Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Nanaimo, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	99,863	...	...
Population, 2016¹	90,504	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	45,138	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	43,164	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,104.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	90.45	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	99,865	48,220	51,640
0 to 14 years	14,135	7,275	6,865
0 to 4 years	4,055	2,110	1,940
5 to 9 years	4,870	2,465	2,405
10 to 14 years	5,215	2,695	2,515
15 to 64 years	61,200	29,930	31,270
15 to 19 years	4,625	2,390	2,235
20 to 24 years	5,660	2,925	2,735
25 to 29 years	6,250	3,195	3,055
30 to 34 years	6,520	3,175	3,350
35 to 39 years	6,725	3,330	3,390
40 to 44 years	5,910	2,860	3,050
45 to 49 years	5,610	2,725	2,890
50 to 54 years	5,970	2,820	3,155
55 to 59 years	6,725	3,170	3,550
60 to 64 years	7,215	3,355	3,865
65 years and over	24,520	11,015	13,510
65 to 69 years	7,300	3,330	3,970
70 to 74 years	6,485	2,940	3,550
75 to 79 years	4,525	2,120	2,405
80 to 84 years	3,010	1,400	1,605
85 years and over	3,195	1,220	1,980
85 to 89 years	1,880	750	1,130
90 to 94 years	1,000	380	615
95 to 99 years	275	75	200
100 years and over	45	10	35
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.2	15.1	13.3
15 to 64 years	61.3	62.1	60.6
65 years and over	24.6	22.8	26.2
85 years and over	3.2	2.5	3.8
Average age of the population	44.8	43.5	46.0
Median age of the population	45.2	43.2	46.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	43,160	...	...
Single-detached house	22,215	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,145	...	...
Row house	1,970	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,040	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	8,235	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,385	...	...
Other single-attached house	85	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,085	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	43,165	...	...
1 person	13,510	...	...
2 persons	16,535	...	...
3 persons	5,940	...	...
4 persons	4,565	...	...
5 or more persons	2,615	...	...
Number of persons in private households	97,020	47,025	49,995
Average household size	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	85,725	40,945	44,780
Married or living common-law	47,150	23,520	23,625
Married	36,770	18,360	18,405
Living common-law	10,380	5,160	5,220
Living common law - Never married	7,300	3,655	3,645
Living common law - Separated	400	195	205
Living common law - Divorced	2,425	1,215	1,205
Living common law - Widowed	255	90	165
Not married and not living common-law	38,575	17,425	21,150
Not married and not living common law - Never married	23,030	12,485	10,545
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,630	1,090	1,545
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,420	2,655	4,760
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,495	1,195	4,300
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,840	...	...
2 persons	16,930	...	...
3 persons	5,310	...	...
4 persons	4,090	...	...
5 or more persons	1,510	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,840	...	...
Total couple families	22,900	...	...
Married couples	17,715	...	...
With children⁶	7,425	...	...
Without children	10,295	...	...
Common-law couples	5,185	...	...
With children⁶	1,705	...	...
Without children	3,475	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,940	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,830	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,110	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	97,020	47,025	50,000
Total - Persons in census families	74,180	36,430	37,750
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,800	22,840	22,960
Parents in one-parent families	4,940	1,105	3,830
Children⁶	23,435	12,480	10,955
In a two-parent family	16,150	8,535	7,620
In a one-parent family	7,290	3,950	3,335
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	22,840	10,590	12,245
Living alone	13,510	5,700	7,815
Living with other relatives⁷	2,405	1,045	1,365
Living with non-relatives only	6,925	3,855	3,065
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	43,165	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,825	...	...
Couple-family households	20,105	...	...
With children⁶	7,910	...	...
Without children	12,200	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,715	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	980	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	325	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,935	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,580	...	...
One-person households	13,510	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	82,905	39,760	43,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,885	38,725	42,160
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,945	38,760	42,185
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,400	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,335	35,020	37,315
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	38,800	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,665	27,345	27,320
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,000	30,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	69,620	31,820	37,805
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	11,300	12,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,805	3,695	4,100
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,745	10,165	11,580
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	82,905	39,760	43,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,855	38,730	42,125
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,880	55,000	43,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,920	38,755	42,165
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,440	46,920	38,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,220	34,875	37,345
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,000	50,600	35,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,670	27,310	27,360
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,800	50,240	37,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	69,505	31,700	37,805
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,190	11,540	12,730
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,640	3,595	4,040
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,430	6,065	6,740
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,665	10,015	11,645
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,870	8,700	9,020
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	82,905	39,765	43,145
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,725	12,910	10,815
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,600	65,000	54,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,600	72,500	59,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,605	10,830	12,775
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,200	22,000	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,960	34,160	24,580
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	78.6	82.8	73.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	60.6	64.4	56.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.4	17.2	26.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	5.0	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.9	4.1	5.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	82,905	39,765	43,145
Without total income	2,020	1,035	980
With total income	80,890	38,725	42,165
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,090	2,725	3,365
$10,000 to $19,999	9,505	3,885	5,620
$20,000 to $29,999	13,300	5,535	7,765
$30,000 to $39,999	11,640	5,090	6,545
$40,000 to $49,999	10,160	4,605	5,555
$50,000 to $59,999	7,810	3,670	4,145
$60,000 to $69,999	5,825	3,060	2,770
$70,000 to $79,999	4,300	2,395	1,910
$80,000 to $89,999	3,220	1,825	1,395
$90,000 to $99,999	2,420	1,445	975
$100,000 and over	6,610	4,485	2,125
$100,000 to $149,999	4,835	3,180	1,650
$150,000 and over	1,775	1,305	475
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	82,905	39,765	43,145
Without after-tax income	1,965	1,005	960
With after-tax income	80,945	38,760	42,190
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,420	2,840	3,585
$10,000 to $19,999	9,865	4,015	5,850
$20,000 to $29,999	15,145	6,420	8,725
$30,000 to $39,999	13,340	5,960	7,375
$40,000 to $49,999	11,280	5,230	6,055
$50,000 to $59,999	7,895	3,955	3,945
$60,000 to $69,999	5,530	3,075	2,450
$70,000 to $79,999	3,815	2,225	1,595
$80,000 to $89,999	2,685	1,620	1,070
$90,000 to $99,999	1,655	1,055	600
$100,000 and over	3,310	2,375	935
$100,000 to $124,999	1,880	1,320	560
$125,000 and over	1,430	1,060	375
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	82,905	39,765	43,145
Without employment income	28,240	12,415	15,820
With employment income	54,670	27,345	27,325
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,805	3,635	4,165
$5,000 to $9,999	4,505	1,945	2,560
$10,000 to $19,999	6,655	2,910	3,745
$20,000 to $29,999	5,710	2,550	3,160
$30,000 to $39,999	5,570	2,590	2,980
$40,000 to $49,999	5,070	2,410	2,655
$50,000 to $59,999	4,440	2,155	2,285
$60,000 to $69,999	3,420	1,865	1,560
$70,000 to $79,999	2,845	1,660	1,180
$80,000 to $89,999	2,190	1,245	945
$90,000 to $99,999	1,815	1,080	730
$100,000 and over	4,645	3,300	1,345
$100,000 to $124,999	2,520	1,670	855
$125,000 and over	2,125	1,635	490
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	82,905	39,760	43,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,960	37,665	41,295
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,200	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,080	37,690	41,390
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	38,400	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,780	34,650	37,130
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	40,000	28,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,420	28,410	29,010
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	39,200	28,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,840	24,965	32,875
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,800	8,800	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,755	2,680	3,075
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	5,040	5,520
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	82,905	39,760	43,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,955	37,710	41,245
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,600	54,200	39,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,060	37,725	41,340
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,920	45,480	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,515	34,470	37,045
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,720	52,550	35,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,445	28,470	28,970
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,600	50,120	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,710	24,895	32,820
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,590	9,340	9,780
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,750	2,570	3,175
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,850	6,310	7,280
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	82,905	39,765	43,145
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,655	12,875	10,780
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,600	61,600	50,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,950	70,100	54,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	22,495	10,285	12,215
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,600	29,000	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,160	41,160	28,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.0	88.6	80.4
Employment income (%)	66.6	69.8	62.3
Government transfers (%)	15.0	11.4	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	43,165	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,510	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,650	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	43,165	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,510	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,280	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,655	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	43,165	...	...
Under $5,000	430	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	195	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	365	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	960	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,965	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,510	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,630	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,810	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,955	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,025	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,610	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,435	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,020	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,780	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,505	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,965	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,960	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,425	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,870	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,710	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	43,165	...	...
Under $5,000	480	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	375	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	995	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,055	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,745	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,865	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,180	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,305	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,120	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,125	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,705	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,450	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,035	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,690	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,830	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,745	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,075	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,005	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,635	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,780	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,225	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,650	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	20,435	9,555	10,885
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,200	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	34,400	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,650	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,760	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,230	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,660	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	20,475	9,500	10,975
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,080	45,840	42,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,840	40,000	37,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	97,020	47,020	49,995
0 to 17 years	16,920	8,725	8,190
0 to 5 years	5,015	2,605	2,400
18 to 64 years	57,605	27,990	29,615
65 years and over	22,490	10,305	12,190
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,720	4,850	5,870
0 to 17 years	2,155	1,125	1,030
0 to 5 years	655	350	305
18 to 64 years	5,625	2,610	3,015
65 years and over	2,940	1,110	1,825
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.3	11.7
0 to 17 years (%)	12.7	12.9	12.5
0 to 5 years (%)	13.0	13.3	12.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8	9.3	10.2
65 years and over (%)	13.1	10.8	15.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	97,020	47,025	50,000
0 to 17 years	16,925	8,730	8,195
0 to 5 years	5,010	2,610	2,405
18 to 64 years	57,610	27,995	29,615
65 years and over	22,490	10,305	12,185
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,565	2,370	2,200
0 to 17 years	720	370	350
0 to 5 years	185	100	85
18 to 64 years	3,395	1,805	1,590
65 years and over	455	195	260
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.7	5.0	4.4
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3	4.3	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	3.7	3.9	3.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.9	6.4	5.4
65 years and over (%)	2.0	1.9	2.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	97,020	47,025	49,995
In bottom half of the distribution	51,920	24,470	27,445
In bottom decile	10,645	5,070	5,570
In second decile	10,790	4,910	5,875
In third decile	10,350	4,855	5,495
In fourth decile	9,945	4,735	5,205
In fifth decile	10,195	4,895	5,295
In top half of the distribution	45,105	22,550	22,550
In sixth decile	9,925	4,885	5,035
In seventh decile	9,390	4,630	4,760
In eighth decile	9,505	4,770	4,735
In ninth decile	8,960	4,525	4,435
In top decile	7,320	3,745	3,580
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	97,020	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.303	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.427	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.272	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	98,415	47,680	50,735
English only	91,025	44,445	46,575
French only	30	15	15
English and French	6,675	2,915	3,760
Neither English nor French	690	300	385
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	98,415	47,680	50,735
English	96,480	46,780	49,695
French	1,130	550	585
English and French	155	70	85
Neither English nor French	650	285	365
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	98,415	47,680	50,735
Single responses	96,475	46,800	49,670
Official languages	85,365	41,720	43,650
English	84,170	41,140	43,035
French	1,200	585	615
Non-official languages	11,105	5,085	6,025
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	10	20
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	0	5
Halkomelem	5	0	5
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous languages	11,070	5,075	6,000
Afro-Asiatic languages	515	280	240
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	10	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Semitic languages	490	265	220
Amharic	15	5	10
Arabic	450	250	200
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	10	5
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	595	265	335
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	25	40
Vietnamese	535	240	295
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	900	350	555
Bikol	5	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	15
Cebuano	50	20	25
Fijian	10	0	5
Hiligaynon	5	5	5
Ilocano	40	15	25
Indonesian	25	5	20
Kankanaey	5	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	700	270	430
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Creole languages	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Dravidian languages	140	70	70
Kannada	5	0	5
Malayalam	90	50	40
Tamil	20	10	15
Telugu	20	10	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,665	2,675	2,985
Albanian	20	10	10
Armenian	5	0	5
Balto-Slavic languages	990	445	545
Baltic languages	15	5	10
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	0	0	5
Slavic languages	980	440	540
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	5
Czech	95	45	50
Macedonian	5	5	5
Polish	235	95	140
Russian	250	115	140
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	190	85	100
Bosnian	10	5	10
Croatian	130	60	70
Serbian	45	20	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	50	25	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	125	55	70
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	10	10
Irish	5	0	5
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	10	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,710	770	940
Frisian	10	0	5
High German languages	885	395	495
German	860	380	480
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	15	10
Yiddish	0	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	545	260	290
Afrikaans	95	45	50
Dutch	430	205	225
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	15	5	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	0
Scandinavian languages	270	115	150
Danish	140	55	85
Icelandic	10	5	5
Norwegian	50	25	25
Swedish	65	30	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	60	40	20
Indo-Iranian languages	1,900	980	920
Indo-Aryan languages	1,690	880	815
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	55	30	25
Gujarati	95	50	50
Hindi	245	145	100
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	10	5
Nepali	20	5	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,165	585	585
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	15	10
Urdu	50	25	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	205	100	105
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	205	100	105
Dari	10	5	10
Iranian Persian	165	80	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	960	420	535
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	190	85	105
Portuguese	135	60	80
Romanian	55	30	25
Spanish	580	250	335
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	245	65	180
Korean	520	240	275
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	105	50	50
Akan (Twi)	15	10	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	10	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	10	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	10	5
American Sign Language	5	10	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,025	930	1,100
Chinese languages	2,025	930	1,095
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	1,540	705	830
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	15	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	410	200	215
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	5	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	10	70
Lao	5	0	5
Thai	75	10	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	25	10
Azerbaijani	5	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	25	20	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	220	95	130
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	70	25	45
Hungarian	145	65	80
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,950	885	1,060
English and French	450	205	245
English and non-official language(s)	1,250	585	665
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25
Multiple non-official languages	180	65	110
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	98,415	47,680	50,735
English	87,020	42,365	44,660
French	195	100	100
Non-official language	2,650	1,285	1,365
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,645	1,285	1,365
English and French	955	430	525
English and non-official language(s)	7,170	3,315	3,850
French and non-official language(s)	5	5	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	120	150
Multiple non-official languages	155	65	90
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	98,415	47,680	50,735
Single responses	96,935	46,990	49,940
Official languages	91,850	44,535	47,315
English	91,555	44,385	47,165
French	295	145	150
Non-official languages	5,085	2,455	2,630
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	0	5
Halkomelem	5	0	5
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,080	2,455	2,620
Afro-Asiatic languages	310	155	155
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	10	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Semitic languages	300	150	150
Amharic	15	10	5
Arabic	285	140	140
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	370	170	200
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	20
Vietnamese	330	150	180
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	410	205	210
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Cebuano	20	15	10
Fijian	15	10	10
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	25	10	15
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	320	155	160
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	90	45	40
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	60	30	30
Tamil	10	0	5
Telugu	20	10	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,880	910	965
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	315	155	155
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	315	155	155
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	5	5
Czech	30	15	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	50	25	30
Russian	140	75	70
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	50	20	30
Bosnian	5	5	0
Croatian	35	15	15
Serbian	15	5	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	20	10	5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	170	80	90
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	85	40	45
German	80	40	45
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	40	40
Afrikaans	40	20	20
Dutch	35	15	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10
Danish	5	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	20	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages	1,075	530	540
Indo-Aryan languages	975	495	485
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	30	15	15
Gujarati	45	20	20
Hindi	120	60	60
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	5
Nepali	5	5	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	735	365	365
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5
Urdu	15	10	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	95	40	55
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	95	40	55
Dari	5	0	5
Iranian Persian	75	35	45
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	295	130	165
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	25	5	20
Portuguese	50	25	30
Romanian	10	10	5
Spanish	205	90	115
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	75	35	40
Korean	415	205	210
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	5
Akan (Twi)	0	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	25	10
American Sign Language	25	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,410	680	730
Chinese languages	1,410	680	730
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,145	555	590
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	225	110	115
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	10	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	5	5	5
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	5	5	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	50	20	25
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	10	10
Hungarian	30	15	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,480	690	790
English and French	130	55	75
English and non-official language(s)	1,290	610	680
French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	20
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	98,415	47,680	50,735
None	91,075	44,315	46,760
English	2,120	1,010	1,105
French	775	345	430
Non-official language	3,560	1,595	1,965
Indigenous³⁹	65	30	35
Non-Indigenous	3,495	1,565	1,930
English and French	20	10	10
English and non-official language(s)	275	145	130
French and non-official language(s)	165	75	95
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5
Multiple non-official languages	415	175	240
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	97,020	47,020	49,995
Official languages	96,325	46,710	49,615
English	96,310	46,700	49,610
French	6,650	2,875	3,770
Non-official languages	15,955	7,245	8,710
Indigenous languages³⁹	185	75	115
Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	10	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	0	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	0	15
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	75	35	45
Halkomelem	55	25	30
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	10	15
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	15	0	15
Wakashan languages	35	15	15
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	35	15	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,770	7,170	8,600
Afro-Asiatic languages	630	315	315
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	40	15	25
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	40	15	25
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	590	300	290
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	510	250	260
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	70	45	30
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	700	300	400
Khmer (Cambodian)	85	35	50
Vietnamese	615	275	340
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,325	540	790
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Cebuano	80	35	45
Fijian	60	25	30
Hiligaynon	20	10	0
Ilocano	80	15	65
Indonesian	55	20	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	45	15	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	10
Pangasinan	10	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,130	460	670
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
Creole languages	60	30	30
Haitian Creole	10	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Dravidian languages	160	75	95
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	105	50	55
Tamil	45	25	10
Telugu	25	10	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	9,030	4,225	4,800
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,265	570	695
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	15	10	10
Slavic languages	1,255	560	695
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	10	15
Czech	125	45	80
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	270	120	150
Russian	400	195	205
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	290	130	160
Bosnian	30	0	20
Croatian	200	100	100
Serbian	65	25	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	70	35	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	0
Ukrainian	180	90	90
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	50	15	30
Irish	30	10	15
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	15	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,585	1,125	1,455
Frisian	15	0	0
High German languages	1,455	650	805
German	1,435	640	795
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	20	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	815	355	460
Afrikaans	245	135	100
Dutch	565	220	345
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	0	20
Scandinavian languages	440	160	275
Danish	215	75	140
Icelandic	10	0	10
Norwegian	120	50	70
Swedish	125	60	70
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	95	60	35
Indo-Iranian languages	2,755	1,380	1,375
Indo-Aryan languages	2,440	1,235	1,205
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	115	60	55
Gujarati	155	95	60
Hindi	1,240	650	590
Kacchi	45	25	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	50	35	15
Nepali	25	10	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,640	800	835
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	20	25
Urdu	90	40	50
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	305	140	170
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	305	140	170
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	260	110	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,640	1,210	1,430
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	430	225	215
Portuguese	205	115	90
Romanian	30	10	20
Spanish	2,105	930	1,175
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	525	170	355
Korean	665	300	360
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	295	150	145
Akan (Twi)	35	10	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	55	25	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	40	25	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	25	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	90	40	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	185	50	130
American Sign Language	155	35	120
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,365	1,100	1,260
Chinese languages	2,355	1,100	1,255
Hakka	10	0	10
Mandarin	1,875	860	1,010
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	35	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	625	310	315
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	30	100
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	125	30	100
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60	40	20
Azerbaijani	10	10	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	40	25	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	285	125	160
Estonian	15	0	10
Finnish	80	40	40
Hungarian	195	90	105
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	97,020	47,020	49,995
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	7,905	3,695	4,215
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	7,525	3,515	4,010
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,345	2,005	2,335
Métis	3,115	1,470	1,645
Inuk (Inuit)	60	35	30
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	230	100	130
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	155	80	75
Non-Indigenous identity	89,110	43,330	45,785
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	97,020	47,020	49,995
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,000	1,460	1,540
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	94,020	45,565	48,455
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	43,165	...	...
Owner	28,780	...	...
Renter	14,385	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	43,165	...	...
Condominium	6,990	...	...
Not condominium	36,175	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	43,165	...	...
No bedrooms	345	...	...
1 bedroom	5,865	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,730	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,150	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,080	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	43,165	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,355	...	...
5 rooms	7,195	...	...
6 rooms	6,000	...	...
7 rooms	4,745	...	...
8 or more rooms	11,870	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	43,165	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,685	...	...
More than one person per room	480	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	43,165	...	...
Suitable	41,640	...	...
Not suitable	1,525	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	43,165	...	...
1960 or before	5,605	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,285	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,295	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,945	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,160	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,135	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,775	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,960	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	43,165	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,930	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,235	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	43,165	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,270	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,455	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,435	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	43,165	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,545	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,585	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,800	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,470	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,120	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,385	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,685	...	...
85 years and over	1,575	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	43,025	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	32,520	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,500	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,560	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	43,165	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,290	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,655	...	...
Not suitable only	1,130	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,550	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	275	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	560	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	110	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,875	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	42,080	...	...
In core need	5,005	...	...
Not in core need	37,075	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,765	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	16.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,382	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	625,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,385	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,328	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	97,020	47,025	50,000
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,760	1,340	1,415
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,685	1,305	1,380
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,080	995	1,085
Métis single ancestry	580	300	280
Inuit single ancestry	25	15	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	70	30	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	55	25	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,810	2,585	3,225
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,580	2,475	3,105
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,655	1,595	2,055
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,865	840	1,025
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	45	20
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	235	105	125
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	235	105	125
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	88,450	43,100	45,355
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	97,020	47,025	50,000
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,990	44,195	46,790
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,340	8,480	7,860
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	74,655	35,720	38,930
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	6,030	2,820	3,205
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	97,020	47,025	50,000
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	79,545	38,885	40,665
Immigrants⁸¹	15,620	7,240	8,380
Before 1980	5,660	2,715	2,945
1980 to 1990	1,715	775	940
1991 to 2000	1,765	735	1,030
2001 to 2010	2,645	1,250	1,400
2011 to 2021⁸²	3,835	1,760	2,070
2011 to 2015	1,570	715	855
2016 to 2021	2,265	1,045	1,220
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,850	900	950
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	15,620	7,240	8,380
Under 5 years	1,690	850	840
5 to 14 years	2,980	1,400	1,580
15 to 24 years	2,920	1,295	1,620
25 to 44 years	6,560	3,050	3,510
45 years and over	1,475	650	825
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	15,620	7,240	8,380
Americas	1,910	830	1,080
Brazil	50	20	30
Colombia	80	35	45
El Salvador	50	20	30
Guyana	20	0	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	35	25	15
Mexico	165	70	95
Peru	40	0	35
Trinidad and Tobago	30	10	15
United States of America	1,155	520	630
Other places of birth in Americas	285	120	165
Europe	6,675	3,270	3,405
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	10	30
Croatia	125	65	60
France	95	55	35
Germany	635	320	315
Greece	45	35	10
Hungary	150	70	75
Italy	145	95	50
Netherlands	445	200	245
Poland	245	125	115
Portugal	65	45	15
Romania	45	15	25
Russian Federation	115	60	60
Serbia⁸⁶	20	15	0
Ukraine	80	50	30
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,495	1,690	1,800
Other places of birth in Europe	955	420	535
Africa	780	380	400
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	10	0
Egypt	25	15	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	15	0	15
Morocco	10	10	0
Nigeria	155	70	80
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	310	165	145
Other places of birth in Africa	235	105	130
Asia	5,940	2,605	3,340
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	230	120	110
Iraq	15	10	10
Lebanon	10	10	0
Syria⁸⁹	230	120	110
Turkey	20	15	0
China⁹⁰	1,285	560	725
Hong Kong⁹¹	175	85	90
Korea, South⁹²	470	195	280
Taiwan	130	40	95
Philippines	1,040	430	610
Viet Nam	455	200	260
Bangladesh	30	10	20
India	1,075	540	530
Pakistan	40	15	20
Sri Lanka	50	25	25
Other places of birth in Asia	680	230	455
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	310	155	155
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,265	1,045	1,220
Americas	200	95	105
Brazil	30	10	20
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	30	10	20
United States of America	105	55	50
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	35	20	10
Europe	285	140	145
France	0	0	0
Germany	15	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	40	20	25
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	15	10	0
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	45	50
Other places of birth in Europe	105	55	55
Africa	265	135	135
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	10	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	125	55	65
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	85	40	45
Asia	1,450	655	800
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	15	0	10
China⁹⁰	410	180	230
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
India	310	170	140
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	10
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	30	0	25
Jordan	15	10	10
Korea, South⁹²	90	30	65
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	0	0	0
Philippines	215	85	130
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	10	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	210	110	95
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	35	10	20
Other places of birth in Asia	65	20	40
Oceania and other⁹³	60	30	35
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	50	25	30
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	97,020	47,020	49,995
First generation¹⁰⁰	18,640	8,710	9,930
Second generation¹⁰¹	18,320	8,635	9,685
Third generation or more¹⁰²	60,055	29,680	30,375
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	9,960	4,525	5,435
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	5,490	2,670	2,830
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,365	1,355	1,010
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,130	1,310	1,815
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,405	1,340	2,060
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,015	500	520
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	50	20	30
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	9,960	4,525	5,435
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	190	100	95
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,460	655	805
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	370	160	210
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	940	460	480
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	70	20	50
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	6,935	3,130	3,805
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	97,020	47,020	49,995
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	13,300	6,170	7,130
South Asian	3,095	1,565	1,530
Chinese	2,865	1,325	1,540
Black	1,180	550	635
Filipino	1,525	665	855
Arab	430	225	205
Latin American	710	315	390
Southeast Asian	1,145	485	665
West Asian	310	150	155
Korean	700	310	390
Japanese	655	245	415
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	225	110	110
Multiple visible minorities	460	225	230
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	83,720	40,850	42,870
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	97,020	47,020	50,000
Canadian	12,225	6,250	5,970
English	30,200	14,425	15,770
Irish	16,370	7,775	8,595
Scottish	21,790	10,510	11,280
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,425	3,890	4,535
German	12,845	6,095	6,750
Chinese	3,130	1,475	1,660
Italian	3,375	1,645	1,725
Indian (India)	1,925	975	955
Ukrainian	4,925	2,355	2,570
Dutch	4,540	2,175	2,375
Polish	2,995	1,425	1,570
Québécois	150	90	60
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,115	2,395	2,720
Filipino	1,480	635	845
French Canadian	1,020	505	510
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,120	1,040	1,080
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,800	1,225	1,575
Métis	2,730	1,270	1,460
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,650	1,330	1,315
Russian	2,180	1,005	1,170
Norwegian	3,590	1,735	1,855
Welsh	3,170	1,525	1,645
Portuguese	440	190	255
American	1,720	840	880
Spanish	1,050	500	545
Swedish	2,685	1,240	1,445
Hungarian	1,355	635	715
Acadian	250	125	130
Pakistani	110	50	60
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	290	155	135
Jewish	485	215	270
Punjabi	530	255	275
Vietnamese	805	380	430
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	220	120	100
Greek	385	185	205
Jamaican	210	120	85
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	340	115	225
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	705	285	420
Korean	695	315	375
Romanian	560	255	300
Lebanese	160	75	90
Iranian	290	150	145
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	225	120	105
Danish	1,595	745	845
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	665	350	315
Sikh	370	190	180
Austrian	1,135	505	630
Belgian	735	335	400
Haitian	20	0	15
Hindu	150	70	80
Mexican	360	150	205
Mennonite	210	100	115
Swiss	580	345	230
Finnish	940	450	495
Sri Lankan	65	40	30
Croatian	480	225	255
Japanese	800	305	500
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	120	40	75
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	155	70	85
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	800	395	405
Muslim	90	35	60
Egyptian	85	35	45
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	120	40	80
Tamil	15	10	0
Icelandic	755	380	375
Colombian	95	30	60
Moroccan	35	25	10
Czech	550	255	300
Syrian	225	105	120
Guyanese	60	30	30
Afghan	10	0	0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	75	20	60
Serbian	155	80	75
Ojibway	170	80	90
Newfoundlander	140	70	70
Hong Konger	70	30	35
Ontarian	100	40	60
Persian	80	30	50
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	110	50	65
Turkish	75	40	30
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	90	60	25
Bangladeshi	65	25	35
Algerian	15	0	10
Brazilian	55	10	35
Nigerian	190	90	105
Armenian	30	20	20
Slovak	190	60	135
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	240	105	130
Somali	40	15	25
Taiwanese	120	40	75
Iraqi	15	10	10
Salvadorean	65	25	40
African Caribbean	20	10	0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	75	45	30
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	35	20	15
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	30	10	15
Algonquin	35	25	10
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	0	15
Lithuanian	170	75	95
South African	260	145	120
Australian	385	185	205
Palestinian	60	25	35
Chilean	145	60	90
Congolese	10	0	0
Nova Scotian	45	30	15
Ethiopian	15	0	10
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	95	50	45
Peruvian	25	15	15
Yoruba	35	15	20
Cambodian (Khmer)	80	30	50
Berber	10	0	10
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	40	25	15
Macedonian	35	15	20
Slovenian	85	40	45
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	265	165	100
New Brunswicker	15	10	10
Gujarati	25	10	15
Eritrean	10	10	0
African Canadian	85	25	60
Israeli	50	25	25
Mohawk	115	70	45
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	200	100	95
Bulgarian	45	20	30
Albertan	55	30	25
Ghanaian	0	0	0
Barbadian	20	0	20
African American	135	65	70
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	155	70	85
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	100	65	35
Cuban	25	15	10
Bosnian	30	15	20
Venezuelan	20	10	10
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	10	0
Latvian	135	80	55
Bengali	40	15	25
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	0	0	0
Indonesian	160	60	100
Laotian	10	0	10
Ilocano	20	0	10
Northern Irish	120	55	60
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	160	80	80
British Columbian	420	215	205
Ecuadorian	10	10	0
Franco Ontarian	10	10	0
Argentinian	30	20	15
Estonian	90	40	55
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	130	70	60
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	25	15
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	165	45	120
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	25	10	10
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	10
Byelorussian	15	0	10
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	65	30	35
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	20	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	20	0	20
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	80	30	50
New Zealander	155	90	65
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	10	0	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	10	15
Malaysian	15	10	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	55	30	25
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	15	15	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	45	25	20
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	15	0	10
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	15	15	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	10	0	0
Jordanian	25	10	15
Manitoban	45	15	20
Cape Bretoner	30	20	10
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	30	20	15
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	15	0	10
Mayan	10	0	0
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	65	15	45
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	55	20	30
United Empire Loyalist	25	20	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	10	0	0
Sicilian	45	25	20
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	120	50	70
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	10	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	50	25	25
Burmese	10	0	0
Mongolian	45	30	15
Azorean	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	20	10	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	15	15	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	30	30	0
Uruguayan	20	10	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	10	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	40	20	20
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	10	10	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	25	25	0
Costa Rican	20	10	15
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	25	15	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	10	0	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	10	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	97,020	47,025	49,995
Buddhist	650	220	430
Christian	31,135	13,615	17,525
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,600	3,505	4,100
Anabaptist	120	60	65
Anglican	3,600	1,480	2,120
Baptist	1,180	535	650
Catholic	9,135	4,120	5,015
Christian Orthodox	300	155	140
Jehovah's Witness	830	365	470
Latter Day Saints	300	165	135
Lutheran	1,080	410	665
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	185	75	110
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	940	390	555
Presbyterian	750	315	435
Reformed	125	50	75
United Church	3,520	1,375	2,145
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,465	625	845
Hindu	785	400	390
Jewish	230	115	115
Muslim	1,000	465	535
Sikh	1,330	640	690
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	170	95	75
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,355	515	840
No religion and secular perspectives	60,365	30,960	29,405
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	96,325	46,685	49,640
Non-movers	80,915	39,155	41,755
Movers	15,415	7,525	7,885
Non-migrants	9,365	4,590	4,775
Migrants	6,045	2,935	3,110
Internal migrants	5,405	2,645	2,755
Intraprovincial migrants	3,785	1,875	1,905
Interprovincial migrants	1,615	765	850
External migrants	650	290	355
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	92,975	44,965	48,010
Non-movers	47,800	22,985	24,815
Movers	45,175	21,980	23,190
Non-migrants	20,400	9,845	10,560
Migrants	24,775	12,140	12,640
Internal migrants	21,570	10,585	10,985
Intraprovincial migrants	15,680	7,615	8,070
Interprovincial migrants	5,885	2,965	2,920
External migrants	3,205	1,555	1,650
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,905	39,765	43,145
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,350	7,370	5,980
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	69,555	32,395	37,160
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	50,175	24,200	25,975
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,395	3,200	2,200
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	44,780	21,000	23,780
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,905	39,760	43,145
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,200	6,075	5,125
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,285	12,120	13,165
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,425	21,565	24,860
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,030	13,025	14,010
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,770	5,585	2,180
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,245	1,795	1,450
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,525	3,790	730
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,115	5,930	9,185
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,150	1,505	2,640
Bachelor's degree or higher	19,390	8,540	10,850
Bachelor's degree	12,210	5,280	6,930
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,455	675	780
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	590	340	255
Master's degree	4,385	1,890	2,495
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	750	365	390
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	50,175	24,200	25,980
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,320	2,620	1,705
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,840	7,210	6,630
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	32,020	14,370	17,645
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,685	8,365	9,315
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,830	3,440	1,390
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,015	1,100	920
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,815	2,340	475
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,010	3,925	6,080
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,845	995	1,845
Bachelor's degree or higher	14,335	6,010	8,330
Bachelor's degree	9,115	3,800	5,310
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,090	495	600
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	430	205	225
Master's degree	3,220	1,310	1,905
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	480	195	285
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	82,905	39,760	43,145
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,480	18,195	18,290
Education	3,635	1,010	2,630
13. Education	3,635	1,010	2,630
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,720	690	1,030
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	130	95	40
50. Visual and performing arts	1,590	600	990
Humanities	2,165	890	1,265
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	170	45	125
23. English language and literature/letters	690	255	435
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	560	190	375
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	0	45
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	100	65
39. Theology and religious vocations	205	100	105
54. History	265	175	95
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	25	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,900	1,740	3,165
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	115	10	105
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	420	185	240
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	925	130	795
22. Legal professions and studies	645	220	420
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	40	100
42. Psychology	920	285	640
45. Social sciences	1,740	875	865
Business, management and public administration	9,220	3,430	5,795
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	860	180	680
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,355	3,245	5,110
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,705	900	805
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	905	450	460
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	285	155	130
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	15	15
40. Physical sciences	400	250	150
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	25	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,390	945	445
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,060	805	255
25. Library science	140	25	115
27. Mathematics and statistics	180	110	70
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,415	7,765	645
04. Architecture and related services	230	140	95
14. Engineering	1,385	1,175	210
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,700	1,530	170
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,420	2,325	95
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,765	1,715	50
48. Precision production	910	890	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,410	900	510
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	665	320	340
03. Natural resources and conservation	750	580	170
Health and related fields	8,610	1,645	6,965
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	560	275	280
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,830	1,220	6,610
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	10	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	185	135	55
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,245	1,650	1,595
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,125	690	1,435
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	25	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0
43. Security and protective services	320	220	100
49. Transportation and materials moving	745	685	60
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	50,180	24,195	25,975
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	18,160	9,830	8,335
Education	2,190	585	1,610
13. Education	2,190	585	1,610
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,335	540	795
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	75	55	25
50. Visual and performing arts	1,255	485	770
Humanities	1,450	590	860
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	100	25	75
23. English language and literature/letters	470	170	300
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	405	140	260
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	115	65	50
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	60	55
54. History	185	115	70
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	35	15	20
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,655	1,185	2,470
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	0	100
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	335	130	210
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	740	100	635
22. Legal professions and studies	415	120	295
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	110	30	80
42. Psychology	625	180	440
45. Social sciences	1,330	615	710
Business, management and public administration	6,480	2,435	4,040
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	600	115	480
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,880	2,320	3,560
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,180	575	605
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	645	300	345
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	200	110	90
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	15	15
40. Physical sciences	275	145	125
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	10	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,025	725	295
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	845	665	175
25. Library science	85	15	70
27. Mathematics and statistics	85	40	35
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,425	4,905	525
04. Architecture and related services	175	95	80
14. Engineering	940	765	175
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,015	890	130
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,670	1,580	90
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,080	1,040	35
48. Precision production	550	530	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,050	605	435
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	485	205	280
03. Natural resources and conservation	555	400	155
Health and related fields	6,055	1,200	4,850
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	390	195	195
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,520	935	4,580
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	115	70	45
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,185	1,025	1,165
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,480	445	1,035
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	215	125	80
49. Transportation and materials moving	465	420	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	50,180	24,195	25,975
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,160	9,830	8,335
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	32,020	14,375	17,645
Location of study inside Canada	27,875	12,490	15,385
Same as province or territory of residence	21,430	9,465	11,960
Different than province or territory of residence	6,445	3,025	3,425
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	4,145	1,885	2,260
Americas	840	410	430
United States of America	685	350	335
Mexico	55	25	30
Cuba	10	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	25	10	15
Colombia	15	0	15
Peru	10	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10
Other locations of study in Americas	25	10	20
Europe	940	515	425
Belgium	0	0	0
France	45	25	15
Germany	50	25	20
Netherlands	30	25	10
Switzerland	20	15	0
Hungary	10	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	10	0	0
Romania	15	10	0
Russian Federation	35	15	20
Ukraine	45	20	20
Ireland⁹⁶	45	30	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	495	275	220
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	10
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	120	55	65
Africa	200	100	100
Nigeria	45	25	15
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	15	10	10
South Africa, Republic of	120	65	55
Other locations of study in Africa	25	0	15
Asia	2,030	775	1,260
Iran⁸⁸	65	30	40
Iraq	10	10	0
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	40	20	20
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	550	205	345
Taiwan	30	0	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10
Japan	105	10	95
Korea, South⁹²	170	75	95
Philippines	480	190	285
Viet Nam	50	15	35
Bangladesh	20	0	15
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	390	165	225
Pakistan	10	10	0
Other locations of study in Asia	105	45	60
Oceania	130	80	45
Australia	80	50	35
New Zealand	45	25	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	10	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	82,905	39,760	43,145
In the labour force	49,970	25,260	24,715
Employed	45,770	23,110	22,665
Unemployed	4,200	2,150	2,050
Not in the labour force	32,935	14,500	18,430
Participation rate	60.3	63.5	57.3
Employment rate	55.2	58.1	52.5
Unemployment rate	8.4	8.5	8.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	82,905	39,760	43,145
Did not work¹⁸⁶	33,055	14,595	18,460
Worked	49,855	25,170	24,685
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	24,475	13,395	11,080
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	25,380	11,775	13,600
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	41.5	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	49,975	25,260	24,715
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,040	520	520
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	48,935	24,740	24,195
Employee	40,770	20,120	20,650
Permanent position	34,345	17,170	17,175
Temporary position	6,425	2,955	3,475
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,660	730	935
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,765	2,225	2,540
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,170	4,620	3,545
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	49,975	25,260	24,715
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,040	520	520
All occupations¹⁹¹	48,935	24,740	24,195
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	415	265	150
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	7,090	1,880	5,210
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,145	2,320	825
3 Health occupations	4,885	1,055	3,830
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,985	1,990	3,995
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,530	680	845
6 Sales and service occupations	14,775	6,695	8,075
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,805	8,040	765
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,170	885	285
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,135	925	215
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	49,975	25,260	24,715
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,040	520	520
All industries¹⁹¹	48,935	24,740	24,195
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,010	730	275
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	265	250	10
22 Utilities	210	185	20
23 Construction	4,515	3,870	640
31-33 Manufacturing	1,720	1,300	425
41 Wholesale trade	1,095	820	275
44-45 Retail trade	7,005	3,515	3,490
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,530	1,980	550
51 Information and cultural industries	945	570	375
52 Finance and insurance	1,660	625	1,030
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,060	525	535
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,205	1,760	1,440
55 Management of companies and enterprises	65	35	30
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,430	1,310	1,115
61 Educational services	3,680	1,235	2,440
62 Health care and social assistance	8,060	1,720	6,335
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	840	380	460
72 Accommodation and food services	3,920	1,795	2,125
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,260	935	1,325
91 Public administration	2,470	1,185	1,285
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	53,875	27,200	26,680
English	52,470	26,580	25,890
French	75	10	65
Non-official language	210	120	85
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	210	120	85
English and French	415	170	245
English and non-official language(s)	665	295	370
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	30	10
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	53,875	27,200	26,680
Single responses	53,730	27,115	26,610
Official languages	53,420	26,955	26,470
English	53,250	26,920	26,330
French	175	35	135
Non-official languages	300	160	145
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	300	160	145
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	65	35	35
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	65	35	35
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	35	20	15
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	10	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	15	0	10
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	15	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	30	10	25
Korean	60	35	20
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	0
American Sign Language	10	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	95	55	35
Chinese languages	95	55	35
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	85	55	30
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	0	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	150	80	65
English and French	20	10	10
English and non-official language(s)	120	65	65
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	53,875	27,200	26,680
None	52,885	26,770	26,110
English	195	70	125
French	300	125	170
Non-official language	435	185	250
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	25
Non-Indigenous	385	165	220
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	30	25	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	10
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	45,770	23,105	22,665
Worked at home	8,100	3,470	4,630
Worked outside Canada	55	40	15
No fixed workplace address	7,680	5,710	1,970
Usual place of work	29,935	13,890	16,050
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,935	13,885	16,050
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	25,360	11,165	14,190
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,430	1,315	1,110
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,980	1,260	715
Commute to a different province or territory	170	140	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,620	19,600	18,020
Car, truck or van	32,640	17,040	15,595
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,370	16,055	14,320
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,265	990	1,275
Public transit	1,520	685	835
Walked	1,975	925	1,045
Bicycle	525	360	165
Other method	960	585	380
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,620	19,600	18,020
Less than 15 minutes	17,275	8,015	9,260
15 to 29 minutes	13,555	7,165	6,395
30 to 44 minutes	3,905	2,390	1,520
45 to 59 minutes	1,115	710	405
60 minutes and over	1,760	1,320	440
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,620	19,600	18,020
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,920	1,415	500
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,795	3,185	1,610
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,080	5,340	4,740
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,110	4,030	5,080
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,615	2,360	3,255
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,105	3,270	2,835
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,240	8,890	8,345
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,365	690	675
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,875	8,200	7,670
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,875	6,615	6,260
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,080	540	540
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	605	280	325
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	470	260	215
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,800	6,075	5,720

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 18, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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