Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VancouverMore information: British Columbia [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,642,825	...	...
Population, 2016¹	2,463,431	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,104,532	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,043,319	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	918.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,878.93	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,642,825	1,294,420	1,348,405
0 to 14 years	372,050	192,225	179,815
0 to 4 years	114,775	58,780	56,000
5 to 9 years	125,290	65,020	60,275
10 to 14 years	131,975	68,430	63,550
15 to 64 years	1,809,985	891,130	918,860
15 to 19 years	137,415	70,955	66,455
20 to 24 years	174,255	89,245	85,010
25 to 29 years	201,270	101,265	100,000
30 to 34 years	210,035	104,750	105,285
35 to 39 years	199,405	98,575	100,830
40 to 44 years	178,110	86,165	91,940
45 to 49 years	172,885	81,615	91,270
50 to 54 years	183,290	87,530	95,760
55 to 59 years	184,880	90,050	94,830
60 to 64 years	168,455	80,970	87,480
65 years and over	460,790	211,070	249,730
65 to 69 years	144,285	68,715	75,570
70 to 74 years	121,230	56,855	64,370
75 to 79 years	80,025	37,020	43,015
80 to 84 years	56,105	24,940	31,165
85 years and over	59,145	23,540	35,605
85 to 89 years	35,605	15,280	20,320
90 to 94 years	17,875	6,675	11,200
95 to 99 years	4,850	1,410	3,440
100 years and over	820	175	645
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1	14.9	13.3
15 to 64 years	68.5	68.8	68.1
65 years and over	17.4	16.3	18.5
85 years and over	2.2	1.8	2.6
Average age of the population	41.7	40.8	42.6
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,043,315	...	...
Single-detached house	288,775	...	...
Semi-detached house	22,030	...	...
Row house	105,965	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	167,855	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	255,555	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	197,280	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,340	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,525	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,043,320	...	...
1 person	303,030	...	...
2 persons	332,130	...	...
3 persons	164,100	...	...
4 persons	146,150	...	...
5 or more persons	97,910	...	...
Number of persons in private households	2,607,015	1,277,300	1,329,710
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,270,780	1,102,195	1,168,590
Married or living common-law	1,283,005	639,625	643,380
Married	1,100,315	547,205	553,105
Living common-law	182,695	92,415	90,275
Living common law - Never married	142,340	72,100	70,240
Living common law - Separated	5,995	3,250	2,740
Living common law - Divorced	31,570	15,865	15,705
Living common law - Widowed	2,790	1,200	1,590
Not married and not living common-law	987,775	462,565	525,205
Not married and not living common law - Never married	694,885	371,015	323,865
Not married and not living common law - Separated	53,410	21,780	31,630
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	134,670	49,055	85,615
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	104,810	20,715	84,090
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	724,930	...	...
2 persons	359,330	...	...
3 persons	167,280	...	...
4 persons	150,890	...	...
5 or more persons	47,440	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	724,930	...	...
Total couple families	615,345	...	...
Married couples	524,010	...	...
With children⁶	303,525	...	...
Without children	220,485	...	...
Common-law couples	91,335	...	...
With children⁶	23,510	...	...
Without children	67,825	...	...
Total one-parent families	109,590	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	87,695	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	21,895	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,607,015	1,277,300	1,329,710
Total - Persons in census families	2,073,700	1,027,500	1,046,200
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,230,685	616,715	613,975
Parents in one-parent families	109,590	21,890	87,700
Children⁶	733,425	388,895	344,525
In a two-parent family	574,915	303,560	271,355
In a one-parent family	158,505	85,335	73,175
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	533,310	249,805	283,510
Living alone	303,030	137,905	165,130
Living with other relatives⁷	83,900	32,035	51,870
Living with non-relatives only	146,385	79,865	66,515
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,043,315	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	580,980	...	...
Couple-family households	499,615	...	...
With children⁶	263,600	...	...
Without children	236,015	...	...
One-parent-family households	81,360	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	49,135	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	11,915	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	39,725	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	58,530	...	...
One-person households	303,030	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,235,455	1,085,355	1,150,100
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,160,680	1,049,160	1,111,515
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,161,860	1,049,800	1,112,060
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,936,905	952,805	984,100
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,400	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,569,015	796,000	773,010
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,200	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,770,635	808,310	962,325
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,600	7,650	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	185,775	79,335	106,435
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	632,110	302,505	329,610
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,159,815	1,048,320	1,111,495
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,650	66,300	47,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,160,985	1,048,945	1,112,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,720	53,200	40,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,935,565	952,175	983,390
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,800	64,800	43,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,569,015	796,565	772,445
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,650	63,500	43,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,768,405	806,320	962,085
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,310	9,690	10,830
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	185,340	78,955	106,380
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,720	7,060
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	630,145	301,340	328,810
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,390	9,270	9,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,235,445	1,085,250	1,150,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	728,635	412,070	316,570
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500	72,500	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,600	92,300	69,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	636,030	288,460	347,570
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,200	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,520	35,080	26,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	88.8	80.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.8	72.8	63.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.9	11.2	19.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	4.8	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	4.0	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105
Without total income	74,780	36,195	38,585
With total income	2,160,675	1,049,165	1,111,515
Under $10,000 (including loss)	229,760	100,650	129,105
$10,000 to $19,999	248,480	108,075	140,405
$20,000 to $29,999	325,665	138,935	186,735
$30,000 to $39,999	260,250	112,910	147,345
$40,000 to $49,999	222,385	99,405	122,980
$50,000 to $59,999	184,935	85,970	98,965
$60,000 to $69,999	146,880	74,635	72,245
$70,000 to $79,999	115,620	63,075	52,545
$80,000 to $89,999	91,245	51,605	39,635
$90,000 to $99,999	72,940	41,530	31,415
$100,000 and over	262,520	172,375	90,140
$100,000 to $149,999	164,230	102,590	61,635
$150,000 and over	98,290	69,785	28,500
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105
Without after-tax income	73,600	35,560	38,035
With after-tax income	2,161,860	1,049,795	1,112,065
Under $10,000 (including loss)	238,430	104,275	134,155
$10,000 to $19,999	256,780	111,790	144,990
$20,000 to $29,999	365,930	157,105	208,820
$30,000 to $39,999	299,665	132,205	167,460
$40,000 to $49,999	255,155	116,795	138,360
$50,000 to $59,999	200,175	99,735	100,445
$60,000 to $69,999	147,710	80,535	67,175
$70,000 to $79,999	109,585	62,060	47,525
$80,000 to $89,999	80,250	46,660	33,590
$90,000 to $99,999	54,010	33,095	20,915
$100,000 and over	154,165	105,535	48,625
$100,000 to $124,999	72,800	47,770	25,025
$125,000 and over	81,370	57,765	23,600
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,235,460	1,085,355	1,150,105
Without employment income	666,445	289,355	377,090
With employment income	1,569,010	796,005	773,010
Under $5,000 (including loss)	203,790	92,590	111,200
$5,000 to $9,999	130,600	56,325	74,275
$10,000 to $19,999	182,310	80,525	101,785
$20,000 to $29,999	137,610	62,335	75,280
$30,000 to $39,999	135,255	61,730	73,530
$40,000 to $49,999	134,010	63,060	70,945
$50,000 to $59,999	126,735	61,655	65,080
$60,000 to $69,999	105,025	56,610	48,415
$70,000 to $79,999	85,095	48,620	36,475
$80,000 to $89,999	70,465	41,075	29,395
$90,000 to $99,999	58,530	34,060	24,465
$100,000 and over	199,585	137,420	62,160
$100,000 to $124,999	86,360	54,985	31,380
$125,000 and over	113,225	82,440	30,785
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,235,455	1,085,355	1,150,100
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,087,955	1,010,945	1,077,005
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	45,200	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,092,110	1,011,925	1,080,185
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,000	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,907,325	936,490	970,835
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,592,300	802,110	790,185
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,393,380	593,275	800,115
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,040	1,620	4,360
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	110,515	44,125	66,395
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,760	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,086,875	1,010,335	1,076,540
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,250	64,600	44,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,090,930	1,011,220	1,079,710
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,440	51,650	37,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,905,655	935,925	969,735
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,250	65,500	43,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,592,505	802,890	789,625
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,300	62,250	42,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,391,425	591,290	800,135
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,120	6,710	7,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	110,385	44,295	66,090
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,320	5,965	8,220
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,235,445	1,085,250	1,150,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	719,975	406,860	313,125
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	68,500	54,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,800	86,700	63,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	596,215	270,110	326,110
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	28,400	23,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,600	42,480	31,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	94.0	87.6
Employment income (%)	73.6	76.6	69.4
Government transfers (%)	8.7	6.1	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,043,320	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	303,030	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	740,285	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,043,320	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	117,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	302,895	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,550	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	740,425	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,043,320	...	...
Under $5,000	20,105	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,225	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	10,585	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	20,590	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	39,230	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	30,285	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	30,830	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	35,445	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	33,750	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	33,710	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	68,050	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	66,550	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	64,050	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	60,070	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	55,585	...	...
$100,000 and over	466,250	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	118,385	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	92,470	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	120,095	...	...
$200,000 and over	135,305	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,043,320	...	...
Under $5,000	22,790	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,405	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	10,875	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	21,425	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	41,415	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	34,225	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	35,420	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	40,580	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,605	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	40,015	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	80,010	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	77,200	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	72,480	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	66,915	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	60,370	...	...
$100,000 and over	391,580	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	124,245	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	89,890	...	...
$150,000 and over	177,450	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	700,885	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	247,460	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	326,565	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	97,675	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	449,415	217,770	231,645
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	41,600	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	37,600	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	700,360	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	246,715	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	125,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	326,830	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	169,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	96,940	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	448,025	216,430	231,595
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,650	55,400	50,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,160	45,800	42,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,607,010	1,277,305	1,329,710
0 to 17 years	451,730	233,415	218,310
0 to 5 years	139,005	71,305	67,700
18 to 64 years	1,716,485	841,060	875,425
65 years and over	438,795	202,825	235,970
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	289,615	135,575	154,040
0 to 17 years	52,575	27,390	25,185
0 to 5 years	15,240	7,785	7,455
18 to 64 years	174,150	82,185	91,970
65 years and over	62,895	26,005	36,885
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.6	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.6	11.7	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	10.9	11.0
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.8	10.5
65 years and over (%)	14.3	12.8	15.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,596,300	1,272,125	1,324,175
0 to 17 years	449,990	232,490	217,495
0 to 5 years	138,435	71,020	67,415
18 to 64 years	1,709,765	837,800	871,965
65 years and over	436,545	201,830	234,720
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	200,160	98,875	101,285
0 to 17 years	31,010	16,225	14,785
0 to 5 years	8,255	4,250	4,005
18 to 64 years	143,600	71,515	72,090
65 years and over	25,555	11,140	14,410
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.7	7.8	7.7
0 to 17 years (%)	6.9	7.0	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0	6.0	5.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.4	8.5	8.3
65 years and over (%)	5.9	5.5	6.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,607,010	1,277,305	1,329,710
In bottom half of the distribution	1,160,745	554,335	606,410
In bottom decile	286,250	137,510	148,735
In second decile	218,965	101,905	117,060
In third decile	211,650	100,865	110,790
In fourth decile	215,485	103,580	111,905
In fifth decile	228,400	110,475	117,925
In top half of the distribution	1,446,270	722,965	723,300
In sixth decile	240,740	117,895	122,845
In seventh decile	257,800	127,340	130,460
In eighth decile	279,315	139,075	140,240
In ninth decile	309,635	155,670	153,965
In top decile	358,770	182,985	175,785
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,607,015	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.366	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.459	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.321	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935
English only	2,307,135	1,148,625	1,158,505
French only	1,095	505	585
English and French	170,965	76,685	94,280
Neither English nor French	140,240	57,675	82,565
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935
English	2,441,160	1,207,410	1,233,750
French	25,925	12,960	12,965
English and French	14,255	6,470	7,785
Neither English nor French	138,090	56,660	81,425
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935
Single responses	2,476,420	1,214,835	1,261,585
Official languages	1,365,700	696,455	669,240
English	1,340,995	683,970	657,020
French	24,710	12,490	12,225
Non-official languages	1,110,720	518,375	592,345
Indigenous languages³⁹	555	260	300
Algonquian languages	260	125	135
Blackfoot	15	5	10
Cree-Innu languages	175	90	85
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	175	90	85
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	10	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	20	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	100	50	45
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	25	35
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0
Ojibway languages	55	20	35
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	0	15
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	70	35	35
Northern Athabaskan languages	70	35	35
Dakelh (Carrier)	35	15	20
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	5	5	0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	5	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	5	5
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	15	0	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	5	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0
Michif	10	0	10
Salish languages	55	25	30
Halkomelem	15	5	5
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	5	5
Squamish	25	10	10
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Siouan languages	5	5	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	60	35	30
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	15	15
Nisga'a	20	10	10
Tsimshian	10	5	5
Wakashan languages	45	15	25
Haisla	5	5	5
Heiltsuk	15	5	5
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Non-Indigenous languages	1,110,165	518,120	592,040
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,995	14,310	12,685
Berber languages	90	55	30
Kabyle	65	40	25
Tamazight	15	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Chadic languages	40	30	15
Hausa	25	20	5
Mina	10	10	5
Coptic	10	5	5
Cushitic languages	1,715	870	845
Bilen	25	10	10
Oromo	240	130	105
Somali	1,400	695	705
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25
Semitic languages	25,150	13,350	11,795
Amharic	1,320	640	675
Arabic	18,130	9,640	8,485
Aramaic languages	1,440	730	705
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	540	275	260
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	780	390	385
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	60	55
Harari	15	10	15
Hebrew	1,925	1,085	840
Maltese	60	25	35
Tigrigna	2,240	1,205	1,030
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,110	12,505	15,600
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,210	535	675
Vietnamese	26,850	11,945	14,900
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	20	25
Austronesian languages	85,375	35,505	49,870
Bikol	345	140	205
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,025	420	605
Cebuano	2,615	1,070	1,545
Fijian	265	130	135
Hiligaynon	1,595	645	955
Ilocano	5,425	2,275	3,155
Indonesian	3,665	1,610	2,050
Kankanaey	170	70	100
Kinaray-a	105	40	70
Malagasy languages	20	10	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	5	10
Malay	280	140	135
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	725	325	400
Pangasinan	345	145	200
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	67,790	28,045	39,745
Waray-Waray	260	105	150
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	730	335	400
Creole languages	640	310	325
Haitian Creole	60	35	25
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10
Krio	20	10	15
Morisyen	315	140	170
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	60	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60
Dravidian languages	10,510	5,645	4,870
Kannada	480	245	235
Malayalam	3,115	1,630	1,490
Tamil	4,500	2,345	2,155
Telugu	2,335	1,385	950
Tulu	65	35	30
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Georgian	140	85	55
Hmong-Mien languages	70	35	35
Indo-European languages	474,005	232,735	241,270
Albanian	1,150	590	560
Armenian	1,185	570	615
Balto-Slavic languages	56,960	26,435	30,525
Baltic languages	625	265	360
Latvian	295	130	160
Lithuanian	330	135	195
Slavic languages	56,340	26,170	30,165
Belarusian	45	20	25
Bulgarian	1,680	790	890
Czech	3,365	1,580	1,785
Macedonian	245	125	125
Polish	10,645	4,900	5,745
Russian	20,685	9,380	11,310
Rusyn	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	13,295	6,560	6,735
Bosnian	1,345	655	685
Croatian	4,990	2,385	2,600
Serbian	6,715	3,390	3,325
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	245	130	120
Slovak	2,215	965	1,240
Slovene (Slovenian)	475	220	260
Ukrainian	3,650	1,610	2,045
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Celtic languages	200	120	85
Irish	80	55	30
Scottish Gaelic	40	20	20
Welsh	70	40	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Germanic languages	30,225	14,375	15,850
Frisian	55	20	30
High German languages	18,910	8,910	10,000
German	18,090	8,520	9,565
Pennsylvania German	0	0	5
Swiss German	665	310	355
Yiddish	155	75	75
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	7,840	3,825	4,020
Afrikaans	1,500	745	755
Dutch	6,005	2,915	3,085
Low German, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Low Saxon	20	10	15
Plautdietsch	165	80	85
Vlaams (Flemish)	120	65	60
Scandinavian languages	3,380	1,600	1,785
Danish	1,525	745	785
Icelandic	115	50	65
Norwegian	635	290	345
Swedish	1,110	510	595
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Greek	4,295	2,210	2,085
Indo-Iranian languages	294,870	146,860	148,010
Indo-Aryan languages	236,465	117,710	118,750
Assamese	70	35	30
Bengali	3,870	2,125	1,750
Gujarati	7,075	3,515	3,555
Hindi	27,990	13,815	14,175
Kacchi	1,125	480	645
Kashmiri	60	40	25
Konkani	245	120	125
Marathi	1,370	700	670
Nepali	1,270	645	625
Oriya languages	95	50	45
Odia	60	35	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180,355	89,660	90,695
Rohingya	65	35	30
Sindhi	210	110	100
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,605	790	820
Urdu	10,495	5,310	5,185
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	555	275	275
Iranian languages	58,375	29,130	29,240
Baluchi	45	20	25
Kurdish	2,550	1,385	1,165
Parsi	135	70	60
Pashto	1,225	680	545
Persian languages	54,350	26,935	27,415
Dari	5,705	2,815	2,890
Iranian Persian	43,720	21,655	22,070
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,925	2,470	2,460
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Italic (Romance) languages	85,100	41,570	43,530
Catalan	140	75	60
Italian	13,285	6,705	6,580
Portuguese	18,185	8,650	9,530
Romanian	6,780	3,270	3,515
Spanish	46,645	22,835	23,810
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Japanese	17,340	5,735	11,605
Korean	52,525	23,415	29,110
Mongolian	410	175	235
Niger-Congo languages	3,435	1,735	1,705
Akan (Twi)	420	235	190
Bamanankan	5	0	0
Edo	55	30	30
Éwé	85	45	40
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10
Ga	35	20	15
Ganda	125	60	65
Gikuyu	40	20	15
Igbo	205	100	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	215	105	115
Lingala	55	25	30
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	20	15	10
Ndebele	35	15	25
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	85	105
Shona	210	95	120
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	20	25
Swahili	810	390	415
Wojenaka	10	0	0
Wolof	30	20	15
Yoruba	335	185	150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495	250	240
Nilo-Saharan languages	315	165	155
Dinka	75	40	35
Nuer	35	15	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	175	95	85
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20
Sign languages	580	325	250
American Sign Language	515	295	225
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	395,250	178,750	216,505
Chinese languages	393,030	177,675	215,360
Hakka	1,945	845	1,100
Mandarin	191,475	85,475	106,005
Min Dong	180	85	90
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,195	5,005	6,185
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,085	1,355	1,725
Yue (Cantonese)	182,910	83,885	99,025
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,125	965	1,160
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,150	1,045	1,110
Burmese	930	445	485
Kuki-Chin languages	205	90	115
Karenic languages	580	280	305
S'gaw Karen	525	250	275
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Tibetan	320	165	150
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35
Tai-Kadai languages	2,960	1,015	1,940
Lao	810	390	425
Thai	2,045	580	1,465
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	100	40	55
Turkic languages	5,260	2,860	2,400
Azerbaijani	565	305	265
Kazakh	100	40	60
Turkish	4,095	2,280	1,815
Uyghur	225	110	115
Uzbek	130	60	65
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	65	80
Uralic languages	6,145	2,770	3,375
Estonian	340	145	195
Finnish	1,395	540	855
Hungarian	4,410	2,085	2,330
Other languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50
Multiple responses	143,005	68,660	74,350
English and French	8,240	4,030	4,210
English and non-official language(s)	117,335	56,800	60,535
French and non-official language(s)	1,775	835	935
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,190	985	1,205
Multiple non-official languages	13,465	6,000	7,460
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935
English	1,433,630	724,330	709,305
French	5,350	2,635	2,715
Non-official language	396,810	183,310	213,500
Indigenous³⁹	75	35	40
Non-Indigenous	396,730	183,270	213,455
English and French	20,960	10,040	10,920
English and non-official language(s)	710,270	339,560	370,715
French and non-official language(s)	800	360	440
English, French and non-official language(s)	16,000	7,270	8,730
Multiple non-official languages	35,600	15,995	19,610
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,619,420	1,283,490	1,335,935
Single responses	2,457,520	1,206,005	1,251,520
Official languages	1,734,900	866,510	868,385
English	1,726,210	862,290	863,925
French	8,690	4,225	4,465
Non-official languages	722,625	339,490	383,130
Indigenous languages³⁹	110	50	55
Algonquian languages	40	15	20
Blackfoot	5	5	0
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	30	10	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5	0
Tlingit	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	15	5	5
Halkomelem	5	0	5
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	15	5	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5
Nisga'a	10	5	5
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	722,515	339,440	383,075
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,370	8,255	8,115
Berber languages	25	15	10
Kabyle	15	15	10
Tamazight	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	5	5	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	1,015	495	525
Bilen	20	10	10
Oromo	120	65	55
Somali	855	405	450
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Semitic languages	15,325	7,745	7,575
Amharic	625	290	335
Arabic	10,980	5,520	5,465
Aramaic languages	1,075	520	555
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	380	185	190
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	585	285	305
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110	55	60
Harari	20	5	15
Hebrew	915	485	435
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	1,685	915	775
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,825	8,050	9,775
Khmer (Cambodian)	630	290	340
Vietnamese	17,160	7,740	9,420
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	20	15
Austronesian languages	45,860	20,520	25,345
Bikol	100	45	55
Bisaya, n.o.s.	445	195	245
Cebuano	1,345	600	745
Fijian	80	45	40
Hiligaynon	750	330	415
Ilocano	2,865	1,295	1,570
Indonesian	1,300	640	660
Kankanaey	95	40	55
Kinaray-a	50	20	30
Malagasy languages	10	0	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Malay	45	30	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	365	165	200
Pangasinan	115	50	65
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	37,890	16,855	21,035
Waray-Waray	110	60	50
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	300	145	150
Creole languages	330	155	180
Haitian Creole	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	15	5	10
Morisyen	205	100	105
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30
Dravidian languages	6,395	3,295	3,100
Kannada	200	110	95
Malayalam	1,840	945	895
Tamil	2,915	1,455	1,465
Telugu	1,405	770	630
Tulu	25	15	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	90	60	35
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20
Indo-European languages	283,360	139,345	144,015
Albanian	430	215	215
Armenian	605	290	320
Balto-Slavic languages	26,885	12,850	14,030
Baltic languages	155	80	75
Latvian	65	35	35
Lithuanian	90	40	45
Slavic languages	26,735	12,775	13,955
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	760	360	405
Czech	1,105	550	555
Macedonian	100	50	50
Polish	3,935	1,860	2,070
Russian	12,840	6,105	6,740
Rusyn	5	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	5,975	2,900	3,070
Bosnian	630	290	335
Croatian	1,595	735	860
Serbian	3,685	1,840	1,850
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65	40	30
Slovak	780	370	410
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	30
Ukrainian	1,185	545	635
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	25	20	5
Irish	10	10	5
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	5	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,695	1,755	1,935
Frisian	10	5	5
High German languages	2,215	1,030	1,190
German	2,130	995	1,140
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	80	40	50
Yiddish	0	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,100	545	560
Afrikaans	590	295	295
Dutch	495	240	255
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	365	175	190
Danish	130	60	65
Icelandic	25	15	10
Norwegian	40	20	20
Swedish	175	85	85
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,550	720	830
Indo-Iranian languages	208,160	103,040	105,125
Indo-Aryan languages	167,845	83,465	84,380
Assamese	20	10	10
Bengali	2,260	1,155	1,100
Gujarati	3,555	1,735	1,820
Hindi	15,285	7,520	7,765
Kacchi	450	185	270
Kashmiri	20	15	5
Konkani	45	20	25
Marathi	690	350	335
Nepali	845	425	420
Oriya languages	35	15	15
Odia	25	10	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	136,300	67,930	68,370
Rohingya	55	30	25
Sindhi	100	45	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	795	370	425
Urdu	7,165	3,550	3,615
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	230	115	115
Iranian languages	40,315	19,570	20,745
Baluchi	25	10	10
Kurdish	1,630	835	800
Parsi	65	30	35
Pashto	810	430	375
Persian languages	37,760	18,245	19,515
Dari	3,555	1,730	1,830
Iranian Persian	30,985	14,965	16,020
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,220	1,550	1,665
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	42,000	20,450	21,550
Catalan	50	25	25
Italian	3,330	1,450	1,880
Portuguese	10,615	5,120	5,490
Romanian	2,935	1,395	1,535
Spanish	25,050	12,445	12,605
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	8,485	3,475	5,005
Korean	40,050	18,290	21,750
Mongolian	210	115	100
Niger-Congo languages	1,150	550	600
Akan (Twi)	135	65	70
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	40	20	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	10	5
Ganda	25	20	10
Gikuyu	10	5	5
Igbo	60	30	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	35	45
Lingala	15	5	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	50	65
Shona	40	15	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	310	145	160
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	10
Yoruba	115	60	60
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	165	85	85
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60
Dinka	25	10	10
Nuer	10	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Sign languages	950	540	415
American Sign Language	805	460	345
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	295,940	134,200	161,745
Chinese languages	294,455	133,455	161,000
Hakka	580	260	320
Mandarin	152,805	69,445	83,360
Min Dong	90	45	50
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	6,040	2,740	3,300
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,950	900	1,045
Yue (Cantonese)	131,660	59,480	72,180
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,275	560	715
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,455	730	730
Burmese	615	300	320
Kuki-Chin languages	170	85	85
Karenic languages	415	215	205
S'gaw Karen	385	195	185
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Tibetan	205	105	100
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,135	475	660
Lao	370	175	190
Thai	715	275	435
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Turkic languages	2,695	1,355	1,335
Azerbaijani	275	125	145
Kazakh	15	5	10
Turkish	2,195	1,130	1,070
Uyghur	115	55	60
Uzbek	50	25	30
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Uralic languages	1,495	695	800
Estonian	50	30	25
Finnish	270	105	165
Hungarian	1,180	560	615
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Multiple responses	161,905	77,490	84,415
English and French	3,935	1,915	2,025
English and non-official language(s)	151,220	72,500	78,720
French and non-official language(s)	425	195	225
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,145	560	590
Multiple non-official languages	5,180	2,320	2,855
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,619,425	1,283,490	1,335,935
None	1,968,775	974,115	994,655
English	255,090	123,090	132,005
French	17,840	8,410	9,430
Non-official language	293,690	137,890	155,800
Indigenous³⁹	560	230	335
Non-Indigenous	293,125	137,665	155,465
English and French	2,230	1,015	1,210
English and non-official language(s)	40,505	19,595	20,910
French and non-official language(s)	8,320	3,745	4,580
English, French and non-official language(s)	530	240	290
Multiple non-official languages	32,445	15,390	17,055
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,770
Official languages	2,466,835	1,219,760	1,247,075
English	2,465,850	1,219,360	1,246,490
French	171,635	76,755	94,880
Non-official languages	1,398,170	659,050	739,130
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,800	790	1,010
Algonquian languages	505	175	330
Blackfoot	20	0	15
Cree-Innu languages	335	120	220
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	335	120	220
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	45	0	35
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	140	65	75
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30	10	20
Cree, n.o.s.	145	50	95
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0	15
Mi'kmaq	20	0	15
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	50	90
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	125	40	85
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	10	25
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	0	25
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65	35	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	165	65	105
Northern Athabaskan languages	150	50	90
Dakelh (Carrier)	45	0	45
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	0	15
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	10	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	30	15	15
Tlingit	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	45	0	35
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55	30	25
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	15	10
Inuinnaqtun	20	15	10
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	55	30	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	55	35	15
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	50	30	15
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	50	10	35
Salish languages	655	345	310
Halkomelem	245	145	105
Lillooet	20	10	10
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	35	20	15
Squamish	285	145	140
Straits	25	10	15
Syilx (Okanagan)	40	15	20
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Siouan languages	25	15	15
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	10	10	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Tsimshian languages	125	55	65
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	30	10	20
Nisga'a	65	25	35
Tsimshian	35	20	20
Wakashan languages	95	35	60
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	25	10	15
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	45	15	30
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Non-Indigenous languages	1,396,545	658,350	738,195
Afro-Asiatic languages	41,165	21,885	19,280
Berber languages	130	85	45
Kabyle	90	65	30
Tamazight	30	15	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Chadic languages	195	105	90
Hausa	175	85	85
Mina	25	20	10
Coptic	55	35	25
Cushitic languages	2,340	1,225	1,115
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	360	200	160
Somali	1,970	1,030	935
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Semitic languages	39,075	20,835	18,245
Amharic	2,590	1,350	1,240
Arabic	28,450	15,355	13,095
Aramaic languages	2,130	1,100	1,030
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	820	455	360
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,015	500	520
Aramaic, n.o.s.	340	170	165
Harari	20	0	20
Hebrew	5,650	2,865	2,785
Maltese	115	55	60
Tigrigna	3,090	1,710	1,385
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,210	16,325	19,880
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,690	795	900
Vietnamese	34,650	15,605	19,045
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	20	30
Austronesian languages	122,120	51,035	71,090
Bikol	620	295	320
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,145	480	665
Cebuano	4,315	1,860	2,455
Fijian	835	385	450
Hiligaynon	2,655	1,055	1,605
Ilocano	9,645	3,925	5,725
Indonesian	5,895	2,780	3,115
Kankanaey	280	100	180
Kinaray-a	180	65	110
Malagasy languages	40	15	30
Merina	15	10	10
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Malay	2,960	1,405	1,555
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,310	560	745
Pangasinan	840	345	490
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	109,930	45,405	64,535
Waray-Waray	645	255	385
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,595	1,180	1,415
Creole languages	2,090	1,065	1,030
Haitian Creole	240	115	120
Jamaican English Creole	130	55	80
Krio	105	40	60
Morisyen	860	430	430
Sango	15	10	10
Creole, n.o.s.	465	255	215
Creole languages, n.i.e.	355	190	165
Dravidian languages	16,585	8,800	7,785
Kannada	1,425	765	660
Malayalam	4,615	2,470	2,150
Tamil	8,440	4,400	4,040
Telugu	3,940	2,235	1,705
Tulu	180	90	95
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Georgian	195	120	75
Hmong-Mien languages	125	65	55
Indo-European languages	643,875	317,270	326,605
Albanian	1,585	755	830
Armenian	1,390	660	725
Balto-Slavic languages	70,160	33,320	36,845
Baltic languages	805	350	460
Latvian	365	170	195
Lithuanian	440	180	265
Slavic languages	69,615	33,095	36,520
Belarusian	235	110	125
Bulgarian	1,965	940	1,025
Czech	4,785	2,350	2,435
Macedonian	380	190	190
Polish	13,165	6,195	6,970
Russian	29,885	13,995	15,885
Rusyn	15	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	17,080	8,555	8,530
Bosnian	2,605	1,285	1,325
Croatian	8,235	3,995	4,240
Serbian	9,430	4,810	4,625
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	385	205	180
Slovak	2,835	1,300	1,545
Slovene (Slovenian)	675	310	365
Ukrainian	7,515	3,310	4,205
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Celtic languages	1,855	1,030	825
Irish	1,365	765	600
Scottish Gaelic	95	60	40
Welsh	330	175	155
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30
Germanic languages	53,220	25,535	27,685
Frisian	90	40	55
High German languages	35,890	17,430	18,455
German	35,110	17,065	18,045
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	915	440	475
Yiddish	355	160	195
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	13,230	6,435	6,795
Afrikaans	4,765	2,465	2,305
Dutch	8,290	3,905	4,385
Low German, n.o.s.	35	25	0
Low Saxon	10	0	10
Plautdietsch	255	105	155
Vlaams (Flemish)	190	100	90
Scandinavian languages	6,065	2,755	3,310
Danish	2,250	1,065	1,190
Icelandic	145	65	85
Norwegian	1,440	635	805
Swedish	2,540	1,180	1,365
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	75	55	15
Greek	7,005	3,600	3,405
Indo-Iranian languages	384,455	192,610	191,845
Indo-Aryan languages	317,790	159,415	158,380
Assamese	95	50	45
Bengali	5,325	2,830	2,500
Gujarati	12,615	6,155	6,465
Hindi	110,485	54,890	55,600
Kacchi	2,745	1,210	1,535
Kashmiri	140	75	65
Konkani	655	335	320
Marathi	2,930	1,545	1,385
Nepali	1,645	830	815
Oriya languages	140	70	75
Odia	60	35	35
Oriya, n.o.s.	80	35	40
Punjabi (Panjabi)	239,205	120,220	118,990
Rohingya	55	35	20
Sindhi	505	260	250
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,045	1,420	1,630
Urdu	21,965	11,575	10,390
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,395	690	705
Iranian languages	69,060	34,510	34,550
Baluchi	105	70	40
Kurdish	3,720	2,025	1,690
Parsi	255	105	150
Pashto	2,440	1,410	1,030
Persian languages	64,655	32,215	32,440
Dari	7,840	3,780	4,055
Iranian Persian	52,285	26,110	26,175
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,290	2,730	2,555
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145	95	55
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	85	65
Italic (Romance) languages	142,265	68,760	73,500
Catalan	460	220	235
Italian	24,325	11,660	12,665
Portuguese	23,835	11,590	12,245
Romanian	8,735	4,285	4,450
Spanish	94,560	45,905	48,655
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	330	175	155
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	230	105	125
Japanese	31,770	13,490	18,275
Korean	61,165	27,260	33,905
Mongolian	525	240	285
Niger-Congo languages	9,095	4,625	4,475
Akan (Twi)	1,010	520	490
Bamanankan	40	25	15
Edo	155	75	85
Éwé	240	135	105
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	10	20
Ga	150	95	60
Ganda	310	160	150
Gikuyu	80	30	55
Igbo	485	265	220
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	430	190	240
Lingala	270	130	140
Luba-Kasai	55	30	25
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	10	0
Ndebele	130	60	70
Rundi (Kirundi)	285	115	170
Shona	435	190	245
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	35	20
Swahili	3,925	2,060	1,865
Wojenaka	10	0	10
Wolof	105	60	45
Yoruba	1,130	570	560
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,495	745	750
Nilo-Saharan languages	480	230	250
Dinka	95	45	45
Nuer	35	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	355	170	185
African, n.o.s.	90	55	40
Sign languages	3,615	1,595	2,020
American Sign Language	3,315	1,440	1,875
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	380	180	195
Sino-Tibetan languages	461,875	211,710	250,165
Chinese languages	459,215	210,380	248,830
Hakka	3,385	1,565	1,815
Mandarin	292,720	131,975	160,745
Min Dong	215	85	130
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	22,615	10,030	12,585
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,555	1,930	2,620
Yue (Cantonese)	233,750	106,925	126,820
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,820	835	985
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	235	120	110
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,850	1,430	1,420
Burmese	1,560	780	775
Kuki-Chin languages	290	125	160
Karenic languages	650	315	335
S'gaw Karen	600	280	320
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30
Tibetan	415	220	200
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	220	125	95
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	190	90	100
Tai-Kadai languages	4,550	1,905	2,645
Lao	1,180	550	630
Thai	3,500	1,390	2,110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	155	80	75
Turkic languages	9,305	4,745	4,560
Azerbaijani	1,480	755	720
Kazakh	190	55	135
Turkish	7,840	4,050	3,790
Uyghur	220	110	110
Uzbek	245	120	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	105	145
Uralic languages	7,285	3,325	3,955
Estonian	360	170	190
Finnish	1,695	735	965
Hungarian	5,250	2,440	2,805
Other languages, n.i.e.	355	160	190
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	63,345	30,695	32,650
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	60,565	29,410	31,155
First Nations (North American Indian)	35,950	17,325	18,630
Métis	24,105	11,875	12,230
Inuk (Inuit)	510	210	300
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,700	770	930
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,075	520	560
Non-Indigenous identity	2,543,670	1,246,545	1,297,120
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	24,605	11,745	12,860
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,582,410	1,265,500	1,316,910
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,043,320	...	...
Owner	647,870	...	...
Renter	394,710	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	735	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,043,320	...	...
Condominium	339,250	...	...
Not condominium	704,070	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,043,320	...	...
No bedrooms	21,815	...	...
1 bedroom	231,855	...	...
2 bedrooms	291,055	...	...
3 bedrooms	226,590	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	272,005	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,043,320	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	486,500	...	...
5 rooms	141,345	...	...
6 rooms	104,495	...	...
7 rooms	85,645	...	...
8 or more rooms	225,340	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,043,320	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,000,375	...	...
More than one person per room	42,945	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,043,320	...	...
Suitable	958,590	...	...
Not suitable	84,735	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,043,320	...	...
1960 or before	120,385	...	...
1961 to 1980	243,195	...	...
1981 to 1990	151,115	...	...
1991 to 2000	173,545	...	...
2001 to 2005	69,100	...	...
2006 to 2010	91,675	...	...
2011 to 2015	84,850	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	109,460	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,043,320	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	988,135	...	...
Major repairs needed	55,185	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,043,320	...	...
One-maintainer household	513,180	...	...
Two-maintainer household	450,060	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	80,080	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,043,320	...	...
15 to 24 years	30,925	...	...
25 to 34 years	161,980	...	...
35 to 44 years	189,720	...	...
45 to 54 years	196,810	...	...
55 to 64 years	202,020	...	...
65 to 74 years	152,290	...	...
75 to 84 years	78,330	...	...
85 years and over	31,235	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,033,410	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	725,970	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	307,440	...	...
30% to less than 100%	254,850	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,043,320	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	406,540	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	272,030	...	...
Not suitable only	60,880	...	...
Major repairs needed only	34,030	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	18,445	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	15,750	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,190	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,210	...	...
Acceptable housing	636,780	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	980,820	...	...
In core need	166,100	...	...
Not in core need	814,720	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	644,275	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,980	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,050,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,304,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	393,260	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,624	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	735	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	6.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	326	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,607,015	1,277,240	1,329,770
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	19,765	9,420	10,350
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	19,180	9,175	10,005
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	15,265	7,295	7,975
Métis single ancestry	3,795	1,845	1,945
Inuit single ancestry	125	40	85
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	590	240	345
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	530	215	310
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	10
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	15
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	51,145	25,105	26,045
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	49,255	24,240	25,015
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	33,045	16,320	16,730
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15,860	7,750	8,110
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	355	175	175
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,890	860	1,030
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,810	830	975
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	20	35
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,536,095	1,242,720	1,293,375
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,180,525	1,072,430	1,108,100
Canadian citizens aged under 18	409,560	211,730	197,825
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,770,975	860,695	910,275
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	426,480	204,820	221,665
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,384,550	702,470	682,080
Immigrants⁸¹	1,089,185	507,280	581,900
Before 1980	158,270	75,060	83,210
1980 to 1990	126,870	59,335	67,530
1991 to 2000	255,475	117,730	137,750
2001 to 2010	259,830	119,250	140,585
2011 to 2021⁸²	288,735	135,905	152,830
2011 to 2015	133,920	62,150	71,765
2016 to 2021	154,820	73,755	81,065
Non-permanent residents⁸³	133,275	67,495	65,785
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,089,180	507,280	581,905
Under 5 years	81,230	41,410	39,820
5 to 14 years	168,170	86,775	81,390
15 to 24 years	203,110	92,205	110,905
25 to 44 years	501,615	225,450	276,170
45 years and over	135,060	61,440	73,625
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,089,180	507,280	581,905
Americas	76,000	36,560	39,440
Brazil	7,100	3,335	3,760
Colombia	4,145	1,915	2,230
El Salvador	4,485	2,295	2,185
Guyana	995	415	580
Haiti	250	125	125
Jamaica	2,455	1,270	1,180
Mexico	10,060	4,625	5,440
Peru	2,875	1,310	1,565
Trinidad and Tobago	1,980	935	1,045
United States of America	27,615	13,505	14,110
Other places of birth in Americas	14,045	6,840	7,210
Europe	162,415	79,875	82,545
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,785	1,870	1,915
Croatia	3,690	1,815	1,875
France	4,360	2,395	1,970
Germany	11,545	5,430	6,115
Greece	2,550	1,415	1,130
Hungary	2,750	1,225	1,520
Italy	9,090	4,640	4,455
Netherlands	5,145	2,605	2,545
Poland	9,210	4,265	4,950
Portugal	4,400	2,130	2,275
Romania	7,235	3,420	3,815
Russian Federation	9,350	4,025	5,320
Serbia⁸⁶	3,745	1,865	1,875
Ukraine	7,090	3,300	3,790
United Kingdom⁸⁷	51,440	26,085	25,355
Other places of birth in Europe	27,030	13,390	13,635
Africa	38,530	19,615	18,915
Algeria	445	280	160
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	740	370	365
Egypt	2,705	1,510	1,195
Eritrea	2,255	1,305	950
Ethiopia	2,075	1,055	1,025
Morocco	930	445	485
Nigeria	2,210	1,165	1,050
Somalia	1,085	515	570
South Africa, Republic of	9,000	4,545	4,455
Other places of birth in Africa	17,085	8,420	8,665
Asia	788,120	359,655	428,460
Afghanistan	5,935	2,900	3,030
Iran⁸⁸	43,245	21,685	21,560
Iraq	6,550	3,510	3,040
Lebanon	1,960	1,095	865
Syria⁸⁹	4,690	2,460	2,230
Turkey	2,540	1,360	1,180
China⁹⁰	204,825	89,180	115,645
Hong Kong⁹¹	76,115	35,535	40,580
Korea, South⁹²	42,090	18,825	23,270
Taiwan	38,670	17,420	21,250
Philippines	109,405	45,955	63,455
Viet Nam	27,175	12,150	15,020
Bangladesh	2,580	1,300	1,280
India	151,400	74,355	77,050
Pakistan	11,125	5,735	5,390
Sri Lanka	4,875	2,340	2,535
Other places of birth in Asia	54,930	23,860	31,075
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	24,120	11,575	12,545
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	154,815	73,755	81,065
Americas	16,725	8,200	8,530
Brazil	4,625	2,210	2,415
Colombia	825	405	415
Haiti	20	15	0
Jamaica	390	190	195
Mexico	2,460	1,210	1,250
United States of America	5,465	2,780	2,680
Venezuela⁹⁵	420	170	250
Other places of birth in Americas	2,525	1,220	1,310
Europe	18,070	9,675	8,395
France	1,325	740	590
Germany	800	395	400
Ireland⁹⁶	2,105	1,295	815
Italy	805	445	355
Russian Federation	1,740	725	1,020
Ukraine	1,585	730	855
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,555	2,690	1,870
Other places of birth in Europe	5,150	2,650	2,495
Africa	7,395	4,010	3,385
Algeria	65	40	20
Burundi	70	30	45
Cameroon	100	55	45
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	230	130	95
Côte d'Ivoire	35	20	10
Egypt	500	290	215
Eritrea	1,415	870	545
Ethiopia	470	270	200
Morocco	230	100	125
Nigeria	1,085	575	510
Somalia	220	125	100
South Africa, Republic of	1,215	610	610
Sudan⁹⁷	160	85	75
Tunisia	100	55	50
Other places of birth in Africa	1,495	760	735
Asia	110,065	50,385	59,680
Afghanistan	1,245	660	590
Bangladesh	530	285	250
China⁹⁰	28,970	12,030	16,940
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,385	1,070	1,315
India	30,545	15,645	14,900
Iran⁸⁸	5,615	2,765	2,855
Iraq	1,435	785	645
Israel	520	315	205
Japan	1,615	405	1,210
Jordan	325	180	150
Korea, South⁹²	6,125	2,450	3,670
Lebanon	290	135	150
Nepal	235	110	125
Pakistan	1,850	1,020	830
Philippines	15,095	6,520	8,570
Saudi Arabia	480	300	185
Sri Lanka	600	270	330
Syria⁸⁹	3,380	1,815	1,565
Turkey	795	485	310
United Arab Emirates	515	235	280
Viet Nam	2,270	785	1,485
Other places of birth in Asia	5,245	2,130	3,120
Oceania and other⁹³	2,570	1,495	1,080
Australia	1,810	1,090	720
Other places of birth⁹⁸	755	405	355
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,256,395	591,725	664,670
Second generation¹⁰¹	632,460	321,815	310,645
Third generation or more¹⁰²	718,160	363,705	354,455
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	930,915	432,220	498,695
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	554,240	267,350	286,895
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	225,255	128,600	96,660
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	328,990	138,750	190,240
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	282,705	115,675	167,030
Refugees¹⁰⁸	81,155	43,525	37,635
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	12,805	5,670	7,135
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	930,915	432,220	498,695
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	23,820	13,615	10,210
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	98,885	40,630	58,255
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	33,385	16,610	16,775
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	58,500	27,225	31,280
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,390	1,445	1,935
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	712,935	332,695	380,240
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,420,270	680,720	739,550
South Asian	369,290	186,890	182,400
Chinese	512,260	239,705	272,560
Black	41,180	21,580	19,605
Filipino	142,125	62,920	79,210
Arab	22,440	11,975	10,465
Latin American	51,500	25,375	26,125
Southeast Asian	56,815	26,415	30,400
West Asian	64,640	32,345	32,295
Korean	63,465	28,855	34,610
Japanese	31,195	12,835	18,360
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	14,750	7,330	7,420
Multiple visible minorities	50,600	24,485	26,120
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,186,740	596,525	590,215
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,607,015	1,277,245	1,329,770
Canadian	174,095	90,190	83,905
English	365,150	182,385	182,765
Irish	235,970	114,465	121,505
Scottish	281,420	138,535	142,885
French, n.o.s.¹²²	108,315	53,375	54,940
German	184,145	90,845	93,295
Chinese	475,160	222,200	252,960
Italian	83,200	41,925	41,280
Indian (India)	213,795	107,310	106,490
Ukrainian	81,155	39,615	41,540
Dutch	64,120	32,355	31,770
Polish	58,505	27,900	30,605
Québécois	2,475	1,275	1,200
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	79,115	39,490	39,620
Filipino	141,230	62,935	78,290
French Canadian	15,575	7,690	7,880
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	34,895	18,220	16,675
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	23,740	11,745	11,995
Métis	22,050	10,665	11,385
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	41,860	21,300	20,565
Russian	51,690	24,585	27,110
Norwegian	45,595	22,015	23,580
Welsh	37,335	17,865	19,470
Portuguese	22,980	11,230	11,750
American	26,805	13,320	13,480
Spanish	36,270	16,955	19,310
Swedish	34,990	16,370	18,620
Hungarian	21,815	10,455	11,365
Acadian	2,365	1,240	1,125
Pakistani	15,765	8,110	7,660
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	11,685	5,965	5,725
Jewish	22,280	11,210	11,070
Punjabi	71,020	36,210	34,810
Vietnamese	42,690	19,980	22,715
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,915	5,300	4,620
Greek	14,570	7,575	6,990
Jamaican	5,735	3,020	2,715
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	41,130	19,235	21,895
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	6,230	2,915	3,310
Korean	62,885	28,640	34,240
Romanian	15,490	7,600	7,885
Lebanese	5,355	2,715	2,635
Iranian	45,815	22,805	23,010
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	8,600	4,295	4,305
Danish	19,430	9,680	9,755
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,225	2,960	3,265
Sikh	51,935	26,520	25,415
Austrian	17,850	8,590	9,265
Belgian	7,410	3,675	3,735
Haitian	620	285	335
Hindu	15,640	8,105	7,535
Mexican	19,655	9,810	9,845
Mennonite	6,320	3,260	3,055
Swiss	9,570	4,715	4,855
Finnish	12,650	6,150	6,505
Sri Lankan	5,475	2,710	2,765
Croatian	14,670	7,195	7,475
Japanese	38,945	16,620	22,325
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	16,030	7,905	8,125
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,315	640	675
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	11,035	5,450	5,585
Muslim	7,175	3,625	3,555
Egyptian	4,430	2,365	2,060
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	8,930	4,465	4,465
Tamil	3,065	1,665	1,400
Icelandic	10,265	4,980	5,285
Colombian	5,525	2,760	2,765
Moroccan	1,305	630	680
Czech	10,055	4,970	5,085
Syrian	4,355	2,255	2,100
Guyanese	1,615	835	785
Afghan	9,060	4,475	4,585
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,940	1,495	1,445
Serbian	9,755	5,105	4,650
Ojibway	1,545	825	725
Newfoundlander	1,225	665	565
Hong Konger	29,025	14,030	14,990
Ontarian	1,075	540	535
Persian	17,315	8,840	8,475
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,650	1,415	1,235
Turkish	6,305	3,300	3,005
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	575	240	335
Bangladeshi	3,105	1,610	1,490
Algerian	690	405	285
Brazilian	9,720	4,735	4,985
Nigerian	2,440	1,265	1,180
Armenian	3,055	1,535	1,520
Slovak	6,010	2,840	3,175
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	6,295	2,805	3,490
Somali	2,315	1,255	1,060
Taiwanese	35,425	16,455	18,970
Iraqi	4,035	2,070	1,965
Salvadorean	5,045	2,495	2,550
African Caribbean	1,175	620	560
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	9,040	4,270	4,770
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,260	2,190	2,065
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,740	800	940
Algonquin	530	285	245
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,300	600	695
Lithuanian	3,380	1,520	1,855
South African	7,430	3,720	3,700
Australian	8,695	4,510	4,190
Palestinian	2,245	1,165	1,075
Chilean	4,055	2,045	2,010
Congolese	1,020	500	515
Nova Scotian	760	325	435
Ethiopian	2,130	1,050	1,080
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,755	1,720	2,045
Peruvian	3,185	1,515	1,665
Yoruba	835	460	375
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,545	1,200	1,345
Berber	455	285	170
Albanian	1,740	850	885
Maltese	1,185	570	620
Macedonian	795	390	405
Slovenian	2,725	1,330	1,390
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	3,555	1,730	1,825
New Brunswicker	320	150	170
Gujarati	2,190	1,065	1,125
Eritrean	1,955	1,065	885
African Canadian	980	520	455
Israeli	2,655	1,340	1,315
Mohawk	830	430	405
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,220	1,065	1,155
Bulgarian	2,540	1,210	1,325
Albertan	1,155	640	525
Ghanaian	1,215	690	525
Barbadian	1,205	615	590
African American	2,485	1,350	1,135
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,460	1,150	1,315
Tunisian	365	200	165
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,260	1,635	1,625
Cuban	1,095	565	525
Bosnian	2,915	1,470	1,445
Venezuelan	1,350	635	715
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	35	45
Latvian	2,355	1,200	1,150
Bengali	1,110	610	500
Cameroonian	220	140	80
Guatemalan	1,900	1,075	830
Indonesian	6,100	2,875	3,220
Laotian	1,785	840	955
Ilocano	4,000	1,775	2,225
Northern Irish	2,135	1,045	1,085
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,360	1,170	1,185
British Columbian	7,415	3,800	3,610
Ecuadorian	705	360	345
Franco Ontarian	140	75	70
Argentinian	1,640	805	835
Estonian	2,360	1,115	1,245
Kurdish	3,170	1,700	1,470
Fijian	14,415	6,845	7,575
Jatt	6,075	3,185	2,890
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	980	545	435
Coptic	680	390	290
Thai	3,650	1,385	2,265
Dominican	565	285	285
Nepali	1,520	725	795
Kabyle	55	20	30
Assyrian	560	330	230
Igbo	475	260	215
Byelorussian	1,695	830	865
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	165	90	80
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	655	345	310
Abenaki	95	50	50
Moldovan	955	445	515
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	305	135	170
New Zealander	3,555	1,825	1,730
Sudanese	680	335	345
Breton	170	110	65
Pennsylvania Dutch	465	230	235
Malaysian	4,615	2,170	2,445
Plains Cree	235	135	105
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	530	320	215
Huron (Wendat)	130	70	60
Saskatchewanian	975	430	545
Buddhist	2,720	1,275	1,450
Gaspesian	15	10	10
Norman	290	180	115
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,495	700	795
Ivorian	70	40	35
Saulteaux	290	155	130
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	335	140	190
Burundian	350	170	185
Tigrinya	1,020	605	415
Nicaraguan	1,485	700	785
Mauritian	845	425	425
Kenyan	1,670	795	875
Oji-Cree	85	30	50
Vincentian	250	135	120
Jordanian	740	365	380
Manitoban	730	375	350
Cape Bretoner	160	70	95
Rwandan	450	225	225
Grenadian	230	130	100
Malayali	685	335	350
Chaldean	805	400	400
Sinhalese	1,115	530	585
Mayan	1,430	795	635
Honduran	1,125	570	550
Cherokee	770	365	410
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	35	20
Indo-Caribbean	310	165	145
Flemish	730	335	390
United Empire Loyalist	360	205	155
Senegalese	55	35	20
Azerbaijani	1,100	550	550
Sicilian	410	240	165
Pashtun	820	390	425
Malay	2,165	1,045	1,125
Goan	610	290	320
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	205	80	120
Tibetan	485	255	235
Zimbabwean	675	325	355
Burmese	1,825	940	885
Mongolian	1,415	635	785
Azorean	200	95	105
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	55	25	30
Indo-Guyanese	55	25	30
Ugandan	940	425	525
Oromo	400	210	190
Tanzanian	770	390	380
Yemeni	305	140	160
Central African	10	10	0
Libyan	530	310	225
Basque	630	350	275
Uruguayan	285	165	115
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	275	135	140
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	455	195	260
Igorot	1,060	505	555
Fulani	40	15	20
Woodland Cree	30	15	10
Guinean	105	45	55
St. Lucian	130	85	45
Prince Edward Islander	120	60	60
Maliseet	30	15	20
Beninese	90	45	45
Telugu	550	305	245
Roma	510	270	245
Costa Rican	710	360	350
African Nova Scotian	45	25	20
Malagasy	65	25	35
Kashmiri	460	220	240
Singaporean	2,285	1,025	1,255
Karen	815	435	390
Edo	170	80	90
Tajik	625	315	310
Amhara	280	145	140
Paraguayan	350	195	160
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,607,010	1,277,245	1,329,765
Buddhist	70,670	29,515	41,150
Christian	863,055	394,875	468,180
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	226,120	104,755	121,365
Anabaptist	6,960	3,310	3,640
Anglican	51,030	22,310	28,720
Baptist	26,680	12,025	14,650
Catholic	355,990	165,345	190,645
Christian Orthodox	35,340	17,210	18,130
Jehovah's Witness	9,740	4,245	5,495
Latter Day Saints	3,565	1,595	1,970
Lutheran	17,695	7,575	10,120
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,165	1,475	1,690
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	18,555	8,325	10,230
Presbyterian	14,190	6,290	7,900
Reformed	4,135	2,060	2,075
United Church	46,145	18,220	27,930
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	43,745	20,125	23,620
Hindu	66,530	34,220	32,315
Jewish	20,125	9,720	10,400
Muslim	110,645	55,325	55,320
Sikh	222,160	111,055	111,110
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,865	850	1,015
Other religions and spiritual traditions	24,205	10,245	13,960
No religion and secular perspectives	1,227,760	631,445	596,315
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,585,295	1,266,080	1,319,215
Non-movers	2,201,935	1,077,700	1,124,235
Movers	383,360	188,375	194,990
Non-migrants	219,965	107,580	112,390
Migrants	163,390	80,795	82,595
Internal migrants	117,275	58,035	59,245
Intraprovincial migrants	91,590	45,065	46,530
Interprovincial migrants	25,685	12,965	12,715
External migrants	46,115	22,765	23,350
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,492,425	1,218,460	1,273,965
Non-movers	1,416,225	688,190	728,035
Movers	1,076,205	530,275	545,925
Non-migrants	422,485	207,970	214,510
Migrants	653,725	322,305	331,415
Internal migrants	433,225	213,740	219,480
Intraprovincial migrants	352,105	173,190	178,920
Interprovincial migrants	81,115	40,555	40,565
External migrants	220,500	108,565	111,935
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	295,740	148,690	147,050
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,939,710	936,560	1,003,150
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,487,140	723,545	763,595
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	113,680	62,460	51,220
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,373,460	661,085	712,375
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,235,450	1,085,245	1,150,200
No certificate, diploma or degree	270,240	133,165	137,080
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	618,710	309,440	309,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,346,495	642,645	703,850
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	558,985	276,030	282,950
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	125,770	90,605	35,165
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	57,895	33,635	24,260
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	67,870	56,970	10,895
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	340,715	145,610	195,105
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	92,495	39,815	52,680
Bachelor's degree or higher	787,510	366,615	420,900
Bachelor's degree	511,110	234,090	277,025
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	54,185	23,010	31,175
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	20,895	10,875	10,020
Master's degree	173,475	82,085	91,395
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,850	16,560	11,290
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,487,140	723,545	763,595
No certificate, diploma or degree	98,700	53,545	45,155
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	339,580	177,700	161,885
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,048,860	492,300	556,560
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	406,400	200,350	206,050
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	87,160	63,525	23,635
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	39,895	23,460	16,430
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	47,265	40,060	7,200
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	251,750	107,915	143,830
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	67,495	28,910	38,585
Bachelor's degree or higher	642,460	291,950	350,505
Bachelor's degree	414,745	186,995	227,750
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	42,780	17,630	25,155
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	16,140	7,610	8,530
Master's degree	147,665	67,915	79,745
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	21,130	11,800	9,325
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	888,950	442,605	446,350
Education	75,935	16,505	59,430
13. Education	75,935	16,505	59,430
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	73,865	32,310	41,560
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,590	6,745	2,845
50. Visual and performing arts	64,275	25,560	38,715
Humanities	90,800	34,155	56,640
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,250	2,740	9,505
23. English language and literature/letters	22,355	6,365	15,990
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	33,430	13,310	20,120
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,400	580	820
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,235	2,455	1,775
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,615	3,425	2,185
54. History	9,235	4,855	4,380
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,275	420	1,860
Social and behavioural sciences and law	181,015	66,150	114,860
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,060	780	2,275
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	21,785	8,020	13,765
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	19,615	2,070	17,540
22. Legal professions and studies	28,505	10,580	17,925
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,955	1,540	2,415
42. Psychology	31,715	8,225	23,490
45. Social sciences	72,385	34,935	37,445
Business, management and public administration	302,700	133,510	169,185
30.16 Accounting and computer science	380	140	240
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,335	2,820	8,510
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	290,990	130,550	160,435
Physical and life sciences and technologies	66,830	33,750	33,075
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	27,200	11,580	15,615
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	17,195	8,105	9,090
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,175	380	790
40. Physical sciences	19,630	13,110	6,520
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,635	575	1,060
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	76,280	50,520	25,750
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,500	43,510	17,990
25. Library science	3,480	480	2,995
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,330	5,295	4,030
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,970	1,235	735
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	229,970	197,375	32,600
04. Architecture and related services	13,705	8,150	5,550
14. Engineering	90,240	71,455	18,785
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	39,830	34,540	5,285
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40	15	25
46. Construction trades	39,615	38,335	1,285
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	30,675	29,845	830
48. Precision production	15,870	15,040	830
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	21,905	10,985	10,920
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	13,770	6,365	7,405
03. Natural resources and conservation	8,135	4,620	3,515
Health and related fields	174,055	41,275	132,775
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	14,125	7,280	6,845
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	153,200	30,315	122,885
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	390	105	285
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,335	3,570	2,760
Personal, protective and transportation services	52,785	25,945	26,845
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	35,450	11,910	23,540
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	120	90	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	245	235	10
43. Security and protective services	6,585	4,795	1,795
49. Transportation and materials moving	10,385	8,915	1,475
Other¹⁷⁹	370	160	210
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,487,140	723,545	763,600
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	438,280	231,245	207,040
Education	51,580	10,640	40,940
13. Education	51,580	10,640	40,940
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	59,805	26,225	33,580
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,535	5,330	2,205
50. Visual and performing arts	52,270	20,890	31,375
Humanities	68,095	24,705	43,390
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	9,520	1,915	7,600
23. English language and literature/letters	17,085	4,665	12,420
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	24,685	9,465	15,220
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	985	415	570
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,245	1,815	1,430
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,030	2,475	1,550
54. History	6,970	3,665	3,305
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,580	290	1,290
Social and behavioural sciences and law	146,480	52,030	94,445
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,525	630	1,895
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	18,875	6,840	12,040
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	15,045	1,535	13,510
22. Legal professions and studies	23,285	7,795	15,490
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,125	1,235	1,890
42. Psychology	25,160	6,220	18,935
45. Social sciences	58,470	27,780	30,690
Business, management and public administration	243,445	105,175	138,270
30.16 Accounting and computer science	280	105	175
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,465	2,065	6,400
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	234,700	103,005	131,695
Physical and life sciences and technologies	50,200	24,465	25,730
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	21,250	8,820	12,430
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,625	5,805	6,820
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,005	320	685
40. Physical sciences	14,320	9,165	5,155
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,000	355	645
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	64,750	43,335	21,415
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	54,150	38,435	15,715
25. Library science	2,225	330	1,890
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,765	3,585	3,180
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,605	985	625
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	173,935	146,010	27,925
04. Architecture and related services	10,930	6,135	4,795
14. Engineering	72,485	55,885	16,595
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,765	24,475	4,285
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	0	25
46. Construction trades	29,260	28,285	980
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,730	21,150	580
48. Precision production	10,730	10,065	660
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,030	8,095	8,935
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,565	4,630	5,940
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,455	3,460	2,995
Health and related fields	133,890	32,145	101,745
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	11,170	5,860	5,310
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	117,795	23,885	93,910
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	325	55	270
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,600	2,345	2,255
Personal, protective and transportation services	39,360	19,360	20,000
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	26,475	9,075	17,405
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70	50	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	110	105	0
43. Security and protective services	5,205	3,725	1,480
49. Transportation and materials moving	7,505	6,405	1,095
Other¹⁷⁹	290	115	175
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,487,140	723,545	763,600
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	438,280	231,245	207,040
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,048,860	492,300	556,560
Location of study inside Canada	686,455	329,045	357,410
Same as province or territory of residence	560,960	265,580	295,380
Different than province or territory of residence	125,495	63,465	62,030
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	362,405	163,250	199,150
Americas	59,040	29,375	29,660
United States of America	37,205	19,280	17,930
Mexico	7,220	3,305	3,910
Cuba	235	105	130
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	275	125	150
Brazil	7,345	3,445	3,905
Colombia	1,870	825	1,045
Peru	730	275	460
Venezuela⁹⁵	680	305	375
Other locations of study in Americas	3,465	1,705	1,760
Europe	63,555	32,760	30,800
Belgium	510	290	220
France	3,900	2,075	1,825
Germany	2,705	1,435	1,270
Netherlands	1,140	645	495
Switzerland	995	470	525
Hungary	620	295	325
Moldova¹⁸³	400	180	220
Poland	2,260	1,050	1,210
Romania	2,925	1,420	1,505
Russian Federation	4,870	2,220	2,650
Ukraine	3,460	1,580	1,880
Ireland⁹⁶	4,855	2,800	2,050
United Kingdom⁸⁷	24,465	13,025	11,445
Bosnia and Herzegovina	720	345	375
Italy	1,190	655	535
Serbia⁸⁶	1,395	760	635
Other locations of study in Europe	7,140	3,515	3,625
Africa	7,865	4,185	3,680
Nigeria	800	450	360
Algeria	115	65	45
Morocco	255	130	125
Tunisia	110	50	60
Egypt	1,240	650	600
South Africa, Republic of	3,345	1,760	1,585
Other locations of study in Africa	2,000	1,085	910
Asia	221,415	91,510	129,910
Iran⁸⁸	15,505	6,785	8,720
Iraq	1,335	770	570
Israel	1,150	600	550
Lebanon	420	195	220
Syria⁸⁹	615	310	305
Turkey	1,435	855	585
China⁹⁰	55,615	23,085	32,530
Taiwan	8,345	2,800	5,550
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,780	2,720	4,060
Japan	6,510	1,640	4,870
Korea, South⁹²	17,035	6,170	10,860
Philippines	44,305	16,490	27,815
Viet Nam	1,695	480	1,225
Bangladesh	945	415	530
Sri Lanka	890	450	440
India	47,280	22,510	24,775
Pakistan	3,380	1,585	1,795
Other locations of study in Asia	8,165	3,655	4,510
Oceania	10,530	5,420	5,105
Australia	7,745	3,915	3,830
New Zealand	2,045	1,110	935
Other locations of study in Oceania	735	395	345
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,235,450	1,085,245	1,150,200
In the labour force	1,468,220	760,055	708,170
Employed	1,341,570	698,335	643,240
Unemployed	126,650	61,720	64,930
Not in the labour force	767,230	325,195	442,035
Participation rate	65.7	70.0	61.6
Employment rate	60.0	64.3	55.9
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.1	9.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,235,450	1,085,250	1,150,200
Did not work¹⁸⁶	793,200	341,135	452,065
Worked	1,442,245	744,110	698,140
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	756,970	430,080	326,890
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	685,280	314,040	371,250
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	42.0	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,468,220	760,055	708,165
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740
Employee	1,189,685	593,935	595,750
Permanent position	991,085	503,685	487,400
Temporary position	198,600	90,255	108,345
Fixed term (1 year or more)	74,240	34,305	39,935
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	124,360	55,945	68,415
Self-employed¹⁹²	245,620	150,630	94,990
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,468,220	760,055	708,165
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	20,140	14,590	5,550
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	274,800	93,785	181,015
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	137,100	103,835	33,260
3 Health occupations	103,155	24,855	78,300
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	167,840	56,580	111,255
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	74,525	37,355	37,170
6 Sales and service occupations	366,180	166,370	199,805
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	227,715	205,305	22,410
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	18,980	13,130	5,845
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	44,875	28,745	16,125
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,468,220	760,055	708,165
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	32,920	15,490	17,425
All industries¹⁹¹	1,435,305	744,565	690,740
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	12,760	6,875	5,890
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,030	2,870	1,160
22 Utilities	8,120	5,355	2,760
23 Construction	114,600	97,775	16,815
31-33 Manufacturing	83,255	55,325	27,935
41 Wholesale trade	54,360	34,870	19,495
44-45 Retail trade	159,825	76,145	83,680
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	86,180	65,075	21,105
51 Information and cultural industries	55,000	34,460	20,545
52 Finance and insurance	66,980	31,000	35,975
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	38,130	20,925	17,210
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	160,590	90,735	69,855
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,050	1,860	2,190
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	59,880	34,035	25,845
61 Educational services	110,765	37,465	73,300
62 Health care and social assistance	163,115	34,830	128,290
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	32,895	16,700	16,195
72 Accommodation and food services	96,660	41,970	54,690
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,285	25,500	35,790
91 Public administration	62,815	30,790	32,025
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,564,385	804,740	759,640
English	1,367,865	707,475	660,390
French	1,520	445	1,080
Non-official language	45,845	23,865	21,985
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15
Non-Indigenous	45,830	23,855	21,975
English and French	11,770	4,625	7,145
English and non-official language(s)	131,765	65,565	66,200
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,825	825	1,005
Multiple non-official languages	3,715	1,920	1,795
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,564,385	804,740	759,640
Single responses	1,533,680	789,170	744,505
Official languages	1,451,660	747,050	704,615
English	1,448,340	746,125	702,215
French	3,320	925	2,395
Non-official languages	82,020	42,120	39,900
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	20	10
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	10	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	10	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,990	42,105	39,885
Afro-Asiatic languages	435	275	165
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	420	275	150
Amharic	20	10	10
Arabic	310	220	95
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	50	20	30
Tigrigna	35	20	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,065	720	1,345
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0
Vietnamese	2,055	715	1,335
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	780	405	380
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	15	10	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	40	25	20
Indonesian	85	50	45
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	615	315	300
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	60	35	30
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	55	30	30
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	23,100	13,745	9,355
Albanian	20	0	10
Armenian	20	0	15
Balto-Slavic languages	810	315	500
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	805	310	490
Bulgarian	10	0	10
Czech	20	15	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	75	25	50
Russian	575	210	365
Serbo-Croatian	80	45	35
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	10	0	0
Serbian	70	45	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	30	10	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	175	65	110
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	135	40	95
German	130	35	95
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	15	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	15	0
Swedish	10	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	45	30	10
Indo-Iranian languages	19,215	11,920	7,300
Indo-Aryan languages	17,275	10,815	6,465
Bengali	10	10	0
Gujarati	10	0	10
Hindi	490	260	225
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,665	10,500	6,165
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	85	35	55
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,945	1,105	840
Kurdish	25	20	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	1,915	1,090	825
Dari	100	70	35
Iranian Persian	1,650	905	745
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	115	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,810	1,395	1,405
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	110	40	65
Portuguese	480	210	270
Romanian	40	20	20
Spanish	2,185	1,130	1,055
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,750	605	1,145
Korean	6,260	3,140	3,120
Mongolian	0	10	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	210	85	120
American Sign Language	205	80	120
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,075	23,010	24,070
Chinese languages	47,020	22,970	24,050
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	27,485	13,185	14,305
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	100	125
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10
Yue (Cantonese)	19,220	9,640	9,585
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	40	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	35	20
Burmese	30	15	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	140	55	80
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	135	50	80
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60	20	40
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	55	10	40
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	30	10	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	0	0
Hungarian	15	0	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	30,705	15,575	15,130
English and French	1,495	560	930
English and non-official language(s)	28,315	14,535	13,780
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45
Multiple non-official languages	785	430	355
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,564,385	804,740	759,640
None	1,440,905	744,935	695,970
English	30,370	15,125	15,250
French	8,795	3,760	5,040
Non-official language	65,900	32,495	33,405
Indigenous³⁹	125	70	55
Non-Indigenous	65,775	32,425	33,350
English and French	40	20	20
English and non-official language(s)	4,595	2,090	2,505
French and non-official language(s)	1,420	615	805
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	12,350	5,705	6,645
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,341,570	698,335	643,240
Worked at home	355,075	174,605	180,475
Worked outside Canada	7,935	5,225	2,710
No fixed workplace address	189,970	140,125	49,845
Usual place of work	788,585	378,385	410,205
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	788,585	378,385	410,205
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	365,810	159,510	206,300
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	407,305	210,030	197,275
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,135	7,465	5,665
Commute to a different province or territory	2,335	1,375	960
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	978,560	518,510	460,050
Car, truck or van	731,155	411,440	319,715
Car, truck or van - as a driver	666,495	387,870	278,625
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	64,660	23,570	41,090
Public transit	146,055	59,870	86,190
Walked	62,435	25,530	36,900
Bicycle	18,225	11,450	6,775
Other method	20,695	10,220	10,475
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	978,560	518,510	460,050
Less than 15 minutes	202,980	91,705	111,275
15 to 29 minutes	341,035	176,960	164,070
30 to 44 minutes	258,225	149,700	108,525
45 to 59 minutes	96,495	55,305	41,190
60 minutes and over	79,825	44,830	34,990
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	978,560	518,510	460,050
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	62,540	44,280	18,260
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	148,575	93,965	54,610
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	219,885	113,670	106,220
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	212,645	99,920	112,730
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	185,195	85,925	99,265
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	149,725	80,750	68,970
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	461,375	238,355	223,020
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	27,520	13,930	13,595
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	433,850	224,430	209,425
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	338,220	175,290	162,930
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,560	10,955	10,610
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	13,055	6,450	6,605
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,510	4,505	4,000
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	316,660	164,335	152,325

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 22, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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