Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Durham, Regional municipality (RM)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	696,992	...	...
Population, 2016¹	645,862	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	250,559	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	243,048	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	276.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,521.11	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	696,990	340,460	356,535
0 to 14 years	125,505	64,230	61,275
0 to 4 years	38,585	19,700	18,880
5 to 9 years	42,585	21,755	20,830
10 to 14 years	44,330	22,775	21,560
15 to 64 years	460,415	226,215	234,195
15 to 19 years	42,670	22,105	20,560
20 to 24 years	41,830	21,665	20,165
25 to 29 years	42,940	21,625	21,310
30 to 34 years	47,055	22,875	24,185
35 to 39 years	49,290	23,780	25,510
40 to 44 years	46,420	22,145	24,270
45 to 49 years	45,600	22,050	23,545
50 to 54 years	46,805	22,470	24,335
55 to 59 years	52,470	25,390	27,080
60 to 64 years	45,340	22,105	23,230
65 years and over	111,080	50,015	61,065
65 to 69 years	35,250	16,595	18,655
70 to 74 years	29,530	13,635	15,890
75 to 79 years	19,575	9,065	10,510
80 to 84 years	13,085	5,635	7,450
85 years and over	13,645	5,085	8,560
85 to 89 years	8,285	3,325	4,960
90 to 94 years	4,145	1,425	2,720
95 to 99 years	1,065	305	765
100 years and over	155	35	120
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.0	18.9	17.2
15 to 64 years	66.1	66.4	65.7
65 years and over	15.9	14.7	17.1
85 years and over	2.0	1.5	2.4
Average age of the population	40.2	39.2	41.1
Median age of the population	40.0	38.8	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	243,050	...	...
Single-detached house	160,785	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,915	...	...
Row house	27,300	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,945	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	15,445	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,285	...	...
Other single-attached house	265	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	120	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	243,045	...	...
1 person	47,095	...	...
2 persons	72,765	...	...
3 persons	44,830	...	...
4 persons	46,905	...	...
5 or more persons	31,445	...	...
Number of persons in private households	691,355	338,195	353,165
Average household size	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	571,490	276,235	295,260
Married or living common-law	332,030	165,815	166,210
Married	283,970	141,825	142,140
Living common-law	48,065	23,995	24,075
Living common law - Never married	32,635	16,380	16,250
Living common law - Separated	2,955	1,570	1,385
Living common law - Divorced	11,145	5,500	5,650
Living common law - Widowed	1,330	540	790
Not married and not living common-law	239,455	110,415	129,045
Not married and not living common law - Never married	162,615	86,325	76,295
Not married and not living common law - Separated	16,520	6,470	10,050
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	31,650	11,465	20,185
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	28,675	6,155	22,520
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	199,370	...	...
2 persons	85,500	...	...
3 persons	47,295	...	...
4 persons	46,850	...	...
5 or more persons	19,730	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	199,375	...	...
Total couple families	162,750	...	...
Married couples	138,725	...	...
With children⁶	87,355	...	...
Without children	51,370	...	...
Common-law couples	24,025	...	...
With children⁶	10,910	...	...
Without children	13,110	...	...
Total one-parent families	36,625	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	28,895	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	7,730	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	691,360	338,195	353,160
Total - Persons in census families	605,060	299,260	305,795
Married spouses or common-law partners	325,500	162,590	162,905
Parents in one-parent families	36,625	7,730	28,895
Children⁶	242,940	128,945	114,000
In a two-parent family	184,525	97,320	87,210
In a one-parent family	58,410	31,620	26,795
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	86,295	38,930	47,365
Living alone	47,100	20,355	26,740
Living with other relatives⁷	20,070	7,500	12,570
Living with non-relatives only	19,125	11,075	8,050
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	243,050	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	161,205	...	...
Couple-family households	135,920	...	...
With children⁶	82,960	...	...
Without children	52,965	...	...
One-parent-family households	25,285	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	14,600	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,700	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,960	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	7,480	...	...
One-person households	47,100	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	565,960	274,020	291,940
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	541,360	261,265	280,095
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	50,400	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	541,580	261,380	280,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,400	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	484,020	238,790	245,225
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	47,200	31,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	406,195	207,890	198,305
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	47,200	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	488,120	231,430	256,690
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,700	6,450	10,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	53,040	22,940	30,095
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,960	5,760	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	165,045	79,645	85,400
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	565,965	274,000	291,960
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	541,425	261,420	280,005
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,750	65,200	48,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	541,645	261,500	280,150
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,760	52,250	41,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	484,265	238,720	245,545
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,750	62,400	43,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	406,195	207,935	198,260
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,400	59,650	44,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	488,100	231,395	256,705
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,610	9,230	11,860
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	53,310	22,945	30,365
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,130	6,570	7,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	164,140	78,775	85,375
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,460	9,340	9,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	565,960	274,000	291,960
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	197,825	108,520	89,310
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,500	77,500	65,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	81,800	89,300	72,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	147,890	68,155	79,730
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	19,000	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,960	32,320	24,220
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.2	87.4	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.2	72.8	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.8	12.5	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.7	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.1	4.3	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	565,965	274,025	291,935
Without total income	24,605	12,760	11,845
With total income	541,355	261,270	280,090
Under $10,000 (including loss)	45,880	19,430	26,455
$10,000 to $19,999	62,155	26,565	35,595
$20,000 to $29,999	77,720	32,900	44,820
$30,000 to $39,999	62,180	25,740	36,440
$40,000 to $49,999	55,910	25,335	30,575
$50,000 to $59,999	47,610	22,295	25,320
$60,000 to $69,999	38,930	19,205	19,725
$70,000 to $79,999	32,155	16,980	15,180
$80,000 to $89,999	25,560	14,310	11,250
$90,000 to $99,999	21,500	12,075	9,425
$100,000 and over	71,750	46,435	25,315
$100,000 to $149,999	50,360	30,745	19,615
$150,000 and over	21,395	15,695	5,700
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	565,965	274,025	291,935
Without after-tax income	24,380	12,645	11,740
With after-tax income	541,580	261,380	280,200
Under $10,000 (including loss)	48,000	20,040	27,965
$10,000 to $19,999	65,110	27,970	37,140
$20,000 to $29,999	87,680	37,250	50,430
$30,000 to $39,999	73,135	31,705	41,430
$40,000 to $49,999	66,050	30,835	35,210
$50,000 to $59,999	53,550	26,285	27,270
$60,000 to $69,999	40,665	21,550	19,115
$70,000 to $79,999	31,420	17,740	13,680
$80,000 to $89,999	26,030	14,035	12,000
$90,000 to $99,999	15,710	9,700	6,010
$100,000 and over	34,225	24,260	9,965
$100,000 to $124,999	18,755	12,860	5,895
$125,000 and over	15,475	11,400	4,070
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	565,965	274,025	291,935
Without employment income	159,765	66,130	93,635
With employment income	406,195	207,890	198,305
Under $5,000 (including loss)	64,525	32,350	32,180
$5,000 to $9,999	32,670	14,285	18,380
$10,000 to $19,999	43,310	19,505	23,800
$20,000 to $29,999	31,245	14,030	17,210
$30,000 to $39,999	29,225	13,545	15,675
$40,000 to $49,999	30,785	13,990	16,800
$50,000 to $59,999	29,350	14,145	15,210
$60,000 to $69,999	26,585	13,545	13,035
$70,000 to $79,999	23,080	12,575	10,505
$80,000 to $89,999	19,415	11,220	8,190
$90,000 to $99,999	19,120	10,190	8,925
$100,000 and over	56,895	38,505	18,390
$100,000 to $124,999	27,840	17,240	10,595
$125,000 and over	29,055	21,265	7,790
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	565,960	274,020	291,940
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	529,720	255,150	274,570
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,600	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	529,970	255,180	274,785
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,600	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	479,005	236,205	242,800
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,800	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	407,835	208,405	199,435
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,200	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	458,310	216,550	241,765
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,200	900	5,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	38,060	15,285	22,775
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,760	5,080	6,320
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	565,965	274,000	291,960
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	530,065	255,375	274,690
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,300	62,950	46,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	530,355	255,405	274,945
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,760	50,720	39,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	479,630	236,190	243,440
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,400	62,950	44,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	408,360	208,620	199,745
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,300	61,100	45,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	458,370	216,445	241,925
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,950	5,555	8,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	37,750	15,480	22,270
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,610	6,110	8,650
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	565,960	274,000	291,960
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	196,550	107,805	88,750
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,000	74,000	61,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,300	86,500	68,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	139,675	64,595	75,080
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	27,000	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,520	40,120	29,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.0	92.6	84.4
Employment income (%)	75.6	79.2	70.8
Government transfers (%)	11.1	7.5	15.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	243,045	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	47,100	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	195,945	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	243,045	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	47,025	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	196,025	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	142,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	243,045	...	...
Under $5,000	1,410	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	735	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,750	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,810	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,055	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,100	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,675	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,455	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,500	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,900	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,215	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,630	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,980	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	13,995	...	...
$100,000 and over	131,460	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	31,945	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	26,625	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	36,550	...	...
$200,000 and over	36,335	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	243,045	...	...
Under $5,000	1,645	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	790	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,805	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,965	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,410	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,145	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,880	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,915	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,670	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,815	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,745	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,515	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	17,465	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,740	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	16,560	...	...
$100,000 and over	109,995	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	35,760	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	26,665	...	...
$150,000 and over	47,560	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	191,290	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	54,365	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	98,730	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	32,025	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	66,225	31,430	34,795
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	45,600	40,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	40,400	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	191,185	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	142,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	54,280	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	122,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	99,000	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,625	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	66,195	31,475	34,720
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,650	56,650	50,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,000	46,720	43,480
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	691,355	338,190	353,165
0 to 17 years	151,220	77,445	73,775
0 to 5 years	46,975	24,045	22,930
18 to 64 years	433,335	212,150	221,185
65 years and over	106,805	48,600	58,205
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	45,800	21,225	24,575
0 to 17 years	12,215	6,370	5,840
0 to 5 years	3,990	2,085	1,900
18 to 64 years	24,950	11,815	13,135
65 years and over	8,635	3,035	5,600
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.6	6.3	7.0
0 to 17 years (%)	8.1	8.2	7.9
0 to 5 years (%)	8.5	8.7	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	5.8	5.6	5.9
65 years and over (%)	8.1	6.3	9.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	691,230	338,120	353,110
0 to 17 years	151,185	77,425	73,755
0 to 5 years	46,965	24,040	22,925
18 to 64 years	433,255	212,100	221,155
65 years and over	106,795	48,595	58,205
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	20,070	10,400	9,670
0 to 17 years	4,160	2,130	2,035
0 to 5 years	1,280	670	610
18 to 64 years	14,075	7,500	6,575
65 years and over	1,835	770	1,065
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.9	3.1	2.7
0 to 17 years (%)	2.8	2.8	2.8
0 to 5 years (%)	2.7	2.8	2.7
18 to 64 years (%)	3.3	3.5	3.0
65 years and over (%)	1.7	1.6	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	691,355	338,195	353,165
In bottom half of the distribution	274,020	130,575	143,445
In bottom decile	41,730	20,275	21,455
In second decile	48,755	22,090	26,665
In third decile	55,645	26,160	29,485
In fourth decile	60,815	29,220	31,595
In fifth decile	67,080	32,825	34,255
In top half of the distribution	417,330	207,620	209,715
In sixth decile	71,895	35,145	36,745
In seventh decile	78,830	38,745	40,090
In eighth decile	86,580	42,990	43,590
In ninth decile	93,565	46,800	46,765
In top decile	86,465	43,940	42,520
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	691,360	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.307	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.410	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.266	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	692,975	338,875	354,105
English only	634,385	314,470	319,915
French only	580	245	335
English and French	50,385	21,240	29,140
Neither English nor French	7,630	2,915	4,710
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	692,975	338,875	354,105
English	673,370	330,575	342,795
French	9,345	4,240	5,105
English and French	2,875	1,280	1,600
Neither English nor French	7,385	2,780	4,605
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	692,975	338,875	354,105
Single responses	665,225	325,640	339,590
Official languages	539,875	265,745	274,125
English	530,800	261,645	269,155
French	9,080	4,100	4,975
Non-official languages	125,355	59,895	65,460
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	10
Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	125,330	59,880	65,445
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,225	3,190	3,035
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	30	15	15
Hausa	25	15	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	40	15	20
Cushitic languages	225	95	130
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	35	15	20
Somali	190	80	115
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,920	3,055	2,870
Amharic	290	140	150
Arabic	5,075	2,650	2,430
Aramaic languages	90	45	50
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	30	30
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	65	25	35
Hebrew	75	45	30
Maltese	215	95	120
Tigrigna	105	50	55
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,120	505	620
Khmer (Cambodian)	85	40	50
Vietnamese	1,035	460	575
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	9,300	3,850	5,450
Bikol	20	10	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	25	55
Cebuano	260	110	150
Fijian	5	0	5
Hiligaynon	120	50	75
Ilocano	375	140	230
Indonesian	165	70	100
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	5	0
Malagasy languages	10	0	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Malay	30	10	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	110	55	55
Pangasinan	25	10	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,040	3,345	4,695
Waray-Waray	15	5	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Creole languages	490	235	260
Haitian Creole	160	75	80
Jamaican English Creole	30	20	15
Krio	20	5	10
Morisyen	50	20	30
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	165	85	85
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	30	40
Dravidian languages	18,230	8,970	9,265
Kannada	165	80	85
Malayalam	1,900	985	920
Tamil	14,755	7,170	7,585
Telugu	1,390	725	665
Tulu	15	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	73,590	35,540	38,050
Albanian	355	175	175
Armenian	555	280	280
Balto-Slavic languages	10,035	4,520	5,515
Baltic languages	200	85	115
Latvian	120	50	70
Lithuanian	75	35	45
Slavic languages	9,835	4,435	5,405
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	180	85	100
Czech	260	115	145
Macedonian	1,540	735	800
Polish	3,665	1,580	2,085
Russian	1,545	680	860
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,110	575	535
Bosnian	75	35	35
Croatian	465	235	235
Serbian	565	295	265
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	225	100	125
Slovene (Slovenian)	250	115	130
Ukrainian	1,040	430	610
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Celtic languages	35	15	20
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	5	10
Welsh	20	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	5,370	2,370	3,005
Frisian	55	20	35
High German languages	3,065	1,305	1,760
German	3,005	1,285	1,720
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	10	30
Yiddish	20	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,965	915	1,050
Afrikaans	130	55	70
Dutch	1,800	845	955
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	20
Scandinavian languages	275	120	155
Danish	130	70	65
Icelandic	10	0	10
Norwegian	40	20	25
Swedish	95	35	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Greek	2,240	1,120	1,120
Indo-Iranian languages	38,225	18,950	19,275
Indo-Aryan languages	29,805	14,790	15,020
Assamese	25	10	10
Bengali	3,350	1,645	1,705
Gujarati	4,395	2,175	2,225
Hindi	3,430	1,695	1,735
Kacchi	270	135	135
Kashmiri	10	5	0
Konkani	100	50	50
Marathi	390	200	195
Nepali	120	65	55
Oriya languages	75	40	35
Odia	55	30	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,425	1,735	1,690
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	105	55	50
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	835	390	440
Urdu	13,175	6,545	6,630
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	50	55
Iranian languages	8,415	4,165	4,250
Baluchi	55	30	25
Kurdish	145	80	60
Parsi	20	10	10
Pashto	1,235	610	620
Persian languages	6,960	3,425	3,535
Dari	4,935	2,380	2,550
Iranian Persian	1,320	675	640
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	705	370	335
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,755	8,105	8,650
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	5,210	2,665	2,540
Portuguese	3,580	1,720	1,860
Romanian	1,495	690	805
Spanish	6,450	3,020	3,430
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Japanese	250	80	170
Korean	1,175	555	620
Mongolian	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	1,745	840	905
Akan (Twi)	315	155	165
Bamanankan	5	0	0
Edo	70	35	35
Éwé	25	15	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	15	15
Ga	15	5	15
Ganda	25	10	15
Gikuyu	15	5	5
Igbo	125	65	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	25
Lingala	45	20	25
Luba-Kasai	5	0	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	35	15	15
Ndebele	35	15	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	50	25	30
Shona	95	45	50
Soninke	5	5	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	5
Swahili	195	95	100
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	35	20	20
Yoruba	435	220	220
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	135	65	75
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	30	30
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Sign languages	155	85	70
American Sign Language	140	75	70
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,585	4,920	5,665
Chinese languages	10,505	4,885	5,620
Hakka	180	85	100
Mandarin	5,810	2,730	3,080
Min Dong	25	15	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	170	80	95
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	30
Yue (Cantonese)	4,155	1,915	2,235
Chinese, n.o.s.	100	35	60
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	30	45
Burmese	20	10	15
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	5
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	50	15	25
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tai-Kadai languages	195	65	130
Lao	60	25	35
Thai	135	40	95
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	525	265	260
Azerbaijani	55	25	25
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	390	205	185
Uyghur	45	20	25
Uzbek	35	10	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	1,625	735	895
Estonian	160	80	75
Finnish	235	95	135
Hungarian	1,230	550	675
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Multiple responses	27,745	13,230	14,520
English and French	3,385	1,490	1,895
English and non-official language(s)	21,595	10,475	11,120
French and non-official language(s)	520	235	290
English, French and non-official language(s)	625	290	335
Multiple non-official languages	1,620	745	880
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	692,975	338,875	354,105
English	544,465	268,110	276,355
French	2,335	1,065	1,265
Non-official language	29,605	13,960	15,640
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous	29,600	13,960	15,640
English and French	8,230	3,500	4,730
English and non-official language(s)	101,535	49,250	52,285
French and non-official language(s)	275	105	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,945	1,690	2,255
Multiple non-official languages	2,590	1,190	1,405
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	692,975	338,875	354,105
Single responses	665,005	325,390	339,610
Official languages	599,965	293,995	305,965
English	596,420	292,370	304,055
French	3,540	1,625	1,910
Non-official languages	65,045	31,395	33,650
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5
Algonquian languages	0	5	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	65,035	31,395	33,645
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,970	1,435	1,530
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	5
Hausa	10	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	10
Cushitic languages	80	40	40
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	5
Somali	70	35	35
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,865	1,385	1,475
Amharic	110	50	60
Arabic	2,535	1,230	1,305
Aramaic languages	70	40	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	20	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	30	15	20
Hebrew	15	10	5
Maltese	40	15	25
Tigrigna	55	25	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	635	285	350
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	20	15
Vietnamese	595	270	330
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,060	1,855	2,210
Bikol	10	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	5
Cebuano	130	55	70
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	60	25	40
Ilocano	135	55	80
Indonesian	65	30	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	30	35
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,550	1,630	1,920
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Creole languages	235	105	125
Haitian Creole	90	45	45
Jamaican English Creole	15	5	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	30	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	35	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Dravidian languages	12,735	6,195	6,540
Kannada	80	45	40
Malayalam	1,225	620	600
Tamil	10,590	5,100	5,485
Telugu	835	425	405
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	34,775	16,865	17,905
Albanian	175	90	85
Armenian	265	140	125
Balto-Slavic languages	3,515	1,635	1,875
Baltic languages	20	15	10
Latvian	15	5	5
Lithuanian	10	5	0
Slavic languages	3,485	1,625	1,860
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	70	35	35
Czech	50	30	20
Macedonian	535	250	290
Polish	1,345	630	715
Russian	825	390	430
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	345	170	175
Bosnian	15	10	10
Croatian	100	45	55
Serbian	225	115	115
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Slovak	65	25	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	220	85	135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	365	170	200
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	215	100	120
German	220	95	115
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	55	70
Afrikaans	40	20	20
Dutch	90	40	50
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	15	10	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	620	270	350
Indo-Iranian languages	23,735	11,650	12,080
Indo-Aryan languages	18,630	9,200	9,435
Assamese	10	10	5
Bengali	2,070	1,000	1,070
Gujarati	2,760	1,350	1,410
Hindi	2,020	1,005	1,015
Kacchi	90	40	50
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	35	15	15
Marathi	205	105	95
Nepali	60	30	35
Oriya languages	35	20	20
Odia	25	15	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,130	1,070	1,065
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	55	30	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	380	190	190
Urdu	8,730	4,320	4,410
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Iranian languages	5,100	2,450	2,650
Baluchi	20	15	5
Kurdish	75	45	30
Parsi	10	5	10
Pashto	755	360	395
Persian languages	4,235	2,025	2,210
Dari	2,955	1,390	1,565
Iranian Persian	760	365	395
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	525	270	250
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,095	2,905	3,190
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,030	440	590
Portuguese	1,290	620	670
Romanian	685	315	370
Spanish	3,085	1,525	1,560
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Japanese	90	30	55
Korean	745	365	385
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	525	235	290
Akan (Twi)	150	65	80
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	20	10	10
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	10
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	25	10	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	10	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	15
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	65	30	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	5
Yoruba	140	65	75
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	20
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	255	150	110
American Sign Language	205	115	90
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,195	3,490	3,705
Chinese languages	7,155	3,470	3,685
Hakka	55	25	30
Mandarin	4,440	2,180	2,255
Min Dong	10	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	20
Yue (Cantonese)	2,505	1,200	1,310
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	15	20
Burmese	10	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	30	40
Lao	25	10	15
Thai	50	20	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	275	125	145
Azerbaijani	25	10	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	210	100	110
Uyghur	35	15	20
Uzbek	0	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	435	200	230
Estonian	15	5	10
Finnish	25	10	10
Hungarian	395	185	210
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	27,970	13,480	14,490
English and French	1,805	780	1,025
English and non-official language(s)	25,155	12,265	12,895
French and non-official language(s)	150	65	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	465	195	275
Multiple non-official languages	395	170	220
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	692,975	338,870	354,105
None	599,265	294,095	305,165
English	29,315	14,420	14,895
French	6,475	2,705	3,765
Non-official language	45,735	21,740	23,995
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	25
Non-Indigenous	45,690	21,725	23,970
English and French	435	190	245
English and non-official language(s)	4,515	2,320	2,200
French and non-official language(s)	1,860	780	1,085
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	20	35
Multiple non-official languages	5,320	2,600	2,715
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	691,355	338,155	353,200
Official languages	683,725	335,155	348,565
English	683,115	334,865	348,250
French	50,985	21,455	29,530
Non-official languages	178,480	85,245	93,230
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	35	55
Algonquian languages	70	20	50
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	0	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	50	20	30
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	50	20	30
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	15	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	10	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	178,400	85,215	93,185
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,480	5,340	5,140
Berber languages	50	20	35
Kabyle	35	10	25
Tamazight	15	10	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	90	25	70
Hausa	90	25	70
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	110	55	55
Cushitic languages	290	105	190
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	75	25	45
Somali	225	85	140
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10,170	5,235	4,935
Amharic	485	235	255
Arabic	8,800	4,610	4,190
Aramaic languages	190	95	100
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	125	65	60
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	15	30
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Harari	185	80	110
Hebrew	295	160	140
Maltese	365	145	220
Tigrigna	160	90	75
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,505	625	885
Khmer (Cambodian)	200	95	115
Vietnamese	1,305	530	780
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	13,000	5,480	7,515
Bikol	70	35	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	105	40	65
Cebuano	470	175	290
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	190	70	115
Ilocano	665	260	395
Indonesian	220	100	120
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	165	90	75
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	195	100	100
Pangasinan	45	15	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	12,300	5,150	7,150
Waray-Waray	50	15	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	280	125	155
Creole languages	2,305	1,025	1,280
Haitian Creole	490	215	270
Jamaican English Creole	370	175	190
Krio	30	10	20
Morisyen	255	120	140
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	890	380	510
Creole languages, n.i.e.	335	145	185
Dravidian languages	26,565	13,135	13,430
Kannada	680	330	350
Malayalam	2,930	1,480	1,455
Tamil	21,980	10,870	11,110
Telugu	2,470	1,250	1,220
Tulu	20	0	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Georgian	15	10	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	107,490	52,105	55,395
Albanian	560	275	285
Armenian	785	360	425
Balto-Slavic languages	12,410	5,640	6,770
Baltic languages	265	100	170
Latvian	190	70	125
Lithuanian	80	30	45
Slavic languages	12,185	5,560	6,625
Belarusian	30	15	10
Bulgarian	315	160	155
Czech	400	165	240
Macedonian	2,500	1,195	1,305
Polish	4,240	1,870	2,375
Russian	2,330	1,040	1,290
Rusyn	25	10	20
Serbo-Croatian	1,470	725	750
Bosnian	60	25	35
Croatian	765	400	370
Serbian	835	405	435
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Slovak	295	125	170
Slovene (Slovenian)	375	190	180
Ukrainian	1,465	635	830
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Celtic languages	170	80	90
Irish	50	25	30
Scottish Gaelic	55	30	25
Welsh	40	15	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Germanic languages	8,630	3,845	4,785
Frisian	80	30	50
High German languages	5,405	2,460	2,940
German	5,345	2,425	2,915
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	70	25	40
Yiddish	20	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,870	1,260	1,620
Afrikaans	370	170	205
Dutch	2,485	1,090	1,390
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	25	25
Scandinavian languages	565	235	335
Danish	185	80	100
Icelandic	25	0	20
Norwegian	130	55	80
Swedish	270	120	150
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Greek	3,915	1,840	2,070
Indo-Iranian languages	57,525	28,915	28,615
Indo-Aryan languages	48,445	24,430	24,015
Assamese	80	30	50
Bengali	5,000	2,575	2,425
Gujarati	6,360	3,135	3,220
Hindi	17,510	8,785	8,725
Kacchi	435	220	215
Kashmiri	55	20	35
Konkani	270	135	135
Marathi	1,095	580	515
Nepali	230	125	100
Oriya languages	170	90	80
Odia	120	50	60
Oriya, n.o.s.	50	30	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,250	4,385	3,860
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	235	140	100
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,965	990	980
Urdu	22,605	11,480	11,120
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	315	165	150
Iranian languages	10,615	5,270	5,355
Baluchi	145	80	65
Kurdish	155	80	70
Parsi	25	10	20
Pashto	1,625	910	715
Persian languages	9,570	4,690	4,880
Dari	6,965	3,330	3,635
Iranian Persian	1,760	910	850
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,000	540	465
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Italic (Romance) languages	25,880	12,375	13,505
Catalan	20	0	10
Italian	8,170	4,030	4,140
Portuguese	4,920	2,495	2,425
Romanian	1,940	865	1,075
Spanish	11,875	5,485	6,390
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	90	60	30
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	675	305	365
Korean	1,715	800	915
Mongolian	15	0	10
Niger-Congo languages	5,220	2,470	2,750
Akan (Twi)	800	360	450
Bamanankan	20	10	10
Edo	160	70	95
Éwé	45	25	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	50	30	20
Ga	85	35	55
Ganda	80	45	40
Gikuyu	75	50	20
Igbo	520	295	230
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	50	70
Lingala	535	250	285
Luba-Kasai	65	40	30
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	75	30	45
Ndebele	70	20	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	100	45	55
Shona	170	75	90
Soninke	20	20	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	20	20
Swahili	970	505	465
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	90	35	50
Yoruba	1,385	675	710
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	630	275	350
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	40	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	40	15
African, n.o.s.	15	0	15
Sign languages	1,055	420	635
American Sign Language	955	365	590
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	115	55	55
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,125	6,200	6,920
Chinese languages	12,995	6,145	6,855
Hakka	230	95	130
Mandarin	8,600	4,040	4,550
Min Dong	55	35	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	375	160	215
Wu (Shanghainese)	120	55	65
Yue (Cantonese)	5,560	2,650	2,915
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	20	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	120	55	65
Burmese	30	10	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	75	35	40
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	285	105	180
Lao	115	45	80
Thai	210	85	130
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	830	420	410
Azerbaijani	55	20	35
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	660	350	310
Uyghur	70	30	45
Uzbek	50	25	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Uralic languages	1,900	850	1,050
Estonian	160	75	90
Finnish	315	115	195
Hungarian	1,425	660	765
Other languages, n.i.e.	140	65	75
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	691,360	338,155	353,200
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	13,795	6,450	7,350
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	12,945	6,050	6,895
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,385	3,475	3,910
Métis	5,295	2,445	2,850
Inuk (Inuit)	265	130	130
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	420	210	210
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	425	180	245
Non-Indigenous identity	677,560	331,710	345,855
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	691,360	338,155	353,200
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,410	1,615	1,790
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	687,945	336,535	351,405
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	243,050	...	...
Owner	190,935	...	...
Renter	52,085	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	25	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	243,050	...	...
Condominium	21,115	...	...
Not condominium	221,935	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	243,050	...	...
No bedrooms	905	...	...
1 bedroom	16,110	...	...
2 bedrooms	34,695	...	...
3 bedrooms	97,975	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	93,365	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	243,050	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	39,915	...	...
5 rooms	33,370	...	...
6 rooms	39,845	...	...
7 rooms	38,160	...	...
8 or more rooms	91,755	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	243,050	...	...
One person or fewer per room	238,405	...	...
More than one person per room	4,645	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	243,050	...	...
Suitable	230,685	...	...
Not suitable	12,360	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	243,050	...	...
1960 or before	34,065	...	...
1961 to 1980	56,580	...	...
1981 to 1990	42,750	...	...
1991 to 2000	35,900	...	...
2001 to 2005	22,100	...	...
2006 to 2010	19,610	...	...
2011 to 2015	15,175	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	16,865	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	243,050	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	232,485	...	...
Major repairs needed	10,565	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	243,050	...	...
One-maintainer household	105,160	...	...
Two-maintainer household	122,625	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	15,260	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	243,050	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,230	...	...
25 to 34 years	26,975	...	...
35 to 44 years	46,830	...	...
45 to 54 years	50,215	...	...
55 to 64 years	54,450	...	...
65 to 74 years	36,215	...	...
75 to 84 years	18,830	...	...
85 years and over	7,305	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	241,425	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	184,955	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	56,475	...	...
30% to less than 100%	52,085	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	243,050	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	73,105	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	51,160	...	...
Not suitable only	9,330	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,540	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,055	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,050	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	770	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	205	...	...
Acceptable housing	169,940	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	237,040	...	...
In core need	25,165	...	...
Not in core need	211,875	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	190,115	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,860	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,922	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	833,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	51,995	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,410	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,506	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	25	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	60.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	765	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	850	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	691,355	338,155	353,205
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	3,530	1,580	1,955
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	3,465	1,540	1,925
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,340	1,020	1,325
Métis single ancestry	1,075	495	580
Inuit single ancestry	50	25	20
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	70	35	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	70	35	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	15,770	7,490	8,280
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	15,370	7,295	8,075
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	11,180	5,390	5,785
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,025	1,825	2,195
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	165	75	90
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	405	200	205
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	360	180	180
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	672,050	329,085	342,965
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	691,355	338,155	353,200
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	650,450	318,470	331,980
Canadian citizens aged under 18	146,255	74,940	71,320
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	504,195	243,535	260,660
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	40,910	19,685	21,225
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	691,355	338,155	353,200
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	498,755	246,940	251,820
Immigrants⁸¹	186,460	87,860	98,605
Before 1980	45,325	20,955	24,365
1980 to 1990	23,210	10,920	12,290
1991 to 2000	39,320	18,615	20,710
2001 to 2010	41,365	19,625	21,740
2011 to 2021⁸²	37,240	17,745	19,495
2011 to 2015	17,565	8,390	9,170
2016 to 2021	19,675	9,350	10,330
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,140	3,360	2,775
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	186,460	87,855	98,605
Under 5 years	18,920	9,330	9,585
5 to 14 years	37,305	18,425	18,880
15 to 24 years	39,745	17,530	22,210
25 to 44 years	77,250	36,745	40,505
45 years and over	13,245	5,825	7,420
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	186,460	87,855	98,605
Americas	43,565	19,230	24,335
Brazil	810	395	420
Colombia	795	350	445
El Salvador	500	250	250
Guyana	8,685	3,930	4,750
Haiti	455	215	245
Jamaica	13,880	5,815	8,065
Mexico	730	280	450
Peru	355	180	175
Trinidad and Tobago	5,970	2,815	3,155
United States of America	4,150	1,815	2,340
Other places of birth in Americas	7,235	3,190	4,040
Europe	42,190	19,910	22,280
Bosnia and Herzegovina	165	65	100
Croatia	440	225	210
France	430	210	220
Germany	2,670	1,310	1,360
Greece	1,320	665	655
Hungary	635	305	325
Italy	3,300	1,730	1,565
Netherlands	1,905	940	965
Poland	2,885	1,255	1,630
Portugal	1,980	1,005	975
Romania	1,650	700	945
Russian Federation	705	290	420
Serbia⁸⁶	450	195	255
Ukraine	775	325	450
United Kingdom⁸⁷	17,660	8,260	9,400
Other places of birth in Europe	5,225	2,415	2,815
Africa	11,215	5,610	5,605
Algeria	100	40	55
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	625	265	365
Egypt	1,480	770	710
Eritrea	115	65	50
Ethiopia	500	245	255
Morocco	235	105	130
Nigeria	2,300	1,195	1,110
Somalia	175	60	115
South Africa, Republic of	910	445	460
Other places of birth in Africa	4,775	2,420	2,350
Asia	88,905	42,770	46,140
Afghanistan	5,265	2,635	2,625
Iran⁸⁸	1,515	825	690
Iraq	880	445	430
Lebanon	1,220	650	575
Syria⁸⁹	725	340	390
Turkey	295	145	145
China⁹⁰	6,665	2,970	3,695
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,490	710	780
Korea, South⁹²	1,155	535	620
Taiwan	270	100	175
Philippines	12,735	5,410	7,330
Viet Nam	1,175	495	675
Bangladesh	3,040	1,575	1,465
India	21,010	10,260	10,750
Pakistan	12,350	6,225	6,125
Sri Lanka	13,430	6,605	6,820
Other places of birth in Asia	5,695	2,845	2,850
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	595	340	255
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	19,675	9,350	10,330
Americas	2,985	1,395	1,590
Brazil	290	145	145
Colombia	50	10	35
Haiti	35	20	15
Jamaica	905	460	450
Mexico	145	55	85
United States of America	650	295	355
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	30	45
Other places of birth in Americas	835	380	455
Europe	1,025	525	500
France	65	50	20
Germany	30	20	10
Ireland⁹⁶	55	40	15
Italy	25	10	20
Russian Federation	75	20	60
Ukraine	95	40	60
United Kingdom⁸⁷	290	160	135
Other places of birth in Europe	380	190	190
Africa	1,790	865	925
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	75	25	50
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	120	60	65
Côte d'Ivoire	10	10	0
Egypt	155	75	85
Eritrea	35	15	20
Ethiopia	45	15	30
Morocco	40	10	25
Nigeria	950	525	430
Somalia	30	10	25
South Africa, Republic of	40	15	25
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	280	110	170
Asia	13,800	6,510	7,290
Afghanistan	725	345	380
Bangladesh	485	265	220
China⁹⁰	1,060	455	605
Hong Kong⁹¹	75	40	35
India	6,670	3,240	3,430
Iran⁸⁸	90	45	45
Iraq	125	70	50
Israel	30	10	20
Japan	45	0	40
Jordan	60	30	35
Korea, South⁹²	115	45	70
Lebanon	85	35	45
Nepal	10	0	0
Pakistan	1,295	620	675
Philippines	1,185	490	700
Saudi Arabia	130	55	80
Sri Lanka	625	305	325
Syria⁸⁹	415	185	230
Turkey	60	30	30
United Arab Emirates	175	100	65
Viet Nam	70	20	50
Other places of birth in Asia	255	110	145
Oceania and other⁹³	80	50	25
Australia	40	30	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	20	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	691,355	338,155	353,200
First generation¹⁰⁰	197,580	93,465	104,115
Second generation¹⁰¹	181,835	90,755	91,075
Third generation or more¹⁰²	311,940	153,930	158,015
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	141,135	66,900	74,240
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	66,145	33,140	33,005
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	26,150	16,540	9,620
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	39,995	16,605	23,390
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	49,875	20,495	29,380
Refugees¹⁰⁸	23,040	12,260	10,780
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,075	1,005	1,070
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	141,135	66,900	74,240
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	12,525	6,910	5,615
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	13,320	6,355	6,960
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,785	1,300	1,485
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	6,170	2,920	3,250
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	725	340	390
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	105,605	49,070	56,540
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	691,355	338,155	353,200
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	251,305	122,335	128,970
South Asian	92,315	46,425	45,890
Chinese	16,270	7,755	8,515
Black	66,035	31,370	34,670
Filipino	20,070	9,160	10,905
Arab	7,405	3,855	3,550
Latin American	8,105	3,865	4,245
Southeast Asian	3,295	1,515	1,785
West Asian	10,960	5,460	5,500
Korean	1,900	945	950
Japanese	1,375	705	675
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	10,800	5,110	5,690
Multiple visible minorities	12,780	6,180	6,600
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	440,045	215,820	224,230
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	691,355	338,155	353,200
Canadian	99,980	50,395	49,590
English	141,920	68,495	73,425
Irish	112,110	53,120	58,990
Scottish	111,250	53,580	57,675
French, n.o.s.¹²²	36,695	17,430	19,265
German	42,860	21,110	21,750
Chinese	20,550	9,710	10,840
Italian	35,605	18,230	17,375
Indian (India)	41,035	20,335	20,705
Ukrainian	15,970	7,740	8,230
Dutch	23,010	11,145	11,875
Polish	18,905	9,120	9,785
Québécois	910	380	535
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	30,000	14,455	15,545
Filipino	20,865	9,640	11,220
French Canadian	7,720	3,635	4,090
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	10,010	4,780	5,230
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,885	2,815	3,065
Métis	5,550	2,550	3,005
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	8,330	4,015	4,315
Russian	5,085	2,440	2,650
Norwegian	2,675	1,315	1,360
Welsh	11,910	5,570	6,340
Portuguese	13,660	6,760	6,900
American	6,110	2,975	3,140
Spanish	7,565	3,430	4,140
Swedish	2,570	1,220	1,355
Hungarian	6,250	3,100	3,150
Acadian	1,805	860	945
Pakistani	16,305	8,340	7,960
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	11,815	5,610	6,200
Jewish	2,535	1,160	1,380
Punjabi	2,605	1,340	1,270
Vietnamese	2,020	925	1,095
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,470	1,910	1,565
Greek	9,445	4,675	4,770
Jamaican	24,315	11,345	12,970
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	4,570	2,225	2,345
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	565	285	285
Korean	1,970	960	1,010
Romanian	3,375	1,600	1,775
Lebanese	2,670	1,375	1,295
Iranian	1,940	980	960
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,950	1,515	1,435
Danish	2,660	1,325	1,340
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,430	1,125	1,305
Sikh	1,080	510	570
Austrian	3,570	1,740	1,825
Belgian	1,840	965	880
Haitian	895	390	500
Hindu	6,130	3,075	3,055
Mexican	1,505	645	865
Mennonite	320	130	190
Swiss	1,860	910	950
Finnish	2,995	1,475	1,520
Sri Lankan	13,340	6,500	6,835
Croatian	2,020	1,005	1,015
Japanese	1,825	930	895
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	5,880	2,930	2,950
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,620	800	830
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,540	730	815
Muslim	3,645	1,930	1,715
Egyptian	2,265	1,140	1,125
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,080	990	1,085
Tamil	10,260	5,180	5,070
Icelandic	715	355	355
Colombian	930	455	475
Moroccan	390	165	220
Czech	1,620	735	890
Syrian	1,210	645	570
Guyanese	11,415	5,440	5,975
Afghan	8,770	4,315	4,460
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	6,195	2,865	3,335
Serbian	1,260	665	590
Ojibway	1,090	450	640
Newfoundlander	2,605	1,375	1,230
Hong Konger	645	285	355
Ontarian	3,560	1,690	1,870
Persian	1,135	605	530
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	7,815	3,795	4,020
Turkish	1,070	570	495
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	250	110	135
Bangladeshi	3,230	1,740	1,490
Algerian	95	50	45
Brazilian	1,065	520	550
Nigerian	2,080	1,010	1,065
Armenian	1,330	650	680
Slovak	1,420	655	765
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	980	470	510
Somali	415	165	250
Taiwanese	375	160	220
Iraqi	645	365	280
Salvadorean	655	330	325
African Caribbean	5,965	2,765	3,205
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,135	500	630
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,210	625	585
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	4,720	2,200	2,515
Algonquin	550	270	280
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	4,925	2,245	2,680
Lithuanian	1,045	520	525
South African	1,340	725	615
Australian	780	430	350
Palestinian	1,115	605	510
Chilean	705	370	335
Congolese	720	320	400
Nova Scotian	790	420	365
Ethiopian	795	375	420
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	815	390	425
Peruvian	600	305	295
Yoruba	1,045	530	515
Cambodian (Khmer)	340	155	185
Berber	90	45	45
Albanian	645	320	325
Maltese	2,425	1,065	1,365
Macedonian	4,270	2,040	2,230
Slovenian	1,235	635	600
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	630	290	340
New Brunswicker	480	220	255
Gujarati	1,125	555	570
Eritrean	195	100	95
African Canadian	2,310	1,025	1,285
Israeli	420	235	185
Mohawk	915	470	445
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	560	265	290
Bulgarian	495	220	270
Albertan	40	25	15
Ghanaian	955	445	515
Barbadian	3,075	1,555	1,520
African American	1,285	610	675
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	815	385	430
Tunisian	30	20	10
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	550	300	255
Cuban	950	430	520
Bosnian	135	65	65
Venezuelan	680	290	385
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	15	20
Latvian	815	335	485
Bengali	905	475	435
Cameroonian	420	200	215
Guatemalan	490	245	240
Indonesian	490	260	230
Laotian	145	60	85
Ilocano	330	135	185
Northern Irish	1,320	700	625
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	565	260	305
British Columbian	30	10	25
Ecuadorian	645	325	320
Franco Ontarian	195	90	100
Argentinian	435	205	230
Estonian	905	460	445
Kurdish	155	85	65
Fijian	155	80	75
Jatt	115	50	65
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	435	235	200
Coptic	820	405	415
Thai	290	115	175
Dominican	530	265	260
Nepali	220	130	90
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	245	140	110
Igbo	465	240	220
Byelorussian	285	140	145
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	135	60	75
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	60	30	35
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	130	65	60
New Zealander	230	145	80
Sudanese	230	125	105
Breton	10	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	415	185	230
Malaysian	320	135	190
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	25	15
Huron (Wendat)	120	70	50
Saskatchewanian	130	35	95
Buddhist	215	110	110
Gaspesian	60	15	45
Norman	85	45	35
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	665	315	350
Ivorian	105	50	50
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	155	60	90
Burundian	45	15	25
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	325	165	165
Mauritian	135	75	65
Kenyan	360	210	150
Oji-Cree	15	0	15
Vincentian	1,055	535	525
Jordanian	260	150	110
Manitoban	75	40	30
Cape Bretoner	150	80	75
Rwandan	100	35	65
Grenadian	1,060	540	520
Malayali	590	270	320
Chaldean	100	40	60
Sinhalese	715	350	365
Mayan	110	35	75
Honduran	160	70	85
Cherokee	130	55	70
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	105	50	55
Indo-Caribbean	1,055	440	615
Flemish	85	35	50
United Empire Loyalist	265	110	155
Senegalese	80	30	50
Azerbaijani	90	45	50
Sicilian	505	320	180
Pashtun	455	245	215
Malay	180	100	85
Goan	440	215	225
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	190	105	90
Tibetan	80	40	45
Zimbabwean	270	150	120
Burmese	170	70	100
Mongolian	145	80	65
Azorean	115	40	75
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	85	50	40
Indo-Guyanese	855	420	430
Ugandan	210	110	100
Oromo	30	20	10
Tanzanian	240	130	110
Yemeni	190	85	105
Central African	190	105	95
Libyan	90	50	40
Basque	25	0	15
Uruguayan	125	70	55
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	240	140	100
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	290	120	170
Igorot	120	35	85
Fulani	55	25	30
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	65	25	45
St. Lucian	785	375	415
Prince Edward Islander	135	45	90
Maliseet	20	10	10
Beninese	40	15	20
Telugu	245	125	120
Roma	75	30	45
Costa Rican	100	55	40
African Nova Scotian	150	70	80
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	275	135	135
Singaporean	140	45	100
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	170	95	75
Tajik	440	210	235
Amhara	80	30	55
Paraguayan	20	10	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	691,360	338,150	353,200
Buddhist	3,530	1,545	1,985
Christian	364,015	168,425	195,590
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	61,285	28,620	32,660
Anabaptist	195	85	115
Anglican	30,495	13,480	17,015
Baptist	9,575	4,380	5,195
Catholic	159,850	75,770	84,085
Christian Orthodox	14,925	7,070	7,850
Jehovah's Witness	2,255	1,000	1,250
Latter Day Saints	1,030	455	570
Lutheran	3,625	1,615	2,010
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,230	1,030	1,205
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	15,250	6,790	8,460
Presbyterian	9,260	4,185	5,075
Reformed	1,750	840	915
United Church	34,225	14,860	19,365
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	18,065	8,250	9,815
Hindu	39,015	19,335	19,675
Jewish	2,075	1,025	1,045
Muslim	52,715	26,820	25,895
Sikh	4,000	1,950	2,055
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	225	110	120
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,545	1,475	2,065
No religion and secular perspectives	222,245	117,470	104,780
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	684,410	334,635	349,775
Non-movers	613,930	299,845	314,080
Movers	70,480	34,790	35,695
Non-migrants	27,420	13,415	14,000
Migrants	43,065	21,375	21,690
Internal migrants	40,055	19,885	20,165
Intraprovincial migrants	39,040	19,370	19,670
Interprovincial migrants	1,015	520	495
External migrants	3,010	1,485	1,520
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	652,855	318,720	334,135
Non-movers	415,000	202,400	212,600
Movers	237,850	116,325	121,525
Non-migrants	64,340	31,180	33,160
Migrants	173,510	85,145	88,370
Internal migrants	155,310	76,365	78,940
Intraprovincial migrants	149,215	73,165	76,055
Interprovincial migrants	6,090	3,205	2,885
External migrants	18,205	8,775	9,425
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	565,960	274,000	291,960
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	87,315	45,210	42,100
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	478,645	228,785	249,860
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	374,820	181,905	192,910
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	32,280	18,250	14,030
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	342,540	163,655	178,885
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	565,960	274,000	291,965
No certificate, diploma or degree	79,400	40,540	38,860
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	166,105	83,460	82,640
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	320,460	149,995	170,460
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	178,345	87,680	90,660
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	30,825	22,960	7,860
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,160	8,945	5,215
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	16,660	14,015	2,645
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	135,300	59,430	75,870
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,225	5,295	6,935
Bachelor's degree or higher	142,115	62,320	79,800
Bachelor's degree	100,530	42,785	57,745
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,890	3,825	5,070
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,670	1,240	1,430
Master's degree	27,460	12,925	14,530
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,565	1,540	1,025
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	374,815	181,910	192,910
No certificate, diploma or degree	27,665	15,635	12,030
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	95,485	50,755	44,735
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	251,665	115,520	136,145
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	135,360	65,790	69,570
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	21,165	15,880	5,285
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,615	6,095	3,525
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,550	9,785	1,760
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	105,250	46,140	59,105
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,950	3,775	5,175
Bachelor's degree or higher	116,300	49,725	66,580
Bachelor's degree	81,205	33,930	47,275
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,180	2,975	4,205
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,190	905	1,285
Master's degree	23,645	10,755	12,895
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,075	1,160	920
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	565,960	274,000	291,960
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	245,500	124,000	121,500
Education	17,005	3,745	13,255
13. Education	17,005	3,745	13,255
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	11,505	5,225	6,275
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,860	1,330	530
50. Visual and performing arts	9,640	3,895	5,750
Humanities	15,245	5,120	10,130
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,190	235	955
23. English language and literature/letters	3,845	870	2,975
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,890	1,435	3,455
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	445	135	315
38. Philosophy and religious studies	800	460	350
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,410	840	565
54. History	2,125	1,080	1,050
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	540	70	465
Social and behavioural sciences and law	43,985	12,050	31,935
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	485	70	415
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,185	1,925	3,265
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,010	455	7,555
22. Legal professions and studies	7,860	1,705	6,160
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	965	275	685
42. Psychology	7,210	1,350	5,865
45. Social sciences	14,270	6,280	7,990
Business, management and public administration	72,120	30,125	41,995
30.16 Accounting and computer science	175	60	115
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,355	1,055	5,305
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	65,585	29,010	36,580
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,500	5,230	7,275
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,220	1,895	3,330
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,465	1,310	2,150
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	365	85	280
40. Physical sciences	2,695	1,690	1,000
41. Science technologies/technicians	760	250	510
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	16,585	11,255	5,325
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	13,945	9,950	3,995
25. Library science	475	50	425
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,795	990	810
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	365	260	105
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	61,680	56,100	5,585
04. Architecture and related services	2,255	1,620	635
14. Engineering	15,035	12,240	2,800
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	15,320	13,825	1,490
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	12,220	12,010	210
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,555	11,290	265
48. Precision production	5,295	5,105	185
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,375	2,575	2,800
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,605	1,540	2,065
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,770	1,035	735
Health and related fields	45,010	8,400	36,610
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,000	2,465	2,535
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	39,260	5,525	33,735
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	20	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	650	385	265
Personal, protective and transportation services	19,330	10,140	9,185
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,570	2,175	6,400
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	25	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	60	60	0
43. Security and protective services	8,010	5,400	2,605
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,660	2,475	185
Other¹⁷⁹	120	35	80
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	374,815	181,910	192,910
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	123,155	66,390	56,760
Education	12,600	2,605	10,000
13. Education	12,600	2,605	10,000
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,830	3,965	4,865
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,285	930	365
50. Visual and performing arts	7,540	3,035	4,500
Humanities	11,280	3,645	7,640
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	895	140	750
23. English language and literature/letters	2,840	625	2,210
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,665	1,055	2,615
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	335	105	230
38. Philosophy and religious studies	570	310	265
39. Theology and religious vocations	945	560	390
54. History	1,650	810	840
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	390	35	350
Social and behavioural sciences and law	36,060	9,530	26,530
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	405	65	340
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,465	1,665	2,810
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,395	330	6,060
22. Legal professions and studies	6,770	1,280	5,490
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	775	215	565
42. Psychology	5,645	995	4,655
45. Social sciences	11,600	4,980	6,610
Business, management and public administration	58,690	24,155	34,540
30.16 Accounting and computer science	150	50	95
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,235	820	4,415
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	53,310	23,280	30,030
Physical and life sciences and technologies	9,575	3,785	5,790
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,110	1,485	2,625
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,635	925	1,705
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	300	75	230
40. Physical sciences	1,960	1,130	830
41. Science technologies/technicians	570	160	410
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,265	9,745	4,520
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,260	8,755	3,505
25. Library science	340	45	295
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,355	730	630
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	305	210	95
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	46,415	41,630	4,785
04. Architecture and related services	1,720	1,225	495
14. Engineering	12,140	9,595	2,545
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	11,640	10,385	1,255
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	9,000	8,825	175
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,300	8,105	195
48. Precision production	3,615	3,495	125
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,220	1,965	2,250
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,790	1,145	1,640
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,430	815	610
Health and related fields	34,625	6,470	28,150
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,865	1,865	2,005
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,200	4,360	25,845
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	75
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	465	235	225
Personal, protective and transportation services	15,015	8,020	6,995
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,460	1,630	4,830
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0
43. Security and protective services	6,485	4,445	2,040
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,030	1,910	120
Other¹⁷⁹	95	15	85
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	374,815	181,910	192,910
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	123,155	66,390	56,760
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	251,660	115,515	136,145
Location of study inside Canada	204,430	93,125	111,300
Same as province or territory of residence	194,590	88,485	106,110
Different than province or territory of residence	9,835	4,640	5,190
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	47,235	22,390	24,845
Americas	9,985	5,015	4,975
United States of America	5,840	3,090	2,755
Mexico	280	95	185
Cuba	195	100	95
Haiti	30	15	20
Jamaica	1,010	445	560
Brazil	490	245	245
Colombia	280	125	155
Peru	85	25	60
Venezuela⁹⁵	205	105	100
Other locations of study in Americas	1,570	775	795
Europe	7,295	3,740	3,555
Belgium	40	20	30
France	245	110	130
Germany	235	150	85
Netherlands	135	70	60
Switzerland	70	40	25
Hungary	85	30	55
Moldova¹⁸³	25	10	15
Poland	505	240	265
Romania	705	335	370
Russian Federation	380	180	200
Ukraine	340	165	180
Ireland⁹⁶	195	135	60
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,340	1,775	1,565
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	10
Italy	80	55	25
Serbia⁸⁶	55	25	35
Other locations of study in Europe	850	395	455
Africa	2,490	1,230	1,255
Nigeria	830	400	430
Algeria	25	10	10
Morocco	90	30	55
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	630	320	310
South Africa, Republic of	185	105	75
Other locations of study in Africa	730	360	365
Asia	26,585	12,065	14,515
Iran⁸⁸	390	175	215
Iraq	255	95	155
Israel	45	30	15
Lebanon	205	120	80
Syria⁸⁹	165	85	80
Turkey	90	45	45
China⁹⁰	1,865	795	1,070
Taiwan	45	10	40
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	40	40
Japan	115	35	70
Korea, South⁹²	380	150	230
Philippines	4,700	1,805	2,900
Viet Nam	90	20	70
Bangladesh	1,035	475	560
Sri Lanka	1,135	540	595
India	10,740	5,105	5,635
Pakistan	4,240	2,045	2,195
Other locations of study in Asia	1,015	490	520
Oceania	885	340	545
Australia	795	285	510
New Zealand	85	50	35
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	565,960	274,000	291,965
In the labour force	367,505	189,280	178,225
Employed	320,545	166,935	153,615
Unemployed	46,960	22,345	24,615
Not in the labour force	198,455	84,720	113,735
Participation rate	64.9	69.1	61.0
Employment rate	56.6	60.9	52.6
Unemployment rate	12.8	11.8	13.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	565,960	274,000	291,960
Did not work¹⁸⁶	205,780	89,030	116,750
Worked	360,180	184,975	175,210
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	202,635	111,635	91,000
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	157,545	73,335	84,205
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.5	42.3	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	367,505	189,280	178,225
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	11,995	5,920	6,075
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	355,510	183,360	172,150
Employee	308,240	154,030	154,210
Permanent position	265,835	133,775	132,065
Temporary position	42,405	20,255	22,145
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,620	6,480	7,145
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	28,780	13,775	15,005
Self-employed¹⁹²	47,275	29,330	17,940
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	367,505	189,280	178,225
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	11,995	5,920	6,075
All occupations¹⁹¹	355,510	183,360	172,150
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,830	2,585	1,240
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	69,065	22,310	46,750
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	31,780	24,160	7,615
3 Health occupations	26,060	4,370	21,695
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	44,000	13,435	30,565
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	10,025	4,530	5,490
6 Sales and service occupations	88,495	40,035	48,465
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	62,330	56,835	5,490
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,915	4,605	1,315
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	14,010	10,485	3,525
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	367,505	189,280	178,225
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	11,995	5,920	6,075
All industries¹⁹¹	355,510	183,360	172,150
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,365	2,005	1,365
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	590	465	120
22 Utilities	7,840	5,905	1,935
23 Construction	29,875	26,185	3,695
31-33 Manufacturing	24,015	17,200	6,815
41 Wholesale trade	11,715	7,645	4,065
44-45 Retail trade	41,505	20,830	20,670
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	17,980	13,860	4,110
51 Information and cultural industries	9,220	5,615	3,610
52 Finance and insurance	24,325	10,750	13,570
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	7,410	3,655	3,755
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	29,255	15,350	13,905
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,735	875	860
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	18,055	10,450	7,605
61 Educational services	27,200	8,050	19,150
62 Health care and social assistance	43,145	7,120	36,025
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	6,830	3,525	3,300
72 Accommodation and food services	17,860	7,590	10,270
81 Other services (except public administration)	13,870	6,515	7,355
91 Public administration	19,725	9,770	9,960
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	387,325	198,265	189,055
English	372,735	191,825	180,905
French	1,065	290	780
Non-official language	1,475	740	730
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,475	740	730
English and French	5,270	1,800	3,470
English and non-official language(s)	6,405	3,405	3,000
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	250	130	120
Multiple non-official languages	125	80	50
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	387,325	198,265	189,055
Single responses	385,240	197,385	187,855
Official languages	382,610	196,045	186,565
English	380,810	195,590	185,220
French	1,800	450	1,350
Non-official languages	2,635	1,345	1,285
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,635	1,345	1,285
Afro-Asiatic languages	60	30	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	60	30	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	45	25	15
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30	15	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	25	15	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	85	25	65
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	10	0	10
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	15	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	275	145	135
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	10
Tamil	260	135	120
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	760	390	375
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	80	45	35
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	80	45	35
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	10	10	0
Polish	10	10	0
Russian	40	15	20
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	10	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	15	0	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	10
German	10	0	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	15	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	405	175	230
Indo-Aryan languages	275	105	175
Bengali	30	10	20
Gujarati	15	0	10
Hindi	75	20	55
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	10	15
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	115	45	65
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	125	75	50
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	10	0	0
Persian languages	120	70	50
Dari	70	35	35
Iranian Persian	35	20	15
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	250	155	100
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	10
Portuguese	75	40	30
Romanian	15	0	10
Spanish	155	105	50
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	85	30	55
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	10	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	60	10	50
American Sign Language	55	0	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,230	690	545
Chinese languages	1,230	690	545
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	850	475	375
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	355	205	150
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	0	15
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	25	0	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,080	880	1,205
English and French	990	300	690
English and non-official language(s)	1,030	535	495
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	50	30	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	387,325	198,265	189,055
None	377,205	193,665	183,540
English	1,705	660	1,045
French	3,595	1,345	2,245
Non-official language	3,885	2,020	1,865
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,885	2,020	1,865
English and French	10	0	10
English and non-official language(s)	95	60	35
French and non-official language(s)	180	115	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	650	405	245
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	320,545	166,935	153,615
Worked at home	94,470	41,875	52,590
Worked outside Canada	805	555	250
No fixed workplace address	40,825	31,355	9,470
Usual place of work	184,455	93,150	91,305
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	184,455	93,150	91,305
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	61,605	26,130	35,475
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	52,750	26,590	26,160
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	69,810	40,280	29,530
Commute to a different province or territory	290	155	135
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	225,280	124,510	100,770
Car, truck or van	200,685	114,205	86,475
Car, truck or van - as a driver	184,270	107,220	77,050
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	16,410	6,985	9,420
Public transit	12,535	5,400	7,135
Walked	6,150	2,535	3,615
Bicycle	480	350	130
Other method	5,430	2,010	3,415
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	225,280	124,510	100,770
Less than 15 minutes	53,735	23,810	29,925
15 to 29 minutes	64,900	33,455	31,445
30 to 44 minutes	46,575	27,780	18,790
45 to 59 minutes	27,110	17,410	9,700
60 minutes and over	32,960	22,050	10,910
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	225,280	124,510	100,770
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	22,380	16,820	5,565
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	41,105	25,850	15,255
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	50,315	26,125	24,185
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	42,115	18,700	23,415
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	30,025	13,795	16,230
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	39,340	23,225	16,115
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	154,155	78,960	75,200
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,045	6,445	6,600
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	141,110	72,515	68,600
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	112,610	57,710	54,900
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,125	4,955	5,170
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,880	2,730	3,150
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,250	2,230	2,020
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	102,480	52,755	49,725

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed December 9, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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