Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Niagara, Regional municipality (RM)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	477,941	...	...
Population, 2016¹	447,888	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	207,926	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	195,914	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	258.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,852.82	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	477,940	232,715	245,225
0 to 14 years	70,600	36,280	34,320
0 to 4 years	21,830	11,285	10,545
5 to 9 years	23,860	12,300	11,560
10 to 14 years	24,910	12,700	12,215
15 to 64 years	295,990	145,755	150,240
15 to 19 years	25,275	13,125	12,150
20 to 24 years	27,230	14,020	13,210
25 to 29 years	28,700	14,530	14,175
30 to 34 years	28,665	14,295	14,375
35 to 39 years	27,415	13,375	14,040
40 to 44 years	26,695	12,985	13,710
45 to 49 years	27,910	13,560	14,350
50 to 54 years	30,695	14,820	15,875
55 to 59 years	36,760	17,725	19,035
60 to 64 years	36,645	17,330	19,320
65 years and over	111,345	50,680	60,670
65 to 69 years	33,245	15,755	17,485
70 to 74 years	29,210	13,810	15,405
75 to 79 years	20,275	9,580	10,695
80 to 84 years	13,770	6,075	7,690
85 years and over	14,850	5,455	9,395
85 to 89 years	8,765	3,555	5,215
90 to 94 years	4,645	1,545	3,095
95 to 99 years	1,290	320	975
100 years and over	145	35	110
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	15.6	14.0
15 to 64 years	61.9	62.6	61.3
65 years and over	23.3	21.8	24.7
85 years and over	3.1	2.3	3.8
Average age of the population	44.4	43.2	45.5
Median age of the population	46.0	44.0	47.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	195,915	...	...
Single-detached house	129,970	...	...
Semi-detached house	10,205	...	...
Row house	15,410	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,655	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	21,725	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,775	...	...
Other single-attached house	625	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	555	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	195,915	...	...
1 person	55,085	...	...
2 persons	71,480	...	...
3 persons	29,445	...	...
4 persons	24,930	...	...
5 or more persons	14,970	...	...
Number of persons in private households	469,455	229,145	240,310
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	407,340	196,430	210,905
Married or living common-law	231,440	115,715	115,720
Married	192,070	96,040	96,030
Living common-law	39,365	19,675	19,690
Living common law - Never married	25,355	12,705	12,650
Living common law - Separated	2,770	1,465	1,300
Living common law - Divorced	9,755	4,885	4,865
Living common law - Widowed	1,495	620	870
Not married and not living common-law	175,905	80,720	95,185
Not married and not living common law - Never married	107,285	58,165	49,115
Not married and not living common law - Separated	13,655	5,880	7,775
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	26,950	10,595	16,355
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	28,020	6,075	21,940
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	137,430	...	...
2 persons	75,435	...	...
3 persons	28,430	...	...
4 persons	23,270	...	...
5 or more persons	10,295	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	137,425	...	...
Total couple families	113,105	...	...
Married couples	93,455	...	...
With children⁶	45,135	...	...
Without children	48,320	...	...
Common-law couples	19,650	...	...
With children⁶	7,535	...	...
Without children	12,110	...	...
Total one-parent families	24,325	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	19,040	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	5,280	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	469,450	229,145	240,310
Total - Persons in census families	384,850	190,325	194,520
Married spouses or common-law partners	226,210	113,000	113,210
Parents in one-parent families	24,320	5,285	19,040
Children⁶	134,315	72,045	62,270
In a two-parent family	97,000	51,615	45,380
In a one-parent family	37,320	20,425	16,890
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	84,605	38,815	45,780
Living alone	55,085	24,010	31,075
Living with other relatives⁷	11,020	4,495	6,530
Living with non-relatives only	18,500	10,320	8,180
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	195,910	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	120,420	...	...
Couple-family households	101,815	...	...
With children⁶	47,345	...	...
Without children	54,465	...	...
One-parent-family households	18,605	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	5,705	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,205	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,995	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	7,500	...	...
One-person households	55,090	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	398,950	192,920	206,025
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	386,005	186,220	199,785
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	386,175	186,305	199,870
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,600	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	341,530	168,425	173,105
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,200	37,600	23,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	267,155	138,275	128,885
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,400	36,000	25,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	355,470	169,820	185,650
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	10,000	12,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	44,505	20,975	23,530
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,560	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	115,575	54,785	60,790
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	398,950	192,935	206,015
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	385,915	186,260	199,655
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,360	56,400	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	386,095	186,345	199,750
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,920	47,000	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	341,595	168,505	173,090
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,080	51,200	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	267,155	138,275	128,880
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,320	48,240	35,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	355,020	169,650	185,370
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,200	11,090	13,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	44,860	20,905	23,955
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,370	6,030	6,670
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	115,270	54,545	60,720
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,570	9,350	9,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	398,950	192,935	206,015
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	112,335	63,160	49,170
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	66,000	54,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,400	77,100	61,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	112,150	51,605	60,550
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,900	17,400	14,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,920	28,520	21,880
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.2	82.0	71.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.3	63.5	54.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.7	17.9	28.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.6	5.3	8.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.8	4.9	6.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	398,950	192,925	206,030
Without total income	12,945	6,705	6,245
With total income	386,005	186,225	199,780
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,415	12,065	16,355
$10,000 to $19,999	49,120	19,505	29,615
$20,000 to $29,999	65,360	27,040	38,315
$30,000 to $39,999	57,535	25,450	32,080
$40,000 to $49,999	46,475	21,970	24,510
$50,000 to $59,999	35,665	17,470	18,195
$60,000 to $69,999	26,495	14,525	11,970
$70,000 to $79,999	19,210	11,265	7,945
$80,000 to $89,999	14,005	8,525	5,485
$90,000 to $99,999	11,430	6,865	4,560
$100,000 and over	32,295	21,535	10,765
$100,000 to $149,999	22,655	14,500	8,155
$150,000 and over	9,640	7,030	2,610
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	398,950	192,925	206,030
Without after-tax income	12,775	6,620	6,155
With after-tax income	386,175	186,305	199,870
Under $10,000 (including loss)	30,170	12,555	17,615
$10,000 to $19,999	51,460	20,490	30,970
$20,000 to $29,999	74,745	31,260	43,490
$30,000 to $39,999	65,910	30,240	35,665
$40,000 to $49,999	51,330	24,930	26,400
$50,000 to $59,999	36,180	19,395	16,790
$60,000 to $69,999	24,450	14,285	10,165
$70,000 to $79,999	16,585	10,140	6,445
$80,000 to $89,999	12,815	7,360	5,455
$90,000 to $99,999	7,040	4,605	2,435
$100,000 and over	15,500	11,050	4,450
$100,000 to $124,999	8,120	5,630	2,490
$125,000 and over	7,380	5,420	1,960
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	398,950	192,925	206,030
Without employment income	131,795	54,650	77,140
With employment income	267,155	138,270	128,885
Under $5,000 (including loss)	47,280	24,680	22,595
$5,000 to $9,999	24,745	10,680	14,060
$10,000 to $19,999	35,245	15,485	19,760
$20,000 to $29,999	25,260	11,545	13,715
$30,000 to $39,999	23,780	11,200	12,580
$40,000 to $49,999	22,375	10,525	11,850
$50,000 to $59,999	19,440	10,160	9,285
$60,000 to $69,999	15,610	9,165	6,445
$70,000 to $79,999	11,690	7,310	4,380
$80,000 to $89,999	9,460	6,060	3,400
$90,000 to $99,999	9,260	5,290	3,975
$100,000 and over	23,010	16,170	6,840
$100,000 to $124,999	11,725	7,755	3,965
$125,000 and over	11,285	8,410	2,875
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	398,950	192,920	206,025
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	380,415	183,320	197,100
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,200	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	380,570	183,330	197,230
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	38,800	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	340,010	167,425	172,585
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	40,400	27,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	270,685	139,645	131,040
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	337,365	160,635	176,735
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	2,060	7,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	28,620	12,860	15,760
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,960	5,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	398,950	192,935	206,015
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	380,345	183,230	197,115
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,360	55,000	40,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	380,465	183,250	197,215
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,920	45,280	35,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	340,200	167,480	172,720
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,560	53,000	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	270,305	139,405	130,895
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,880	50,200	37,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	337,350	160,450	176,905
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,460	7,510	9,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,640	12,845	15,790
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,730	6,105	7,230
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	398,950	192,935	206,015
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	111,570	62,710	48,855
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	63,600	50,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,400	74,600	58,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	107,330	49,145	58,185
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	26,600	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,920	36,800	27,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.2	88.0	79.2
Employment income (%)	65.8	69.4	61.3
Government transfers (%)	15.8	11.9	20.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	195,915	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	55,090	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	140,830	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	195,910	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	55,065	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	140,850	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	195,915	...	...
Under $5,000	1,605	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	870	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,145	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,070	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,355	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,310	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,870	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,795	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,150	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,120	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,685	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,980	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,060	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,750	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,865	...	...
$100,000 and over	72,280	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	23,470	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,370	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	17,995	...	...
$200,000 and over	14,445	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	195,915	...	...
Under $5,000	1,855	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	910	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,230	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,245	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,870	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,385	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,200	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,900	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,255	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,185	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,100	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,365	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	15,915	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,595	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,355	...	...
$100,000 and over	56,545	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	22,910	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,965	...	...
$150,000 and over	19,670	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	135,545	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	55,635	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	53,350	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	22,350	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	73,585	34,330	39,255
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	37,600	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,400	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	135,405	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,475	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	53,605	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	22,130	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	73,500	34,140	39,365
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,360	47,760	43,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,880	40,320	37,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	469,455	229,145	240,310
0 to 17 years	85,530	44,005	41,525
0 to 5 years	26,510	13,700	12,810
18 to 64 years	278,565	136,360	142,205
65 years and over	105,360	48,775	56,580
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	49,030	22,225	26,810
0 to 17 years	10,715	5,465	5,250
0 to 5 years	3,635	1,850	1,785
18 to 64 years	26,965	12,625	14,340
65 years and over	11,355	4,140	7,220
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.4	9.7	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	12.5	12.4	12.6
0 to 5 years (%)	13.7	13.5	13.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.3	10.1
65 years and over (%)	10.8	8.5	12.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	469,450	229,145	240,305
0 to 17 years	85,530	44,005	41,525
0 to 5 years	26,510	13,700	12,815
18 to 64 years	278,565	136,365	142,205
65 years and over	105,355	48,780	56,580
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	18,650	9,520	9,130
0 to 17 years	2,890	1,490	1,400
0 to 5 years	885	450	435
18 to 64 years	14,115	7,360	6,755
65 years and over	1,640	670	970
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.0	4.2	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.4	3.4	3.4
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4	3.3	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.1	5.4	4.8
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.4	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	469,455	229,150	240,310
In bottom half of the distribution	248,615	118,110	130,505
In bottom decile	44,225	20,890	23,340
In second decile	50,185	22,595	27,585
In third decile	52,300	24,880	27,425
In fourth decile	51,055	24,850	26,200
In fifth decile	50,855	24,900	25,955
In top half of the distribution	220,840	111,035	109,800
In sixth decile	49,190	24,365	24,820
In seventh decile	47,230	23,635	23,595
In eighth decile	44,905	22,640	22,265
In ninth decile	42,880	21,730	21,150
In top decile	36,640	18,665	17,970
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	469,450	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.318	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.280	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	472,785	230,735	242,055
English only	435,160	214,455	220,700
French only	315	140	175
English and French	33,415	14,510	18,910
Neither English nor French	3,900	1,630	2,265
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	472,785	230,735	242,055
English	457,310	223,860	233,450
French	10,445	4,740	5,705
English and French	1,280	580	695
Neither English nor French	3,755	1,555	2,200
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	472,785	230,735	242,055
Single responses	460,435	224,910	235,520
Official languages	392,975	193,045	199,930
English	382,030	188,070	193,965
French	10,940	4,975	5,970
Non-official languages	67,460	31,865	35,595
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	20	25
Algonquian languages	30	10	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	5	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	0
Oneida	0	0	5
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	67,415	31,845	35,570
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,745	1,940	1,810
Berber languages	5	0	5
Kabyle	5	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	5	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	0	5
Cushitic languages	260	115	140
Bilen	5	0	5
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	250	115	135
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	3,470	1,820	1,655
Amharic	50	15	30
Arabic	3,110	1,645	1,470
Aramaic languages	95	50	45
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80	40	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	55	30	30
Maltese	105	50	50
Tigrigna	60	30	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,320	560	760
Khmer (Cambodian)	155	65	95
Vietnamese	1,160	495	665
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,480	1,335	2,145
Bikol	5	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	15	30
Cebuano	135	55	85
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	65	25	35
Ilocano	160	65	95
Indonesian	65	25	40
Kankanaey	5	5	5
Kinaray-a	5	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	5	15
Pangasinan	15	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,915	1,110	1,800
Waray-Waray	20	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Creole languages	255	135	115
Haitian Creole	155	70	85
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	5	5	0
Morisyen	10	10	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	50	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Dravidian languages	1,510	770	735
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	1,075	550	520
Tamil	320	155	160
Telugu	85	50	40
Tulu	5	0	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	46,660	22,345	24,315
Albanian	240	125	115
Armenian	235	115	125
Balto-Slavic languages	11,350	5,175	6,180
Baltic languages	230	100	130
Latvian	105	45	60
Lithuanian	125	55	70
Slavic languages	11,115	5,070	6,045
Belarusian	10	10	0
Bulgarian	325	140	185
Czech	275	125	150
Macedonian	125	65	55
Polish	3,885	1,705	2,185
Russian	1,485	650	835
Rusyn	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,910	1,450	1,455
Bosnian	245	130	120
Croatian	1,120	550	570
Serbian	1,510	760	745
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	25
Slovak	350	150	195
Slovene (Slovenian)	310	125	185
Ukrainian	1,435	640	795
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Celtic languages	45	30	20
Irish	15	5	10
Scottish Gaelic	15	5	5
Welsh	15	10	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Germanic languages	8,615	3,915	4,695
Frisian	55	25	35
High German languages	4,490	1,995	2,495
German	4,445	1,970	2,475
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	20	15
Yiddish	10	0	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,810	1,800	2,010
Afrikaans	135	65	75
Dutch	3,380	1,595	1,780
Low German, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Low Saxon	20	10	5
Plautdietsch	205	95	110
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	25
Scandinavian languages	245	100	145
Danish	140	60	80
Icelandic	10	5	5
Norwegian	25	10	15
Swedish	70	25	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Greek	765	390	370
Indo-Iranian languages	7,495	3,870	3,625
Indo-Aryan languages	6,480	3,360	3,120
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	310	165	150
Gujarati	1,015	565	450
Hindi	910	510	400
Kacchi	35	25	15
Kashmiri	10	10	5
Konkani	20	10	10
Marathi	90	45	40
Nepali	90	45	50
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,145	1,060	1,085
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	10	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	60	50
Urdu	1,690	845	845
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Iranian languages	1,005	505	505
Baluchi	20	10	10
Kurdish	255	135	120
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	90	45	45
Persian languages	635	315	320
Dari	180	85	95
Iranian Persian	375	195	180
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	80	35	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	17,920	8,740	9,185
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	9,060	4,385	4,675
Portuguese	1,720	850	875
Romanian	545	250	290
Spanish	6,560	3,230	3,325
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	305	90	215
Korean	1,560	715	845
Mongolian	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	680	315	370
Akan (Twi)	100	50	45
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	0
Éwé	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	10	0	10
Ganda	20	10	15
Gikuyu	15	5	10
Igbo	40	15	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10
Lingala	15	0	15
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	5
Ndebele	10	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	5	10
Shona	120	50	75
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	120	50	65
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	95	45	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	115	70	50
American Sign Language	105	60	45
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,045	2,310	2,735
Chinese languages	5,000	2,290	2,710
Hakka	30	15	15
Mandarin	3,510	1,620	1,890
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,280	570	705
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	35	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	20	25
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	35	15	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	355	145	210
Lao	230	115	120
Thai	105	30	80
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Turkic languages	615	340	280
Azerbaijani	25	15	15
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	540	300	245
Uyghur	20	10	10
Uzbek	20	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	1,730	760	970
Estonian	100	45	50
Finnish	130	55	80
Hungarian	1,500	660	840
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Multiple responses	12,355	5,825	6,530
English and French	2,765	1,265	1,500
English and non-official language(s)	8,350	3,995	4,360
French and non-official language(s)	240	115	120
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130
Multiple non-official languages	750	330	415
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	472,785	230,735	242,055
English	404,035	198,590	205,450
French	2,000	890	1,110
Non-official language	14,960	6,935	8,025
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0
Non-Indigenous	14,960	6,935	8,025
English and French	6,080	2,570	3,510
English and non-official language(s)	42,995	20,510	22,485
French and non-official language(s)	110	50	60
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,610	710	900
Multiple non-official languages	990	475	515
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	472,785	230,735	242,055
Single responses	462,670	225,970	236,700
Official languages	433,040	211,965	221,075
English	430,165	210,705	219,460
French	2,875	1,260	1,615
Non-official languages	29,625	14,000	15,625
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,620	14,005	15,620
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,100	1,015	1,080
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	205	90	110
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	200	90	110
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,895	925	975
Amharic	15	5	15
Arabic	1,755	855	895
Aramaic languages	60	35	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	35	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	5	10
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	40	20	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	815	365	450
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	30	45
Vietnamese	740	330	410
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,740	790	955
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Cebuano	40	25	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	10
Ilocano	90	45	50
Indonesian	20	10	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	10
Pangasinan	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,500	675	825
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	115	50	65
Haitian Creole	90	40	50
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	980	500	475
Kannada	5	0	5
Malayalam	745	375	370
Tamil	180	95	90
Telugu	40	20	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	17,505	8,255	9,250
Albanian	100	50	50
Armenian	105	45	65
Balto-Slavic languages	4,310	1,970	2,335
Baltic languages	35	10	20
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	30	10	15
Slavic languages	4,275	1,960	2,320
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	150	65	80
Czech	70	30	45
Macedonian	30	15	15
Polish	1,495	675	825
Russian	850	390	465
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,185	575	615
Bosnian	90	50	45
Croatian	305	145	160
Serbian	785	375	410
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	75	40	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	15	35
Ukrainian	355	145	205
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	905	405	495
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	570	260	310
German	570	260	310
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	320	145	175
Afrikaans	70	30	35
Dutch	160	70	85
Low German, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	75	35	40
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	15
Danish	0	5	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	270	125	145
Indo-Iranian languages	4,765	2,370	2,395
Indo-Aryan languages	4,210	2,120	2,095
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	155	70	80
Gujarati	635	345	290
Hindi	535	300	240
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	5	5	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	35	25	15
Nepali	70	35	40
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,590	770	820
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20
Urdu	1,105	540	570
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	550	250	300
Baluchi	10	5	5
Kurdish	160	75	80
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	60	30	30
Persian languages	325	145	175
Dari	100	50	50
Iranian Persian	185	80	105
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	10	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,045	3,280	3,770
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,160	845	1,315
Portuguese	705	330	375
Romanian	200	95	105
Spanish	3,970	2,005	1,970
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	130	60	65
Korean	1,205	575	635
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	255	125	130
Akan (Twi)	25	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	10	5
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	0	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	50	25	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	70	35	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	35	15	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	185	115	65
American Sign Language	140	85	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,590	1,705	1,885
Chinese languages	3,565	1,695	1,875
Hakka	5	5	5
Mandarin	2,650	1,275	1,370
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	20
Yue (Cantonese)	805	360	440
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	190	80	105
Lao	130	60	75
Thai	45	20	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Turkic languages	350	180	180
Azerbaijani	15	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	315	160	160
Uyghur	10	10	5
Uzbek	10	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	450	190	260
Estonian	5	5	5
Finnish	20	10	10
Hungarian	430	180	245
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	10,120	4,765	5,360
English and French	1,065	430	635
English and non-official language(s)	8,735	4,185	4,550
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	55	80
Multiple non-official languages	135	65	70
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	472,790	230,735	242,055
None	429,600	210,460	219,135
English	12,895	6,160	6,740
French	4,610	1,965	2,645
Non-official language	21,075	9,935	11,135
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	30
Non-Indigenous	21,015	9,910	11,100
English and French	180	85	95
English and non-official language(s)	1,525	745	780
French and non-official language(s)	860	385	475
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	2,015	985	1,035
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	469,455	229,145	240,310
Official languages	465,595	227,600	237,995
English	465,250	227,440	237,810
French	33,495	14,575	18,930
Non-official languages	90,640	42,560	48,080
Indigenous languages³⁹	160	45	115
Algonquian languages	90	25	65
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	0	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	20	40
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	60	20	40
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	20	40
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	45	10	35
Cayuga	25	10	15
Mohawk	15	0	15
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	90,495	42,520	47,975
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,915	2,995	2,925
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	55	0	45
Hausa	50	0	45
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	25	10	20
Cushitic languages	480	235	240
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	465	235	230
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,460	2,785	2,675
Amharic	85	25	65
Arabic	4,845	2,475	2,370
Aramaic languages	135	70	60
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120	70	60
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	220	120	100
Maltese	195	95	105
Tigrigna	50	30	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,830	805	1,025
Khmer (Cambodian)	280	90	190
Vietnamese	1,545	710	830
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,155	1,995	3,160
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	25
Cebuano	320	115	205
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	65	15	50
Ilocano	330	120	210
Indonesian	100	40	60
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	50	20	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	25	25
Pangasinan	15	10	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,810	1,855	2,955
Waray-Waray	20	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	20	45
Creole languages	700	370	330
Haitian Creole	445	235	210
Jamaican English Creole	45	25	20
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	40	25	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	150	75	75
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	35	25
Dravidian languages	1,885	1,025	860
Kannada	60	40	20
Malayalam	1,215	635	580
Tamil	605	360	250
Telugu	190	105	85
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	63,310	30,090	33,220
Albanian	345	160	185
Armenian	320	145	175
Balto-Slavic languages	14,035	6,530	7,500
Baltic languages	285	140	140
Latvian	140	70	70
Lithuanian	145	80	75
Slavic languages	13,800	6,415	7,385
Belarusian	45	30	25
Bulgarian	355	175	175
Czech	475	185	290
Macedonian	250	150	100
Polish	4,875	2,090	2,785
Russian	2,620	1,220	1,400
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,775	1,935	1,840
Bosnian	460	260	200
Croatian	1,795	890	905
Serbian	1,910	990	920
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	15	30
Slovak	470	205	260
Slovene (Slovenian)	325	135	195
Ukrainian	2,115	965	1,145
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Celtic languages	135	80	60
Irish	75	50	25
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	10
Welsh	30	10	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Germanic languages	11,455	5,275	6,175
Frisian	135	55	80
High German languages	6,365	3,020	3,345
German	6,345	3,000	3,345
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	55	30	25
Yiddish	15	15	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,910	2,225	2,685
Afrikaans	375	175	205
Dutch	4,260	1,940	2,320
Low German, n.o.s.	70	40	30
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	185	75	120
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	15
Scandinavian languages	365	160	210
Danish	165	75	95
Icelandic	35	20	15
Norwegian	60	25	30
Swedish	100	35	65
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Greek	1,225	630	600
Indo-Iranian languages	10,935	5,600	5,335
Indo-Aryan languages	9,955	5,115	4,840
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	455	265	190
Gujarati	1,560	855	710
Hindi	4,560	2,385	2,170
Kacchi	95	55	40
Kashmiri	25	10	10
Konkani	55	35	20
Marathi	275	130	140
Nepali	145	55	85
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,565	1,710	1,855
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	35	20	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	295	175	125
Urdu	3,285	1,660	1,625
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	110	65	45
Iranian languages	1,175	605	575
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	355	175	180
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	165	95	65
Persian languages	760	405	355
Dari	195	100	95
Iranian Persian	490	265	225
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	50	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	26,570	12,510	14,060
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	13,355	6,350	7,000
Portuguese	2,470	1,180	1,290
Romanian	665	330	335
Spanish	11,210	5,215	5,995
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	85	30	50
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	630	275	360
Korean	1,885	930	955
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,605	800	810
Akan (Twi)	220	135	75
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	20	0	15
Éwé	15	15	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	15	20
Ga	15	0	15
Ganda	65	30	35
Gikuyu	45	15	30
Igbo	115	70	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	30	35
Lingala	85	40	45
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	25	10	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10
Shona	210	100	110
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	370	190	180
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	345	145	200
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	180	100	80
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	15	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Sign languages	580	210	370
American Sign Language	510	180	330
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	30	50
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,915	2,715	3,200
Chinese languages	5,840	2,685	3,155
Hakka	35	10	20
Mandarin	4,630	2,135	2,495
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	55	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,630	750	880
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	40	55
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	35	40
Burmese	20	0	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	45	25	25
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	600	270	330
Lao	380	185	200
Thai	295	120	175
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
Turkic languages	1,120	635	485
Azerbaijani	70	35	35
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	1,005	570	435
Uyghur	35	20	10
Uzbek	10	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Uralic languages	2,175	925	1,250
Estonian	60	30	30
Finnish	165	55	110
Hungarian	1,955	845	1,110
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	469,455	229,145	240,310
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	13,960	6,565	7,400
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	13,325	6,255	7,075
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,785	3,625	4,155
Métis	5,390	2,530	2,860
Inuk (Inuit)	150	95	55
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	220	105	110
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	415	200	215
Non-Indigenous identity	455,495	222,585	232,910
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	469,455	229,145	240,310
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,890	1,830	2,065
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	465,565	227,315	238,245
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	195,915	...	...
Owner	142,185	...	...
Renter	53,730	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	195,915	...	...
Condominium	15,390	...	...
Not condominium	180,525	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	195,915	...	...
No bedrooms	620	...	...
1 bedroom	19,420	...	...
2 bedrooms	44,100	...	...
3 bedrooms	83,195	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	48,580	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	195,915	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	39,345	...	...
5 rooms	28,770	...	...
6 rooms	32,545	...	...
7 rooms	29,900	...	...
8 or more rooms	65,355	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	195,915	...	...
One person or fewer per room	193,905	...	...
More than one person per room	2,005	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	195,915	...	...
Suitable	188,725	...	...
Not suitable	7,190	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	195,915	...	...
1960 or before	62,260	...	...
1961 to 1980	57,940	...	...
1981 to 1990	21,235	...	...
1991 to 2000	17,860	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	7,645	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,260	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	11,885	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	195,915	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	185,180	...	...
Major repairs needed	10,735	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	195,915	...	...
One-maintainer household	97,720	...	...
Two-maintainer household	90,145	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,045	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	195,915	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,870	...	...
25 to 34 years	21,785	...	...
35 to 44 years	28,080	...	...
45 to 54 years	32,655	...	...
55 to 64 years	42,370	...	...
65 to 74 years	37,310	...	...
75 to 84 years	21,500	...	...
85 years and over	8,345	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	194,175	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	152,640	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	41,530	...	...
30% to less than 100%	38,175	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	195,915	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	54,850	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	37,550	...	...
Not suitable only	5,535	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,230	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,025	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,875	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	555	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...
Acceptable housing	141,060	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	190,820	...	...
In core need	19,570	...	...
Not in core need	171,250	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	141,165	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,160	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,368	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	634,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	53,670	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,100	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,186	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	469,455	229,150	240,305
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,205	1,990	2,215
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,085	1,940	2,140
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,110	1,470	1,645
Métis single ancestry	930	445	485
Inuit single ancestry	35	25	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	125	50	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	120	45	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	14,270	6,785	7,485
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	13,935	6,615	7,320
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,950	4,720	5,230
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,880	1,825	2,050
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	110	70	40
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	335	170	165
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	290	150	140
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	10	30
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	450,975	220,375	230,605
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	469,450	229,145	240,305
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	444,060	217,040	227,020
Canadian citizens aged under 18	82,845	42,715	40,135
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	361,215	174,325	186,890
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	25,395	12,105	13,285
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	469,450	229,145	240,305
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	378,060	185,670	192,385
Immigrants⁸¹	83,005	39,155	43,850
Before 1980	33,445	15,895	17,550
1980 to 1990	9,505	4,480	5,025
1991 to 2000	11,465	5,270	6,190
2001 to 2010	13,400	6,170	7,230
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,195	7,335	7,860
2011 to 2015	6,475	3,115	3,360
2016 to 2021	8,720	4,220	4,500
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,390	4,320	4,070
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	83,005	39,155	43,850
Under 5 years	9,530	4,775	4,755
5 to 14 years	16,925	8,585	8,340
15 to 24 years	18,525	8,405	10,115
25 to 44 years	32,070	14,630	17,440
45 years and over	5,960	2,760	3,200
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	83,005	39,155	43,850
Americas	15,765	7,055	8,710
Brazil	400	170	225
Colombia	1,355	645	710
El Salvador	715	325	390
Guyana	455	190	265
Haiti	390	185	200
Jamaica	1,640	795	845
Mexico	735	325	410
Peru	235	115	125
Trinidad and Tobago	890	480	410
United States of America	5,850	2,330	3,525
Other places of birth in Americas	3,110	1,495	1,610
Europe	40,075	19,340	20,735
Bosnia and Herzegovina	550	305	245
Croatia	1,225	655	575
France	255	110	145
Germany	2,615	1,230	1,385
Greece	550	325	225
Hungary	940	400	540
Italy	6,950	3,450	3,500
Netherlands	3,605	1,835	1,775
Poland	3,125	1,350	1,770
Portugal	915	445	475
Romania	695	335	355
Russian Federation	640	250	395
Serbia⁸⁶	650	335	315
Ukraine	935	380	550
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,460	5,980	6,480
Other places of birth in Europe	3,950	1,940	2,015
Africa	4,340	2,145	2,195
Algeria	60	35	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	90	70
Egypt	495	235	265
Eritrea	40	25	20
Ethiopia	75	25	45
Morocco	85	45	35
Nigeria	570	290	285
Somalia	315	150	160
South Africa, Republic of	595	275	325
Other places of birth in Africa	1,940	980	965
Asia	22,470	10,415	12,055
Afghanistan	125	70	55
Iran⁸⁸	420	230	190
Iraq	545	285	265
Lebanon	365	220	145
Syria⁸⁹	575	290	290
Turkey	520	305	215
China⁹⁰	3,145	1,355	1,795
Hong Kong⁹¹	335	180	155
Korea, South⁹²	1,215	560	655
Taiwan	125	40	85
Philippines	4,490	1,705	2,785
Viet Nam	1,050	500	550
Bangladesh	210	120	95
India	4,275	2,210	2,060
Pakistan	1,845	935	915
Sri Lanka	355	175	180
Other places of birth in Asia	2,870	1,255	1,615
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	355	200	155
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,720	4,220	4,500
Americas	1,875	935	945
Brazil	80	30	50
Colombia	225	100	130
Haiti	65	20	45
Jamaica	220	140	80
Mexico	115	55	55
United States of America	575	300	275
Venezuela⁹⁵	130	65	65
Other places of birth in Americas	470	225	245
Europe	855	455	400
France	20	15	0
Germany	25	20	0
Ireland⁹⁶	40	15	20
Italy	15	0	10
Russian Federation	85	20	65
Ukraine	95	45	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	180	125	55
Other places of birth in Europe	395	200	190
Africa	990	480	515
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	35	10	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	25	15
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	60	25	35
Eritrea	15	15	0
Ethiopia	15	0	15
Morocco	10	0	0
Nigeria	315	155	155
Somalia	95	40	55
South Africa, Republic of	75	35	45
Sudan⁹⁷	80	40	45
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	250	125	125
Asia	4,950	2,315	2,640
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	45	30	20
China⁹⁰	845	330	515
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	1,370	740	630
Iran⁸⁸	45	30	15
Iraq	110	55	60
Israel	15	15	0
Japan	25	10	15
Jordan	45	20	30
Korea, South⁹²	325	150	170
Lebanon	35	30	10
Nepal	30	10	15
Pakistan	275	120	150
Philippines	750	290	460
Saudi Arabia	85	50	40
Sri Lanka	10	0	10
Syria⁸⁹	350	180	175
Turkey	130	70	65
United Arab Emirates	85	45	45
Viet Nam	85	40	45
Other places of birth in Asia	285	105	180
Oceania and other⁹³	50	35	10
Australia	45	30	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	469,455	229,145	240,310
First generation¹⁰⁰	95,855	45,540	50,315
Second generation¹⁰¹	102,000	50,080	51,925
Third generation or more¹⁰²	271,590	133,525	138,070
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	49,560	23,255	26,305
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	21,390	10,625	10,765
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,380	5,565	3,815
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,010	5,060	6,950
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,635	6,755	9,885
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,425	5,375	5,050
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,105	500	605
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	49,560	23,255	26,305
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,795	2,905	2,890
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,460	2,610	2,850
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,290	635	650
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,725	1,235	1,490
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	555	150	410
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,740	15,725	18,015
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	469,455	229,145	240,310
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	62,395	30,665	31,725
South Asian	13,845	7,250	6,595
Chinese	6,675	3,030	3,640
Black	13,305	6,930	6,375
Filipino	6,505	2,785	3,720
Arab	3,580	1,865	1,715
Latin American	6,975	3,345	3,630
Southeast Asian	3,210	1,505	1,705
West Asian	1,030	570	465
Korean	1,920	935	980
Japanese	770	330	445
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,525	690	835
Multiple visible minorities	3,050	1,430	1,625
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	407,060	198,480	208,585
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	469,455	229,145	240,310
Canadian	69,000	34,090	34,915
English	112,505	54,145	58,360
Irish	76,645	35,655	40,985
Scottish	82,675	39,865	42,810
French, n.o.s.¹²²	43,650	20,455	23,195
German	57,715	27,785	29,930
Chinese	7,255	3,280	3,975
Italian	55,020	27,695	27,325
Indian (India)	8,600	4,450	4,150
Ukrainian	21,355	10,385	10,970
Dutch	34,315	17,190	17,120
Polish	22,640	10,760	11,880
Québécois	1,090	425	665
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,130	10,065	11,070
Filipino	6,455	2,755	3,695
French Canadian	8,060	3,975	4,085
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,665	3,940	3,730
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,955	2,830	3,130
Métis	5,230	2,480	2,750
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	5,815	2,920	2,900
Russian	6,620	3,100	3,520
Norwegian	2,270	1,080	1,190
Welsh	9,235	4,200	5,035
Portuguese	4,245	2,175	2,075
American	6,940	3,285	3,665
Spanish	3,950	1,810	2,140
Swedish	2,530	1,020	1,510
Hungarian	12,620	6,020	6,600
Acadian	1,135	505	630
Pakistani	2,375	1,190	1,180
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,970	1,520	1,450
Jewish	1,570	850	725
Punjabi	985	435	555
Vietnamese	1,900	925	975
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,855	930	925
Greek	3,430	1,770	1,665
Jamaican	3,935	1,930	2,005
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,490	720	765
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	480	175	305
Korean	1,930	940	990
Romanian	2,865	1,395	1,470
Lebanese	1,100	625	470
Iranian	485	240	250
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,140	1,055	1,085
Danish	2,345	1,090	1,265
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,460	1,125	1,340
Sikh	400	205	195
Austrian	2,575	1,215	1,360
Belgian	1,400	690	705
Haitian	535	290	245
Hindu	850	465	385
Mexican	1,405	715	690
Mennonite	2,530	1,285	1,245
Swiss	1,735	870	865
Finnish	1,845	815	1,030
Sri Lankan	390	205	185
Croatian	4,420	2,220	2,195
Japanese	1,050	450	605
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	775	410	360
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,140	545	595
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,065	520	550
Muslim	880	440	440
Egyptian	800	430	375
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,345	625	720
Tamil	225	120	100
Icelandic	420	175	240
Colombian	1,915	975	945
Moroccan	120	50	70
Czech	1,520	670	850
Syrian	530	215	315
Guyanese	815	380	430
Afghan	400	235	170
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	715	345	370
Serbian	2,965	1,510	1,455
Ojibway	825	420	400
Newfoundlander	915	425	490
Hong Konger	55	30	20
Ontarian	2,380	1,180	1,200
Persian	330	175	155
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,215	665	550
Turkish	1,060	585	475
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	185	110	75
Bangladeshi	200	110	85
Algerian	65	35	30
Brazilian	740	370	370
Nigerian	625	300	330
Armenian	1,015	510	510
Slovak	2,295	1,095	1,200
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	920	450	470
Somali	540	255	290
Taiwanese	200	70	135
Iraqi	335	180	160
Salvadorean	870	435	435
African Caribbean	470	235	230
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	315	125	190
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	580	320	265
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	510	300	210
Algonquin	510	220	290
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	570	275	290
Lithuanian	1,075	545	525
South African	695	355	340
Australian	505	280	225
Palestinian	480	215	270
Chilean	295	130	165
Congolese	215	130	85
Nova Scotian	370	190	190
Ethiopian	120	55	65
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	810	420	390
Peruvian	255	115	140
Yoruba	305	160	140
Cambodian (Khmer)	400	160	245
Berber	45	15	30
Albanian	415	190	225
Maltese	1,385	725	660
Macedonian	745	365	380
Slovenian	1,460	655	810
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	440	190	255
New Brunswicker	320	135	185
Gujarati	295	160	130
Eritrean	70	35	40
African Canadian	300	145	155
Israeli	145	90	65
Mohawk	940	500	445
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	830	345	485
Bulgarian	700	380	320
Albertan	50	25	20
Ghanaian	215	125	90
Barbadian	525	295	230
African American	760	360	400
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	840	370	470
Tunisian	15	10	10
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	435	230	210
Cuban	555	255	305
Bosnian	630	335	300
Venezuelan	370	195	175
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	20	20
Latvian	675	320	355
Bengali	115	70	50
Cameroonian	60	20	40
Guatemalan	430	200	230
Indonesian	270	120	150
Laotian	380	195	190
Ilocano	180	75	105
Northern Irish	510	265	245
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	225	120	105
British Columbian	30	20	10
Ecuadorian	140	50	90
Franco Ontarian	350	170	185
Argentinian	255	120	140
Estonian	405	185	225
Kurdish	340	205	140
Fijian	30	0	20
Jatt	60	20	40
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	310	165	145
Coptic	115	45	70
Thai	355	135	220
Dominican	120	60	60
Nepali	115	55	60
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	130	65	60
Igbo	145	80	60
Byelorussian	315	165	150
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	115	75	40
Abenaki	15	0	10
Moldovan	145	60	85
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	390	185	205
New Zealander	195	80	115
Sudanese	715	340	380
Breton	10	0	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,115	475	635
Malaysian	135	60	75
Plains Cree	10	0	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	30	15
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	35
Saskatchewanian	60	30	35
Buddhist	105	50	60
Gaspesian	55	15	35
Norman	85	60	25
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	150	105	45
Ivorian	35	10	25
Saulteaux	10	10	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	130	50	80
Burundian	15	0	10
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	105	55	50
Mauritian	35	15	15
Kenyan	85	50	35
Oji-Cree	10	10	0
Vincentian	90	30	65
Jordanian	200	100	100
Manitoban	25	25	0
Cape Bretoner	205	85	120
Rwandan	40	20	20
Grenadian	50	35	20
Malayali	115	60	50
Chaldean	20	10	20
Sinhalese	115	55	55
Mayan	150	70	80
Honduran	205	105	105
Cherokee	135	75	60
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	65	40	25
Indo-Caribbean	100	45	50
Flemish	70	40	30
United Empire Loyalist	495	225	270
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	120	65	50
Sicilian	155	80	75
Pashtun	20	15	10
Malay	45	25	20
Goan	20	15	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	15	10
Tibetan	65	25	40
Zimbabwean	240	100	140
Burmese	75	35	45
Mongolian	75	30	50
Azorean	100	45	55
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	20	15	0
Ugandan	110	65	45
Oromo	15	0	15
Tanzanian	85	45	35
Yemeni	75	40	35
Central African	15	0	10
Libyan	175	75	100
Basque	25	10	15
Uruguayan	80	50	30
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	75	35	40
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	15	15
Igorot	20	0	15
Fulani	50	25	30
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	25	10	15
St. Lucian	45	25	30
Prince Edward Islander	25	15	10
Maliseet	30	15	15
Beninese	10	0	10
Telugu	15	10	10
Roma	145	80	70
Costa Rican	55	40	15
African Nova Scotian	25	10	15
Malagasy	15	0	15
Kashmiri	40	20	15
Singaporean	35	10	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	55	20	30
Tajik	45	15	30
Amhara	40	10	30
Paraguayan	165	75	90
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	469,455	229,145	240,310
Buddhist	2,410	1,070	1,340
Christian	286,590	133,970	152,615
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	40,770	19,610	21,155
Anabaptist	4,620	2,210	2,410
Anglican	27,035	12,070	14,965
Baptist	5,740	2,595	3,140
Catholic	136,065	64,750	71,315
Christian Orthodox	6,520	3,235	3,285
Jehovah's Witness	2,200	970	1,225
Latter Day Saints	835	380	460
Lutheran	5,830	2,675	3,155
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,375	645	725
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,960	2,270	2,690
Presbyterian	9,080	4,090	4,990
Reformed	6,135	3,015	3,115
United Church	20,355	8,665	11,685
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	15,080	6,785	8,295
Hindu	3,835	2,110	1,725
Jewish	1,250	575	680
Muslim	11,060	5,580	5,480
Sikh	2,370	1,060	1,310
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	220	105	115
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,575	1,020	1,550
No religion and secular perspectives	159,155	83,660	75,495
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	465,375	227,135	238,240
Non-movers	411,575	200,835	210,735
Movers	53,800	26,295	27,510
Non-migrants	24,320	11,785	12,535
Migrants	29,480	14,510	14,970
Internal migrants	27,235	13,325	13,910
Intraprovincial migrants	26,140	12,780	13,360
Interprovincial migrants	1,095	550	545
External migrants	2,250	1,185	1,065
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	447,590	218,035	229,550
Non-movers	280,315	136,460	143,855
Movers	167,270	81,575	85,695
Non-migrants	59,245	28,785	30,460
Migrants	108,025	52,790	55,235
Internal migrants	94,600	46,170	48,425
Intraprovincial migrants	89,430	43,510	45,925
Interprovincial migrants	5,165	2,665	2,505
External migrants	13,425	6,620	6,810
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	398,950	192,935	206,015
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	68,475	35,590	32,890
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	330,475	157,345	173,125
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	241,375	117,060	124,315
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,885	12,985	9,900
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	218,495	104,075	114,415
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	398,950	192,935	206,015
No certificate, diploma or degree	61,495	31,165	30,330
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	127,280	62,560	64,720
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	210,180	99,210	110,970
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	129,570	63,790	65,785
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	27,200	19,760	7,440
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,445	7,670	4,780
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,755	12,090	2,660
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	95,060	40,755	54,305
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,310	3,275	4,035
Bachelor's degree or higher	80,605	35,420	45,185
Bachelor's degree	55,465	23,560	31,905
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,300	2,380	2,925
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,855	1,075	780
Master's degree	15,710	7,110	8,600
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,275	1,295	980
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	241,375	117,055	124,315
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,890	11,175	8,715
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	71,430	37,505	33,925
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	150,055	68,380	81,675
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	90,680	43,770	46,910
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,610	11,880	4,730
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,690	4,680	3,015
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,920	7,195	1,720
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	69,420	29,835	39,585
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,650	2,050	2,600
Bachelor's degree or higher	59,370	24,610	34,765
Bachelor's degree	40,870	16,785	24,085
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,885	1,580	2,305
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,315	685	630
Master's degree	11,720	4,745	6,975
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,580	820	765
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	398,950	192,930	206,020
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	188,775	93,725	95,050
Education	14,250	3,580	10,670
13. Education	14,250	3,580	10,670
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,425	3,290	4,135
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	675	495	180
50. Visual and performing arts	6,755	2,795	3,960
Humanities	11,330	4,460	6,865
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,090	220	860
23. English language and literature/letters	2,610	700	1,910
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,050	1,105	1,940
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	410	135	280
38. Philosophy and religious studies	760	415	350
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,220	825	395
54. History	1,610	970	640
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	580	85	490
Social and behavioural sciences and law	25,125	7,950	17,175
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300	65	230
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,745	1,130	1,615
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,685	450	5,235
22. Legal professions and studies	2,815	960	1,855
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	650	200	455
42. Psychology	4,540	1,010	3,535
45. Social sciences	8,380	4,140	4,240
Business, management and public administration	40,400	16,220	24,180
30.16 Accounting and computer science	85	45	40
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,015	780	3,235
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	36,300	15,400	20,905
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,970	3,455	3,515
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,885	1,130	1,755
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,675	740	935
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	115	35	75
40. Physical sciences	1,930	1,425	505
41. Science technologies/technicians	370	125	240
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,450	4,110	2,335
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,780	3,320	1,455
25. Library science	420	25	395
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,095	670	425
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	155	95	55
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	40,690	38,170	2,520
04. Architecture and related services	1,145	855	290
14. Engineering	5,670	4,810	860
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,560	9,735	825
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	8,275	8,115	160
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,900	8,740	165
48. Precision production	6,135	5,915	215
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,800	2,740	2,060
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,510	1,990	1,520
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,290	755	540
Health and related fields	35,990	6,735	29,255
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,670	1,770	1,895
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	31,740	4,645	27,090
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	30	70
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	480	280	205
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,685	8,465	8,220
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,755	2,585	6,160
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	60	55	0
43. Security and protective services	5,650	3,850	1,800
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,205	1,960	250
Other¹⁷⁹	75	25	45
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	241,370	117,060	124,315
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	91,320	48,675	42,640
Education	9,055	2,105	6,955
13. Education	9,055	2,105	6,955
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,385	2,305	3,080
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	390	260	130
50. Visual and performing arts	4,995	2,045	2,950
Humanities	7,530	2,895	4,640
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	740	120	625
23. English language and literature/letters	1,660	430	1,230
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,270	815	1,455
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	265	100	170
38. Philosophy and religious studies	520	290	225
39. Theology and religious vocations	700	480	215
54. History	1,050	610	440
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	325	45	280
Social and behavioural sciences and law	19,125	5,745	13,380
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	215	40	175
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,220	865	1,355
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,535	350	4,180
22. Legal professions and studies	2,165	655	1,505
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	440	145	290
42. Psychology	3,225	705	2,520
45. Social sciences	6,340	2,985	3,355
Business, management and public administration	29,925	11,340	18,590
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	35	40
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,130	485	2,645
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	26,720	10,815	15,905
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,895	2,180	2,715
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,130	775	1,355
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,225	495	730
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	25	65
40. Physical sciences	1,205	820	385
41. Science technologies/technicians	250	70	180
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,015	3,280	1,730
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,955	2,800	1,160
25. Library science	255	15	240
27. Mathematics and statistics	690	400	285
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	65	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	26,870	24,895	1,980
04. Architecture and related services	795	560	235
14. Engineering	3,925	3,185	745
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,305	6,680	625
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	5,360	5,260	105
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,815	5,720	100
48. Precision production	3,670	3,495	175
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,705	2,030	1,675
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,700	1,455	1,245
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,005	580	430
Health and related fields	25,975	5,070	20,905
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,800	1,360	1,440
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,770	3,530	19,240
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	70	10	60
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	340	170	170
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,535	6,525	6,010
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,355	1,980	4,380
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	4,560	3,100	1,455
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,590	1,415	175
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	20
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	241,370	117,060	124,315
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	91,320	48,675	42,640
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	150,055	68,380	81,675
Location of study inside Canada	127,565	58,455	69,110
Same as province or territory of residence	122,125	55,810	66,315
Different than province or territory of residence	5,440	2,650	2,790
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,485	9,925	12,565
Americas	8,655	3,790	4,865
United States of America	6,290	2,705	3,585
Mexico	255	105	150
Cuba	110	45	65
Haiti	35	20	10
Jamaica	150	100	50
Brazil	350	130	215
Colombia	645	295	350
Peru	55	20	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	155	65	85
Other locations of study in Americas	620	305	320
Europe	4,170	2,135	2,035
Belgium	15	15	0
France	115	65	50
Germany	130	80	45
Netherlands	170	100	65
Switzerland	35	30	0
Hungary	140	45	95
Moldova¹⁸³	55	25	30
Poland	480	230	255
Romania	145	90	50
Russian Federation	230	100	130
Ukraine	285	115	165
Ireland⁹⁶	125	75	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,445	770	670
Bosnia and Herzegovina	100	35	70
Italy	125	75	50
Serbia⁸⁶	115	55	60
Other locations of study in Europe	470	225	240
Africa	1,100	520	580
Nigeria	240	110	135
Algeria	25	10	15
Morocco	35	20	15
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	215	120	95
South Africa, Republic of	195	105	95
Other locations of study in Africa	395	165	230
Asia	8,130	3,300	4,830
Iran⁸⁸	95	45	55
Iraq	85	45	40
Israel	30	10	20
Lebanon	50	10	35
Syria⁸⁹	90	60	35
Turkey	260	130	125
China⁹⁰	1,075	460	615
Taiwan	45	20	30
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10
Japan	105	30	80
Korea, South⁹²	510	195	320
Philippines	1,945	620	1,320
Viet Nam	125	30	90
Bangladesh	70	30	40
Sri Lanka	80	40	40
India	2,405	1,095	1,310
Pakistan	665	315	355
Other locations of study in Asia	470	165	305
Oceania	425	175	250
Australia	365	145	225
New Zealand	60	35	30
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	398,950	192,935	206,015
In the labour force	233,555	120,570	112,985
Employed	197,365	103,475	93,900
Unemployed	36,190	17,095	19,095
Not in the labour force	165,390	72,365	93,025
Participation rate	58.5	62.5	54.8
Employment rate	49.5	53.6	45.6
Unemployment rate	15.5	14.2	16.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	398,950	192,930	206,020
Did not work¹⁸⁶	164,850	72,780	92,070
Worked	234,100	120,155	113,945
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	115,290	65,150	50,140
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	118,800	55,000	63,805
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.9	40.8	39.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	233,555	120,570	112,985
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,460	3,205	3,255
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	227,095	117,365	109,730
Employee	194,420	97,570	96,850
Permanent position	166,585	84,065	82,525
Temporary position	27,835	13,510	14,325
Fixed term (1 year or more)	7,845	3,525	4,315
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	19,995	9,985	10,005
Self-employed¹⁹²	32,680	19,790	12,885
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	233,555	120,570	112,985
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,460	3,205	3,255
All occupations¹⁹¹	227,095	117,365	109,730
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,375	1,725	650
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	33,615	9,965	23,645
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	12,685	10,140	2,545
3 Health occupations	19,210	3,450	15,760
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	25,775	8,895	16,880
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,840	2,675	3,170
6 Sales and service occupations	67,845	28,695	39,155
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	41,335	37,970	3,360
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	7,075	5,080	2,000
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	11,340	8,770	2,570
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	233,555	120,570	112,985
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,460	3,205	3,255
All industries¹⁹¹	227,095	117,365	109,730
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,820	3,505	2,315
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	455	365	85
22 Utilities	1,675	1,355	320
23 Construction	19,410	16,945	2,470
31-33 Manufacturing	20,840	15,935	4,900
41 Wholesale trade	7,790	5,230	2,555
44-45 Retail trade	28,700	12,910	15,790
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,605	7,750	2,855
51 Information and cultural industries	2,715	1,705	1,010
52 Finance and insurance	7,765	3,120	4,645
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,895	2,025	1,870
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	13,015	6,925	6,090
55 Management of companies and enterprises	380	175	205
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	11,025	6,440	4,585
61 Educational services	16,375	5,000	11,375
62 Health care and social assistance	29,945	5,070	24,875
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	6,835	3,705	3,135
72 Accommodation and food services	19,655	8,440	11,215
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,655	4,725	4,930
91 Public administration	10,545	6,040	4,510
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	251,935	129,010	122,920
English	242,790	125,120	117,670
French	900	230	675
Non-official language	770	410	360
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	770	410	360
English and French	3,565	1,285	2,285
English and non-official language(s)	3,620	1,820	1,800
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	275	140	130
Multiple non-official languages	10	10	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	251,935	129,010	122,920
Single responses	250,660	128,460	122,205
Official languages	249,335	127,775	121,560
English	247,870	127,395	120,470
French	1,470	375	1,095
Non-official languages	1,325	685	640
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,325	685	640
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	30	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	35	30	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	30	20	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	70	30	40
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	70	30	40
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	670	375	295
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	140	55	85
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	140	55	85
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	40	10	25
Russian	65	25	40
Serbo-Croatian	30	20	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	30	15	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	25	15	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	10	10
German	10	10	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	125	85	35
Indo-Aryan languages	110	80	30
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	15	15
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	25	10	15
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	370	210	160
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	0	10
Portuguese	40	15	25
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	315	190	120
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	0	40
Korean	55	35	20
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	0	10
American Sign Language	20	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	340	175	165
Chinese languages	340	175	165
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	285	145	140
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	30	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	15
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	0	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	10	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	25	10	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	15	15	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	10	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,270	555	720
English and French	530	155	370
English and non-official language(s)	730	395	335
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	251,935	129,010	122,920
None	245,645	126,275	119,375
English	1,085	395	690
French	2,510	1,000	1,505
Non-official language	2,225	1,090	1,135
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	2,215	1,090	1,125
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	20	15	0
French and non-official language(s)	220	115	100
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	215	115	100
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	197,370	103,475	93,895
Worked at home	40,730	17,925	22,810
Worked outside Canada	1,190	765	425
No fixed workplace address	25,365	18,965	6,405
Usual place of work	130,075	65,815	64,255
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	130,075	65,815	64,260
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	60,270	27,565	32,705
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	48,935	24,815	24,115
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	20,605	13,230	7,375
Commute to a different province or territory	270	205	65
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	155,445	84,785	70,665
Car, truck or van	143,430	79,190	64,240
Car, truck or van - as a driver	132,155	74,085	58,065
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	11,275	5,105	6,170
Public transit	2,670	1,045	1,630
Walked	5,235	2,425	2,810
Bicycle	990	760	230
Other method	3,115	1,365	1,755
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	155,445	84,785	70,665
Less than 15 minutes	57,515	27,460	30,060
15 to 29 minutes	56,140	30,375	25,765
30 to 44 minutes	24,460	14,705	9,755
45 to 59 minutes	7,420	4,985	2,435
60 minutes and over	9,905	7,255	2,650
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	155,445	84,785	70,665
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	13,165	9,450	3,710
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	28,400	19,015	9,380
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	36,950	20,510	16,435
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	32,150	13,715	18,435
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	20,205	8,455	11,755
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	24,575	13,640	10,940
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	87,285	44,885	42,400
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,260	4,205	4,055
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	79,020	40,680	38,340
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	63,820	32,785	31,030
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,370	3,275	3,090
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,950	1,970	1,985
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,420	1,305	1,110
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	57,450	29,515	27,935

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 18, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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