Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Toronto, City (C)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,794,356	...	...
Population, 2016¹	2,731,571	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,253,238	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,160,892	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,427.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	631.10	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,794,355	1,350,865	1,443,490
0 to 14 years	384,295	197,395	186,900
0 to 4 years	123,550	63,380	60,170
5 to 9 years	129,040	66,350	62,690
10 to 14 years	131,710	67,665	64,040
15 to 64 years	1,933,075	945,475	987,600
15 to 19 years	134,810	69,135	65,675
20 to 24 years	185,650	93,740	91,915
25 to 29 years	243,955	121,370	122,585
30 to 34 years	246,785	122,845	123,935
35 to 39 years	213,810	105,070	108,740
40 to 44 years	185,820	88,905	96,910
45 to 49 years	175,875	82,600	93,275
50 to 54 years	184,060	87,130	96,925
55 to 59 years	191,380	92,710	98,665
60 to 64 years	170,935	81,960	88,970
65 years and over	476,985	207,995	268,990
65 to 69 years	141,550	65,525	76,025
70 to 74 years	118,910	53,985	64,930
75 to 79 years	81,880	36,035	45,850
80 to 84 years	62,790	26,000	36,785
85 years and over	71,855	26,455	45,400
85 to 89 years	42,430	16,995	25,435
90 to 94 years	22,155	7,545	14,610
95 to 99 years	6,400	1,720	4,675
100 years and over	875	195	680
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.8	14.6	12.9
15 to 64 years	69.2	70.0	68.4
65 years and over	17.1	15.4	18.6
85 years and over	2.6	2.0	3.1
Average age of the population	41.5	40.3	42.6
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,160,890	...	...
Single-detached house	270,490	...	...
Semi-detached house	71,955	...	...
Row house	62,915	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	47,810	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	162,245	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	542,625	...	...
Other single-attached house	2,770	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	85	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,160,895	...	...
1 person	385,765	...	...
2 persons	353,415	...	...
3 persons	178,225	...	...
4 persons	147,360	...	...
5 or more persons	96,120	...	...
Number of persons in private households	2,761,285	1,336,430	1,424,855
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,410,060	1,153,470	1,256,590
Married or living common-law	1,213,410	610,400	603,015
Married	1,020,980	511,485	509,505
Living common-law	192,430	98,920	93,510
Living common law - Never married	155,085	79,230	75,855
Living common law - Separated	5,745	3,350	2,400
Living common law - Divorced	29,020	15,200	13,825
Living common law - Widowed	2,580	1,145	1,440
Not married and not living common-law	1,196,645	543,075	653,575
Not married and not living common law - Never married	853,580	437,820	415,760
Not married and not living common law - Separated	67,320	27,225	40,095
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	154,535	55,725	98,805
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	121,210	22,300	98,910
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	733,225	...	...
2 persons	362,160	...	...
3 persons	174,070	...	...
4 persons	141,635	...	...
5 or more persons	55,360	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	733,220	...	...
Total couple families	580,590	...	...
Married couples	484,435	...	...
With children⁶	288,375	...	...
Without children	196,060	...	...
Common-law couples	96,155	...	...
With children⁶	24,805	...	...
Without children	71,350	...	...
Total one-parent families	152,635	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	127,560	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	25,075	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,761,290	1,336,430	1,424,855
Total - Persons in census families	2,108,975	1,030,460	1,078,515
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,161,175	584,390	576,785
Parents in one-parent families	152,635	25,075	127,560
Children⁶	795,165	420,995	374,170
In a two-parent family	560,345	295,780	264,560
In a one-parent family	234,820	125,210	109,615
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	652,310	305,970	346,345
Living alone	385,765	172,230	213,540
Living with other relatives⁷	93,005	36,350	56,655
Living with non-relatives only	173,540	97,395	76,150
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,160,895	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	608,930	...	...
Couple-family households	493,770	...	...
With children⁶	265,950	...	...
Without children	227,825	...	...
One-parent-family households	115,160	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	40,515	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,920	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	41,030	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	74,730	...	...
One-person households	385,765	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,377,950	1,139,545	1,238,405
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,267,990	1,084,035	1,183,950
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,000	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,268,960	1,084,545	1,184,415
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,000	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,475	961,465	1,010,015
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,628,895	818,820	810,075
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,800	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,073,950	980,850	1,093,100
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	6,600	9,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,780	93,240	122,550
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,520	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,475	369,900	381,575
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,590
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,268,720	1,084,315	1,184,405
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,050	71,900	53,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,269,665	1,084,780	1,184,885
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080	54,800	43,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,972,460	962,230	1,010,235
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,300	71,400	49,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,628,885	818,905	809,980
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,100	70,100	50,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,074,670	981,145	1,093,525
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	9,390	11,490
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	214,715	93,140	121,570
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	5,970	6,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,260	370,340	380,925
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,060	10,090	10,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	764,215	409,545	354,675
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	74,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,900	107,900	82,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	628,025	294,775	333,255
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	18,200	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080	35,560	27,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	88.2	80.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	73.6	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	11.8	20.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	5.1	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.4	4.8	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,377,950	1,139,540	1,238,410
Without total income	109,960	55,505	54,450
With total income	2,267,990	1,084,035	1,183,955
Under $10,000 (including loss)	211,890	95,345	116,545
$10,000 to $19,999	278,135	128,640	149,490
$20,000 to $29,999	383,760	173,415	210,345
$30,000 to $39,999	278,910	123,895	155,015
$40,000 to $49,999	221,305	99,630	121,675
$50,000 to $59,999	177,155	80,720	96,430
$60,000 to $69,999	138,600	65,425	73,180
$70,000 to $79,999	111,165	54,305	56,865
$80,000 to $89,999	90,210	47,155	43,055
$90,000 to $99,999	73,405	38,500	34,900
$100,000 and over	303,450	176,995	126,450
$100,000 to $149,999	174,940	95,315	79,625
$150,000 and over	128,510	81,685	46,825
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,377,950	1,139,540	1,238,410
Without after-tax income	108,985	54,995	53,995
With after-tax income	2,268,965	1,084,545	1,184,420
Under $10,000 (including loss)	219,695	98,860	120,830
$10,000 to $19,999	290,385	135,125	155,265
$20,000 to $29,999	427,315	192,875	234,435
$30,000 to $39,999	317,215	143,540	173,680
$40,000 to $49,999	254,390	116,075	138,315
$50,000 to $59,999	191,895	89,410	102,485
$60,000 to $69,999	144,175	71,035	73,140
$70,000 to $79,999	107,625	56,265	51,360
$80,000 to $89,999	85,860	43,655	42,210
$90,000 to $99,999	54,710	29,750	24,955
$100,000 and over	175,685	107,950	67,735
$100,000 to $124,999	72,650	41,585	31,060
$125,000 and over	103,035	66,370	36,670
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,377,950	1,139,540	1,238,410
Without employment income	749,060	320,720	428,335
With employment income	1,628,890	818,815	810,070
Under $5,000 (including loss)	233,535	111,890	121,640
$5,000 to $9,999	149,810	68,255	81,550
$10,000 to $19,999	182,800	85,935	96,860
$20,000 to $29,999	134,370	63,055	71,310
$30,000 to $39,999	131,130	63,285	67,845
$40,000 to $49,999	128,965	61,660	67,305
$50,000 to $59,999	117,230	56,800	60,430
$60,000 to $69,999	98,370	49,625	48,745
$70,000 to $79,999	81,720	41,950	39,765
$80,000 to $89,999	69,910	38,470	31,440
$90,000 to $99,999	61,540	32,370	29,175
$100,000 and over	239,510	145,510	94,000
$100,000 to $124,999	94,895	52,690	42,210
$125,000 and over	144,610	92,825	51,790
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,377,950	1,139,545	1,238,405
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,210,875	1,054,040	1,156,835
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,600	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,211,340	1,054,160	1,157,180
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,000	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,937,590	943,240	994,350
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,619,820	811,895	807,930
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,800	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,945,410	918,155	1,027,255
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	870	2,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	112,960	44,865	68,095
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,640	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,590
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,540	1,054,250	1,157,290
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	70,400	49,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,955	1,054,335	1,157,620
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	53,600	40,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,937,680	943,545	994,135
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,500	73,700	49,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,620,165	812,015	808,145
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,200	70,700	49,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,946,775	919,240	1,027,530
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,335	5,108	7,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,735	44,895	68,835
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,670	6,680	8,310
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	753,570	403,225	350,345
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	68,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200	103,200	75,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	585,965	275,395	310,575
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	25,800	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,040	43,120	33,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	93.6	86.6
Employment income (%)	74.2	77.2	70.2
Government transfers (%)	9.4	6.3	13.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,160,895	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	385,765	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	775,125	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,160,890	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	121,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	385,525	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	775,365	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,160,890	...	...
Under $5,000	21,975	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,700	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,325	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	23,970	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	52,135	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	40,010	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	38,210	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	39,540	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,320	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	39,335	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	78,920	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	77,155	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	72,540	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	68,900	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	62,465	...	...
$100,000 and over	477,390	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	126,785	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	90,785	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	112,045	...	...
$200,000 and over	147,770	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,160,890	...	...
Under $5,000	24,205	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,965	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,670	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	25,555	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	55,350	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	44,335	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	43,080	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	45,405	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	46,380	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	47,410	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	94,635	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	90,850	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	84,155	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	76,730	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	65,450	...	...
$100,000 and over	387,715	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	125,030	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	84,425	...	...
$150,000 and over	178,260	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	723,990	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	238,385	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	313,995	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	138,855	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	559,305	269,620	289,685
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	38,800	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,200	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	723,485	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	238,080	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	314,490	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	138,050	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	558,720	268,480	290,245
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,950	57,400	54,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680	46,200	45,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,761,285	1,336,425	1,424,855
0 to 17 years	461,810	237,260	224,550
0 to 5 years	148,485	76,170	72,320
18 to 64 years	1,842,580	897,600	944,980
65 years and over	456,895	201,570	255,325
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,955	170,110	193,845
0 to 17 years	67,725	34,800	32,925
0 to 5 years	22,175	11,260	10,910
18 to 64 years	218,825	104,895	113,925
65 years and over	77,410	30,410	47,005
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2	12.7	13.6
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	14.7	14.7
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	14.8	15.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	11.7	12.1
65 years and over (%)	16.9	15.1	18.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,761,290	1,336,430	1,424,855
0 to 17 years	461,805	237,255	224,550
0 to 5 years	148,485	76,165	72,315
18 to 64 years	1,842,585	897,605	944,975
65 years and over	456,895	201,565	255,330
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	241,110	122,080	119,030
0 to 17 years	35,500	18,215	17,290
0 to 5 years	11,610	5,845	5,765
18 to 64 years	179,925	92,890	87,040
65 years and over	25,685	10,980	14,705
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.7	9.1	8.4
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	7.7	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8	7.7	8.0
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8	10.4	9.2
65 years and over (%)	5.6	5.5	5.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,761,285	1,336,425	1,424,855
In bottom half of the distribution	1,385,785	657,800	727,980
In bottom decile	348,260	169,275	178,980
In second decile	287,815	133,480	154,340
In third decile	265,075	124,965	140,110
In fourth decile	245,925	116,600	129,330
In fifth decile	238,700	113,485	125,215
In top half of the distribution	1,375,505	678,625	696,880
In sixth decile	234,350	112,690	121,660
In seventh decile	236,815	114,510	122,300
In eighth decile	245,465	120,335	125,125
In ninth decile	268,615	133,080	135,530
In top decile	390,265	198,000	192,265
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,761,290	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.437	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.555	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.371	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880
English only	2,409,655	1,187,180	1,222,480
French only	2,555	1,125	1,430
English and French	236,915	104,325	132,595
Neither English nor French	123,505	49,120	74,380
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880
English	2,590,345	1,265,255	1,325,090
French	38,695	18,240	20,460
English and French	22,190	10,120	12,070
Neither English nor French	121,390	48,135	73,260
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880
Single responses	2,588,520	1,253,850	1,334,665
Official languages	1,425,805	711,505	714,295
English	1,391,685	695,305	696,380
French	34,115	16,200	17,920
Non-official languages	1,162,715	542,350	620,370
Indigenous languages³⁹	265	130	145
Algonquian languages	225	105	120
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	75	35	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	70	35	40
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	5	20
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	0
Mi'kmaq	10	5	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	70	75
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0
Ojibway languages	135	70	65
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	10	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	0	5
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105	50	50
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	15	5	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	5
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,162,445	542,225	620,225
Afro-Asiatic languages	70,715	35,165	35,550
Berber languages	115	70	45
Kabyle	75	40	35
Tamazight	30	20	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Chadic languages	205	135	75
Hausa	190	125	65
Mina	15	10	5
Coptic	40	20	25
Cushitic languages	12,110	5,465	6,645
Bilen	130	75	60
Oromo	875	420	450
Somali	11,020	4,925	6,100
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35
Semitic languages	58,240	29,480	28,765
Amharic	7,465	3,405	4,065
Arabic	32,985	17,385	15,600
Aramaic languages	5,335	2,555	2,785
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	4,195	1,975	2,220
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	945	475	470
Aramaic, n.o.s.	195	105	90
Harari	700	310	390
Hebrew	4,210	2,280	1,930
Maltese	1,090	525	570
Tigrigna	6,310	2,950	3,360
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,750	12,695	16,050
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,230	540	685
Vietnamese	27,445	12,125	15,320
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	75	35	40
Austronesian languages	102,870	41,175	61,695
Bikol	330	145	190
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,385	580	810
Cebuano	2,750	1,095	1,660
Fijian	10	5	0
Hiligaynon	2,140	840	1,305
Ilocano	9,165	3,735	5,430
Indonesian	1,905	850	1,055
Kankanaey	245	110	135
Kinaray-a	185	75	110
Malagasy languages	20	10	15
Merina	5	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Malay	195	95	100
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	875	400	480
Pangasinan	450	180	265
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,185	32,660	49,530
Waray-Waray	270	105	170
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	755	305	450
Creole languages	2,720	1,235	1,480
Haitian Creole	720	315	405
Jamaican English Creole	150	65	85
Krio	100	45	60
Morisyen	565	265	300
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	765	350	415
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	200	215
Dravidian languages	67,995	34,355	33,640
Kannada	1,185	600	575
Malayalam	7,290	4,225	3,065
Tamil	52,905	25,655	27,250
Telugu	6,450	3,790	2,660
Tulu	115	60	60
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Georgian	1,095	590	505
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5
Indo-European languages	571,820	274,720	297,095
Albanian	9,195	4,540	4,660
Armenian	7,615	3,645	3,970
Balto-Slavic languages	105,980	47,080	58,905
Baltic languages	2,645	1,030	1,610
Latvian	1,165	450	715
Lithuanian	1,480	585	895
Slavic languages	103,340	46,045	57,290
Belarusian	135	55	80
Bulgarian	3,830	1,780	2,050
Czech	2,410	1,075	1,335
Macedonian	5,090	2,400	2,690
Polish	20,795	8,965	11,835
Russian	33,770	14,690	19,080
Rusyn	20	10	10
Serbo-Croatian	19,275	9,060	10,210
Bosnian	1,295	620	675
Croatian	4,990	2,220	2,775
Serbian	12,630	6,055	6,575
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	365	170	190
Slovak	2,765	1,290	1,475
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,425	575	850
Ukrainian	13,740	6,100	7,640
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Celtic languages	195	100	100
Irish	95	55	40
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	15
Welsh	50	20	35
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Germanic languages	17,060	7,825	9,230
Frisian	30	15	15
High German languages	12,605	5,640	6,970
German	10,700	4,765	5,930
Pennsylvania German	10	5	0
Swiss German	305	130	170
Yiddish	1,600	735	865
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,005	1,520	1,480
Afrikaans	450	245	200
Dutch	2,430	1,215	1,210
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	20	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	45	50
Scandinavian languages	1,375	625	755
Danish	535	235	300
Icelandic	50	25	20
Norwegian	190	80	105
Swedish	610	285	330
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15
Greek	23,540	11,110	12,435
Indo-Iranian languages	207,390	106,275	101,105
Indo-Aryan languages	150,130	77,905	72,230
Assamese	115	60	55
Bengali	31,335	16,040	15,290
Gujarati	27,090	14,195	12,895
Hindi	22,300	12,140	10,165
Kacchi	1,575	675	900
Kashmiri	90	45	45
Konkani	745	365	380
Marathi	3,025	1,605	1,415
Nepali	3,275	1,670	1,605
Oriya languages	495	275	225
Odia	305	170	135
Oriya, n.o.s.	190	100	90
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,230	11,065	10,170
Rohingya	15	0	10
Sindhi	550	285	265
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,260	1,605	1,655
Urdu	34,460	17,555	16,905
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	575	320	255
Iranian languages	57,210	28,350	28,860
Baluchi	90	50	40
Kurdish	1,865	1,085	780
Parsi	125	70	50
Pashto	4,390	2,285	2,105
Persian languages	50,490	24,715	25,770
Dari	10,715	5,190	5,525
Iranian Persian	34,575	16,910	17,665
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,200	2,620	2,585
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	245	140	110
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Italic (Romance) languages	200,780	94,110	106,665
Catalan	120	55	60
Italian	50,995	23,065	27,930
Portuguese	60,360	28,845	31,510
Romanian	10,510	4,765	5,740
Spanish	78,575	37,275	41,295
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	100	120
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Japanese	6,740	2,170	4,570
Korean	32,805	14,550	18,250
Mongolian	310	145	165
Niger-Congo languages	14,070	6,585	7,485
Akan (Twi)	3,640	1,685	1,955
Bamanankan	50	25	20
Edo	550	210	345
Éwé	125	75	55
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	205	95	105
Ga	165	80	90
Ganda	645	300	345
Gikuyu	150	70	85
Igbo	790	410	380
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	325	135	185
Lingala	215	95	120
Luba-Kasai	20	5	15
Mòoré	10	10	0
Mwani	85	45	40
Ndebele	100	45	55
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	105	130
Shona	370	175	190
Soninke	155	90	65
Sotho-Tswana languages	100	30	70
Swahili	2,255	1,050	1,210
Wojenaka	20	10	10
Wolof	145	70	75
Yoruba	2,495	1,195	1,295
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,220	575	645
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	190	170
Dinka	35	20	10
Nuer	10	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240	120	120
African, n.o.s.	70	40	35
Sign languages	430	225	215
American Sign Language	365	185	180
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	233,845	104,960	128,890
Chinese languages	227,685	101,945	125,740
Hakka	2,475	1,125	1,355
Mandarin	112,620	50,370	62,245
Min Dong	485	245	240
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,475	1,985	2,490
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,750	775	975
Yue (Cantonese)	103,530	46,375	57,150
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,240	1,010	1,230
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	50	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,080	2,980	3,100
Burmese	540	260	275
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	10
Karenic languages	215	100	120
S'gaw Karen	175	80	95
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Tibetan	5,155	2,535	2,620
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	90	75
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45
Tai-Kadai languages	1,745	650	1,100
Lao	600	295	310
Thai	1,065	330	730
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	75	25	60
Turkic languages	13,515	7,230	6,290
Azerbaijani	1,280	705	570
Kazakh	145	65	80
Turkish	11,225	6,040	5,190
Uyghur	265	115	150
Uzbek	395	200	195
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205	100	105
Uralic languages	12,495	5,505	6,990
Estonian	1,495	610	885
Finnish	1,090	405	685
Hungarian	9,915	4,490	5,415
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	80	85
Multiple responses	184,110	87,895	96,215
English and French	12,390	5,945	6,450
English and non-official language(s)	149,250	71,920	77,330
French and non-official language(s)	3,630	1,625	2,000
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,875	1,795	2,080
Multiple non-official languages	14,965	6,610	8,355
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880
English	1,485,800	737,765	748,035
French	9,195	4,355	4,835
Non-official language	369,860	169,255	200,610
Indigenous³⁹	40	15	20
Non-Indigenous	369,820	169,240	200,580
English and French	33,080	15,330	17,750
English and non-official language(s)	809,180	385,785	423,400
French and non-official language(s)	2,020	870	1,150
English, French and non-official language(s)	27,745	12,255	15,495
Multiple non-official languages	35,750	16,140	19,610
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880
Single responses	2,569,065	1,245,330	1,323,735
Official languages	1,855,810	912,035	943,770
English	1,839,730	904,470	935,265
French	16,070	7,565	8,510
Non-official languages	713,255	333,295	379,960
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	35	45
Algonquian languages	70	30	45
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	10	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	40	15	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0
Ojibway languages	40	15	25
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	713,175	333,260	379,915
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,890	18,995	20,900
Berber languages	45	30	20
Kabyle	25	15	15
Tamazight	10	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Chadic languages	125	70	55
Hausa	115	65	45
Mina	10	5	5
Coptic	20	10	5
Cushitic languages	7,140	3,190	3,955
Bilen	95	55	40
Oromo	495	230	270
Somali	6,515	2,895	3,625
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Semitic languages	32,565	15,700	16,865
Amharic	3,940	1,755	2,185
Arabic	18,060	8,910	9,150
Aramaic languages	4,345	2,080	2,265
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,485	1,655	1,825
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	730	355	375
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	65	65
Harari	385	170	220
Hebrew	1,630	845	790
Maltese	275	125	145
Tigrigna	3,870	1,795	2,075
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,895	8,890	11,000
Khmer (Cambodian)	730	315	415
Vietnamese	19,130	8,560	10,570
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	15	20
Austronesian languages	62,525	26,740	35,790
Bikol	145	60	85
Bisaya, n.o.s.	735	305	430
Cebuano	1,575	670	905
Fijian	5	10	0
Hiligaynon	1,235	535	700
Ilocano	5,385	2,385	2,995
Indonesian	685	320	360
Kankanaey	130	60	70
Kinaray-a	85	45	45
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	60	35	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	455	210	245
Pangasinan	160	70	85
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	51,355	21,815	29,535
Waray-Waray	120	40	70
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	395	175	225
Creole languages	1,485	650	830
Haitian Creole	400	165	235
Jamaican English Creole	80	30	50
Krio	50	20	25
Morisyen	430	205	225
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	350	155	195
Creole languages, n.i.e.	175	75	100
Dravidian languages	49,945	24,780	25,165
Kannada	520	270	250
Malayalam	4,505	2,545	1,960
Tamil	40,825	19,600	21,225
Telugu	4,055	2,345	1,710
Tulu	25	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Georgian	765	405	355
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	319,375	152,430	166,945
Albanian	4,390	2,170	2,225
Armenian	5,090	2,395	2,690
Balto-Slavic languages	53,790	24,470	29,325
Baltic languages	705	280	425
Latvian	285	115	175
Lithuanian	425	170	255
Slavic languages	53,085	24,185	28,900
Belarusian	40	20	20
Bulgarian	1,940	915	1,025
Czech	805	360	445
Macedonian	2,275	1,050	1,225
Polish	8,710	3,875	4,835
Russian	21,060	9,415	11,645
Rusyn	5	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	9,715	4,605	5,110
Bosnian	595	265	330
Croatian	1,815	815	1,005
Serbian	7,150	3,455	3,695
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150	70	80
Slovak	1,475	735	740
Slovene (Slovenian)	335	130	205
Ukrainian	6,720	3,075	3,640
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Celtic languages	25	15	15
Irish	15	10	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	5
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,160	1,015	1,145
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,530	700	830
German	1,290	590	695
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	60	30	30
Yiddish	185	80	100
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	430	220	215
Afrikaans	125	65	60
Dutch	290	145	145
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	195	95	100
Danish	55	25	35
Icelandic	0	0	5
Norwegian	30	10	15
Swedish	110	55	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	11,130	4,965	6,165
Indo-Iranian languages	134,850	67,805	67,045
Indo-Aryan languages	96,005	49,180	46,825
Assamese	50	30	25
Bengali	20,505	10,255	10,250
Gujarati	18,045	9,355	8,690
Hindi	12,995	6,990	6,000
Kacchi	770	335	435
Kashmiri	35	15	25
Konkani	190	95	95
Marathi	1,470	760	710
Nepali	2,235	1,150	1,085
Oriya languages	270	145	120
Odia	170	90	80
Oriya, n.o.s.	95	55	40
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,450	7,555	6,890
Rohingya	10	5	10
Sindhi	240	115	125
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,750	875	870
Urdu	22,650	11,320	11,325
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340	180	165
Iranian languages	38,835	18,610	20,225
Baluchi	75	40	35
Kurdish	1,045	570	480
Parsi	60	25	40
Pashto	3,230	1,655	1,575
Persian languages	34,250	16,225	18,025
Dari	7,145	3,340	3,810
Iranian Persian	23,600	11,195	12,405
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,500	1,685	1,810
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	100	70
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Italic (Romance) languages	107,915	49,595	58,320
Catalan	50	20	25
Italian	21,040	8,375	12,665
Portuguese	35,625	17,105	18,520
Romanian	4,755	2,150	2,600
Spanish	46,355	21,900	24,455
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100	40	55
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Japanese	3,105	1,280	1,825
Korean	23,115	10,510	12,605
Mongolian	185	100	90
Niger-Congo languages	5,745	2,605	3,140
Akan (Twi)	1,925	835	1,090
Bamanankan	30	15	15
Edo	135	50	85
Éwé	35	15	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	40	55
Ga	65	25	35
Ganda	200	95	110
Gikuyu	35	20	15
Igbo	215	105	115
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	60	70
Lingala	95	45	55
Luba-Kasai	5	5	5
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	30	15	15
Ndebele	40	20	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	60	70
Shona	95	40	60
Soninke	85	55	30
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	20
Swahili	1,005	455	555
Wojenaka	5	5	0
Wolof	50	25	25
Yoruba	935	425	510
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	355	180	180
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	60	70
Dinka	10	10	5
Nuer	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Sign languages	860	500	355
American Sign Language	635	385	255
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	115	110
Sino-Tibetan languages	172,010	78,390	93,615
Chinese languages	167,280	76,080	91,200
Hakka	1,075	475	600
Mandarin	86,150	39,880	46,265
Min Dong	330	160	170
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,270	1,000	1,265
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,130	515	615
Yue (Cantonese)	74,845	33,360	41,490
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,430	655	770
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,700	2,305	2,400
Burmese	330	155	170
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	0
Karenic languages	145	65	75
S'gaw Karen	110	55	55
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Tibetan	4,120	2,030	2,090
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	50	55
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages	770	340	430
Lao	275	135	140
Thai	450	190	265
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25
Turkic languages	8,360	4,310	4,045
Azerbaijani	690	350	335
Kazakh	10	10	5
Turkish	7,155	3,705	3,455
Uyghur	185	90	100
Uzbek	225	115	110
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	45	50
Uralic languages	4,940	2,240	2,700
Estonian	325	115	210
Finnish	155	70	85
Hungarian	4,460	2,050	2,410
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	40	40
Multiple responses	203,565	96,420	107,150
English and French	7,520	3,465	4,055
English and non-official language(s)	188,260	89,520	98,740
French and non-official language(s)	1,050	460	595
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,630	1,175	1,455
Multiple non-official languages	4,100	1,800	2,305
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880
None	2,031,410	990,095	1,041,310
English	269,945	129,305	140,645
French	26,595	12,125	14,470
Non-official language	341,655	160,845	180,805
Indigenous³⁹	325	150	175
Non-Indigenous	341,325	160,695	180,630
English and French	3,695	1,680	2,015
English and non-official language(s)	43,120	21,070	22,050
French and non-official language(s)	13,575	5,895	7,675
English, French and non-official language(s)	895	445	450
Multiple non-official languages	41,745	20,285	21,455
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,761,290	1,336,390	1,424,895
Official languages	2,637,775	1,287,455	1,350,320
English	2,635,255	1,286,345	1,348,915
French	238,505	104,650	133,855
Non-official languages	1,536,605	724,300	812,305
Indigenous languages³⁹	870	385	490
Algonquian languages	715	300	415
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	190	85	100
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	185	85	95
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	10	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	15
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	20	25
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	0	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	75	40	35
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	15	40
Mi'kmaq	55	15	40
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	500	215	295
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	15	0	15
Ojibway languages	480	215	270
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	35	60
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10	0	10
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	385	175	205
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	25	20	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	20	25
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	40	20	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	50	20	30
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	45	20	25
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0
Salish languages	10	10	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Non-Indigenous languages	1,535,860	723,970	811,890
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,095	59,300	59,800
Berber languages	305	185	120
Kabyle	180	105	75
Tamazight	115	70	45
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	25	15
Chadic languages	610	325	285
Hausa	560	300	260
Mina	40	25	20
Coptic	215	110	110
Cushitic languages	19,090	8,780	10,315
Bilen	175	105	70
Oromo	1,725	840	885
Somali	17,155	7,790	9,370
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225	125	105
Semitic languages	101,800	51,415	50,385
Amharic	13,295	6,275	7,020
Arabic	59,680	31,035	28,645
Aramaic languages	7,625	3,755	3,875
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,015	2,905	3,115
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,380	715	665
Aramaic, n.o.s.	350	195	155
Harari	1,090	490	595
Hebrew	19,995	10,000	9,995
Maltese	1,620	795	825
Tigrigna	9,440	4,465	4,975
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	285	185	105
Austro-Asiatic languages	40,125	18,090	22,035
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,830	760	1,075
Vietnamese	38,420	17,385	21,035
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	135	55	80
Austronesian languages	143,975	57,795	86,190
Bikol	730	315	415
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,845	730	1,115
Cebuano	4,725	1,855	2,870
Fijian	90	50	40
Hiligaynon	3,700	1,470	2,230
Ilocano	16,205	6,315	9,890
Indonesian	2,890	1,305	1,585
Kankanaey	380	155	230
Kinaray-a	175	85	90
Malagasy languages	35	0	35
Merina	10	0	10
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	0	25
Malay	1,720	800	925
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,620	675	950
Pangasinan	860	355	505
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	135,600	53,930	81,670
Waray-Waray	920	360	560
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,135	1,305	1,830
Creole languages	9,055	3,840	5,210
Haitian Creole	1,995	865	1,130
Jamaican English Creole	1,175	435	740
Krio	220	90	130
Morisyen	1,540	725	815
Sango	10	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	3,305	1,330	1,980
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,235	560	675
Dravidian languages	98,850	50,540	48,310
Kannada	3,625	1,880	1,750
Malayalam	11,165	6,325	4,835
Tamil	77,785	38,640	39,145
Telugu	11,850	6,900	4,955
Tulu	320	160	155
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	240	95	140
Georgian	1,355	670	680
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	801,510	390,560	410,955
Albanian	11,050	5,615	5,430
Armenian	9,595	4,680	4,910
Balto-Slavic languages	132,695	60,545	72,155
Baltic languages	3,550	1,500	2,055
Latvian	1,655	715	940
Lithuanian	1,905	785	1,120
Slavic languages	129,955	59,410	70,545
Belarusian	485	185	300
Bulgarian	4,900	2,350	2,550
Czech	3,625	1,665	1,960
Macedonian	7,660	3,560	4,105
Polish	27,850	12,460	15,390
Russian	52,840	23,965	28,870
Rusyn	30	10	25
Serbo-Croatian	25,500	12,155	13,345
Bosnian	3,320	1,625	1,695
Croatian	9,415	4,365	5,055
Serbian	18,040	8,705	9,335
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	715	355	360
Slovak	3,675	1,740	1,930
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,900	810	1,090
Ukrainian	21,345	9,400	11,945
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	85	45	35
Celtic languages	1,350	745	605
Irish	990	565	425
Scottish Gaelic	140	80	60
Welsh	135	55	85
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	60	30
Germanic languages	39,895	19,365	20,530
Frisian	55	40	10
High German languages	31,620	15,385	16,235
German	27,540	13,390	14,145
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	575	275	300
Yiddish	3,915	1,905	2,010
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,385	3,260	3,125
Afrikaans	2,095	1,140	955
Dutch	4,115	2,055	2,055
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	50	15	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	100	105
Scandinavian languages	2,975	1,310	1,670
Danish	1,020	435	580
Icelandic	95	50	45
Norwegian	535	215	320
Swedish	1,530	700	830
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	65	30
Greek	36,620	17,545	19,070
Indo-Iranian languages	302,620	156,380	146,235
Indo-Aryan languages	236,745	123,180	113,565
Assamese	230	125	110
Bengali	41,750	21,390	20,355
Gujarati	42,425	22,190	20,235
Hindi	107,170	56,950	50,220
Kacchi	3,300	1,400	1,900
Kashmiri	280	130	150
Konkani	2,005	940	1,065
Marathi	8,290	4,325	3,970
Nepali	5,580	2,850	2,725
Oriya languages	1,010	535	475
Odia	605	340	265
Oriya, n.o.s.	410	200	210
Punjabi (Panjabi)	41,430	22,070	19,365
Rohingya	40	15	25
Sindhi	1,355	740	615
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,370	3,830	3,540
Urdu	65,035	33,230	31,805
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,665	950	715
Iranian languages	70,200	35,455	34,740
Baluchi	160	85	80
Kurdish	3,275	1,870	1,410
Parsi	230	155	70
Pashto	7,095	3,795	3,300
Persian languages	62,515	31,290	31,225
Dari	14,995	7,475	7,520
Iranian Persian	42,785	21,270	21,510
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,490	2,915	2,575
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	450	225	225
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	420	230	190
Italic (Romance) languages	296,705	139,660	157,045
Catalan	335	195	135
Italian	84,335	38,730	45,605
Portuguese	80,170	38,850	41,325
Romanian	12,920	5,785	7,140
Spanish	138,770	66,085	72,685
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	725	390	340
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	250	130	115
Japanese	14,220	6,085	8,130
Korean	38,895	17,235	21,665
Mongolian	415	180	235
Niger-Congo languages	32,875	15,155	17,720
Akan (Twi)	6,410	2,830	3,580
Bamanankan	240	115	125
Edo	1,305	525	780
Éwé	345	190	155
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	305	175	130
Ga	520	185	335
Ganda	1,490	615	875
Gikuyu	365	135	230
Igbo	2,020	935	1,080
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	655	245	415
Lingala	1,665	765	900
Luba-Kasai	175	65	110
Mòoré	40	25	20
Mwani	150	80	65
Ndebele	210	95	115
Rundi (Kirundi)	540	260	280
Shona	715	315	405
Soninke	245	155	90
Sotho-Tswana languages	270	110	160
Swahili	7,620	3,630	3,990
Wojenaka	75	40	35
Wolof	485	240	255
Yoruba	7,235	3,365	3,865
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,620	1,785	1,835
Nilo-Saharan languages	555	290	265
Dinka	55	35	25
Nuer	10	10	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	490	245	235
African, n.o.s.	305	145	160
Sign languages	2,860	1,240	1,620
American Sign Language	2,575	1,080	1,490
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	185	190
Sino-Tibetan languages	275,670	125,525	150,150
Chinese languages	267,745	121,665	146,080
Hakka	3,630	1,695	1,935
Mandarin	162,950	72,885	90,065
Min Dong	645	295	350
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	7,830	3,510	4,320
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,730	1,225	1,505
Yue (Cantonese)	134,810	61,065	73,745
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,245	1,050	1,195
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200	90	110
Tibeto-Burman languages	8,080	3,925	4,150
Burmese	875	435	440
Kuki-Chin languages	55	10	45
Karenic languages	225	100	125
S'gaw Karen	155	75	80
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40
Tibetan	6,655	3,265	3,385
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	445	205	245
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	220	90	125
Tai-Kadai languages	2,865	1,195	1,670
Lao	1,045	480	565
Thai	1,840	735	1,100
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170	70	100
Turkic languages	20,920	11,110	9,815
Azerbaijani	2,425	1,320	1,095
Kazakh	325	150	175
Turkish	18,110	9,650	8,455
Uyghur	240	95	145
Uzbek	790	390	400
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	370	170	195
Uralic languages	14,670	6,580	8,095
Estonian	1,680	675	1,005
Finnish	1,405	495	910
Hungarian	11,650	5,430	6,220
Other languages, n.i.e.	575	260	315
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	22,925	10,785	12,135
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	21,475	10,085	11,385
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,800	6,590	7,215
Métis	7,440	3,400	4,035
Inuk (Inuit)	240	100	135
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	645	275	375
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	800	420	380
Non-Indigenous identity	2,738,365	1,325,610	1,412,760
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,730	3,705	4,025
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,753,555	1,332,685	1,420,870
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,160,890	...	...
Owner	602,925	...	...
Renter	557,970	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,160,890	...	...
Condominium	353,215	...	...
Not condominium	807,670	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,160,890	...	...
No bedrooms	28,765	...	...
1 bedroom	330,340	...	...
2 bedrooms	334,320	...	...
3 bedrooms	268,505	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	198,960	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,160,890	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	617,005	...	...
5 rooms	152,950	...	...
6 rooms	113,715	...	...
7 rooms	90,775	...	...
8 or more rooms	186,440	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,160,890	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,093,085	...	...
More than one person per room	67,805	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,160,890	...	...
Suitable	1,016,350	...	...
Not suitable	144,545	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,160,890	...	...
1960 or before	340,185	...	...
1961 to 1980	333,990	...	...
1981 to 1990	109,780	...	...
1991 to 2000	92,985	...	...
2001 to 2005	58,975	...	...
2006 to 2010	63,995	...	...
2011 to 2015	75,980	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	85,005	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,160,890	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,086,415	...	...
Major repairs needed	74,480	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,160,890	...	...
One-maintainer household	634,725	...	...
Two-maintainer household	447,155	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	79,010	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,160,890	...	...
15 to 24 years	34,350	...	...
25 to 34 years	202,225	...	...
35 to 44 years	210,570	...	...
45 to 54 years	204,790	...	...
55 to 64 years	215,740	...	...
65 to 74 years	158,850	...	...
75 to 84 years	90,900	...	...
85 years and over	43,455	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,151,795	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	777,835	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	373,965	...	...
30% to less than 100%	321,675	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,160,895	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	522,150	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	315,735	...	...
Not suitable only	98,270	...	...
Major repairs needed only	39,905	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	33,670	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,965	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,015	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,595	...	...
Acceptable housing	638,740	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,099,505	...	...
In core need	215,225	...	...
Not in core need	884,285	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	602,915	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,038	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,131,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	557,975	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,060	2,720	3,345
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,870	2,660	3,215
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,835	2,175	2,655
Métis single ancestry	975	450	525
Inuit single ancestry	60	30	30
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	190	65	125
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	170	65	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	0	15
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	24,150	11,520	12,635
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	23,505	11,250	12,255
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,670	8,505	9,165
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,665	2,665	2,995
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	75	100
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	645	270	375
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	605	255	345
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	25
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,731,070	1,322,155	1,408,920
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,761,285	1,336,395	1,424,895
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,284,055	1,102,560	1,181,495
Canadian citizens aged under 18	413,995	213,200	200,795
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,870,055	889,360	980,700
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	477,230	233,830	243,400
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,761,285	1,336,395	1,424,895
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,329,905	666,890	663,015
Immigrants⁸¹	1,286,140	593,225	692,915
Before 1980	222,935	100,655	122,280
1980 to 1990	156,460	73,005	83,455
1991 to 2000	273,985	124,465	149,520
2001 to 2010	290,400	132,935	157,470
2011 to 2021⁸²	342,360	162,170	180,195
2011 to 2015	144,320	66,410	77,910
2016 to 2021	198,040	95,755	102,285
Non-permanent residents⁸³	145,240	76,280	68,965
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,286,140	593,220	692,920
Under 5 years	91,030	45,045	45,985
5 to 14 years	203,840	101,550	102,295
15 to 24 years	247,955	110,365	137,595
25 to 44 years	605,575	276,620	328,960
45 years and over	137,730	59,650	78,080
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,286,140	593,220	692,920
Americas	210,980	92,905	118,075
Brazil	10,175	4,815	5,355
Colombia	8,695	3,905	4,795
El Salvador	6,495	3,135	3,360
Guyana	31,025	13,325	17,700
Haiti	1,660	740	915
Jamaica	42,650	17,285	25,370
Mexico	9,340	4,355	4,985
Peru	4,105	1,820	2,280
Trinidad and Tobago	18,280	7,865	10,415
United States of America	25,220	12,190	13,030
Other places of birth in Americas	53,330	23,465	29,865
Europe	266,210	124,220	141,995
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,910	2,325	2,585
Croatia	4,200	1,925	2,280
France	5,820	2,895	2,920
Germany	8,915	4,110	4,805
Greece	16,510	7,720	8,795
Hungary	6,135	2,795	3,335
Italy	37,700	17,310	20,395
Netherlands	2,130	1,055	1,070
Poland	18,245	8,015	10,230
Portugal	34,360	16,435	17,925
Romania	11,200	4,900	6,305
Russian Federation	15,820	6,555	9,260
Serbia⁸⁶	7,740	3,605	4,135
Ukraine	15,845	7,000	8,840
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35,585	17,855	17,735
Other places of birth in Europe	41,100	19,715	21,380
Africa	88,020	42,020	46,005
Algeria	940	475	465
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,130	925	1,210
Egypt	6,420	3,415	3,010
Eritrea	6,485	3,170	3,315
Ethiopia	10,900	4,980	5,915
Morocco	2,385	1,070	1,315
Nigeria	10,015	5,010	5,005
Somalia	10,190	4,390	5,795
South Africa, Republic of	6,000	3,050	2,955
Other places of birth in Africa	32,555	15,535	17,020
Asia	716,885	331,980	384,910
Afghanistan	12,920	6,475	6,445
Iran⁸⁸	37,190	18,570	18,620
Iraq	11,350	5,720	5,630
Lebanon	6,490	3,460	3,035
Syria⁸⁹	8,240	4,150	4,085
Turkey	8,500	4,590	3,910
China⁹⁰	129,755	56,810	72,940
Hong Kong⁹¹	36,850	16,655	20,200
Korea, South⁹²	27,505	12,310	15,200
Taiwan	7,985	3,350	4,635
Philippines	132,980	53,880	79,100
Viet Nam	31,675	14,230	17,445
Bangladesh	27,135	13,795	13,335
India	102,155	52,455	49,700
Pakistan	34,140	17,275	16,865
Sri Lanka	47,895	22,985	24,905
Other places of birth in Asia	54,130	25,260	28,865
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,045	2,105	1,940
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	198,040	95,760	102,285
Americas	25,025	11,935	13,090
Brazil	4,200	2,015	2,190
Colombia	1,195	485	715
Haiti	275	150	120
Jamaica	3,145	1,570	1,580
Mexico	2,330	1,075	1,260
United States of America	5,125	2,610	2,520
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,535	740	790
Other places of birth in Americas	7,215	3,290	3,925
Europe	20,690	10,515	10,175
France	1,940	985	955
Germany	650	355	300
Ireland⁹⁶	1,365	870	495
Italy	835	480	355
Russian Federation	2,240	855	1,385
Ukraine	2,490	1,155	1,335
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,615	1,560	1,055
Other places of birth in Europe	8,550	4,260	4,290
Africa	18,720	9,485	9,240
Algeria	210	95	115
Burundi	125	35	90
Cameroon	500	265	240
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	360	150	210
Côte d'Ivoire	235	100	140
Egypt	995	520	475
Eritrea	2,775	1,495	1,280
Ethiopia	1,955	910	1,045
Morocco	520	245	280
Nigeria	4,535	2,280	2,255
Somalia	1,575	895	685
South Africa, Republic of	675	350	325
Sudan⁹⁷	480	250	230
Tunisia	120	60	60
Other places of birth in Africa	3,650	1,830	1,815
Asia	132,735	63,325	69,410
Afghanistan	3,180	1,580	1,600
Bangladesh	4,760	2,465	2,290
China⁹⁰	18,525	7,360	11,170
Hong Kong⁹¹	655	240	410
India	40,200	21,455	18,745
Iran⁸⁸	5,225	2,485	2,745
Iraq	2,265	1,130	1,130
Israel	640	345	295
Japan	860	215	645
Jordan	385	225	155
Korea, South⁹²	3,120	1,185	1,935
Lebanon	960	510	455
Nepal	1,235	640	600
Pakistan	5,740	2,925	2,820
Philippines	24,905	10,720	14,190
Saudi Arabia	1,870	1,070	800
Sri Lanka	2,710	1,295	1,415
Syria⁸⁹	4,680	2,425	2,260
Turkey	2,670	1,515	1,150
United Arab Emirates	940	460	480
Viet Nam	2,395	885	1,510
Other places of birth in Asia	4,810	2,195	2,620
Oceania and other⁹³	875	505	370
Australia	720	410	310
Other places of birth⁹⁸	160	95	60
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,462,090	684,355	777,735
Second generation¹⁰¹	741,035	372,030	369,010
Third generation or more¹⁰²	558,160	280,005	278,155
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,063,205	492,575	570,640
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	532,155	254,780	277,375
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	240,950	128,285	112,665
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	291,205	126,495	164,710
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	323,950	131,385	192,565
Refugees¹⁰⁸	186,825	97,565	89,265
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20,280	8,845	11,435
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,063,205	492,575	570,640
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	102,210	53,850	48,355
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	111,095	46,175	64,920
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,490	11,975	12,510
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	65,870	27,080	38,790
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,180	1,985	3,195
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	754,355	351,500	402,865
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,537,285	732,690	804,595
South Asian	385,440	198,065	187,375
Chinese	296,225	137,460	158,765
Black	265,005	122,060	142,950
Filipino	170,355	72,915	97,440
Arab	42,040	22,085	19,955
Latin American	92,455	44,590	47,865
Southeast Asian	53,905	24,980	28,925
West Asian	69,320	34,925	34,395
Korean	42,190	19,485	22,705
Japanese	13,210	5,365	7,845
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	42,435	19,845	22,585
Multiple visible minorities	64,700	30,915	33,785
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,224,000	603,700	620,300
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,761,290	1,336,390	1,424,895
Canadian	165,640	84,370	81,270
English	244,995	122,460	122,530
Irish	226,865	109,935	116,930
Scottish	211,175	103,555	107,625
French, n.o.s.¹²²	85,715	41,845	43,865
German	107,475	52,985	54,495
Chinese	297,725	138,260	159,465
Italian	167,460	82,010	85,450
Indian (India)	182,115	93,540	88,580
Ukrainian	61,560	29,005	32,550
Dutch	34,360	16,410	17,955
Polish	85,255	41,015	44,235
Québécois	2,620	1,225	1,390
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	66,395	32,770	33,630
Filipino	161,495	69,185	92,310
French Canadian	15,450	7,195	8,255
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,230	16,160	16,075
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,350	4,380	4,970
Métis	7,420	3,435	3,985
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	35,895	17,620	18,270
Russian	56,130	25,725	30,405
Norwegian	8,670	4,100	4,565
Welsh	23,795	11,125	12,675
Portuguese	85,165	41,805	43,360
American	21,905	10,885	11,015
Spanish	44,625	20,895	23,730
Swedish	9,415	4,405	5,005
Hungarian	25,910	12,385	13,530
Acadian	3,935	1,775	2,160
Pakistani	41,705	21,145	20,555
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	50,400	23,975	26,425
Jewish	74,080	37,140	36,940
Punjabi	11,980	6,345	5,635
Vietnamese	42,190	19,685	22,510
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	18,385	9,645	8,740
Greek	51,985	26,040	25,945
Jamaican	62,015	28,165	33,850
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,880	18,735	21,145
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,380	695	680
Korean	42,195	19,625	22,575
Romanian	20,010	9,315	10,695
Lebanese	11,530	5,790	5,745
Iranian	37,895	19,030	18,865
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	15,030	7,120	7,910
Danish	7,120	3,525	3,595
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,925	1,845	2,085
Sikh	4,850	2,575	2,270
Austrian	11,700	5,695	6,010
Belgian	4,575	2,255	2,320
Haitian	2,820	1,285	1,530
Hindu	26,510	13,990	12,515
Mexican	15,440	7,570	7,870
Mennonite	1,740	820	920
Swiss	6,710	3,305	3,405
Finnish	7,710	3,550	4,165
Sri Lankan	43,495	21,320	22,170
Croatian	12,420	5,930	6,495
Japanese	17,115	7,165	9,950
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25,660	13,120	12,540
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,195	995	1,200
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,345	2,185	2,160
Muslim	15,950	8,065	7,880
Egyptian	9,725	5,120	4,605
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	17,735	8,680	9,060
Tamil	35,070	17,375	17,695
Icelandic	2,560	1,305	1,255
Colombian	10,340	4,845	5,490
Moroccan	3,905	1,895	2,005
Czech	7,745	3,630	4,115
Syrian	6,785	3,285	3,495
Guyanese	27,780	12,870	14,910
Afghan	18,760	9,300	9,460
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	22,590	9,570	13,030
Serbian	17,775	8,655	9,120
Ojibway	2,405	1,185	1,225
Newfoundlander	3,370	1,640	1,735
Hong Konger	12,835	6,050	6,785
Ontarian	4,725	2,365	2,360
Persian	15,215	7,895	7,330
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	17,350	8,165	9,180
Turkish	15,770	8,275	7,490
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	285	110	170
Bangladeshi	26,650	13,640	13,010
Algerian	1,290	610	680
Brazilian	14,860	7,215	7,640
Nigerian	10,870	5,165	5,700
Armenian	11,885	5,830	6,055
Slovak	7,065	3,435	3,630
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,345	5,360	5,990
Somali	19,810	9,465	10,345
Taiwanese	7,955	3,510	4,445
Iraqi	7,490	3,690	3,800
Salvadorean	7,195	3,480	3,715
African Caribbean	15,300	6,390	8,910
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	13,395	6,145	7,250
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	7,875	4,175	3,705
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	14,565	6,230	8,335
Algonquin	625	295	330
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	14,825	6,495	8,330
Lithuanian	8,190	3,890	4,300
South African	5,505	2,790	2,715
Australian	3,480	1,850	1,630
Palestinian	4,020	2,010	2,015
Chilean	5,165	2,405	2,755
Congolese	2,705	1,235	1,465
Nova Scotian	1,170	585	585
Ethiopian	11,065	5,170	5,895
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	7,945	3,730	4,220
Peruvian	5,235	2,510	2,720
Yoruba	5,395	2,800	2,595
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,800	1,250	1,555
Berber	505	265	245
Albanian	12,250	6,200	6,050
Maltese	6,400	3,110	3,295
Macedonian	11,600	5,800	5,805
Slovenian	4,805	2,310	2,495
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,575	1,275	1,305
New Brunswicker	525	215	310
Gujarati	6,650	3,465	3,190
Eritrean	8,355	3,975	4,380
African Canadian	6,015	2,910	3,105
Israeli	7,415	3,890	3,525
Mohawk	1,275	600	675
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,750	790	960
Bulgarian	5,830	2,845	2,980
Albertan	165	90	75
Ghanaian	7,550	3,545	4,005
Barbadian	6,340	2,785	3,550
African American	4,410	2,080	2,330
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,855	1,260	1,590
Tunisian	485	255	230
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	4,710	2,265	2,450
Cuban	4,760	2,310	2,450
Bosnian	3,255	1,670	1,585
Venezuelan	4,130	1,930	2,195
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	20	30
Latvian	4,915	2,355	2,550
Bengali	9,230	4,795	4,435
Cameroonian	1,020	470	545
Guatemalan	2,980	1,465	1,515
Indonesian	3,330	1,490	1,845
Laotian	1,670	735	930
Ilocano	6,220	2,805	3,415
Northern Irish	2,625	1,440	1,185
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,180	1,085	1,095
British Columbian	165	70	90
Ecuadorian	8,450	4,020	4,430
Franco Ontarian	795	430	365
Argentinian	4,015	2,030	1,980
Estonian	3,840	1,745	2,095
Kurdish	3,825	2,195	1,630
Fijian	545	250	295
Jatt	660	340	320
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,050	530	515
Coptic	1,645	835	810
Thai	2,220	890	1,335
Dominican	3,140	1,465	1,675
Nepali	3,310	1,665	1,645
Kabyle	60	15	45
Assyrian	4,055	1,975	2,085
Igbo	2,025	955	1,065
Byelorussian	2,725	1,330	1,395
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	35	15
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	265	135	125
Abenaki	45	20	15
Moldovan	1,170	580	590
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	300	145	150
New Zealander	1,235	600	635
Sudanese	2,195	1,075	1,115
Breton	140	80	60
Pennsylvania Dutch	750	350	400
Malaysian	2,720	1,225	1,500
Plains Cree	70	35	35
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,080	535	550
Huron (Wendat)	150	60	85
Saskatchewanian	170	75	95
Buddhist	2,880	1,390	1,485
Gaspesian	50	25	25
Norman	330	185	145
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	3,390	1,560	1,835
Ivorian	495	200	295
Saulteaux	130	55	75
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	560	265	300
Burundian	435	210	230
Tigrinya	2,450	1,225	1,220
Nicaraguan	2,135	935	1,200
Mauritian	1,430	695	740
Kenyan	2,195	960	1,235
Oji-Cree	75	30	45
Vincentian	4,130	1,700	2,430
Jordanian	1,365	755	615
Manitoban	170	65	100
Cape Bretoner	285	140	140
Rwandan	630	285	355
Grenadian	5,060	2,125	2,930
Malayali	1,850	1,015	840
Chaldean	1,270	685	585
Sinhalese	2,320	1,115	1,200
Mayan	1,250	620	625
Honduran	1,040	510	530
Cherokee	305	160	140
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	90	45	45
Indo-Caribbean	2,975	1,320	1,655
Flemish	470	250	220
United Empire Loyalist	800	410	380
Senegalese	300	160	140
Azerbaijani	2,375	1,210	1,160
Sicilian	1,005	485	525
Pashtun	1,755	965	790
Malay	1,715	815	895
Goan	2,105	970	1,135
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	940	420	520
Tibetan	6,335	3,145	3,190
Zimbabwean	745	340	400
Burmese	1,220	555	665
Mongolian	1,255	530	720
Azorean	1,470	660	810
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	315	165	150
Indo-Guyanese	2,765	1,150	1,615
Ugandan	2,190	995	1,190
Oromo	1,785	945	840
Tanzanian	1,810	815	990
Yemeni	1,635	790	845
Central African	155	105	50
Libyan	575	310	260
Basque	355	215	145
Uruguayan	1,475	755	715
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,125	585	545
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,390	635	750
Igorot	1,125	445	675
Fulani	400	225	175
Woodland Cree	15	10	0
Guinean	290	165	120
St. Lucian	2,450	1,020	1,430
Prince Edward Islander	315	135	180
Maliseet	35	10	30
Beninese	470	200	270
Telugu	1,440	840	595
Roma	1,500	815	685
Costa Rican	890	440	455
African Nova Scotian	570	215	355
Malagasy	135	65	75
Kashmiri	890	390	495
Singaporean	860	390	475
Karen	265	120	140
Edo	1,250	630	625
Tajik	1,545	760	785
Amhara	1,985	990	995
Paraguayan	205	75	130
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895
Buddhist	62,475	27,945	34,530
Christian	1,274,450	580,640	693,810
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	230,275	105,035	125,240
Anabaptist	1,415	685	730
Anglican	66,495	29,145	37,350
Baptist	22,180	9,535	12,645
Catholic	669,320	309,400	359,920
Christian Orthodox	110,665	52,095	58,565
Jehovah's Witness	8,550	3,400	5,155
Latter Day Saints	1,855	920	940
Lutheran	10,485	4,615	5,870
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,080	2,140	2,940
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	32,900	13,615	19,280
Presbyterian	24,760	11,085	13,670
Reformed	1,175	560	615
United Church	43,465	18,265	25,195
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	45,840	20,140	25,705
Hindu	171,980	88,440	83,540
Jewish	99,390	48,285	51,105
Muslim	264,155	133,135	131,025
Sikh	21,545	10,985	10,565
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	935	425	510
Other religions and spiritual traditions	20,730	9,250	11,480
No religion and secular perspectives	845,615	437,290	408,325
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,736,910	1,324,065	1,412,845
Non-movers	2,382,090	1,148,830	1,233,265
Movers	354,820	175,235	179,585
Non-migrants	261,975	129,440	132,540
Migrants	92,845	45,800	47,045
Internal migrants	52,170	25,705	26,465
Intraprovincial migrants	42,095	20,635	21,460
Interprovincial migrants	10,070	5,065	5,005
External migrants	40,675	20,095	20,580
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,637,900	1,273,360	1,364,545
Non-movers	1,664,210	792,965	871,240
Movers	973,695	480,390	493,300
Non-migrants	530,780	259,585	271,200
Migrants	442,910	220,810	222,105
Internal migrants	200,725	97,915	102,810
Intraprovincial migrants	157,040	76,340	80,700
Interprovincial migrants	43,685	21,575	22,115
External migrants	242,185	122,895	119,295
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	364,050	174,890	189,165
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,013,895	964,460	1,049,430
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,620	776,280	826,335
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	151,430	78,530	72,905
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,451,180	697,755	753,435
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,595
No certificate, diploma or degree	339,500	161,330	178,165
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	555,590	281,045	274,545
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,482,860	696,980	785,885
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,235	237,545	268,695
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	80,935	51,140	29,800
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	46,255	26,680	19,575
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	34,680	24,460	10,225
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	356,760	156,325	200,435
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	68,545	30,085	38,460
Bachelor's degree or higher	976,620	459,435	517,190
Bachelor's degree	615,160	284,465	330,695
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	62,665	28,715	33,955
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,940	12,115	12,820
Master's degree	238,415	114,030	124,385
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	35,445	20,110	15,330
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,615	776,280	826,335
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,130	71,175	65,950
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	304,135	163,550	140,590
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,161,345	541,550	619,795
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	370,020	173,795	196,220
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	53,060	33,500	19,560
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,330	17,550	12,780
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,730	15,950	6,785
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	268,055	118,975	149,080
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,905	21,325	27,575
Bachelor's degree or higher	791,330	367,755	423,575
Bachelor's degree	491,215	226,820	264,395
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,305	21,930	27,375
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,385	8,515	10,870
Master's degree	204,360	96,085	108,270
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,070	14,400	12,670
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,377,945	1,139,350	1,238,595
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	895,085	442,375	452,710
Education	67,760	14,880	52,875
13. Education	67,760	14,880	52,875
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	87,485	38,700	48,785
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,235	4,900	2,335
50. Visual and performing arts	80,250	33,795	46,450
Humanities	100,310	36,665	63,645
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,225	2,715	9,510
23. English language and literature/letters	29,600	9,275	20,325
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	25,940	8,620	17,325
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,610	950	1,660
38. Philosophy and religious studies	8,140	4,720	3,415
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,915	2,875	2,040
54. History	13,460	6,855	6,600
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,420	650	2,775
Social and behavioural sciences and law	235,830	88,040	147,790
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,165	955	3,210
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	33,725	13,160	20,570
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	26,820	2,950	23,870
22. Legal professions and studies	41,920	17,845	24,075
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,720	2,055	3,670
42. Psychology	31,470	7,995	23,475
45. Social sciences	92,005	43,085	48,915
Business, management and public administration	361,525	167,130	194,400
30.16 Accounting and computer science	550	185	365
44. Public administration and social service professions	24,100	5,445	18,655
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	336,875	161,495	175,380
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,985	33,565	39,420
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	34,380	13,670	20,705
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,710	6,790	8,920
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,105	620	1,485
40. Physical sciences	18,470	11,680	6,790
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,325	805	1,520
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	94,200	60,675	33,530
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	70,775	48,840	21,935
25. Library science	3,770	655	3,115
27. Mathematics and statistics	16,295	9,155	7,145
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,355	2,020	1,335
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	223,100	181,895	41,205
04. Architecture and related services	20,870	12,275	8,590
14. Engineering	108,445	83,425	25,020
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	38,525	32,730	5,795
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0	25
46. Construction trades	23,760	23,195	560
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,430	20,795	640
48. Precision production	10,040	9,465	575
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,550	8,375	9,175
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,125	4,905	5,215
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,430	3,470	3,960
Health and related fields	171,920	42,815	129,100
30.37 Design for human health	20	0	20
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	13,175	6,990	6,185
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	150,945	31,730	119,210
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	435	155	280
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,340	3,940	3,405
Personal, protective and transportation services	49,840	24,160	25,680
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,100	11,215	20,885
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210	185	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	255	220	30
43. Security and protective services	10,390	6,860	3,530
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,885	5,685	1,200
Other¹⁷⁹	355	80	275
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,602,615	776,280	826,335
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	441,270	234,730	206,540
Education	46,545	10,355	36,190
13. Education	46,545	10,355	36,190
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	70,870	31,695	39,175
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,650	3,835	1,815
50. Visual and performing arts	65,220	27,860	37,360
Humanities	74,315	26,970	47,345
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,900	1,850	7,045
23. English language and literature/letters	22,195	6,935	15,255
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,740	6,600	13,130
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,840	655	1,190
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,305	3,650	2,650
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,215	1,955	1,255
54. History	9,965	4,950	5,015
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,165	370	1,795
Social and behavioural sciences and law	189,885	69,450	120,435
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,445	770	2,675
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	28,960	11,160	17,800
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	20,265	2,110	18,160
22. Legal professions and studies	34,535	13,690	20,845
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,755	1,725	3,030
42. Psychology	24,385	6,120	18,265
45. Social sciences	73,530	33,880	39,655
Business, management and public administration	293,645	135,030	158,615
30.16 Accounting and computer science	435	140	290
44. Public administration and social service professions	19,060	4,280	14,770
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	274,155	130,605	143,550
Physical and life sciences and technologies	53,685	24,305	29,380
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	26,230	10,580	15,645
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,360	4,770	6,590
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,585	495	1,085
40. Physical sciences	12,950	7,950	5,000
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,565	505	1,055
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	79,160	51,430	27,735
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,940	42,630	19,305
25. Library science	2,225	460	1,765
27. Mathematics and statistics	12,265	6,690	5,575
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,730	1,645	1,085
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	168,335	134,005	34,325
04. Architecture and related services	16,260	9,110	7,155
14. Engineering	86,455	64,980	21,475
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,170	23,820	4,350
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0	30
46. Construction trades	16,935	16,435	495
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,425	13,970	455
48. Precision production	6,060	5,685	375
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,890	6,370	7,520
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,600	3,515	4,090
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,285	2,860	3,430
Health and related fields	132,700	33,030	99,670
30.37 Design for human health	20	0	20
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,095	5,380	4,720
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	116,830	24,900	91,920
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	375	115	260
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,385	2,640	2,745
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,050	18,845	19,210
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,395	8,670	15,725
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150	130	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	110	15
43. Security and protective services	8,240	5,480	2,760
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,140	4,455	690
Other¹⁷⁹	260	70	190
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,602,615	776,280	826,335
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	441,270	234,730	206,540
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,161,345	541,555	619,795
Location of study inside Canada	776,130	362,085	414,040
Same as province or territory of residence	707,130	328,080	379,050
Different than province or territory of residence	69,005	34,010	34,995
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	385,220	179,465	205,750
Americas	72,910	36,500	36,415
United States of America	39,810	21,035	18,770
Mexico	5,370	2,555	2,820
Cuba	1,325	685	640
Haiti	145	70	75
Jamaica	2,585	1,290	1,290
Brazil	8,995	4,170	4,825
Colombia	3,340	1,475	1,865
Peru	970	385	590
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,055	875	1,180
Other locations of study in Americas	8,310	3,960	4,355
Europe	74,860	37,145	37,705
Belgium	530	255	275
France	5,560	2,925	2,635
Germany	2,035	1,125	915
Netherlands	990	540	445
Switzerland	810	415	400
Hungary	1,035	515	520
Moldova¹⁸³	525	230	295
Poland	3,140	1,400	1,740
Romania	4,040	1,965	2,080
Russian Federation	6,665	2,950	3,720
Ukraine	6,705	3,040	3,670
Ireland⁹⁶	3,470	2,030	1,435
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,330	11,445	10,885
Bosnia and Herzegovina	950	420	525
Italy	1,695	885	810
Serbia⁸⁶	2,530	1,215	1,310
Other locations of study in Europe	11,840	5,800	6,035
Africa	16,935	8,615	8,315
Nigeria	4,375	2,115	2,265
Algeria	355	180	175
Morocco	620	285	340
Tunisia	165	85	80
Egypt	2,370	1,275	1,100
South Africa, Republic of	1,630	855	775
Other locations of study in Africa	7,420	3,830	3,590
Asia	214,675	94,285	120,390
Iran⁸⁸	12,745	5,630	7,120
Iraq	1,590	805	785
Israel	1,820	940	880
Lebanon	1,600	765	830
Syria⁸⁹	1,330	600	730
Turkey	3,375	1,875	1,495
China⁹⁰	28,050	12,205	15,840
Taiwan	1,445	415	1,035
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,390	915	1,475
Japan	3,195	1,005	2,190
Korea, South⁹²	8,180	3,015	5,165
Philippines	54,175	18,860	35,315
Viet Nam	1,950	670	1,280
Bangladesh	10,280	4,740	5,540
Sri Lanka	4,275	1,905	2,375
India	57,290	29,835	27,460
Pakistan	10,330	5,065	5,260
Other locations of study in Asia	10,655	5,045	5,615
Oceania	5,840	2,920	2,920
Australia	5,000	2,490	2,510
New Zealand	795	410	385
Other locations of study in Oceania	45	20	25
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,590
In the labour force	1,518,420	776,175	742,245
Employed	1,308,110	675,505	632,610
Unemployed	210,305	100,670	109,635
Not in the labour force	859,530	363,180	496,350
Participation rate	63.9	68.1	59.9
Employment rate	55.0	59.3	51.1
Unemployment rate	13.9	13.0	14.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,377,945	1,139,350	1,238,595
Did not work¹⁸⁶	905,995	390,250	515,745
Worked	1,471,950	749,100	722,850
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	791,335	426,490	364,845
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	680,620	322,610	358,010
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	41.0	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,518,420	776,170	742,245
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110
Employee	1,223,655	603,235	620,425
Permanent position	1,020,130	508,550	511,585
Temporary position	203,525	94,685	108,835
Fixed term (1 year or more)	82,620	37,450	45,170
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	120,905	57,235	63,670
Self-employed¹⁹²	239,925	147,240	92,690
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,518,420	776,170	742,245
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	24,775	16,880	7,895
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	315,270	123,350	191,920
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	159,770	114,560	45,210
3 Health occupations	105,465	25,500	79,965
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	181,940	62,415	119,525
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	83,130	40,595	42,535
6 Sales and service occupations	350,245	166,460	183,780
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	175,505	157,380	18,120
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,350	6,800	1,550
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	59,140	36,535	22,610
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,518,420	776,170	742,245
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135
All industries¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,565	1,480	1,085
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,985	1,335	660
22 Utilities	6,115	4,075	2,040
23 Construction	83,035	72,070	10,965
31-33 Manufacturing	97,580	63,450	34,135
41 Wholesale trade	45,380	27,730	17,650
44-45 Retail trade	141,575	68,155	73,420
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	67,330	51,520	15,810
51 Information and cultural industries	60,845	34,705	26,140
52 Finance and insurance	123,495	63,060	60,435
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,040	22,165	18,880
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	205,880	114,915	90,965
55 Management of companies and enterprises	9,175	4,465	4,715
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	75,095	40,480	34,610
61 Educational services	107,480	37,805	69,670
62 Health care and social assistance	163,465	37,860	125,610
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	33,405	17,430	15,975
72 Accommodation and food services	82,155	40,030	42,130
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,015	23,190	37,825
91 Public administration	54,970	24,565	30,400
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,602,165	814,875	787,295
English	1,449,315	741,665	707,650
French	3,430	1,010	2,420
Non-official language	26,500	13,755	12,735
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	26,495	13,755	12,735
English and French	29,995	12,340	17,655
English and non-official language(s)	87,670	43,410	44,255
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,010	1,500	1,515
Multiple non-official languages	2,175	1,160	1,020
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,602,165	814,875	787,295
Single responses	1,580,025	804,355	775,670
Official languages	1,533,090	780,510	752,575
English	1,525,910	778,320	747,595
French	7,180	2,195	4,980
Non-official languages	46,940	23,845	23,095
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15
Algonquian languages	15	0	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,925	23,845	23,085
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,075	620	455
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	120	55	70
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	0
Somali	110	40	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	950	565	385
Amharic	40	25	20
Arabic	570	330	235
Aramaic languages	155	115	40
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120	95	30
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	25	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	145	70	75
Tigrigna	30	25	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	590	705
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	1,285	585	695
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	880	405	470
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	20	0	20
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	35	15	15
Indonesian	10	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	790	370	420
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Creole languages	10	10	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,310	625	685
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	35	20	20
Tamil	1,260	600	660
Telugu	15	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	35	25	0
Indo-European languages	14,165	7,610	6,555
Albanian	105	55	50
Armenian	145	60	85
Balto-Slavic languages	2,190	1,010	1,185
Baltic languages	50	10	45
Latvian	30	10	20
Lithuanian	20	0	20
Slavic languages	2,145	1,000	1,145
Bulgarian	30	15	10
Czech	15	0	10
Macedonian	35	25	10
Polish	385	175	215
Russian	1,100	500	605
Serbo-Croatian	120	55	70
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	120	50	70
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	440	215	230
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	245	100	150
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	195	90	110
German	150	55	95
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	50	35	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	0	35
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	35	0	30
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	10
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	10	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	230	130	105
Indo-Iranian languages	3,580	1,930	1,650
Indo-Aryan languages	1,935	1,035	905
Bengali	325	155	165
Gujarati	305	160	145
Hindi	200	95	105
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	15	0	15
Nepali	40	20	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	380	210
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	455	220	235
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,640	895	745
Kurdish	40	35	0
Pashto	50	30	20
Persian languages	1,540	830	710
Dari	115	80	35
Iranian Persian	1,305	665	635
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	75	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,675	4,335	3,340
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	425	175	245
Portuguese	3,740	2,330	1,410
Romanian	55	25	30
Spanish	3,460	1,800	1,655
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	695	260	435
Korean	2,715	1,325	1,395
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	70	25	40
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	30	15	10
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	120	50	70
American Sign Language	115	50	65
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,815	11,910	11,905
Chinese languages	23,730	11,870	11,865
Hakka	20	10	0
Mandarin	14,385	7,265	7,120
Min Dong	20	0	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,100	4,500	4,600
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	55	90
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	40	45
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	80	35	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	60	50
Lao	15	0	15
Thai	95	60	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	460	245	210
Azerbaijani	15	0	0
Turkish	440	240	200
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	165	75	90
Estonian	40	15	25
Finnish	20	0	15
Hungarian	100	60	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	22,140	10,515	11,625
English and French	4,655	1,835	2,820
English and non-official language(s)	16,820	8,365	8,450
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	240	125	110
Multiple non-official languages	420	190	230
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,602,165	814,875	787,295
None	1,498,610	765,630	732,975
English	19,980	9,170	10,810
French	22,095	9,555	12,540
Non-official language	48,965	24,500	24,465
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	35
Non-Indigenous	48,905	24,475	24,430
English and French	50	25	25
English and non-official language(s)	2,320	1,055	1,260
French and non-official language(s)	2,260	1,125	1,135
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	25	0
Multiple non-official languages	7,875	3,790	4,085
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,308,110	675,505	632,605
Worked at home	510,240	245,515	264,720
Worked outside Canada	6,395	3,990	2,410
No fixed workplace address	142,290	102,345	39,945
Usual place of work	649,185	323,655	325,525
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	649,185	323,655	325,525
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	514,695	239,280	275,405
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	132,960	83,500	49,460
Commute to a different province or territory	1,530	870	665
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	791,470	426,000	365,475
Car, truck or van	482,480	293,140	189,340
Car, truck or van - as a driver	424,985	273,250	151,745
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	57,490	19,890	37,595
Public transit	207,680	84,505	123,170
Walked	60,615	26,845	33,770
Bicycle	15,750	10,310	5,445
Other method	24,945	11,195	13,750
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	791,470	426,000	365,475
Less than 15 minutes	130,355	65,125	65,225
15 to 29 minutes	251,795	135,775	116,025
30 to 44 minutes	222,015	126,665	95,345
45 to 59 minutes	88,655	46,465	42,190
60 minutes and over	98,655	51,970	46,690
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	791,470	426,000	365,475
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	43,645	31,190	12,445
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	113,320	69,900	43,420
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	167,655	86,135	81,520
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	181,860	87,770	94,085
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	148,245	73,580	74,670
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	136,755	77,420	59,330
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	471,030	241,970	229,065
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,395	23,075	22,320
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	425,635	218,895	206,740
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	339,085	174,355	164,730
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,720	17,580	17,140
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	22,430	11,100	11,330
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,290	6,480	5,810
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	304,365	156,775	147,590

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed November 17, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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