600
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	740	370	365	33,110	15,775	17,340
Egypt	2,705	1,510	1,195	73,710	38,730	34,980
Eritrea	2,255	1,305	950	31,385	16,575	14,815
Ethiopia	2,075	1,055	1,025	41,715	19,955	21,760
Morocco	930	445	485	81,775	41,085	40,685
Nigeria	2,210	1,165	1,050	81,290	41,665	39,620
Somalia	1,085	515	570	32,500	14,600	17,900
South Africa, Republic of	9,000	4,545	4,455	51,590	25,740	25,855
Other places of birth in Africa	17,085	8,420	8,665	314,995	157,170	157,825
Asia	788,120	359,655	428,460	4,307,000	2,030,575	2,276,420
Afghanistan	5,935	2,900	3,030	62,450	30,940	31,515
Iran⁸⁸	43,245	21,685	21,560	182,940	92,300	90,645
Iraq	6,550	3,510	3,040	84,130	42,660	41,465
Lebanon	1,960	1,095	865	95,725	50,675	45,055
Syria⁸⁹	4,690	2,460	2,230	97,590	49,855	47,735
Turkey	2,540	1,360	1,180	35,270	18,835	16,435
China⁹⁰	204,825	89,180	115,645	715,835	317,970	397,860
Hong Kong⁹¹	76,115	35,535	40,580	213,855	100,480	113,375
Korea, South⁹²	42,090	18,825	23,270	138,355	63,025	75,325
Taiwan	38,670	17,420	21,250	65,365	28,725	36,635
Philippines	109,405	45,955	63,455	719,580	305,115	414,460
Viet Nam	27,175	12,150	15,020	182,095	82,670	99,425
Bangladesh	2,580	1,300	1,280	70,090	35,675	34,415
India	151,400	74,355	77,050	898,050	451,120	446,930
Pakistan	11,125	5,735	5,390	234,105	118,390	115,715
Sri Lanka	4,875	2,340	2,535	136,240	66,215	70,030
Other places of birth in Asia	54,930	23,860	31,075	375,340	175,930	199,410
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	24,120	11,575	12,545	61,965	31,055	30,910
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	154,815	73,755	81,065	1,328,240	644,900	683,340
Americas	16,725	8,200	8,530	154,490	74,275	80,215
Brazil	4,625	2,210	2,415	19,895	9,340	10,560
Colombia	825	405	415	11,455	5,090	6,365
Haiti	20	15	0	10,550	5,155	5,400
Jamaica	390	190	195	15,155	7,740	7,420
Mexico	2,460	1,210	1,250	17,150	8,405	8,745
United States of America	5,465	2,780	2,680	39,875	19,790	20,085
Venezuela⁹⁵	420	170	250	7,060	2,980	4,075
Other places of birth in Americas	2,525	1,220	1,310	33,350	15,785	17,570
Europe	18,070	9,675	8,395	134,425	69,310	65,120
France	1,325	740	590	27,175	14,560	12,610
Germany	800	395	400	5,365	2,660	2,705
Ireland⁹⁶	2,105	1,295	815	6,355	4,000	2,350
Italy	805	445	355	4,240	2,470	1,770
Russian Federation	1,740	725	1,020	10,905	4,335	6,570
Ukraine	1,585	730	855	14,515	6,570	7,945
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,555	2,690	1,870	22,755	13,550	9,200
Other places of birth in Europe	5,150	2,650	2,495	43,120	21,160	21,960
Africa	7,395	4,010	3,385	206,965	102,875	104,090
Algeria	65	40	20	15,745	7,530	8,220
Burundi	70	30	45	4,935	2,420	2,510
Cameroon	100	55	45	11,795	5,545	6,250
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	230	130	95	8,915	4,200	4,720
Côte d'Ivoire	35	20	10	7,915	3,795	4,125
Egypt	500	290	215	12,120	6,285	5,835
Eritrea	1,415	870	545	16,330	8,755	7,575
Ethiopia	470	270	200	9,385	4,415	4,970
Morocco	230	100	125	12,835	6,025	6,810
Nigeria	1,085	575	510	40,360	20,575	19,780
Somalia	220	125	100	6,315	3,240	3,075
South Africa, Republic of	1,215	610	610	8,510	4,290	4,220
Sudan⁹⁷	160	85	75	4,690	2,375	2,315
Tunisia	100	55	50	8,155	4,185	3,975
Other places of birth in Africa	1,495	760	735	38,960	19,250	19,715
Asia	110,065	50,385	59,680	823,205	393,110	430,090
Afghanistan	1,245	660	590	12,730	6,290	6,440
Bangladesh	530	285	250	13,185	6,670	6,515
China⁹⁰	28,970	12,030	16,940	118,035	50,365	67,665
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,385	1,070	1,315	6,495	2,880	3,620
India	30,545	15,645	14,900	246,995	128,205	118,790
Iran⁸⁸	5,615	2,765	2,855	25,650	12,310	13,340
Iraq	1,435	785	645	17,715	8,835	8,875
Israel	520	315	205	4,850	2,565	2,290
Japan	1,615	405	1,210	4,445	1,035	3,410
Jordan	325	180	150	4,635	2,375	2,260
Korea, South⁹²	6,125	2,450	3,670	20,985	8,790	12,200
Lebanon	290	135	150	9,980	5,120	4,860
Nepal	235	110	125	4,890	2,475	2,415
Pakistan	1,850	1,020	830	36,255	18,070	18,190
Philippines	15,095	6,520	8,570	151,490	66,720	84,765
Saudi Arabia	480	300	185	9,560	5,195	4,365
Sri Lanka	600	270	330	8,480	4,010	4,465
Syria⁸⁹	3,380	1,815	1,565	63,130	32,725	30,410
Turkey	795	485	310	10,150	5,520	4,635
United Arab Emirates	515	235	280	8,405	4,325	4,085
Viet Nam	2,270	785	1,485	14,725	5,605	9,125
Other places of birth in Asia	5,245	2,130	3,120	30,410	13,035	17,375
Oceania and other⁹³	2,570	1,495	1,080	9,160	5,335	3,825
Australia	1,810	1,090	720	6,535	3,845	2,685
Other places of birth⁹⁸	755	405	355	2,625	1,490	1,135
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,256,395	591,725	664,670	9,606,595	4,631,905	4,974,690
Second generation¹⁰¹	632,460	321,815	310,645	6,393,310	3,207,980	3,185,330
Third generation or more¹⁰²	718,160	363,705	354,455	20,328,565	10,097,280	10,231,290
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	930,915	432,220	498,695	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	554,240	267,350	286,895	3,673,705	1,837,625	1,836,090
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	225,255	128,600	96,660	1,556,675	935,790	620,885
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	328,990	138,750	190,240	2,117,030	901,835	1,215,200
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	282,705	115,675	167,030	2,016,010	821,325	1,194,685
Refugees¹⁰⁸	81,155	43,525	37,635	1,039,275	543,725	495,550
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	12,805	5,670	7,135	91,900	42,145	49,755
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	930,915	432,220	498,695	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	23,820	13,615	10,210	416,105	222,895	193,205
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	98,885	40,630	58,255	705,405	324,370	381,035
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	33,385	16,610	16,775	183,250	92,135	91,110
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	58,500	27,225	31,280	377,130	188,535	188,590
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,390	1,445	1,935	39,540	15,685	23,855
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	712,935	332,695	380,240	5,099,470	2,401,190	2,698,280
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,420,270	680,720	739,550	9,639,205	4,712,790	4,926,415
South Asian	369,290	186,890	182,400	2,571,400	1,324,120	1,247,275
Chinese	512,260	239,705	272,560	1,715,770	808,745	907,035
Black	41,180	21,580	19,605	1,547,870	754,100	793,765
Filipino	142,125	62,920	79,210	957,355	427,755	529,600
Arab	22,440	11,975	10,465	694,015	362,845	331,170
Latin American	51,500	25,375	26,125	580,235	281,030	299,200
Southeast Asian	56,815	26,415	30,400	390,340	184,120	206,220
West Asian	64,640	32,345	32,295	360,495	181,795	178,695
Korean	63,465	28,855	34,610	218,140	101,855	116,285
Japanese	31,195	12,835	18,360	98,890	42,315	56,575
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	14,750	7,330	7,420	172,885	83,310	89,580
Multiple visible minorities	50,600	24,485	26,120	331,805	160,790	171,010
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,186,740	596,525	590,215	26,689,275	13,224,375	13,464,900
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Canadian	174,095	90,190	83,905	5,677,205	2,836,675	2,840,530
English	365,150	182,385	182,765	5,322,830	2,600,245	2,722,580
Irish	235,970	114,465	121,505	4,413,120	2,102,610	2,310,505
Scottish	281,420	138,535	142,885	4,392,200	2,131,620	2,260,580
French, n.o.s.¹²²	108,315	53,375	54,940	3,985,945	1,964,695	2,021,250
German	184,145	90,845	93,295	2,955,695	1,449,465	1,506,230
Chinese	475,160	222,200	252,960	1,713,870	806,365	907,500
Italian	83,200	41,925	41,280	1,546,390	774,250	772,140
Indian (India)	213,795	107,310	106,490	1,347,715	691,535	656,185
Ukrainian	81,155	39,615	41,540	1,258,635	612,455	646,175
Dutch	64,120	32,355	31,770	988,585	489,045	499,545
Polish	58,505	27,900	30,605	982,820	472,290	510,525
Québécois	2,475	1,275	1,200	981,635	490,130	491,510
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	79,115	39,490	39,620	938,950	462,420	476,530
Filipino	141,230	62,935	78,290	925,490	414,915	510,570
French Canadian	15,575	7,690	7,880	906,315	441,610	464,705
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	34,895	18,220	16,675	691,260	347,080	344,175
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	23,740	11,745	11,995	632,340	304,220	328,120
Métis	22,050	10,665	11,385	560,335	271,985	288,350
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	41,860	21,300	20,565	551,910	278,060	273,850
Russian	51,690	24,585	27,110	548,140	260,075	288,065
Norwegian	45,595	22,015	23,580	466,500	224,290	242,210
Welsh	37,335	17,865	19,470	455,720	216,490	239,230
Portuguese	22,980	11,230	11,750	448,305	222,770	225,535
American	26,805	13,320	13,480	353,495	172,240	181,255
Spanish	36,270	16,955	19,310	342,040	160,475	181,570
Swedish	34,990	16,370	18,620	334,505	156,840	177,665
Hungarian	21,815	10,455	11,365	320,150	155,755	164,395
Acadian	2,365	1,240	1,125	305,170	145,500	159,675
Pakistani	15,765	8,110	7,660	303,260	154,435	148,825
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	11,685	5,965	5,725	301,955	148,335	153,625
Jewish	22,280	11,210	11,070	282,015	141,530	140,490
Punjabi	71,020	36,210	34,810	279,950	145,620	134,330
Vietnamese	42,690	19,980	22,715	275,530	131,075	144,445
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,915	5,300	4,620	263,710	138,210	125,500
Greek	14,570	7,575	6,990	262,140	132,975	129,160
Jamaican	5,735	3,020	2,715	249,070	119,265	129,805
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	41,130	19,235	21,895	226,220	107,785	118,435
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	6,230	2,915	3,310	219,855	105,825	114,030
Korean	62,885	28,640	34,240	217,650	101,805	115,845
Romanian	15,490	7,600	7,885	215,885	103,720	112,165
Lebanese	5,355	2,715	2,635	210,605	107,990	102,615
Iranian	45,815	22,805	23,010	200,465	100,790	99,675
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	8,600	4,295	4,305	200,340	99,800	100,540
Danish	19,430	9,680	9,755	196,945	96,220	100,725
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,225	2,960	3,265	194,840	94,035	100,810
Sikh	51,935	26,520	25,415	194,640	101,255	93,385
Austrian	17,850	8,590	9,265	189,535	92,740	96,800
Belgian	7,410	3,675	3,735	182,175	90,150	92,030
Haitian	620	285	335	178,990	84,510	94,490
Hindu	15,640	8,105	7,535	166,160	87,665	78,495
Mexican	19,655	9,810	9,845	155,495	77,435	78,055
Mennonite	6,320	3,260	3,055	155,095	77,735	77,360
Swiss	9,570	4,715	4,855	145,570	72,015	73,555
Finnish	12,650	6,150	6,505	144,055	69,270	74,785
Sri Lankan	5,475	2,710	2,765	132,410	65,175	67,240
Croatian	14,670	7,195	7,475	130,820	64,915	65,905
Japanese	38,945	16,620	22,325	129,425	56,850	72,580
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	16,030	7,905	8,125	120,125	60,575	59,550
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,315	640	675	111,605	53,700	57,905
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	11,035	5,450	5,585	110,735	54,730	56,005
Muslim	7,175	3,625	3,555	105,620	54,095	51,525
Egyptian	4,430	2,365	2,060	105,245	55,230	50,020
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	8,930	4,465	4,465	104,765	51,375	53,395
Tamil	3,065	1,665	1,400	102,170	51,165	51,005
Icelandic	10,265	4,980	5,285	101,990	50,370	51,620
Colombian	5,525	2,760	2,765	100,555	47,995	52,560
Moroccan	1,305	630	680	99,980	50,835	49,150
Czech	10,055	4,970	5,085	98,925	47,495	51,430
Syrian	4,355	2,255	2,100	98,250	49,385	48,865
Guyanese	1,615	835	785	97,210	46,270	50,940
Afghan	9,060	4,475	4,585	96,810	48,255	48,550
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,940	1,495	1,445	94,585	44,335	50,250
Serbian	9,755	5,105	4,650	93,360	46,945	46,410
Ojibway	1,545	825	725	92,220	44,610	47,600
Newfoundlander	1,225	665	565	91,670	45,665	46,005
Hong Konger	29,025	14,030	14,990	81,680	39,485	42,195
Ontarian	1,075	540	535	80,555	39,675	40,880
Persian	17,315	8,840	8,475	80,340	41,415	38,925
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,650	1,415	1,235	77,405	37,655	39,750
Turkish	6,305	3,300	3,005	76,745	39,955	36,795
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	575	240	335	76,675	37,315	39,365
Bangladeshi	3,105	1,610	1,490	75,425	39,085	36,335
Algerian	690	405	285	73,770	38,035	35,740
Brazilian	9,720	4,735	4,985	71,755	34,670	37,085
Nigerian	2,440	1,265	1,180	69,540	34,680	34,860
Armenian	3,055	1,535	1,520	68,850	34,105	34,745
Slovak	6,010	2,840	3,175	68,210	33,475	34,740
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	6,295	2,805	3,490	66,780	31,525	35,255
Somali	2,315	1,255	1,060	65,555	31,555	33,995
Taiwanese	35,425	16,455	18,970	64,020	29,280	34,740
Iraqi	4,035	2,070	1,965	59,300	29,865	29,435
Salvadorean	5,045	2,495	2,550	59,280	29,150	30,130
African Caribbean	1,175	620	560	59,050	26,385	32,670
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	9,040	4,270	4,770	58,870	27,845	31,025
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,260	2,190	2,065	58,840	30,560	28,280
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,740	800	940	57,195	25,715	31,475
Algonquin	530	285	245	56,070	27,025	29,040
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,300	600	695	52,085	23,685	28,395
Lithuanian	3,380	1,520	1,855	52,040	24,510	27,530
South African	7,430	3,720	3,700	49,840	24,885	24,955
Australian	8,695	4,510	4,190	46,765	24,165	22,595
Palestinian	2,245	1,165	1,075	45,905	23,930	21,975
Chilean	4,055	2,045	2,010	45,685	22,520	23,165
Congolese	1,020	500	515	45,260	22,000	23,260
Nova Scotian	760	325	435	44,720	21,700	23,025
Ethiopian	2,130	1,050	1,080	42,545	20,675	21,875
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,755	1,720	2,045	42,405	20,105	22,300
Peruvian	3,185	1,515	1,665	42,295	19,925	22,370
Yoruba	835	460	375	42,075	21,740	20,330
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,545	1,200	1,345	41,950	19,835	22,115
Berber	455	285	170	41,700	22,325	19,370
Albanian	1,740	850	885	41,620	21,050	20,570
Maltese	1,185	570	620	40,670	20,210	20,455
Macedonian	795	390	405	39,440	19,500	19,940
Slovenian	2,725	1,330	1,390	38,595	18,785	19,815
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	3,555	1,730	1,825	38,520	18,935	19,585
New Brunswicker	320	150	170	37,670	18,235	19,435
Gujarati	2,190	1,065	1,125	36,970	19,580	17,385
Eritrean	1,955	1,065	885	36,290	18,185	18,110
African Canadian	980	520	455	35,395	17,140	18,250
Israeli	2,655	1,340	1,315	35,345	18,410	16,940
Mohawk	830	430	405	33,330	16,485	16,845
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,220	1,065	1,155	33,135	15,355	17,775
Bulgarian	2,540	1,210	1,325	33,085	16,235	16,850
Albertan	1,155	640	525	32,575	16,525	16,055
Ghanaian	1,215	690	525	31,720	15,650	16,065
Barbadian	1,205	615	590	31,440	15,265	16,175
African American	2,485	1,350	1,135	31,430	15,700	15,730
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,460	1,150	1,315	30,565	14,635	15,930
Tunisian	365	200	165	30,465	16,585	13,875
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,260	1,635	1,625	30,220	15,225	14,995
Cuban	1,095	565	525	30,065	14,830	15,235
Bosnian	2,915	1,470	1,445	28,490	14,320	14,170
Venezuelan	1,350	635	715	28,395	13,220	15,175
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	35	45	28,225	13,490	14,735
Latvian	2,355	1,200	1,150	28,140	13,515	14,620
Bengali	1,110	610	500	26,675	13,830	12,850
Cameroonian	220	140	80	26,535	12,960	13,580
Guatemalan	1,900	1,075	830	26,460	13,920	12,540
Indonesian	6,100	2,875	3,220	26,330	11,910	14,415
Laotian	1,785	840	955	25,875	12,500	13,375
Ilocano	4,000	1,775	2,225	25,575	11,860	13,715
Northern Irish	2,135	1,045	1,085	25,200	12,495	12,710
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,360	1,170	1,185	24,420	12,265	12,155
British Columbian	7,415	3,800	3,610	24,325	12,230	12,095
Ecuadorian	705	360	345	24,255	11,510	12,745
Franco Ontarian	140	75	70	24,110	11,540	12,570
Argentinian	1,640	805	835	23,500	11,665	11,840
Estonian	2,360	1,115	1,245	23,455	11,080	12,375
Kurdish	3,170	1,700	1,470	23,130	12,670	10,460
Fijian	14,415	6,845	7,575	23,020	11,040	11,980
Jatt	6,075	3,185	2,890	22,785	11,695	11,090
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	980	545	435	22,785	11,680	11,105
Coptic	680	390	290	22,570	11,405	11,165
Thai	3,650	1,385	2,265	22,275	8,525	13,750
Dominican	565	285	285	22,125	10,615	11,510
Nepali	1,520	725	795	21,975	11,215	10,765
Kabyle	55	20	30	20,565	10,595	9,975
Assyrian	560	330	230	19,685	9,730	9,955
Igbo	475	260	215	19,305	9,890	9,415
Byelorussian	1,695	830	865	18,850	9,055	9,795
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	165	90	80	18,745	9,030	9,710
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	655	345	310	18,545	8,975	9,570
Abenaki	95	50	50	18,420	8,545	9,870
Moldovan	955	445	515	18,190	8,850	9,340
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	305	135	170	17,955	8,625	9,330
New Zealander	3,555	1,825	1,730	17,755	9,275	8,470
Sudanese	680	335	345	17,485	8,825	8,665
Breton	170	110	65	17,465	8,710	8,755
Pennsylvania Dutch	465	230	235	17,315	7,300	10,020
Malaysian	4,615	2,170	2,445	17,050	7,935	9,115
Plains Cree	235	135	105	16,570	8,255	8,310
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	530	320	215	16,315	8,565	7,750
Huron (Wendat)	130	70	60	15,910	7,715	8,195
Saskatchewanian	975	430	545	15,780	7,505	8,280
Buddhist	2,720	1,275	1,450	15,660	7,485	8,175
Gaspesian	15	10	10	15,650	7,290	8,360
Norman	290	180	115	15,340	8,155	7,190
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,495	700	795	15,055	7,180	7,875
Ivorian	70	40	35	15,010	7,255	7,755
Saulteaux	290	155	130	14,265	6,730	7,535
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	335	140	190	14,260	6,525	7,735
Burundian	350	170	185	14,110	6,810	7,295
Tigrinya	1,020	605	415	13,910	7,435	6,470
Nicaraguan	1,485	700	785	13,840	6,730	7,120
Mauritian	845	425	425	13,755	7,020	6,730
Kenyan	1,670	795	875	13,565	6,510	7,055
Oji-Cree	85	30	50	13,525	6,610	6,915
Vincentian	250	135	120	13,245	5,800	7,445
Jordanian	740	365	380	13,225	7,055	6,170
Manitoban	730	375	350	13,095	6,530	6,565
Cape Bretoner	160	70	95	13,065	6,175	6,885
Rwandan	450	225	225	12,890	6,150	6,740
Grenadian	230	130	100	12,890	5,965	6,930
Malayali	685	335	350	12,490	6,580	5,910
Chaldean	805	400	400	12,115	6,080	6,035
Sinhalese	1,115	530	585	12,080	5,905	6,170
Mayan	1,430	795	635	11,710	5,980	5,730
Honduran	1,125	570	550	10,920	5,370	5,550
Cherokee	770	365	410	10,825	5,080	5,745
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	35	20	10,750	5,130	5,620
Indo-Caribbean	310	165	145	10,490	4,710	5,775
Flemish	730	335	390	10,275	4,950	5,325
United Empire Loyalist	360	205	155	10,015	4,975	5,045
Senegalese	55	35	20	9,955	5,115	4,840
Azerbaijani	1,100	550	550	9,915	5,165	4,750
Sicilian	410	240	165	9,835	5,135	4,695
Pashtun	820	390	425	9,825	5,195	4,625
Malay	2,165	1,045	1,125	9,795	4,725	5,065
Goan	610	290	320	9,700	4,710	4,990
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	205	80	120	9,455	4,705	4,755
Tibetan	485	255	235	9,350	4,650	4,700
Zimbabwean	675	325	355	9,165	4,435	4,725
Burmese	1,825	940	885	9,150	4,385	4,760
Mongolian	1,415	635	785	9,090	4,240	4,850
Azorean	200	95	105	8,970	4,235	4,735
Atikamekw	0	0	0	8,400	4,270	4,125
Bamileke	55	25	30	8,315	4,220	4,090
Indo-Guyanese	55	25	30	8,310	3,765	4,545
Ugandan	940	425	525	8,285	3,910	4,375
Oromo	400	210	190	8,255	4,425	3,830
Tanzanian	770	390	380	8,140	3,945	4,195
Yemeni	305	140	160	8,115	3,995	4,130
Central African	10	10	0	8,080	3,830	4,250
Libyan	530	310	225	7,945	4,265	3,680
Basque	630	350	275	7,745	4,030	3,710
Uruguayan	285	165	115	7,660	3,870	3,790
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	275	135	140	7,640	3,835	3,805
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	455	195	260	7,635	3,690	3,950
Igorot	1,060	505	555	7,535	3,305	4,230
Fulani	40	15	20	7,480	3,865	3,620
Woodland Cree	30	15	10	7,415	3,615	3,800
Guinean	105	45	55	7,390	3,700	3,695
St. Lucian	130	85	45	7,285	3,340	3,945
Prince Edward Islander	120	60	60	7,225	3,355	3,875
Maliseet	30	15	20	7,220	3,515	3,705
Beninese	90	45	45	6,810	3,630	3,180
Telugu	550	305	245	6,670	3,730	2,945
Roma	510	270	245	6,545	3,225	3,320
Costa Rican	710	360	350	6,500	3,265	3,230
African Nova Scotian	45	25	20	6,480	2,945	3,535
Malagasy	65	25	35	6,255	3,085	3,170
Kashmiri	460	220	240	6,165	3,020	3,145
Singaporean	2,285	1,025	1,255	6,060	2,755	3,305
Karen	815	435	390	6,050	3,065	2,985
Edo	170	80	90	5,985	2,995	2,995
Tajik	625	315	310	5,980	2,965	3,015
Amhara	280	145	140	5,945	3,010	2,930
Paraguayan	350	195	160	5,925	2,855	3,075
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Buddhist	70,670	29,515	41,150	356,975	157,435	199,540
Christian	863,055	394,875	468,180	19,373,325	9,131,320	10,242,005
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	226,120	104,755	121,365	2,760,760	1,319,760	1,440,995
Anabaptist	6,960	3,310	3,640	144,145	70,095	74,050
Anglican	51,030	22,310	28,720	1,134,315	515,270	619,045
Baptist	26,680	12,025	14,650	436,940	200,325	236,615
Catholic	355,990	165,345	190,645	10,880,360	5,193,345	5,687,010
Christian Orthodox	35,340	17,210	18,130	623,010	301,055	321,955
Jehovah's Witness	9,740	4,245	5,495	137,255	59,505	77,750
Latter Day Saints	3,565	1,595	1,970	87,725	41,365	46,360
Lutheran	17,695	7,575	10,120	328,045	150,115	177,925
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,165	1,475	1,690	100,655	46,640	54,020
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	18,555	8,325	10,230	399,025	180,870	218,155
Presbyterian	14,190	6,290	7,900	301,400	136,440	164,960
Reformed	4,135	2,060	2,075	79,870	39,250	40,620
United Church	46,145	18,220	27,930	1,214,185	531,740	682,445
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	43,745	20,125	23,620	745,650	345,540	400,110
Hindu	66,530	34,220	32,315	828,195	430,135	398,060
Jewish	20,125	9,720	10,400	335,295	164,220	171,070
Muslim	110,645	55,325	55,320	1,775,715	904,205	871,510
Sikh	222,160	111,055	111,110	771,790	394,345	377,445
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,865	850	1,015	80,685	38,460	42,230
Other religions and spiritual traditions	24,205	10,245	13,960	229,015	97,645	131,370
No religion and secular perspectives	1,227,760	631,445	596,315	12,577,475	6,619,395	5,958,080
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,585,295	1,266,080	1,319,215	35,986,480	17,761,880	18,224,600
Non-movers	2,201,935	1,077,700	1,124,235	31,600,930	15,595,875	16,005,050
Movers	383,360	188,375	194,990	4,385,555	2,166,005	2,219,550
Non-migrants	219,965	107,580	112,390	2,572,400	1,270,395	1,302,005
Migrants	163,390	80,795	82,595	1,813,155	895,610	917,550
Internal migrants	117,275	58,035	59,245	1,519,200	748,025	771,180
Intraprovincial migrants	91,590	45,065	46,530	1,250,235	612,810	637,425
Interprovincial migrants	25,685	12,965	12,715	268,965	135,215	133,750
External migrants	46,115	22,765	23,350	293,955	147,585	146,370
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,492,425	1,218,460	1,273,965	34,504,330	17,002,250	17,502,080
Non-movers	1,416,225	688,190	728,035	21,061,090	10,370,425	10,690,660
Movers	1,076,205	530,275	545,925	13,443,240	6,631,825	6,811,420
Non-migrants	422,485	207,970	214,510	5,773,890	2,840,425	2,933,460
Migrants	653,725	322,305	331,415	7,669,355	3,791,400	3,877,955
Internal migrants	433,225	213,740	219,480	5,976,960	2,932,205	3,044,755
Intraprovincial migrants	352,105	173,190	178,920	5,055,615	2,472,510	2,583,105
Interprovincial migrants	81,115	40,555	40,565	921,345	459,695	461,650
External migrants	220,500	108,565	111,935	1,692,390	859,195	833,200
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	295,740	148,690	147,050	5,474,175	2,907,175	2,567,000
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,939,710	936,560	1,003,150	24,861,745	11,954,065	12,907,675
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,487,140	723,545	763,595	19,568,265	9,620,340	9,947,925
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	113,680	62,460	51,220	2,271,360	1,309,215	962,140
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,373,460	661,085	712,375	17,296,905	8,311,120	8,985,780
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,235,450	1,085,245	1,150,200	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670
No certificate, diploma or degree	270,240	133,165	137,080	4,899,580	2,534,175	2,365,395
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	618,710	309,440	309,270	8,097,295	4,022,790	4,074,505
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,346,495	642,645	703,850	17,339,045	8,304,275	9,034,770
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	558,985	276,030	282,950	9,252,800	4,623,985	4,628,815
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	125,770	90,605	35,165	2,641,555	1,811,500	830,055
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	57,895	33,635	24,260	1,458,160	827,980	630,185
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	67,870	56,970	10,895	1,183,395	983,525	199,870
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	340,715	145,610	195,105	5,714,490	2,439,925	3,274,560
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	92,495	39,815	52,680	896,755	372,560	524,195
Bachelor's degree or higher	787,510	366,615	420,900	8,086,245	3,680,285	4,405,955
Bachelor's degree	511,110	234,090	277,025	5,295,360	2,339,045	2,956,315
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	54,185	23,010	31,175	556,510	243,200	313,310
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	20,895	10,875	10,020	214,105	108,000	106,105
Master's degree	173,475	82,085	91,395	1,740,605	824,250	916,355
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,850	16,560	11,290	279,660	165,795	113,870
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,487,140	723,545	763,595	19,568,260	9,620,335	9,947,920
No certificate, diploma or degree	98,700	53,545	45,155	1,931,855	1,094,855	837,000
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	339,580	177,700	161,885	4,501,365	2,349,540	2,151,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,048,860	492,300	556,560	13,135,045	6,175,940	6,959,105
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	406,400	200,350	206,050	6,703,100	3,338,215	3,364,885
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	87,160	63,525	23,635	1,886,510	1,280,245	606,260
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	39,895	23,460	16,430	1,050,285	586,420	463,865
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	47,265	40,060	7,200	836,220	693,830	142,395
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	251,750	107,915	143,830	4,193,505	1,796,935	2,396,575
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	67,495	28,910	38,585	623,090	261,035	362,050
Bachelor's degree or higher	642,460	291,950	350,505	6,431,940	2,837,720	3,594,215
Bachelor's degree	414,745	186,995	227,750	4,177,455	1,808,555	2,368,900
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	42,780	17,630	25,155	430,875	179,230	251,645
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	16,140	7,610	8,530	167,730	75,120	92,615
Master's degree	147,665	67,915	79,745	1,446,435	659,295	787,145
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	21,130	11,800	9,325	209,445	115,530	93,915
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	888,950	442,605	446,350	12,996,870	6,556,970	6,439,900
Education	75,935	16,505	59,430	1,113,015	258,365	854,655
13. Education	75,935	16,505	59,430	1,113,015	258,365	854,655
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	73,865	32,310	41,560	631,255	274,065	357,190
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,590	6,745	2,845	74,785	53,390	21,395
50. Visual and performing arts	64,275	25,560	38,715	556,470	220,680	335,790
Humanities	90,800	34,155	56,640	926,560	354,120	572,440
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,250	2,740	9,505	106,345	23,460	82,885
23. English language and literature/letters	22,355	6,365	15,990	184,600	53,020	131,580
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	33,430	13,310	20,120	316,050	119,215	196,830
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,400	580	820	18,935	6,835	12,095
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,235	2,455	1,775	57,745	33,040	24,700
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,615	3,425	2,185	77,510	46,140	31,365
54. History	9,235	4,855	4,380	108,935	58,310	50,620
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,275	420	1,860	56,440	14,090	42,345
Social and behavioural sciences and law	181,015	66,150	114,860	2,016,125	670,770	1,345,360
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,060	780	2,275	29,430	7,065	22,365
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	21,785	8,020	13,765	233,400	88,205	145,200
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	19,615	2,070	17,540	344,150	27,905	316,240
22. Legal professions and studies	28,505	10,580	17,925	325,785	115,335	210,445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,955	1,540	2,415	49,855	16,000	33,850
42. Psychology	31,715	8,225	23,490	327,965	79,295	248,665
45. Social sciences	72,385	34,935	37,445	705,540	336,960	368,580
Business, management and public administration	302,700	133,510	169,185	3,758,250	1,488,175	2,270,075
30.16 Accounting and computer science	380	140	240	5,335	1,705	3,630
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,335	2,820	8,510	272,240	55,995	216,245
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	290,990	130,550	160,435	3,480,675	1,430,475	2,050,200
Physical and life sciences and technologies	66,830	33,750	33,075	719,715	353,540	366,175
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	27,200	11,580	15,615	297,055	121,615	175,435
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	17,195	8,105	9,090	155,955	72,245	83,705
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,175	380	790	35,380	14,950	20,430
40. Physical sciences	19,630	13,110	6,520	196,620	130,745	65,875
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,635	575	1,060	34,710	13,985	20,730
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	76,280	50,520	25,750	804,230	531,435	272,795
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,500	43,510	17,990	643,145	454,370	188,775
25. Library science	3,480	480	2,995	43,085	7,100	35,985
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,330	5,295	4,030	99,360	57,560	41,800
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,970	1,235	735	18,640	12,400	6,240
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	229,970	197,375	32,600	3,506,120	3,131,220	374,900
04. Architecture and related services	13,705	8,150	5,550	135,020	81,930	53,090
14. Engineering	90,240	71,455	18,785	900,475	723,080	177,395
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	39,830	34,540	5,285	726,155	638,355	87,800
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40	15	25	580	190	390
46. Construction trades	39,615	38,335	1,285	703,905	683,060	20,845
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	30,675	29,845	830	659,480	640,895	18,590
48. Precision production	15,870	15,040	830	380,505	363,710	16,795
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	21,905	10,985	10,920	407,545	234,360	173,175
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	13,770	6,365	7,405	262,580	140,520	122,070
03. Natural resources and conservation	8,135	4,620	3,515	144,960	93,845	51,115
Health and related fields	174,055	41,275	132,775	2,444,500	485,615	1,958,885
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	40	10	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	14,125	7,280	6,845	180,785	89,005	91,780
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	153,200	30,315	122,885	2,194,395	360,540	1,833,855
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	390	105	285	5,255	1,425	3,825
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,335	3,570	2,760	64,030	34,630	29,400
Personal, protective and transportation services	52,785	25,945	26,845	1,006,425	520,970	485,455
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	35,450	11,910	23,540	548,520	151,115	397,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	120	90	25	3,965	3,520	445
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	245	235	10	6,900	6,210	690
43. Security and protective services	6,585	4,795	1,795	227,835	160,930	66,905
49. Transportation and materials moving	10,385	8,915	1,475	219,205	199,190	20,010
Other¹⁷⁹	370	160	210	5,305	1,640	3,665
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,487,140	723,545	763,600	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	438,280	231,245	207,040	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825
Education	51,580	10,640	40,940	742,175	158,185	583,990
13. Education	51,580	10,640	40,940	742,175	158,185	583,990
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	59,805	26,225	33,580	490,455	210,500	279,955
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,535	5,330	2,205	54,645	38,170	16,475
50. Visual and performing arts	52,270	20,890	31,375	435,815	172,330	263,480
Humanities	68,095	24,705	43,390	649,695	241,235	408,465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	9,520	1,915	7,600	79,235	16,400	62,835
23. English language and literature/letters	17,085	4,665	12,420	134,815	37,610	97,210
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	24,685	9,465	15,220	216,725	80,505	136,220
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	985	415	570	12,910	4,540	8,370
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,245	1,815	1,430	41,640	23,645	17,990
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,030	2,475	1,550	48,920	29,245	19,675
54. History	6,970	3,665	3,305	78,415	40,800	37,615
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,580	290	1,290	37,045	8,490	28,555
Social and behavioural sciences and law	146,480	52,030	94,445	1,588,720	502,835	1,085,885
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,525	630	1,895	23,895	5,520	18,370
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	18,875	6,840	12,040	196,475	72,125	124,350
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	15,045	1,535	13,510	270,970	20,095	250,875
22. Legal professions and studies	23,285	7,795	15,490	261,265	82,850	178,420
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,125	1,235	1,890	37,830	12,160	25,670
42. Psychology	25,160	6,220	18,935	249,205	55,840	193,365
45. Social sciences	58,470	27,780	30,690	549,090	254,250	294,840
Business, management and public administration	243,445	105,175	138,270	2,941,315	1,140,050	1,801,260
30.16 Accounting and computer science	280	105	175	3,995	1,335	2,665
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,465	2,065	6,400	213,140	40,230	172,910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	234,700	103,005	131,695	2,724,175	1,098,490	1,625,685
Physical and life sciences and technologies	50,200	24,465	25,730	513,555	241,780	271,785
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	21,250	8,820	12,430	227,460	90,390	137,075
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,625	5,805	6,820	108,350	48,075	60,280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,005	320	685	14,270	5,690	8,580
40. Physical sciences	14,320	9,165	5,155	140,510	88,540	51,970
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,000	355	645	22,960	9,090	13,870
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	64,750	43,335	21,415	667,305	445,970	221,330
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	54,150	38,435	15,715	554,185	392,835	161,350
25. Library science	2,225	330	1,890	27,610	4,720	22,885
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,765	3,585	3,180	70,940	39,000	31,940
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,605	985	625	14,565	9,415	5,155
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	173,935	146,010	27,925	2,611,205	2,292,785	318,420
04. Architecture and related services	10,930	6,135	4,795	105,845	61,230	44,605
14. Engineering	72,485	55,885	16,595	724,235	568,385	155,850
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,765	24,475	4,285	536,600	464,510	72,090
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	0	25	510	160	350
46. Construction trades	29,260	28,285	980	510,105	493,000	17,100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,730	21,150	580	467,225	452,385	14,840
48. Precision production	10,730	10,065	660	266,690	253,110	13,585
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,030	8,095	8,935	314,120	170,440	143,680
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,565	4,630	5,940	199,335	99,700	99,635
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,455	3,460	2,995	114,780	70,745	44,040
Health and related fields	133,890	32,145	101,745	1,839,975	371,180	1,468,795
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	30	0	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	11,170	5,860	5,310	139,280	67,885	71,385
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	117,795	23,885	93,910	1,648,120	279,090	1,369,030
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	325	55	270	4,430	945	3,485
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,600	2,345	2,255	48,115	23,255	24,860
Personal, protective and transportation services	39,360	19,360	20,000	772,450	399,835	372,615
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	26,475	9,075	17,405	414,520	112,935	301,590
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70	50	25	2,955	2,575	375
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	110	105	0	3,850	3,415	435
43. Security and protective services	5,205	3,725	1,480	183,025	128,295	54,725
49. Transportation and materials moving	7,505	6,405	1,095	168,105	152,620	15,485
Other¹⁷⁹	290	115	175	4,075	1,150	2,930
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,487,140	723,545	763,600	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	438,280	231,245	207,040	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,048,860	492,300	556,560	13,135,040	6,175,940	6,959,100
Location of study inside Canada	686,455	329,045	357,410	10,490,520	4,926,390	5,564,130
Same as province or territory of residence	560,960	265,580	295,380	9,251,025	4,324,195	4,926,830
Different than province or territory of residence	125,495	63,465	62,030	1,239,495	602,195	637,300
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	362,405	163,250	199,150	2,644,520	1,249,550	1,394,970
Americas	59,040	29,375	29,660	483,810	238,040	245,775
United States of America	37,205	19,280	17,930	279,005	143,575	135,435
Mexico	7,220	3,305	3,910	36,400	16,175	20,230
Cuba	235	105	130	8,345	4,275	4,070
Haiti	0	0	0	10,620	5,645	4,970
Jamaica	275	125	150	12,780	6,110	6,670
Brazil	7,345	3,445	3,905	40,050	18,445	21,605
Colombia	1,870	825	1,045	31,165	13,875	17,295
Peru	730	275	460	7,780	3,025	4,750
Venezuela⁹⁵	680	305	375	12,655	5,330	7,320
Other locations of study in Americas	3,465	1,705	1,760	45,000	21,575	23,425
Europe	63,555	32,760	30,800	543,725	281,205	262,520
Belgium	510	290	220	7,795	4,260	3,535
France	3,900	2,075	1,825	97,770	53,930	43,840
Germany	2,705	1,435	1,270	22,450	12,070	10,380
Netherlands	1,140	645	495	10,825	6,065	4,765
Switzerland	995	470	525	8,470	4,420	4,050
Hungary	620	295	325	5,160	2,465	2,700
Moldova¹⁸³	400	180	220	9,055	4,165	4,890
Poland	2,260	1,050	1,210	25,215	11,115	14,100
Romania	2,925	1,420	1,505	32,250	16,190	16,060
Russian Federation	4,870	2,220	2,650	36,095	16,250	19,845
Ukraine	3,460	1,580	1,880	36,405	16,635	19,775
Ireland⁹⁶	4,855	2,800	2,050	16,040	9,175	6,865
United Kingdom⁸⁷	24,465	13,025	11,445	151,900	81,980	69,920
Bosnia and Herzegovina	720	345	375	6,030	2,915	3,115
Italy	1,190	655	535	8,895	5,055	3,840
Serbia⁸⁶	1,395	760	635	8,745	4,470	4,280
Other locations of study in Europe	7,140	3,515	3,625	60,615	30,055	30,560
Africa	7,865	4,185	3,680	216,815	111,010	105,805
Nigeria	800	450	360	33,280	16,395	16,880
Algeria	115	65	45	33,230	17,020	16,210
Morocco	255	130	125	23,640	12,125	11,510
Tunisia	110	50	60	12,655	7,100	5,555
Egypt	1,240	650	600	30,255	15,145	15,115
South Africa, Republic of	3,345	1,760	1,585	19,060	9,900	9,160
Other locations of study in Africa	2,000	1,085	910	64,700	33,325	31,385
Asia	221,415	91,510	129,910	1,352,215	594,805	757,410
Iran⁸⁸	15,505	6,785	8,720	66,630	30,180	36,450
Iraq	1,335	770	570	16,515	8,250	8,265
Israel	1,150	600	550	11,355	5,725	5,630
Lebanon	420	195	220	19,565	9,355	10,210
Syria⁸⁹	615	310	305	16,405	7,885	8,520
Turkey	1,435	855	585	11,855	6,595	5,260
China⁹⁰	55,615	23,085	32,530	201,100	87,370	113,720
Taiwan	8,345	2,800	5,550	14,520	4,750	9,770
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,780	2,720	4,060	18,325	7,445	10,875
Japan	6,510	1,640	4,870	18,605	5,280	13,325
Korea, South⁹²	17,035	6,170	10,860	53,575	20,575	33,000
Philippines	44,305	16,490	27,815	305,795	115,370	190,420
Viet Nam	1,695	480	1,225	12,500	4,490	8,005
Bangladesh	945	415	530	25,000	11,360	13,645
Sri Lanka	890	450	440	15,085	7,090	7,995
India	47,280	22,510	24,775	405,850	199,380	206,475
Pakistan	3,380	1,585	1,795	75,155	35,055	40,100
Other locations of study in Asia	8,165	3,655	4,510	64,385	28,650	35,735
Oceania	10,530	5,420	5,105	47,960	24,495	23,460
Australia	7,745	3,915	3,830	38,525	19,270	19,250
New Zealand	2,045	1,110	935	7,785	4,300	3,485
Other locations of study in Oceania	735	395	345	1,655	930	730
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,235,450	1,085,245	1,150,200	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670
In the labour force	1,468,220	760,055	708,170	19,310,345	10,056,270	9,254,070
Employed	1,341,570	698,335	643,240	17,321,695	9,056,680	8,265,025
Unemployed	126,650	61,720	64,930	1,988,645	999,600	989,045
Not in the labour force	767,230	325,195	442,035	11,025,575	4,804,970	6,220,605
Participation rate	65.7	70.0	61.6	63.7	67.7	59.8
Employment rate	60.0	64.3	55.9	57.1	60.9	53.4
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.1	9.2	10.3	9.9	10.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675
Did not work¹⁸⁶	793,200	341,135	452,065	11,140,775	4,889,605	6,251,170
Worked	1,442,245	744,110	698,140	19,195,145	9,971,640	9,223,500
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	756,970	430,080	326,890	10,215,385	5,685,910	4,529,475
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	685,280	314,040	371,250	8,979,760	4,285,730	4,694,025
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	42.0	39.8	41.0	41.7	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,468,220	760,055	708,165	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425	486,865	237,950	248,915
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
Employee	1,189,685	593,935	595,750	16,103,455	8,139,075	7,964,375
Permanent position	991,085	503,685	487,400	13,431,685	6,866,375	6,565,310
Temporary position	198,600	90,255	108,345	2,671,765	1,272,700	1,399,065
Fixed term (1 year or more)	74,240	34,305	39,935	867,740	386,965	480,775
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	124,360	55,945	68,415	1,804,030	885,740	918,285
Self-employed¹⁹²	245,620	150,630	94,990	2,720,025	1,679,250	1,040,780
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,468,220	760,055	708,165	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425	486,865	237,950	248,915
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	20,140	14,590	5,550	254,760	177,450	77,315
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	274,800	93,785	181,015	3,303,180	1,062,425	2,240,755
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	137,100	103,835	33,260	1,587,980	1,199,390	388,595
3 Health occupations	103,155	24,855	78,300	1,504,100	298,960	1,205,135
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	167,840	56,580	111,255	2,322,345	752,280	1,570,075
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	74,525	37,355	37,170	596,785	275,420	321,360
6 Sales and service occupations	366,180	166,370	199,805	4,616,050	2,072,110	2,543,945
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	227,715	205,305	22,410	3,239,500	2,950,915	288,585
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	18,980	13,130	5,845	541,235	416,960	124,270
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	44,875	28,745	16,125	857,540	612,415	245,120
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,468,220	760,055	708,165	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425	486,865	237,950	248,915
All industries¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	12,760	6,875	5,890	434,800	295,160	139,640
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,030	2,870	1,160	239,030	195,605	43,425
22 Utilities	8,120	5,355	2,760	147,750	109,475	38,270
23 Construction	114,600	97,775	16,815	1,469,085	1,269,060	200,025
31-33 Manufacturing	83,255	55,325	27,935	1,540,490	1,095,160	445,330
41 Wholesale trade	54,360	34,870	19,495	610,295	406,960	203,335
44-45 Retail trade	159,825	76,145	83,680	2,149,640	1,027,160	1,122,480
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	86,180	65,075	21,105	981,030	742,515	238,515
51 Information and cultural industries	55,000	34,460	20,545	400,460	237,940	162,520
52 Finance and insurance	66,980	31,000	35,975	815,225	358,145	457,080
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	38,130	20,925	17,210	343,940	186,230	157,710
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	160,590	90,735	69,855	1,571,160	877,780	693,380
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,050	1,860	2,190	45,455	21,495	23,955
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	59,880	34,035	25,845	792,600	457,880	334,725
61 Educational services	110,765	37,465	73,300	1,413,320	436,645	976,670
62 Health care and social assistance	163,115	34,830	128,290	2,446,370	470,340	1,976,030
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	32,895	16,700	16,195	350,710	180,205	170,500
72 Accommodation and food services	96,660	41,970	54,690	1,085,270	478,000	607,270
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,285	25,500	35,790	797,935	373,775	424,165
91 Public administration	62,815	30,790	32,025	1,188,915	598,780	590,135
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,564,385	804,740	759,640	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
English	1,367,865	707,475	660,390	14,942,170	7,807,315	7,134,855
French	1,520	445	1,080	3,164,890	1,592,470	1,572,420
Non-official language	45,845	23,865	21,985	169,205	89,515	79,685
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	6,935	3,590	3,345
Non-Indigenous	45,830	23,855	21,975	162,265	85,925	76,345
English and French	11,770	4,625	7,145	1,682,510	859,635	822,870
English and non-official language(s)	131,765	65,565	66,200	570,220	291,000	279,220
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40	20,935	9,955	10,980
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,825	825	1,005	69,340	34,190	35,145
Multiple non-official languages	3,715	1,920	1,795	11,265	5,960	5,305
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,564,385	804,740	759,640	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
Single responses	1,533,680	789,170	744,505	20,176,640	10,458,830	9,717,810
Official languages	1,451,660	747,050	704,615	19,866,180	10,297,010	9,569,175
English	1,448,340	746,125	702,215	15,879,850	8,272,750	7,607,105
French	3,320	925	2,395	3,986,330	2,024,260	1,962,070
Non-official languages	82,020	42,120	39,900	310,455	161,825	148,635
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	20	10	19,435	9,725	9,710
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	11,600	6,020	5,575
Blackfoot	0	0	0	60	35	25
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	9,115	4,715	4,400
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,015	585	430
Cree languages	0	0	0	5,985	3,170	2,815
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	110	65	40
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	765	385	385
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	80	45	40
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	190	110	85
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	140	80	65
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	4,695	2,500	2,205
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	1,955	875	1,075
Naskapi	0	0	0	155	80	80
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	835	435	400
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	825	430	395
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	1,585	830	755
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	875	490	385
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	695	340	355
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	40	20	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	40	25	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	610	295	320
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	895	410	480
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	890	410	475
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	20	10	15
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	535	255	280
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	10
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	155	70	90
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	35	15	15
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	25	0	15
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	100	45	55
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	130	75	55
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	30	10	25
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	10
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	6,630	3,200	3,425
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	15	0	15
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuktitut	0	0	0	6,605	3,200	3,405
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	30	0	25
Mohawk	0	0	0	30	0	25
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Michif	0	0	0	25	10	10
Salish languages	10	0	0	125	50	80
Halkomelem	0	0	0	35	15	20
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	30	0	25
Squamish	10	0	0	10	10	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	10	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	20	10	15
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	10	0	10
Stoney	0	0	0	15	0	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	40	15	30
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	0	10
Tsimshian	0	0	0	15	0	10
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	40	0	35
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	10	0	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	15	0	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	15	0	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous languages	81,990	42,105	39,885	291,025	152,095	138,925
Afro-Asiatic languages	435	275	165	9,265	5,300	3,955
Berber languages	0	0	0	45	35	10
Kabyle	0	0	0	30	20	10
Tamazight	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Coptic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	415	185	235
Bilen	0	0	0	10	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	40	20	15
Somali	10	0	10	365	155	210
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	420	275	150	8,785	5,080	3,705
Amharic	20	10	10	215	95	120
Arabic	310	220	95	7,190	4,250	2,940
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	460	325	130
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	330	240	90
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	90	70	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	40	20	20
Hebrew	50	20	30	585	240	340
Tigrigna	35	20	15	325	165	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,065	720	1,345	9,770	4,135	5,635
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	495	215	285
Vietnamese	2,055	715	1,335	9,260	3,905	5,350
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	15	0
Austronesian languages	780	405	380	4,760	2,180	2,580
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	45	15	25
Cebuano	15	10	0	95	45	50
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ilocano	40	25	20	165	90	70
Indonesian	85	50	45	170	90	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	15	0	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	615	315	300	4,205	1,895	2,310
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	30	20
Creole languages	0	0	0	390	185	210
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	375	170	205
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	60	35	30	3,010	1,410	1,605
Kannada	0	0	0	10	0	10
Malayalam	0	0	0	250	140	110
Tamil	55	30	30	2,685	1,255	1,425
Telugu	0	0	0	70	15	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0	80	45	35
Indo-European languages	23,100	13,745	9,355	112,395	64,055	48,335
Albanian	20	0	10	315	170	140
Armenian	20	0	15	530	295	235
Balto-Slavic languages	810	315	500	10,085	4,390	5,695
Baltic languages	0	0	0	95	15	75
Latvian	0	0	0	50	10	35
Lithuanian	0	0	0	45	10	40
Slavic languages	805	310	490	9,995	4,375	5,620
Bulgarian	10	0	10	145	55	90
Czech	20	15	10	105	50	55
Macedonian	0	0	0	75	60	15
Polish	75	25	50	2,265	1,000	1,265
Russian	575	210	365	5,240	2,085	3,155
Serbo-Croatian	80	45	35	835	485	355
Bosnian	0	0	0	120	80	40
Croatian	10	0	0	155	95	65
Serbian	70	45	30	555	310	245
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0	40	10	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ukrainian	30	10	15	1,265	620	650
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	60	30	30
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	55	25	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	175	65	110	14,250	8,060	6,190
Frisian	0	0	0	15	10	10
High German languages	135	40	95	10,480	5,695	4,790
German	130	35	95	6,615	3,655	2,970
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	2,560	1,405	1,150
Swiss German	0	0	0	255	115	135
Yiddish	0	0	0	1,050	520	530
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10	3,540	2,245	1,290
Afrikaans	0	0	0	65	20	40
Dutch	15	10	10	965	515	440
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	560	420	140
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	1,940	1,275	670
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	190	100	85
Danish	0	0	0	25	0	15
Icelandic	0	0	0	25	20	0
Norwegian	15	15	0	55	30	25
Swedish	10	0	0	90	45	45
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	15	10
Greek	45	30	10	875	445	430
Indo-Iranian languages	19,215	11,920	7,300	55,455	32,965	22,490
Indo-Aryan languages	17,275	10,815	6,465	48,020	28,910	19,100
Bengali	10	10	0	645	290	355
Gujarati	10	0	10	1,115	515	600
Hindi	490	260	225	2,235	1,145	1,090
Kacchi	0	0	0	15	0	15
Marathi	0	0	0	20	0	15
Nepali	10	10	0	275	125	145
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,665	10,500	6,165	40,840	25,480	15,365
Sindhi	0	0	0	25	0	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	105	80	25
Urdu	85	35	55	2,725	1,265	1,465
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Iranian languages	1,945	1,105	840	7,430	4,045	3,385
Kurdish	25	20	0	175	145	35
Pashto	0	0	0	130	70	60
Persian languages	1,915	1,090	825	7,110	3,825	3,285
Dari	100	70	35	800	445	360
Iranian Persian	1,650	905	745	5,715	2,980	2,735
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	115	50	595	400	195
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,810	1,395	1,405	30,795	17,685	13,105
Catalan	0	0	0	15	10	0
Italian	110	40	65	1,625	730	900
Portuguese	480	210	270	6,970	4,070	2,895
Romanian	40	20	20	680	375	310
Spanish	2,185	1,130	1,055	21,455	12,465	8,990
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	35	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	15	20
Japanese	1,750	605	1,145	3,560	1,225	2,340
Korean	6,260	3,140	3,120	14,345	7,125	7,225
Mongolian	0	10	0	25	15	10
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	410	210	200
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	30	10	20
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	25	15	10
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	30	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Lingala	0	0	0	20	15	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	25	15	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	150	95	55
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	65	20	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	15	0	15
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	15
Sign languages	210	85	120	2,010	795	1,210
American Sign Language	205	80	120	1,590	620	970
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	285	110	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	135	65	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,075	23,010	24,070	128,375	64,180	64,190
Chinese languages	47,020	22,970	24,050	128,045	63,990	64,055
Hakka	0	0	0	45	25	25
Mandarin	27,485	13,185	14,305	76,040	37,760	38,280
Min Dong	0	0	0	35	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	100	125	485	210	270
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10	20	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	19,220	9,640	9,585	50,950	25,725	25,225
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	40	30	460	240	220
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	35	20	295	175	125
Burmese	30	15	10	60	40	20
Karenic languages	0	0	0	135	85	50
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	120	80	45
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0	90	45	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	140	55	80	765	310	450
Lao	0	0	0	80	30	50
Thai	135	50	80	670	275	395
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Turkic languages	60	20	40	1,345	695	650
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	35	15	25
Turkish	55	10	40	1,270	660	615
Uyghur	0	0	0	30	20	15
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Uralic languages	30	10	20	485	215	270
Estonian	0	0	0	70	15	50
Finnish	10	0	0	90	25	65
Hungarian	15	0	15	330	170	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Multiple responses	30,705	15,575	15,130	453,880	231,205	222,675
English and French	1,495	560	930	321,975	163,305	158,675
English and non-official language(s)	28,315	14,535	13,780	115,955	60,210	55,745
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20	6,280	2,795	3,485
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45	7,405	3,795	3,605
Multiple non-official languages	785	430	355	2,265	1,100	1,165
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,564,385	804,740	759,640	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
None	1,440,905	744,935	695,970	18,696,980	9,704,050	8,992,935
English	30,370	15,125	15,250	902,625	474,755	427,875
French	8,795	3,760	5,040	589,755	288,955	300,800
Non-official language	65,900	32,495	33,405	331,375	168,035	163,335
Indigenous³⁹	125	70	55	18,190	7,740	10,450
Non-Indigenous	65,775	32,425	33,350	313,185	160,295	152,885
English and French	40	20	20	2,940	1,445	1,495
English and non-official language(s)	4,595	2,090	2,505	33,125	15,680	17,445
French and non-official language(s)	1,420	615	805	22,615	11,475	11,135
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	360	210	150
Multiple non-official languages	12,350	5,705	6,645	50,740	25,425	25,315
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,341,570	698,335	643,240	17,321,700	9,056,680	8,265,020
Worked at home	355,075	174,605	180,475	4,214,860	2,000,150	2,214,705
Worked outside Canada	7,935	5,225	2,710	58,335	40,295	18,035
No fixed workplace address	189,970	140,125	49,845	2,201,745	1,660,325	541,415
Usual place of work	788,585	378,385	410,205	10,846,770	5,355,910	5,490,860
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	788,585	378,385	410,205	10,846,770	5,355,905	5,490,860
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	365,810	159,510	206,300	6,397,120	2,970,205	3,426,915
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	407,305	210,030	197,275	2,343,640	1,185,830	1,157,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,135	7,465	5,665	2,007,950	1,139,665	868,285
Commute to a different province or territory	2,335	1,375	960	98,060	60,210	37,850
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	978,560	518,510	460,050	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Car, truck or van	731,155	411,440	319,715	10,950,750	6,060,925	4,889,825
Car, truck or van - as a driver	666,495	387,870	278,625	10,106,595	5,717,830	4,388,770
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	64,660	23,570	41,090	844,155	343,100	501,050
Public transit	146,055	59,870	86,190	1,000,510	422,270	578,235
Walked	62,435	25,530	36,900	672,815	296,610	376,205
Bicycle	18,225	11,450	6,775	138,615	92,195	46,415
Other method	20,695	10,220	10,475	285,820	144,225	141,595
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	978,560	518,510	460,050	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Less than 15 minutes	202,980	91,705	111,275	4,178,570	1,993,385	2,185,185
15 to 29 minutes	341,035	176,960	164,070	4,546,195	2,418,910	2,127,285
30 to 44 minutes	258,225	149,700	108,525	2,487,010	1,462,340	1,024,670
45 to 59 minutes	96,495	55,305	41,190	910,610	542,485	368,125
60 minutes and over	79,825	44,830	34,990	926,120	599,115	327,005
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	978,560	518,510	460,050	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	62,540	44,280	18,260	938,820	701,960	236,865
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	148,575	93,965	54,610	2,274,845	1,465,860	808,985
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	219,885	113,670	106,220	3,435,740	1,776,900	1,658,845
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	212,645	99,920	112,730	2,711,355	1,189,065	1,522,290
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	185,195	85,925	99,265	1,661,340	740,915	920,430
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	149,725	80,750	68,970	2,026,405	1,141,540	884,865
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	461,375	238,355	223,020	7,335,800	3,768,210	3,567,595
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	27,520	13,930	13,595	897,205	456,120	441,085
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	433,850	224,430	209,425	6,438,595	3,312,090	3,126,505
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	338,220	175,290	162,930	5,372,330	2,761,965	2,610,365
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,560	10,955	10,610	682,190	346,420	335,770
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	13,055	6,450	6,605	467,685	234,475	233,215
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,510	4,505	4,000	214,500	111,950	102,550
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	316,660	164,335	152,325	4,690,140	2,415,545	2,274,595

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 17, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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