Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	London, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	422,324	...	...
Population, 2016¹	383,822	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	186,409	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	174,657	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,004.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	420.50	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	422,320	206,375	215,950
0 to 14 years	69,020	35,530	33,490
0 to 4 years	20,930	10,680	10,250
5 to 9 years	23,685	12,225	11,460
10 to 14 years	24,405	12,620	11,780
15 to 64 years	278,240	137,900	140,335
15 to 19 years	23,920	12,235	11,685
20 to 24 years	30,825	15,915	14,915
25 to 29 years	33,935	17,505	16,430
30 to 34 years	30,660	15,260	15,400
35 to 39 years	28,815	14,060	14,760
40 to 44 years	26,080	12,720	13,355
45 to 49 years	24,520	11,960	12,560
50 to 54 years	24,965	12,190	12,775
55 to 59 years	27,960	13,495	14,460
60 to 64 years	26,560	12,565	13,995
65 years and over	75,070	32,940	42,130
65 to 69 years	22,680	10,365	12,315
70 to 74 years	19,425	8,855	10,565
75 to 79 years	13,365	6,005	7,365
80 to 84 years	9,235	3,965	5,275
85 years and over	10,355	3,755	6,605
85 to 89 years	6,220	2,420	3,795
90 to 94 years	3,065	1,060	2,010
95 to 99 years	960	255	705
100 years and over	115	25	95
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.2	15.5
15 to 64 years	65.9	66.8	65.0
65 years and over	17.8	16.0	19.5
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	40.7	39.4	41.9
Median age of the population	38.8	37.2	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	174,655	...	...
Single-detached house	85,275	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,940	...	...
Row house	23,305	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,470	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,800	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	37,550	...	...
Other single-attached house	160	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	160	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	174,660	...	...
1 person	54,230	...	...
2 persons	58,315	...	...
3 persons	25,470	...	...
4 persons	22,415	...	...
5 or more persons	14,225	...	...
Number of persons in private households	416,265	203,680	212,585
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	353,305	170,840	182,460
Married or living common-law	187,390	93,395	93,990
Married	152,780	76,140	76,645
Living common-law	34,605	17,260	17,345
Living common law - Never married	25,580	12,760	12,820
Living common law - Separated	1,855	965	885
Living common law - Divorced	6,425	3,220	3,210
Living common law - Widowed	745	315	425
Not married and not living common-law	165,915	77,445	88,470
Not married and not living common law - Never married	112,185	60,310	51,875
Not married and not living common law - Separated	11,470	4,690	6,785
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,100	8,445	14,650
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	19,160	3,995	15,165
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	112,760	...	...
2 persons	57,565	...	...
3 persons	23,755	...	...
4 persons	20,930	...	...
5 or more persons	10,510	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	112,760	...	...
Total couple families	91,365	...	...
Married couples	74,065	...	...
With children⁶	40,695	...	...
Without children	33,370	...	...
Common-law couples	17,295	...	...
With children⁶	5,780	...	...
Without children	11,520	...	...
Total one-parent families	21,400	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	17,225	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,175	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	416,265	203,680	212,585
Total - Persons in census families	327,475	161,125	166,350
Married spouses or common-law partners	182,725	91,205	91,520
Parents in one-parent families	21,400	4,175	17,225
Children⁶	123,350	65,745	57,605
In a two-parent family	89,405	47,415	41,985
In a one-parent family	33,945	18,325	15,620
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	88,790	42,550	46,235
Living alone	54,235	23,740	30,495
Living with other relatives⁷	9,685	4,155	5,525
Living with non-relatives only	24,875	14,665	10,210
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	174,660	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	100,520	...	...
Couple-family households	83,390	...	...
With children⁶	42,465	...	...
Without children	40,930	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,135	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,960	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	740	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,885	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,315	...	...
One-person households	54,230	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	347,330	168,190	179,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	331,040	159,715	171,325
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	42,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	331,180	159,790	171,385
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	290,200	143,010	147,195
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	38,800	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	235,780	121,420	114,360
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,000	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	303,800	144,615	159,185
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,200	7,350	10,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,100	14,045	16,050
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,360	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,890	49,850	49,040
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	347,330	168,190	179,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,250	159,995	171,255
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,440	55,650	45,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,410	160,095	171,315
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,560	46,000	39,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	290,270	143,030	147,240
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,160	52,600	39,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	235,775	121,375	114,400
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,160	50,000	40,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	303,850	144,920	158,930
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,900	9,540	12,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,525	14,195	16,325
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,290	5,675	6,820
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,885	49,735	49,150
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,930	8,760	9,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	347,330	168,195	179,135
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	106,620	58,325	48,300
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	62,800	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,700	76,600	65,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	96,220	46,035	50,180
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	18,600	15,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,040	28,760	23,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.2	84.4	75.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	63.7	68.2	58.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.8	15.5	24.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.0	5.4	6.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.3	4.9	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	347,325	168,190	179,140
Without total income	16,290	8,475	7,815
With total income	331,040	159,715	171,325
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,030	12,755	15,275
$10,000 to $19,999	42,140	18,870	23,270
$20,000 to $29,999	53,365	23,505	29,860
$30,000 to $39,999	44,480	19,890	24,590
$40,000 to $49,999	38,960	18,220	20,740
$50,000 to $59,999	31,640	15,090	16,550
$60,000 to $69,999	23,580	11,895	11,680
$70,000 to $79,999	17,465	9,400	8,065
$80,000 to $89,999	12,210	6,695	5,510
$90,000 to $99,999	9,300	5,060	4,240
$100,000 and over	29,880	18,330	11,545
$100,000 to $149,999	20,555	11,915	8,640
$150,000 and over	9,320	6,415	2,910
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	347,325	168,190	179,140
Without after-tax income	16,150	8,395	7,755
With after-tax income	331,180	159,795	171,385
Under $10,000 (including loss)	29,190	13,140	16,050
$10,000 to $19,999	43,820	19,580	24,235
$20,000 to $29,999	60,055	26,690	33,370
$30,000 to $39,999	52,430	24,235	28,195
$40,000 to $49,999	45,285	21,580	23,710
$50,000 to $59,999	32,235	15,945	16,285
$60,000 to $69,999	21,860	11,600	10,260
$70,000 to $79,999	14,325	7,810	6,515
$80,000 to $89,999	11,005	5,660	5,345
$90,000 to $99,999	6,300	3,700	2,600
$100,000 and over	14,665	9,850	4,815
$100,000 to $124,999	7,520	4,900	2,620
$125,000 and over	7,145	4,950	2,195
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	347,325	168,190	179,140
Without employment income	111,550	46,765	64,785
With employment income	235,775	121,425	114,355
Under $5,000 (including loss)	35,975	17,945	18,025
$5,000 to $9,999	20,675	9,510	11,165
$10,000 to $19,999	29,500	13,925	15,570
$20,000 to $29,999	22,055	10,720	11,335
$30,000 to $39,999	21,645	10,880	10,765
$40,000 to $49,999	22,645	11,155	11,485
$50,000 to $59,999	19,040	9,790	9,255
$60,000 to $69,999	15,050	8,310	6,745
$70,000 to $79,999	11,220	6,280	4,940
$80,000 to $89,999	8,645	4,945	3,700
$90,000 to $99,999	7,335	3,860	3,480
$100,000 and over	21,995	14,095	7,900
$100,000 to $124,999	11,080	6,400	4,680
$125,000 and over	10,915	7,690	3,220
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	347,330	168,190	179,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,480	155,720	167,760
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,400	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,555	155,735	167,820
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,400	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	284,830	140,075	144,755
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,000	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	233,910	120,040	113,865
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,800	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	285,925	135,390	150,535
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,700	1,190	5,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	21,010	9,545	11,460
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	4,960	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	347,330	168,190	179,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,315	155,855	167,465
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,560	53,200	42,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,405	155,855	167,550
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,120	44,000	36,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	284,980	140,190	144,790
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	53,150	39,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	234,205	120,125	114,075
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,080	50,120	39,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	285,315	135,305	150,005
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,540	6,190	8,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	20,600	9,570	11,030
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,940	5,940	7,810
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	347,330	168,195	179,135
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	105,580	57,600	47,985
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,400	60,000	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,000	72,200	60,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	89,265	42,495	46,775
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	24,000	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,880	34,640	27,440
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	89.8	81.4
Employment income (%)	68.6	72.6	64.0
Government transfers (%)	14.0	10.1	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	174,660	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	54,230	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	120,425	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	174,660	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	54,245	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,640	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,960	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	120,415	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	174,655	...	...
Under $5,000	2,545	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,255	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,620	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,145	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,735	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,525	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,355	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,785	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,050	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,310	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,470	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,480	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,505	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,305	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,105	...	...
$100,000 and over	61,470	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	20,075	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,550	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	14,935	...	...
$200,000 and over	12,910	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	174,655	...	...
Under $5,000	2,700	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,295	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,675	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,300	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,195	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,410	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,495	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,035	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,480	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,420	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,430	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,285	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,950	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,415	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,520	...	...
$100,000 and over	48,055	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	19,385	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,590	...	...
$150,000 and over	17,080	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	112,400	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	41,975	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	46,790	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	20,050	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	79,110	38,400	40,705
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	34,800	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	32,400	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	112,300	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	41,735	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	46,805	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,040	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	79,140	38,405	40,735
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,440	44,120	44,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,240	37,800	38,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	416,265	203,675	212,590
0 to 17 years	82,960	42,780	40,185
0 to 5 years	25,510	13,070	12,440
18 to 64 years	262,470	129,365	133,105
65 years and over	70,835	31,535	39,300
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	57,385	27,165	30,220
0 to 17 years	14,400	7,540	6,860
0 to 5 years	4,780	2,470	2,310
18 to 64 years	34,080	16,295	17,790
65 years and over	8,900	3,325	5,575
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.8	13.3	14.2
0 to 17 years (%)	17.4	17.6	17.1
0 to 5 years (%)	18.7	18.9	18.6
18 to 64 years (%)	13.0	12.6	13.4
65 years and over (%)	12.6	10.5	14.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	416,265	203,680	212,585
0 to 17 years	82,965	42,775	40,185
0 to 5 years	25,510	13,065	12,445
18 to 64 years	262,465	129,370	133,100
65 years and over	70,835	31,535	39,300
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	27,265	14,265	13,000
0 to 17 years	4,715	2,475	2,240
0 to 5 years	1,455	740	710
18 to 64 years	21,145	11,210	9,940
65 years and over	1,410	585	820
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.6	7.0	6.1
0 to 17 years (%)	5.7	5.8	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	5.7	5.7	5.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	8.7	7.5
65 years and over (%)	2.0	1.9	2.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	416,265	203,680	212,590
In bottom half of the distribution	232,165	112,230	119,940
In bottom decile	54,260	26,785	27,475
In second decile	47,435	22,115	25,320
In third decile	45,310	21,930	23,375
In fourth decile	43,490	21,020	22,475
In fifth decile	41,670	20,380	21,295
In top half of the distribution	184,095	91,445	92,650
In sixth decile	39,600	19,410	20,185
In seventh decile	38,220	18,975	19,245
In eighth decile	37,225	18,410	18,815
In ninth decile	36,090	18,000	18,095
In top decile	32,960	16,650	16,310
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	416,265	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.345	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.472	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	418,220	204,445	213,770
English only	380,125	188,205	191,915
French only	325	145	180
English and French	29,650	12,690	16,960
Neither English nor French	8,120	3,405	4,715
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	418,220	204,445	213,770
English	403,125	197,930	205,195
French	4,850	2,140	2,710
English and French	2,360	1,095	1,265
Neither English nor French	7,885	3,280	4,600
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	418,220	204,445	213,770
Single responses	401,430	196,170	205,265
Official languages	302,115	147,845	154,270
English	297,525	145,825	151,695
French	4,595	2,015	2,575
Non-official languages	99,315	48,320	50,995
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	30	50
Algonquian languages	45	25	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	20	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	10	0	5
Ojibway languages	25	15	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	15	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	25
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	30	10	25
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	99,235	48,290	50,950
Afro-Asiatic languages	18,475	9,350	9,130
Berber languages	15	10	5
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	10	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	10	5
Hausa	10	10	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	0
Cushitic languages	350	155	195
Bilen	10	5	10
Oromo	15	5	5
Somali	320	145	175
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Semitic languages	18,085	9,170	8,920
Amharic	295	135	155
Arabic	15,475	7,895	7,580
Aramaic languages	1,595	775	825
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,315	635	680
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	240	115	125
Aramaic, n.o.s.	45	25	20
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	145	80	70
Maltese	150	65	80
Tigrigna	425	210	210
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,805	1,260	1,550
Khmer (Cambodian)	695	320	380
Vietnamese	2,110	940	1,165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5
Austronesian languages	3,350	1,360	1,995
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	20	35
Cebuano	200	80	115
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	70	20	50
Ilocano	215	85	125
Indonesian	140	60	80
Kankanaey	5	5	5
Kinaray-a	5	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	10	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	15
Pangasinan	5	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,560	1,035	1,525
Waray-Waray	15	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Creole languages	120	65	60
Haitian Creole	30	15	20
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	10	5	5
Morisyen	10	10	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	30	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Dravidian languages	4,400	2,485	1,915
Kannada	90	55	35
Malayalam	3,175	1,745	1,430
Tamil	665	380	285
Telugu	450	300	150
Tulu	5	0	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	53,445	25,930	27,515
Albanian	1,015	505	510
Armenian	100	45	50
Balto-Slavic languages	10,295	4,775	5,525
Baltic languages	175	70	105
Latvian	55	20	30
Lithuanian	120	45	75
Slavic languages	10,120	4,705	5,415
Belarusian	15	5	10
Bulgarian	80	35	45
Czech	310	145	165
Macedonian	75	30	45
Polish	4,520	2,080	2,430
Russian	1,530	700	825
Rusyn	15	0	15
Serbo-Croatian	2,315	1,135	1,180
Bosnian	655	315	335
Croatian	735	350	385
Serbian	880	450	435
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	25	25
Slovak	260	115	140
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	55	90
Ukrainian	850	385	470
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	5	15
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Germanic languages	4,155	1,770	2,390
Frisian	40	20	20
High German languages	2,035	850	1,185
German	1,985	835	1,150
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	10	20
Yiddish	15	5	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,860	790	1,070
Afrikaans	85	40	45
Dutch	1,610	680	935
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	50	25	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	40	60
Scandinavian languages	220	105	115
Danish	130	60	75
Icelandic	5	5	5
Norwegian	20	10	15
Swedish	55	30	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	1,565	735	830
Indo-Iranian languages	16,440	8,700	7,745
Indo-Aryan languages	12,310	6,670	5,640
Assamese	20	10	5
Bengali	715	345	370
Gujarati	1,765	1,105	660
Hindi	1,890	1,085	805
Kacchi	35	15	20
Kashmiri	5	5	0
Konkani	40	15	25
Marathi	170	100	70
Nepali	1,200	610	590
Oriya languages	10	5	10
Odia	0	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,450	1,845	1,605
Rohingya	10	10	5
Sindhi	40	15	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	80	75
Urdu	2,765	1,405	1,360
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Iranian languages	4,130	2,025	2,105
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,515	740	775
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	250	120	125
Persian languages	2,360	1,165	1,195
Dari	800	390	410
Iranian Persian	1,330	665	670
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	235	115	120
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	19,845	9,395	10,445
Catalan	10	5	10
Italian	2,505	1,240	1,265
Portuguese	5,470	2,595	2,875
Romanian	760	320	435
Spanish	11,085	5,225	5,855
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Japanese	240	90	150
Korean	3,530	1,665	1,865
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,145	545	600
Akan (Twi)	85	40	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	0	10
Éwé	15	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0	5
Ga	20	5	10
Ganda	40	15	20
Gikuyu	20	10	10
Igbo	75	35	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	100	45	50
Lingala	15	5	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	15	5	5
Ndebele	15	10	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	80	40	45
Shona	60	25	35
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	0	10
Swahili	230	110	120
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	10	10
Yoruba	220	120	110
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60
Nilo-Saharan languages	165	80	85
Dinka	70	30	45
Nuer	30	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	30
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Sign languages	125	70	55
American Sign Language	110	60	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,350	4,420	4,930
Chinese languages	9,025	4,255	4,775
Hakka	35	15	20
Mandarin	6,770	3,185	3,585
Min Dong	15	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120	50	65
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,905	900	1,005
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	65	65
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	310	155	155
Burmese	45	25	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	225	110	115
S'gaw Karen	190	95	95
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tai-Kadai languages	190	80	115
Lao	105	50	55
Thai	85	25	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	815	430	385
Azerbaijani	60	30	25
Kazakh	5	0	5
Turkish	660	345	320
Uyghur	60	35	25
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Uralic languages	1,035	455	580
Estonian	40	10	30
Finnish	75	30	45
Hungarian	920	415	505
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15
Multiple responses	16,790	8,280	8,510
English and French	1,920	905	1,015
English and non-official language(s)	12,910	6,445	6,470
French and non-official language(s)	385	185	205
English, French and non-official language(s)	415	190	225
Multiple non-official languages	1,155	555	595
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	418,220	204,445	213,770
English	307,945	150,600	157,345
French	935	425	515
Non-official language	28,700	13,735	14,960
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5
Non-Indigenous	28,690	13,740	14,955
English and French	4,510	2,005	2,505
English and non-official language(s)	70,995	35,335	35,665
French and non-official language(s)	240	110	130
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,920	1,270	1,655
Multiple non-official languages	1,975	970	1,000
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	418,220	204,445	213,770
Single responses	399,850	195,450	204,400
Official languages	343,030	167,560	175,470
English	341,435	166,830	174,605
French	1,595	725	865
Non-official languages	56,820	27,890	28,930
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	10
Algonquian languages	5	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	10	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	56,800	27,880	28,915
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,545	5,655	5,885
Berber languages	5	5	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	5
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	175	80	100
Bilen	10	5	5
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	160	70	95
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	11,350	5,570	5,775
Amharic	120	55	70
Arabic	9,660	4,765	4,905
Aramaic languages	1,245	600	645
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,025	490	540
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	180	85	90
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	60	35	30
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	245	120	130
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,840	820	1,020
Khmer (Cambodian)	395	180	215
Vietnamese	1,440	640	800
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,645	740	905
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Cebuano	105	55	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10
Ilocano	125	60	65
Indonesian	50	20	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,265	555	705
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Creole languages	55	30	25
Haitian Creole	10	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Dravidian languages	3,070	1,735	1,335
Kannada	30	15	10
Malayalam	2,430	1,345	1,090
Tamil	340	195	140
Telugu	265	180	85
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	27,625	13,575	14,045
Albanian	440	220	220
Armenian	50	20	30
Balto-Slavic languages	4,610	2,180	2,430
Baltic languages	20	10	10
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	20	5	15
Slavic languages	4,590	2,170	2,415
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	50	25	20
Czech	80	40	45
Macedonian	25	15	15
Polish	2,085	970	1,115
Russian	925	440	490
Rusyn	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	1,040	515	520
Bosnian	340	165	170
Croatian	270	130	140
Serbian	410	205	205
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Slovak	60	25	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15
Ukrainian	290	130	155
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	360	170	195
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	220	100	120
German	220	100	120
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	50	50
Afrikaans	45	20	20
Dutch	50	25	30
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	15
Danish	15	5	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	20	15	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	675	295	380
Indo-Iranian languages	10,665	5,585	5,080
Indo-Aryan languages	8,030	4,305	3,725
Assamese	5	0	5
Bengali	390	195	200
Gujarati	1,025	615	410
Hindi	1,060	615	445
Kacchi	20	10	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	10
Marathi	85	55	35
Nepali	935	480	460
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,585	1,395	1,190
Rohingya	10	10	5
Sindhi	20	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	35	35
Urdu	1,795	875	920
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Iranian languages	2,635	1,275	1,355
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,015	490	525
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	165	80	85
Persian languages	1,450	710	740
Dari	440	210	230
Iranian Persian	895	440	450
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115	55	60
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,820	5,110	5,715
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	580	245	330
Portuguese	2,800	1,340	1,460
Romanian	305	140	170
Spanish	7,125	3,375	3,755
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	100	50	45
Korean	2,750	1,310	1,440
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	455	200	255
Akan (Twi)	35	10	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	10	5	5
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	10	5	5
Igbo	30	10	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	15	25
Lingala	5	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	20
Shona	15	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	110	50	60
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	10
Yoruba	110	45	60
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	25	30
Dinka	25	10	15
Nuer	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	220	125	95
American Sign Language	180	100	80
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,570	3,195	3,375
Chinese languages	6,390	3,100	3,290
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	5,095	2,500	2,600
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	5
Yue (Cantonese)	1,135	520	610
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	55	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	175	95	85
Burmese	20	10	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	135	75	65
S'gaw Karen	115	60	55
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	40	45
Lao	55	25	25
Thai	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	520	255	265
Azerbaijani	20	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	435	215	225
Uyghur	55	30	20
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	250	115	140
Estonian	0	5	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	240	115	135
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Multiple responses	18,370	8,995	9,370
English and French	775	330	445
English and non-official language(s)	16,815	8,310	8,505
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	370	165	200
Multiple non-official languages	330	150	175
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	418,220	204,445	213,770
None	353,020	172,320	180,695
English	23,445	11,810	11,635
French	3,980	1,750	2,225
Non-official language	29,805	14,535	15,270
Indigenous³⁹	190	70	120
Non-Indigenous	29,615	14,465	15,155
English and French	445	195	250
English and non-official language(s)	3,020	1,530	1,490
French and non-official language(s)	1,290	555	730
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	40	35
Multiple non-official languages	3,150	1,710	1,440
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	416,265	203,680	212,590
Official languages	408,295	200,405	207,885
English	407,975	200,275	207,700
French	29,920	12,870	17,050
Non-official languages	131,220	64,005	67,210
Indigenous languages³⁹	385	175	215
Algonquian languages	190	95	100
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	30	15	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	30	15	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	160	80	75
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	10	0	0
Ojibway languages	155	80	75
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30	20	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	125	65	65
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	225	100	125
Cayuga	30	10	15
Mohawk	45	20	25
Oneida	180	80	95
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	15
Non-Indigenous languages	130,855	63,850	67,005
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,415	13,555	12,860
Berber languages	25	15	10
Kabyle	15	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	90	45	50
Hausa	90	45	50
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	30	20	10
Cushitic languages	420	165	260
Bilen	35	15	20
Oromo	30	0	30
Somali	360	150	215
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	26,000	13,395	12,600
Amharic	585	285	305
Arabic	23,385	12,140	11,250
Aramaic languages	2,285	1,110	1,180
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,715	840	875
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	540	230	305
Aramaic, n.o.s.	90	50	40
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	520	265	260
Maltese	240	110	130
Tigrigna	620	295	325
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,525	1,605	1,920
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,150	570	580
Vietnamese	2,390	1,050	1,345
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	0	15
Austronesian languages	4,715	1,975	2,735
Bikol	25	10	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	100	50	55
Cebuano	395	150	240
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	60	20	40
Ilocano	380	160	225
Indonesian	255	140	120
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	125	70	55
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	0	20
Pangasinan	30	10	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,145	1,680	2,465
Waray-Waray	55	30	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	160	55	110
Creole languages	450	240	215
Haitian Creole	45	15	30
Jamaican English Creole	95	60	35
Krio	15	0	15
Morisyen	10	0	0
Sango	20	0	15
Creole, n.o.s.	150	75	75
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140	95	45
Dravidian languages	6,240	3,505	2,735
Kannada	280	155	125
Malayalam	4,235	2,350	1,880
Tamil	1,555	895	655
Telugu	850	530	325
Tulu	25	15	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	0	25
Georgian	15	0	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	72,530	35,420	37,110
Albanian	1,585	745	845
Armenian	100	45	60
Balto-Slavic languages	12,630	6,015	6,615
Baltic languages	250	120	130
Latvian	75	35	45
Lithuanian	175	90	85
Slavic languages	12,415	5,910	6,500
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	125	55	70
Czech	370	175	195
Macedonian	165	75	90
Polish	5,680	2,625	3,055
Russian	2,445	1,235	1,210
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,985	1,525	1,460
Bosnian	945	485	460
Croatian	1,250	640	610
Serbian	1,440	735	705
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	35	25
Slovak	365	140	220
Slovene (Slovenian)	210	85	125
Ukrainian	1,255	555	700
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Celtic languages	100	50	50
Irish	25	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	50	25	25
Welsh	15	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Germanic languages	6,085	2,695	3,390
Frisian	20	15	15
High German languages	3,850	1,790	2,060
German	3,760	1,735	2,025
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	50	30	20
Yiddish	55	40	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,025	880	1,150
Afrikaans	280	125	155
Dutch	1,605	695	910
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	20	0	20
Plautdietsch	60	35	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	80	30	50
Scandinavian languages	335	140	195
Danish	165	70	90
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	75	40	40
Swedish	100	35	65
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Greek	2,425	1,250	1,175
Indo-Iranian languages	23,600	12,520	11,075
Indo-Aryan languages	18,555	9,975	8,585
Assamese	25	10	10
Bengali	1,110	570	545
Gujarati	2,410	1,440	980
Hindi	9,060	5,090	3,970
Kacchi	50	20	25
Kashmiri	30	20	10
Konkani	75	40	35
Marathi	495	270	225
Nepali	1,490	750	730
Oriya languages	15	15	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,975	3,165	2,805
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	55	25	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	180	145
Urdu	4,800	2,415	2,385
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	110	55	60
Iranian languages	5,305	2,685	2,625
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,870	970	900
Parsi	20	10	0
Pashto	445	235	215
Persian languages	3,330	1,675	1,655
Dari	1,215	640	580
Iranian Persian	1,860	930	930
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	345	160	190
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages	27,865	13,155	14,710
Catalan	40	10	25
Italian	4,485	2,230	2,255
Portuguese	7,065	3,510	3,555
Romanian	920	420	495
Spanish	16,540	7,610	8,935
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Japanese	790	385	405
Korean	3,975	1,855	2,120
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	3,130	1,445	1,680
Akan (Twi)	230	90	145
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	20	15	0
Éwé	20	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	0	10
Ga	30	0	25
Ganda	15	0	15
Gikuyu	60	20	40
Igbo	365	150	205
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	310	145	165
Lingala	245	110	135
Luba-Kasai	30	20	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	110	85
Shona	115	55	50
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	715	345	370
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	30	20	10
Yoruba	900	425	475
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	335	150	185
Nilo-Saharan languages	275	140	135
Dinka	95	50	55
Nuer	100	50	50
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	50	35
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	755	305	455
American Sign Language	690	285	410
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	100	40	60
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,035	5,250	5,790
Chinese languages	10,505	4,980	5,520
Hakka	40	20	20
Mandarin	8,515	4,015	4,505
Min Dong	40	15	25
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	85	100
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	40	60
Yue (Cantonese)	2,730	1,310	1,420
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	45	50
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	520	270	255
Burmese	85	55	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	415	205	210
S'gaw Karen	380	190	190
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	105	45	50
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	270	90	180
Lao	125	40	85
Thai	165	55	110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,230	620	615
Azerbaijani	110	70	40
Kazakh	10	0	10
Turkish	1,075	530	545
Uyghur	70	40	25
Uzbek	15	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Uralic languages	1,330	615	710
Estonian	60	10	45
Finnish	100	50	45
Hungarian	1,170	555	620
Other languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	416,265	203,675	212,585
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	10,955	4,840	6,120
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	10,530	4,665	5,870
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,810	3,360	4,450
Métis	2,625	1,250	1,375
Inuk (Inuit)	95	55	45
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	185	90	100
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	240	85	155
Non-Indigenous identity	405,310	198,840	206,465
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	416,265	203,675	212,585
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,920	2,035	2,885
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	411,345	201,645	209,700
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	174,655	...	...
Owner	101,555	...	...
Renter	73,100	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	174,655	...	...
Condominium	28,475	...	...
Not condominium	146,190	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	174,655	...	...
No bedrooms	1,080	...	...
1 bedroom	26,920	...	...
2 bedrooms	44,225	...	...
3 bedrooms	61,340	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	41,095	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	174,655	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	51,665	...	...
5 rooms	24,630	...	...
6 rooms	25,050	...	...
7 rooms	21,400	...	...
8 or more rooms	51,905	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	174,655	...	...
One person or fewer per room	170,090	...	...
More than one person per room	4,570	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	174,655	...	...
Suitable	164,170	...	...
Not suitable	10,485	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	174,655	...	...
1960 or before	39,135	...	...
1961 to 1980	52,265	...	...
1981 to 1990	24,460	...	...
1991 to 2000	18,810	...	...
2001 to 2005	9,805	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,920	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,620	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	11,640	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	174,655	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	165,105	...	...
Major repairs needed	9,550	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	174,655	...	...
One-maintainer household	91,905	...	...
Two-maintainer household	74,335	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,415	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	174,655	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,345	...	...
25 to 34 years	28,655	...	...
35 to 44 years	29,795	...	...
45 to 54 years	29,220	...	...
55 to 64 years	32,830	...	...
65 to 74 years	26,350	...	...
75 to 84 years	14,760	...	...
85 years and over	5,700	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	173,520	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	131,505	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,015	...	...
30% to less than 100%	37,610	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	174,655	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	56,140	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	36,930	...	...
Not suitable only	7,465	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,030	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,200	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,700	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	635	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	185	...	...
Acceptable housing	118,515	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	169,120	...	...
In core need	18,915	...	...
Not in core need	150,200	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	101,490	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,424	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	548,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	583,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	73,100	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,213	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	416,265	203,680	212,585
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,205	1,875	2,330
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,185	1,860	2,320
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,625	1,600	2,030
Métis single ancestry	540	255	285
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	10,400	4,870	5,525
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	10,165	4,785	5,380
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,990	3,690	4,300
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,085	1,040	1,045
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	55	35
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	235	90	150
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	220	80	140
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	401,660	196,930	204,730
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	416,265	203,680	212,590
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	366,820	178,405	188,415
Canadian citizens aged under 18	73,795	37,800	36,000
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	293,020	140,610	152,415
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	49,450	25,275	24,175
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	416,265	203,680	212,590
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	293,750	143,570	150,180
Immigrants⁸¹	103,300	49,675	53,625
Before 1980	21,515	10,030	11,485
1980 to 1990	11,815	5,820	6,000
1991 to 2000	15,695	7,585	8,110
2001 to 2010	21,070	9,855	11,210
2011 to 2021⁸²	33,205	16,390	16,820
2011 to 2015	13,520	6,370	7,150
2016 to 2021	19,685	10,020	9,670
Non-permanent residents⁸³	19,220	10,435	8,780
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	103,300	49,675	53,625
Under 5 years	12,010	6,155	5,860
5 to 14 years	21,055	10,695	10,365
15 to 24 years	19,070	8,510	10,560
25 to 44 years	42,990	20,465	22,520
45 years and over	8,170	3,850	4,325
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	103,300	49,675	53,625
Americas	16,375	7,510	8,865
Brazil	665	320	345
Colombia	3,730	1,685	2,050
El Salvador	1,645	790	850
Guyana	490	225	260
Haiti	25	10	20
Jamaica	1,560	785	770
Mexico	570	235	330
Peru	125	35	85
Trinidad and Tobago	790	365	425
United States of America	3,660	1,540	2,120
Other places of birth in Americas	3,125	1,510	1,615
Europe	30,700	14,505	16,200
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,015	515	500
Croatia	620	285	330
France	245	110	130
Germany	1,750	760	990
Greece	945	475	475
Hungary	715	345	375
Italy	2,075	1,070	1,000
Netherlands	1,455	725	730
Poland	3,840	1,785	2,055
Portugal	3,225	1,560	1,670
Romania	880	385	495
Russian Federation	500	225	280
Serbia⁸⁶	450	235	215
Ukraine	820	375	445
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,190	3,860	4,330
Other places of birth in Europe	3,975	1,800	2,180
Africa	8,010	4,000	4,015
Algeria	90	35	50
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	355	180	180
Egypt	1,185	610	575
Eritrea	455	240	215
Ethiopia	425	180	245
Morocco	115	60	60
Nigeria	1,320	645	670
Somalia	245	100	145
South Africa, Republic of	555	305	250
Other places of birth in Africa	3,270	1,640	1,630
Asia	47,770	23,430	24,340
Afghanistan	1,020	505	510
Iran⁸⁸	1,400	715	685
Iraq	3,645	1,795	1,850
Lebanon	2,225	1,120	1,100
Syria⁸⁹	4,820	2,500	2,320
Turkey	525	260	265
China⁹⁰	5,025	2,235	2,790
Hong Kong⁹¹	710	340	370
Korea, South⁹²	2,285	1,090	1,195
Taiwan	180	75	105
Philippines	3,315	1,365	1,950
Viet Nam	1,800	790	1,010
Bangladesh	515	250	270
India	8,545	4,370	4,175
Pakistan	2,655	1,350	1,305
Sri Lanka	410	215	200
Other places of birth in Asia	8,690	4,455	4,240
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	440	230	210
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	19,690	10,020	9,670
Americas	2,605	1,205	1,405
Brazil	285	135	150
Colombia	635	285	355
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	255	140	115
Mexico	90	40	50
United States of America	645	275	370
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	45	45
Other places of birth in Americas	605	280	325
Europe	930	495	435
France	80	55	30
Germany	60	35	25
Ireland⁹⁶	25	25	0
Italy	25	15	15
Russian Federation	70	30	40
Ukraine	165	85	80
United Kingdom⁸⁷	160	90	70
Other places of birth in Europe	345	165	185
Africa	2,340	1,210	1,130
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	40	15	30
Cameroon	50	20	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	110	60	50
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	270	145	130
Eritrea	140	80	60
Ethiopia	90	30	65
Morocco	15	0	10
Nigeria	815	405	410
Somalia	55	25	30
South Africa, Republic of	75	40	35
Sudan⁹⁷	185	120	65
Tunisia	10	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	475	265	210
Asia	13,760	7,085	6,670
Afghanistan	225	120	100
Bangladesh	125	60	60
China⁹⁰	990	450	540
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	20
India	3,815	2,075	1,740
Iran⁸⁸	230	100	125
Iraq	790	390	405
Israel	30	20	15
Japan	40	10	25
Jordan	295	155	145
Korea, South⁹²	400	200	200
Lebanon	340	180	160
Nepal	80	40	35
Pakistan	500	245	255
Philippines	635	285	350
Saudi Arabia	540	300	240
Sri Lanka	45	25	25
Syria⁸⁹	3,485	1,840	1,640
Turkey	225	130	100
United Arab Emirates	255	155	105
Viet Nam	145	60	90
Other places of birth in Asia	550	255	300
Oceania and other⁹³	45	20	25
Australia	35	20	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	416,265	203,675	212,585
First generation¹⁰⁰	126,790	62,250	64,545
Second generation¹⁰¹	85,390	42,235	43,155
Third generation or more¹⁰²	204,085	99,195	104,885
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	81,785	39,640	42,145
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	34,895	17,675	17,220
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,155	8,240	4,910
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	21,745	9,430	12,310
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	18,340	7,425	10,915
Refugees¹⁰⁸	27,435	14,015	13,420
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,110	525	585
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	81,785	39,640	42,145
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	7,675	3,795	3,880
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,640	2,745	2,900
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,125	1,105	1,015
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,245	2,285	1,960
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	500	205	295
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	61,600	29,505	32,095
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	416,265	203,675	212,585
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	119,355	60,030	59,325
South Asian	27,085	14,560	12,525
Chinese	11,955	5,640	6,315
Black	17,450	8,770	8,685
Filipino	5,930	2,715	3,220
Arab	21,910	11,415	10,490
Latin American	12,575	5,885	6,695
Southeast Asian	5,955	2,890	3,065
West Asian	5,335	2,680	2,650
Korean	4,290	2,040	2,250
Japanese	685	315	365
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,160	1,085	1,075
Multiple visible minorities	4,020	2,040	1,985
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	296,910	143,650	153,265
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	416,265	203,680	212,590
Canadian	50,185	24,975	25,215
English	91,260	43,945	47,315
Irish	69,845	32,545	37,300
Scottish	72,520	34,700	37,820
French, n.o.s.¹²²	27,395	12,850	14,545
German	38,785	18,245	20,545
Chinese	12,470	5,805	6,670
Italian	18,530	9,095	9,435
Indian (India)	15,565	8,535	7,030
Ukrainian	9,170	4,430	4,740
Dutch	20,860	10,075	10,785
Polish	14,915	7,155	7,760
Québécois	615	305	310
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	17,770	8,510	9,260
Filipino	5,875	2,750	3,125
French Canadian	4,920	2,240	2,680
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,830	3,770	4,060
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,430	2,490	2,940
Métis	2,870	1,390	1,480
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	6,040	3,015	3,035
Russian	4,200	2,030	2,170
Norwegian	1,875	825	1,050
Welsh	7,340	3,510	3,825
Portuguese	9,910	5,005	4,900
American	4,645	2,220	2,425
Spanish	4,700	2,105	2,595
Swedish	2,265	990	1,275
Hungarian	5,455	2,700	2,755
Acadian	810	430	380
Pakistani	3,670	1,880	1,795
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,845	1,965	1,885
Jewish	1,980	1,005	975
Punjabi	1,680	855	820
Vietnamese	3,160	1,490	1,670
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	8,775	4,650	4,130
Greek	4,220	2,195	2,025
Jamaican	3,935	1,985	1,950
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,425	1,200	1,230
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	575	255	325
Korean	4,100	1,905	2,200
Romanian	2,115	1,075	1,040
Lebanese	4,950	2,600	2,350
Iranian	1,415	680	730
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,815	880	935
Danish	2,220	1,140	1,085
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,240	985	1,255
Sikh	1,295	750	545
Austrian	1,785	875	910
Belgian	3,185	1,535	1,645
Haitian	80	45	35
Hindu	1,710	995	715
Mexican	1,400	690	710
Mennonite	645	280	365
Swiss	1,190	610	585
Finnish	1,510	725	785
Sri Lankan	515	245	270
Croatian	2,165	1,040	1,120
Japanese	1,000	470	535
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,035	525	510
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	475	230	245
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,385	670	715
Muslim	2,195	1,075	1,115
Egyptian	1,580	850	735
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,140	1,055	1,090
Tamil	375	225	155
Icelandic	435	220	215
Colombian	4,235	2,040	2,195
Moroccan	275	145	125
Czech	1,505	710	795
Syrian	3,065	1,585	1,480
Guyanese	845	465	380
Afghan	1,435	725	710
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,190	580	610
Serbian	1,730	870	860
Ojibway	965	470	500
Newfoundlander	810	415	400
Hong Konger	275	120	155
Ontarian	1,980	970	1,010
Persian	895	475	425
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,065	580	485
Turkish	1,165	595	575
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	120	75	50
Bangladeshi	720	355	365
Algerian	110	55	60
Brazilian	1,565	810	760
Nigerian	1,235	615	620
Armenian	335	135	200
Slovak	1,280	630	655
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	875	415	460
Somali	525	290	230
Taiwanese	245	120	125
Iraqi	2,465	1,215	1,240
Salvadorean	1,780	870	915
African Caribbean	450	220	225
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	535	280	255
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,395	1,225	1,170
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	305	155	150
Algonquin	310	140	165
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	380	160	220
Lithuanian	940	470	465
South African	570	285	280
Australian	465	275	185
Palestinian	2,555	1,330	1,225
Chilean	230	100	125
Congolese	365	145	220
Nova Scotian	315	160	160
Ethiopian	520	245	275
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,115	465	645
Peruvian	190	95	90
Yoruba	710	365	350
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,640	865	775
Berber	50	35	15
Albanian	1,600	750	850
Maltese	1,510	770	740
Macedonian	475	205	270
Slovenian	655	345	315
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	595	305	290
New Brunswicker	150	60	90
Gujarati	410	265	150
Eritrean	630	325	305
African Canadian	450	180	270
Israeli	290	140	150
Mohawk	380	165	210
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	490	195	295
Bulgarian	235	95	140
Albertan	65	20	45
Ghanaian	235	110	125
Barbadian	560	325	230
African American	545	245	300
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	560	255	305
Tunisian	60	35	30
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	510	265	235
Cuban	555	250	300
Bosnian	970	490	480
Venezuelan	455	230	230
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	0	15
Latvian	380	185	200
Bengali	280	155	130
Cameroonian	130	40	90
Guatemalan	480	220	260
Indonesian	440	235	205
Laotian	215	80	135
Ilocano	125	40	85
Northern Irish	525	255	270
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	280	125	155
British Columbian	45	20	20
Ecuadorian	205	95	105
Franco Ontarian	210	60	145
Argentinian	225	135	95
Estonian	265	100	160
Kurdish	1,205	655	550
Fijian	75	30	45
Jatt	185	115	70
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	285	170	115
Coptic	310	160	145
Thai	225	105	120
Dominican	180	95	85
Nepali	920	465	455
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	1,370	660	710
Igbo	315	135	180
Byelorussian	240	120	125
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	75	50	30
Abenaki	45	15	25
Moldovan	55	30	25
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	210	90	125
New Zealander	150	95	55
Sudanese	1,170	630	540
Breton	15	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	270	105	165
Malaysian	175	60	115
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	100	55	40
Huron (Wendat)	20	10	10
Saskatchewanian	40	10	30
Buddhist	365	185	185
Gaspesian	30	10	20
Norman	55	50	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	130	65	70
Ivorian	15	10	0
Saulteaux	15	10	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	210	55	150
Burundian	140	100	40
Tigrinya	205	120	95
Nicaraguan	390	195	190
Mauritian	15	10	10
Kenyan	280	140	140
Oji-Cree	30	25	0
Vincentian	125	55	70
Jordanian	700	395	305
Manitoban	40	15	25
Cape Bretoner	145	70	70
Rwandan	350	155	195
Grenadian	175	95	85
Malayali	495	245	250
Chaldean	510	230	285
Sinhalese	90	40	50
Mayan	290	160	130
Honduran	205	100	95
Cherokee	120	45	75
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20	0	20
Indo-Caribbean	75	40	35
Flemish	160	95	70
United Empire Loyalist	145	100	40
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	105	55	50
Sicilian	135	70	65
Pashtun	130	75	55
Malay	60	30	30
Goan	65	35	30
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	95	55	45
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	145	75	75
Burmese	160	85	80
Mongolian	45	10	35
Azorean	280	130	150
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	40	25	15
Indo-Guyanese	45	20	25
Ugandan	50	20	30
Oromo	30	20	10
Tanzanian	55	40	15
Yemeni	225	115	115
Central African	30	10	20
Libyan	290	135	155
Basque	50	30	10
Uruguayan	85	30	55
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	70	35	40
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	70	45	25
Igorot	20	0	20
Fulani	40	15	25
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	45	15	30
St. Lucian	85	40	45
Prince Edward Islander	45	15	25
Maliseet	15	0	10
Beninese	35	20	20
Telugu	45	35	0
Roma	85	20	60
Costa Rican	125	70	55
African Nova Scotian	20	15	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	85	45	35
Singaporean	45	20	25
Karen	405	205	195
Edo	70	45	30
Tajik	130	75	55
Amhara	70	45	25
Paraguayan	30	25	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	416,265	203,675	212,585
Buddhist	3,755	1,740	2,020
Christian	203,220	92,560	110,665
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	34,755	16,230	18,525
Anabaptist	335	130	205
Anglican	18,235	8,015	10,220
Baptist	5,860	2,545	3,315
Catholic	89,675	41,860	47,815
Christian Orthodox	7,640	3,665	3,975
Jehovah's Witness	1,485	675	810
Latter Day Saints	930	455	475
Lutheran	2,660	1,185	1,480
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	825	380	435
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,995	2,285	2,710
Presbyterian	6,250	2,685	3,570
Reformed	1,200	580	620
United Church	19,530	7,820	11,705
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,840	4,035	4,805
Hindu	8,700	5,000	3,705
Jewish	1,970	975	1,000
Muslim	35,070	17,905	17,165
Sikh	4,065	2,125	1,940
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	435	140	295
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,165	1,835	2,330
No religion and secular perspectives	154,880	81,410	73,475
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	412,320	201,665	210,655
Non-movers	352,560	171,955	180,610
Movers	59,760	29,710	30,050
Non-migrants	38,985	19,345	19,640
Migrants	20,775	10,365	10,410
Internal migrants	16,045	7,880	8,165
Intraprovincial migrants	13,870	6,795	7,075
Interprovincial migrants	2,180	1,085	1,095
External migrants	4,725	2,480	2,245
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	395,420	192,960	202,460
Non-movers	220,255	106,175	114,075
Movers	175,160	86,780	88,385
Non-migrants	91,400	45,170	46,230
Migrants	83,760	41,610	42,150
Internal migrants	52,625	25,370	27,250
Intraprovincial migrants	44,255	21,140	23,120
Interprovincial migrants	8,370	4,235	4,135
External migrants	31,140	16,240	14,900
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	347,330	168,195	179,135
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	55,965	28,390	27,575
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	291,365	139,800	151,560
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	221,900	109,020	112,885
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,980	12,485	10,490
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	198,925	96,535	102,390
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	347,330	168,190	179,135
No certificate, diploma or degree	51,155	25,705	25,450
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	94,620	48,295	46,325
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	201,550	94,190	107,360
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	100,510	47,800	52,705
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,285	10,925	5,360
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,370	4,815	3,555
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,915	6,110	1,805
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	76,895	33,580	43,315
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,320	3,295	4,025
Bachelor's degree or higher	101,045	46,390	54,650
Bachelor's degree	62,935	27,950	34,985
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,220	3,025	4,200
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,015	2,200	1,820
Master's degree	21,340	9,830	11,510
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,535	3,390	2,145
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	221,905	109,020	112,880
No certificate, diploma or degree	20,245	11,030	9,215
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	51,125	28,290	22,835
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	150,530	69,705	80,830
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	72,830	34,720	38,115
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,755	7,260	3,495
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,680	3,345	2,335
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,070	3,910	1,165
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	57,140	25,285	31,860
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,935	2,175	2,755
Bachelor's degree or higher	77,700	34,985	42,720
Bachelor's degree	47,450	21,035	26,415
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,525	2,255	3,265
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,305	1,655	1,645
Master's degree	17,190	7,595	9,590
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,240	2,430	1,805
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	347,330	168,195	179,135
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	145,775	74,000	71,775
Education	10,780	2,720	8,060
13. Education	10,780	2,720	8,060
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,555	3,500	4,050
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	605	455	155
50. Visual and performing arts	6,950	3,050	3,900
Humanities	12,435	4,780	7,650
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,045	285	755
23. English language and literature/letters	3,310	885	2,425
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,950	1,115	1,840
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	440	150	290
38. Philosophy and religious studies	995	530	465
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,155	680	475
54. History	1,870	1,035	835
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	665	105	560
Social and behavioural sciences and law	28,280	9,645	18,630
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	395	70	325
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,565	1,245	1,315
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,395	485	4,910
22. Legal professions and studies	3,715	1,260	2,460
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	660	230	435
42. Psychology	5,000	1,295	3,705
45. Social sciences	10,550	5,055	5,490
Business, management and public administration	39,905	17,055	22,850
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55	15	45
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,860	735	3,130
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	35,990	16,310	19,675
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,675	4,340	4,335
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,325	2,000	2,320
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,620	705	910
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	130	40	90
40. Physical sciences	2,120	1,410	710
41. Science technologies/technicians	485	180	305
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,995	6,765	3,230
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,580	5,570	2,015
25. Library science	880	205	675
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,330	830	500
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	205	155	50
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	34,045	30,035	4,005
04. Architecture and related services	1,535	1,040	500
14. Engineering	10,925	8,730	2,195
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,800	6,965	840
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	5,210	5,085	125
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,495	5,350	150
48. Precision production	3,070	2,875	195
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,190	1,755	1,435
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,285	1,150	1,135
03. Natural resources and conservation	905	605	295
Health and related fields	36,155	8,330	27,825
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,930	1,460	1,475
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	31,835	6,075	25,760
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	25	55
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,310	770	540
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,470	5,235	5,230
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,770	1,600	4,170
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	55	40	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	45	0
43. Security and protective services	3,105	2,160	940
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,505	1,395	115
Other¹⁷⁹	65	15	50
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	221,900	109,020	112,885
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	71,365	39,315	32,050
Education	7,290	1,795	5,500
13. Education	7,290	1,795	5,500
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,780	2,590	3,190
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	460	335	130
50. Visual and performing arts	5,320	2,255	3,065
Humanities	8,875	3,430	5,445
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	730	225	505
23. English language and literature/letters	2,435	615	1,820
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,140	850	1,285
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	315	100	215
38. Philosophy and religious studies	730	385	350
39. Theology and religious vocations	690	435	255
54. History	1,360	750	610
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	470	80	390
Social and behavioural sciences and law	21,575	7,185	14,395
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315	50	265
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,130	1,025	1,105
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,040	360	3,685
22. Legal professions and studies	2,970	875	2,100
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	515	190	325
42. Psychology	3,555	860	2,695
45. Social sciences	8,055	3,830	4,220
Business, management and public administration	30,320	12,725	17,590
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	10	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,170	550	2,610
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	27,115	12,160	14,950
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,225	2,950	3,275
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,155	1,410	1,740
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,175	485	685
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	30	65
40. Physical sciences	1,420	885	530
41. Science technologies/technicians	390	135	245
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,845	5,335	2,505
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,195	4,545	1,650
25. Library science	580	145	435
27. Mathematics and statistics	935	555	380
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	135	100	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	25,150	21,870	3,280
04. Architecture and related services	1,265	860	405
14. Engineering	8,600	6,740	1,865
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,750	5,085	670
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,675	3,575	100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,775	3,685	90
48. Precision production	2,075	1,925	150
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,415	1,275	1,135
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,710	815	895
03. Natural resources and conservation	705	460	240
Health and related fields	26,935	6,380	20,560
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,230	1,095	1,130
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	23,615	4,720	18,890
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	70	25	55
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,025	545	480
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,075	4,160	3,915
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,330	1,255	3,075
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	40	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	2,525	1,785	740
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,145	1,060	85
Other¹⁷⁹	55	0	45
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	221,900	109,020	112,885
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	71,365	39,315	32,050
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	150,535	69,705	80,835
Location of study inside Canada	118,630	54,230	64,395
Same as province or territory of residence	112,610	51,345	61,265
Different than province or territory of residence	6,020	2,890	3,130
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	31,905	15,470	16,435
Americas	7,555	3,725	3,830
United States of America	3,635	1,945	1,690
Mexico	265	110	155
Cuba	105	45	60
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	220	105	110
Brazil	920	430	490
Colombia	1,480	640	840
Peru	20	0	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	190	80	115
Other locations of study in Americas	715	360	350
Europe	5,065	2,610	2,455
Belgium	20	20	10
France	190	120	75
Germany	185	130	55
Netherlands	110	65	45
Switzerland	30	15	20
Hungary	120	45	75
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	650	305	340
Romania	245	115	130
Russian Federation	260	140	120
Ukraine	330	130	200
Ireland⁹⁶	230	105	120
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,770	970	800
Bosnia and Herzegovina	135	65	70
Italy	60	30	35
Serbia⁸⁶	115	50	60
Other locations of study in Europe	605	295	305
Africa	2,370	1,150	1,220
Nigeria	665	330	335
Algeria	25	15	10
Morocco	30	20	10
Tunisia	10	0	10
Egypt	645	340	310
South Africa, Republic of	200	100	95
Other locations of study in Africa	790	340	455
Asia	16,365	7,730	8,630
Iran⁸⁸	475	185	290
Iraq	535	265	265
Israel	95	40	50
Lebanon	415	200	210
Syria⁸⁹	510	280	230
Turkey	185	110	75
China⁹⁰	1,865	795	1,070
Taiwan	50	15	35
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	20	15
Japan	140	50	90
Korea, South⁹²	1,230	490	740
Philippines	1,950	695	1,255
Viet Nam	145	50	100
Bangladesh	185	85	100
Sri Lanka	85	50	30
India	5,955	3,265	2,695
Pakistan	820	390	430
Other locations of study in Asia	1,695	745	940
Oceania	555	260	290
Australia	475	230	245
New Zealand	75	30	45
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	347,330	168,190	179,135
In the labour force	214,460	111,515	102,950
Employed	186,040	97,815	88,230
Unemployed	28,425	13,700	14,720
Not in the labour force	132,870	56,685	76,185
Participation rate	61.7	66.3	57.5
Employment rate	53.6	58.2	49.3
Unemployment rate	13.3	12.3	14.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	347,330	168,195	179,135
Did not work¹⁸⁶	135,480	58,685	76,790
Worked	211,850	109,510	102,345
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	109,400	60,120	49,285
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	102,450	49,385	53,060
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.4	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	214,465	111,510	102,950
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600	3,275	3,320
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	207,865	108,235	99,625
Employee	180,810	91,275	89,530
Permanent position	151,065	77,135	73,930
Temporary position	29,740	14,145	15,595
Fixed term (1 year or more)	11,365	5,380	5,980
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	18,380	8,765	9,615
Self-employed¹⁹²	27,055	16,960	10,100
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	214,465	111,510	102,950
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600	3,275	3,320
All occupations¹⁹¹	207,865	108,235	99,625
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,845	1,290	555
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	33,120	10,960	22,160
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	16,365	12,820	3,545
3 Health occupations	20,400	4,875	15,530
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	26,920	9,135	17,785
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,775	2,585	3,190
6 Sales and service occupations	55,525	25,650	29,875
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	32,650	29,795	2,850
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,615	2,080	540
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	12,645	9,055	3,595
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	214,465	111,510	102,950
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600	3,275	3,320
All industries¹⁹¹	207,865	108,235	99,625
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,540	1,020	515
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	265	220	40
22 Utilities	850	610	240
23 Construction	14,215	12,660	1,555
31-33 Manufacturing	21,575	15,680	5,890
41 Wholesale trade	5,865	4,010	1,850
44-45 Retail trade	25,035	12,255	12,775
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,505	8,395	2,105
51 Information and cultural industries	3,200	1,930	1,270
52 Finance and insurance	11,670	5,145	6,525
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,605	1,920	1,680
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	15,825	9,195	6,625
55 Management of companies and enterprises	470	240	230
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	9,650	5,570	4,075
61 Educational services	19,765	7,035	12,725
62 Health care and social assistance	31,790	7,050	24,735
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,490	1,845	1,640
72 Accommodation and food services	13,380	6,120	7,260
81 Other services (except public administration)	7,955	3,700	4,255
91 Public administration	7,235	3,620	3,615
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	228,590	117,900	110,685
English	217,760	112,955	104,805
French	715	200	520
Non-official language	1,145	615	530
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,145	615	530
English and French	2,815	970	1,845
English and non-official language(s)	5,770	2,975	2,795
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	295	140	155
Multiple non-official languages	85	55	35
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	228,590	117,900	110,685
Single responses	227,060	117,180	109,885
Official languages	224,890	115,990	108,905
English	223,660	115,700	107,965
French	1,230	290	940
Non-official languages	2,175	1,195	980
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,175	1,195	980
Afro-Asiatic languages	345	220	120
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	345	220	120
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	300	195	110
Aramaic languages	45	30	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	30	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50	30	25
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0
Vietnamese	40	20	20
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	30	15	15
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	10	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	50	35	15
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	45	30	10
Tamil	10	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	835	455	380
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	130	65	65
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	130	65	65
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	85	35	45
Russian	30	20	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	30	20	15
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	10	0
German	10	10	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	10	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	15	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	155	95	60
Indo-Aryan languages	105	70	30
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	10	10	0
Hindi	25	15	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45	35	10
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	15	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	50	20	25
Kurdish	10	10	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	40	15	25
Dari	15	0	15
Iranian Persian	20	0	15
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	510	275	240
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	10
Portuguese	80	25	50
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	415	240	180
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	0
Korean	160	80	75
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	0	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	0	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	20	25
American Sign Language	40	20	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	610	320	290
Chinese languages	610	320	290
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	540	275	265
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	40	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,525	725	805
English and French	485	205	275
English and non-official language(s)	1,020	500	520
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	228,590	117,900	110,685
None	220,980	114,400	106,585
English	1,395	590	805
French	1,875	695	1,180
Non-official language	3,660	1,865	1,800
Indigenous³⁹	20	0	20
Non-Indigenous	3,645	1,865	1,785
English and French	10	10	0
English and non-official language(s)	60	30	25
French and non-official language(s)	210	95	115
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	400	230	170
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	186,035	97,815	88,230
Worked at home	47,140	21,850	25,290
Worked outside Canada	740	515	225
No fixed workplace address	22,360	16,885	5,480
Usual place of work	115,795	58,560	57,235
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	115,795	58,555	57,235
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	99,230	47,545	51,685
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,405	2,770	1,640
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,965	8,125	3,840
Commute to a different province or territory	200	125	80
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	138,155	75,440	62,715
Car, truck or van	118,720	66,420	52,305
Car, truck or van - as a driver	106,540	61,290	45,245
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,180	5,130	7,050
Public transit	8,790	3,740	5,050
Walked	6,290	3,015	3,280
Bicycle	1,295	960	335
Other method	3,060	1,310	1,755
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	138,155	75,440	62,715
Less than 15 minutes	47,460	23,170	24,295
15 to 29 minutes	59,460	32,115	27,355
30 to 44 minutes	18,880	11,915	6,970
45 to 59 minutes	6,005	3,840	2,165
60 minutes and over	6,345	4,405	1,935
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	138,155	75,440	62,715
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,325	5,680	2,640
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	23,385	14,325	9,055
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	33,570	18,310	15,260
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	28,970	13,270	15,700
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,185	8,995	9,190
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	25,720	14,855	10,870
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	84,540	43,555	40,985
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,010	4,550	4,460
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	75,525	39,005	36,520
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	62,130	32,090	30,035
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,900	3,475	3,425
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,625	2,255	2,370
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,265	1,215	1,055
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,230	28,620	26,615

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 19, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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