Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Whitby, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	138,501	...	...
Population, 2016¹	128,377	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	47,389	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	46,460	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	944.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	146.69	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	138,505	67,400	71,100
0 to 14 years	26,425	13,470	12,955
0 to 4 years	7,345	3,695	3,650
5 to 9 years	8,965	4,565	4,395
10 to 14 years	10,110	5,205	4,905
15 to 64 years	91,640	44,870	46,770
15 to 19 years	9,620	5,000	4,620
20 to 24 years	8,155	4,230	3,925
25 to 29 years	7,165	3,605	3,560
30 to 34 years	8,320	4,000	4,320
35 to 39 years	9,810	4,705	5,105
40 to 44 years	9,850	4,550	5,295
45 to 49 years	10,500	5,100	5,400
50 to 54 years	10,010	4,830	5,190
55 to 59 years	10,085	4,940	5,150
60 to 64 years	8,110	3,915	4,195
65 years and over	20,440	9,060	11,380
65 to 69 years	6,370	2,975	3,400
70 to 74 years	5,330	2,385	2,945
75 to 79 years	3,555	1,645	1,910
80 to 84 years	2,345	995	1,355
85 years and over	2,825	1,060	1,765
85 to 89 years	1,685	675	1,005
90 to 94 years	915	310	605
95 to 99 years	200	70	125
100 years and over	35	10	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.1	20.0	18.2
15 to 64 years	66.2	66.6	65.8
65 years and over	14.8	13.4	16.0
85 years and over	2.0	1.6	2.5
Average age of the population	39.5	38.5	40.4
Median age of the population	40.0	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,460	...	...
Single-detached house	32,295	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,385	...	...
Row house	6,135	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	870	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,435	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,300	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,460	...	...
1 person	8,015	...	...
2 persons	12,775	...	...
3 persons	8,995	...	...
4 persons	10,525	...	...
5 or more persons	6,155	...	...
Number of persons in private households	136,665	66,635	70,035
Average household size	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	112,075	53,930	58,145
Married or living common-law	67,085	33,510	33,570
Married	59,440	29,690	29,750
Living common-law	7,640	3,820	3,820
Living common law - Never married	4,980	2,515	2,470
Living common law - Separated	505	275	230
Living common law - Divorced	1,950	950	1,000
Living common law - Widowed	205	85	120
Not married and not living common-law	44,995	20,420	24,580
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,125	16,290	14,835
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,975	1,110	1,870
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,605	1,890	3,710
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,295	1,125	4,170
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	39,250	...	...
2 persons	15,015	...	...
3 persons	9,510	...	...
4 persons	10,620	...	...
5 or more persons	4,100	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	39,250	...	...
Total couple families	32,880	...	...
Married couples	29,055	...	...
With children⁶	19,550	...	...
Without children	9,510	...	...
Common-law couples	3,815	...	...
With children⁶	1,800	...	...
Without children	2,020	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,370	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,045	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,330	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	136,665	66,630	70,035
Total - Persons in census families	122,660	60,770	61,890
Married spouses or common-law partners	65,750	32,860	32,890
Parents in one-parent families	6,375	1,325	5,045
Children⁶	50,535	26,585	23,950
In a two-parent family	40,260	21,095	19,170
In a one-parent family	10,270	5,485	4,785
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	14,005	5,855	8,150
Living alone	8,010	3,200	4,810
Living with other relatives⁷	3,375	1,185	2,185
Living with non-relatives only	2,625	1,475	1,145
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,460	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	32,800	...	...
Couple-family households	28,185	...	...
With children⁶	18,625	...	...
Without children	9,560	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,615	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,580	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	460	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,595	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,015	...	...
One-person households	8,010	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	110,265	53,175	57,095
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	105,005	50,490	54,515
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,000	56,400	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	105,075	50,525	54,550
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	48,800	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,610	46,900	48,705
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	54,400	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,700	40,900	39,800
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	55,200	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,985	43,715	49,275
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,300	5,080	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,185	3,860	5,315
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	5,760	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,160	14,410	15,750
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	110,265	53,175	57,090
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,980	50,415	54,565
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,000	74,100	52,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	105,045	50,440	54,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,160	58,650	44,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,670	46,800	48,875
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,600	71,900	47,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,700	41,030	39,665
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,700	69,500	49,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,125	43,655	49,470
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,840	8,490	11,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,525	4,120	5,405
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,090	6,420	7,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,010	14,220	15,790
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,340	9,150	9,520
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	110,265	53,175	57,095
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	41,580	22,860	18,715
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	80,000	88,000	72,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,400	101,700	78,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,510	12,805	15,700
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,800	18,200	15,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,400	33,600	25,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.2	90.0	81.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.8	76.2	68.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.8	9.9	19.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.8	3.7	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.2	3.5	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	110,265	53,175	57,090
Without total income	5,260	2,685	2,575
With total income	105,005	50,485	54,515
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,340	3,925	5,420
$10,000 to $19,999	11,230	4,715	6,520
$20,000 to $29,999	13,785	5,695	8,085
$30,000 to $39,999	10,680	4,370	6,310
$40,000 to $49,999	9,445	4,120	5,320
$50,000 to $59,999	8,390	3,760	4,635
$60,000 to $69,999	7,280	3,450	3,825
$70,000 to $79,999	6,265	3,115	3,150
$80,000 to $89,999	5,245	2,770	2,480
$90,000 to $99,999	4,855	2,570	2,280
$100,000 and over	18,485	11,990	6,495
$100,000 to $149,999	12,600	7,590	5,005
$150,000 and over	5,885	4,395	1,485
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	110,265	53,175	57,090
Without after-tax income	5,195	2,650	2,540
With after-tax income	105,070	50,525	54,550
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,810	4,045	5,765
$10,000 to $19,999	11,765	4,970	6,800
$20,000 to $29,999	15,510	6,470	9,045
$30,000 to $39,999	12,435	5,275	7,160
$40,000 to $49,999	11,385	5,080	6,305
$50,000 to $59,999	10,015	4,710	5,305
$60,000 to $69,999	7,930	3,965	3,965
$70,000 to $79,999	6,840	3,700	3,135
$80,000 to $89,999	6,200	3,255	2,945
$90,000 to $99,999	3,900	2,380	1,515
$100,000 and over	9,280	6,665	2,610
$100,000 to $124,999	5,000	3,455	1,545
$125,000 and over	4,285	3,215	1,070
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	110,265	53,175	57,090
Without employment income	29,565	12,275	17,290
With employment income	80,695	40,895	39,800
Under $5,000 (including loss)	12,060	5,765	6,295
$5,000 to $9,999	6,125	2,660	3,465
$10,000 to $19,999	8,025	3,545	4,480
$20,000 to $29,999	5,465	2,490	2,975
$30,000 to $39,999	5,020	2,315	2,710
$40,000 to $49,999	5,480	2,360	3,125
$50,000 to $59,999	5,285	2,425	2,855
$60,000 to $69,999	5,050	2,430	2,625
$70,000 to $79,999	4,520	2,275	2,245
$80,000 to $89,999	4,115	2,220	1,900
$90,000 to $99,999	4,505	2,205	2,300
$100,000 and over	15,025	10,205	4,815
$100,000 to $124,999	6,905	4,205	2,700
$125,000 and over	8,115	6,000	2,120
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	110,265	53,175	57,095
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	102,500	49,150	53,350
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,800	56,400	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	102,550	49,160	53,390
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	48,800	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,225	46,220	48,005
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,600	56,000	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,790	40,870	39,920
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	56,800	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,805	40,760	46,045
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,660	735	4,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,510	2,395	4,120
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,040	6,950
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	110,265	53,175	57,090
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,570	49,085	53,480
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,350	71,800	49,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,630	49,095	53,530
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,880	56,650	41,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,510	46,120	48,385
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,600	72,000	47,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,070	41,010	40,060
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,650	69,800	49,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,655	40,535	46,120
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,008	7,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,525	2,405	4,120
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,940	5,990	9,090
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	110,265	53,175	57,095
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	41,315	22,690	18,620
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	76,000	85,000	67,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,800	97,500	73,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,900	12,105	14,790
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,000	26,000	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,640	41,080	31,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	94.2	86.6
Employment income (%)	78.0	81.2	74.0
Government transfers (%)	9.0	5.8	13.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,460	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,010	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	38,450	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,460	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	142,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	115,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,990	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	38,470	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	159,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	129,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,460	...	...
Under $5,000	225	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	115	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	425	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	885	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	845	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	780	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	840	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,025	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,005	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,175	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,280	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,375	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,300	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,420	...	...
$100,000 and over	28,465	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,800	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,290	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,065	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,310	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,460	...	...
Under $5,000	265	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	120	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	325	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	455	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	925	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	960	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	890	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,090	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,160	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,250	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,715	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,795	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,920	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,095	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,975	...	...
$100,000 and over	24,515	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,055	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,750	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,720	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	37,840	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,750	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	21,440	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	164,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,665	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	10,635	4,675	5,960
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,400	50,400	44,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	44,000	40,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	37,845	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	158,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,760	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,440	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	184,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,605	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	101,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	10,635	4,520	6,115
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	57,050	60,700	54,350
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,560	49,760	45,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	136,665	66,635	70,030
0 to 17 years	32,365	16,535	15,830
0 to 5 years	9,065	4,610	4,460
18 to 64 years	85,220	41,505	43,715
65 years and over	19,080	8,595	10,490
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,365	3,305	4,060
0 to 17 years	2,005	1,055	955
0 to 5 years	575	310	265
18 to 64 years	3,910	1,775	2,135
65 years and over	1,445	475	970
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.4	5.0	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.4	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	6.3	6.7	6.0
18 to 64 years (%)	4.6	4.3	4.9
65 years and over (%)	7.6	5.5	9.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	136,665	66,630	70,035
0 to 17 years	32,360	16,535	15,825
0 to 5 years	9,065	4,605	4,455
18 to 64 years	85,220	41,500	43,720
65 years and over	19,080	8,590	10,485
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,975	1,450	1,525
0 to 17 years	690	350	345
0 to 5 years	185	95	85
18 to 64 years	2,005	995	1,005
65 years and over	275	105	170
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.2	2.2	2.2
0 to 17 years (%)	2.1	2.1	2.2
0 to 5 years (%)	2.0	2.1	1.9
18 to 64 years (%)	2.4	2.4	2.3
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.2	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	136,665	66,635	70,035
In bottom half of the distribution	44,845	21,070	23,780
In bottom decile	6,560	3,045	3,520
In second decile	7,610	3,420	4,190
In third decile	8,895	4,135	4,755
In fourth decile	9,900	4,730	5,170
In fifth decile	11,885	5,735	6,150
In top half of the distribution	91,820	45,565	46,250
In sixth decile	13,690	6,605	7,090
In seventh decile	15,500	7,545	7,960
In eighth decile	18,370	9,095	9,275
In ninth decile	21,855	10,990	10,865
In top decile	22,400	11,330	11,070
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	136,665	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.306	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.392	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.264	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	137,135	66,805	70,325
English only	123,965	61,240	62,725
French only	110	45	60
English and French	11,425	4,875	6,555
Neither English nor French	1,635	645	990
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	137,135	66,805	70,325
English	133,040	65,065	67,980
French	1,865	835	1,035
English and French	650	295	360
Neither English nor French	1,575	610	965
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	137,135	66,805	70,325
Single responses	131,270	63,955	67,320
Official languages	105,280	51,615	53,670
English	103,470	50,800	52,670
French	1,810	815	995
Non-official languages	25,990	12,340	13,645
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,990	12,340	13,645
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,155	585	570
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	5	0	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	5	0
Cushitic languages	40	15	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	35	15	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,105	565	540
Amharic	40	20	25
Arabic	945	485	455
Aramaic languages	25	10	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	10	5	10
Hebrew	20	10	5
Maltese	55	30	30
Tigrigna	10	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	215	90	125
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5
Vietnamese	205	90	115
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,455	570	885
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Cebuano	35	15	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	5	5
Ilocano	50	20	30
Indonesian	30	15	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,280	495	780
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	110	45	60
Haitian Creole	25	10	15
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	10	0	5
Morisyen	15	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	3,065	1,525	1,545
Kannada	65	35	35
Malayalam	350	185	165
Tamil	2,235	1,095	1,140
Telugu	415	210	205
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,370	7,375	8,000
Albanian	85	45	45
Armenian	90	45	50
Balto-Slavic languages	2,150	950	1,200
Baltic languages	35	20	20
Latvian	15	5	10
Lithuanian	20	10	15
Slavic languages	2,115	930	1,180
Belarusian	5	5	5
Bulgarian	40	20	20
Czech	65	25	35
Macedonian	340	165	180
Polish	635	255	380
Russian	360	150	205
Rusyn	5	0	5
Serbo-Croatian	315	160	155
Bosnian	20	15	10
Croatian	100	45	60
Serbian	190	100	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Slovak	75	35	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	35	45
Ukrainian	195	85	115
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,100	490	615
Frisian	10	0	5
High German languages	520	220	295
German	505	220	295
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	0
Yiddish	10	5	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	505	225	280
Afrikaans	45	15	30
Dutch	450	205	245
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	65	30	30
Danish	25	15	15
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	30	20	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Greek	550	280	275
Indo-Iranian languages	7,305	3,595	3,705
Indo-Aryan languages	5,705	2,800	2,905
Assamese	15	5	10
Bengali	660	315	340
Gujarati	700	345	350
Hindi	915	425	485
Kacchi	50	20	25
Kashmiri	5	5	0
Konkani	30	15	15
Marathi	130	70	60
Nepali	10	5	5
Oriya languages	40	25	15
Odia	35	20	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	610	305	305
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	30	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	75	85
Urdu	2,335	1,155	1,180
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Iranian languages	1,600	795	805
Baluchi	10	5	5
Kurdish	25	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	150	80	75
Persian languages	1,415	700	715
Dari	905	435	470
Iranian Persian	385	195	190
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	65	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,080	1,970	2,110
Catalan	5	0	0
Italian	1,330	685	645
Portuguese	840	405	440
Romanian	415	195	215
Spanish	1,490	685	805
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	65	20	45
Korean	320	150	170
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	365	170	190
Akan (Twi)	65	30	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	5
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	15	10	5
Ndebele	15	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	10
Shona	25	15	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	45	25	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	90	40	50
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	10
American Sign Language	25	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,360	1,585	1,775
Chinese languages	3,350	1,575	1,770
Hakka	35	15	15
Mandarin	2,065	980	1,080
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	1,165	545	620
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	10
Burmese	5	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	10	30
Lao	15	5	5
Thai	30	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	105	55	50
Azerbaijani	10	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	90	50	40
Uyghur	5	5	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	320	145	175
Estonian	25	15	15
Finnish	40	15	25
Hungarian	250	115	135
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,860	2,855	3,010
English and French	805	370	430
English and non-official language(s)	4,465	2,210	2,250
French and non-official language(s)	90	40	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	55	70
Multiple non-official languages	380	175	210
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	137,135	66,805	70,325
English	106,240	52,160	54,080
French	465	225	240
Non-official language	5,970	2,825	3,145
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,970	2,825	3,145
English and French	1,850	780	1,070
English and non-official language(s)	21,190	10,215	10,980
French and non-official language(s)	40	10	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	845	345	505
Multiple non-official languages	530	250	275
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	137,135	66,805	70,325
Single responses	131,375	64,035	67,340
Official languages	118,120	57,625	60,500
English	117,430	57,300	60,125
French	695	325	370
Non-official languages	13,255	6,415	6,845
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,255	6,415	6,840
Afro-Asiatic languages	550	270	280
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	5	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	0	0
Somali	10	5	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	530	260	270
Amharic	15	10	10
Arabic	455	230	230
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	5	0	5
Hebrew	10	0	0
Maltese	15	5	10
Tigrigna	10	0	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	55	75
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	125	55	75
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	595	265	325
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	15	10	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	20	5	10
Indonesian	10	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	530	240	290
Waray-Waray	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	40	20	20
Haitian Creole	15	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,090	1,025	1,060
Kannada	30	15	15
Malayalam	210	110	100
Tamil	1,630	795	840
Telugu	220	110	110
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,950	3,375	3,575
Albanian	35	15	20
Armenian	40	20	25
Balto-Slavic languages	745	355	390
Baltic languages	5	5	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	5	0
Slavic languages	735	345	385
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	10	10
Czech	15	5	10
Macedonian	110	55	60
Polish	190	90	105
Russian	195	100	100
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	120	60	60
Bosnian	10	0	0
Croatian	25	10	15
Serbian	90	45	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	25	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5
Ukrainian	40	20	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	90	40	50
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	40	20	25
German	40	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	15	20
Afrikaans	5	5	5
Dutch	35	15	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	125	60	65
Indo-Iranian languages	4,450	2,190	2,255
Indo-Aryan languages	3,460	1,705	1,760
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	370	170	195
Gujarati	435	215	220
Hindi	525	250	270
Kacchi	20	5	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	5	5
Marathi	65	35	25
Nepali	0	0	0
Oriya languages	20	10	15
Odia	15	10	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	375	175	200
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	90	45	45
Urdu	1,520	770	750
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Iranian languages	990	485	500
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	10	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	70	35	30
Persian languages	900	440	460
Dari	555	270	290
Iranian Persian	250	120	135
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	50	40
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,465	690	770
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	275	125	155
Portuguese	300	145	155
Romanian	195	90	100
Spanish	695	335	360
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	30	10	25
Korean	220	105	110
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	100	40	55
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	5
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	5	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	25	15
American Sign Language	35	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,370	1,160	1,215
Chinese languages	2,360	1,155	1,210
Hakka	5	5	5
Mandarin	1,565	765	800
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	750	365	385
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	10
Lao	5	0	5
Thai	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	55	30	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	45	20	25
Uyghur	5	5	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	70	30	40
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	0	5
Hungarian	65	30	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,760	2,770	2,990
English and French	415	185	230
English and non-official language(s)	5,135	2,495	2,645
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	40	65
Multiple non-official languages	70	35	40
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	137,135	66,805	70,330
None	117,320	57,430	59,885
English	5,985	2,950	3,035
French	1,470	590	875
Non-official language	9,770	4,610	5,160
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	9,765	4,605	5,155
English and French	80	35	45
English and non-official language(s)	965	485	480
French and non-official language(s)	395	160	240
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,135	540	595
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	136,665	66,630	70,030
Official languages	135,035	65,990	69,045
English	134,930	65,950	68,985
French	11,500	4,925	6,570
Non-official languages	36,555	17,440	19,120
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10
Algonquian languages	15	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,540	17,430	19,110
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,005	1,000	1,005
Berber languages	25	0	20
Kabyle	25	0	20
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	75	25	50
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	0	10
Somali	65	25	45
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,965	980	980
Amharic	100	45	55
Arabic	1,635	835	800
Aramaic languages	45	20	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	30	10	20
Hebrew	50	20	30
Maltese	125	55	75
Tigrigna	35	25	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	265	120	145
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	10
Vietnamese	250	115	135
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,065	835	1,225
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	60	30	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	85	35	50
Indonesian	65	25	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	45	30	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15
Pangasinan	10	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,930	770	1,160
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Creole languages	350	150	205
Haitian Creole	90	35	50
Jamaican English Creole	55	25	30
Krio	10	0	10
Morisyen	35	15	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	50	55
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40
Dravidian languages	4,725	2,325	2,400
Kannada	235	105	130
Malayalam	600	320	280
Tamil	3,540	1,755	1,780
Telugu	780	370	420
Tulu	15	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	22,075	10,625	11,450
Albanian	130	75	55
Armenian	95	45	55
Balto-Slavic languages	2,870	1,330	1,535
Baltic languages	60	25	35
Latvian	30	15	15
Lithuanian	25	10	20
Slavic languages	2,825	1,315	1,505
Belarusian	10	10	0
Bulgarian	85	50	35
Czech	100	35	65
Macedonian	660	325	340
Polish	780	325	450
Russian	585	265	315
Rusyn	25	10	20
Serbo-Croatian	415	200	215
Bosnian	10	0	0
Croatian	200	95	100
Serbian	255	130	125
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	80	50	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	100	60	35
Ukrainian	325	160	170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	35	10	20
Irish	10	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,830	815	1,020
Frisian	20	10	0
High German languages	965	445	515
German	965	445	515
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	790	330	455
Afrikaans	100	45	55
Dutch	665	280	385
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10
Scandinavian languages	150	80	65
Danish	35	15	20
Icelandic	25	0	20
Norwegian	25	20	0
Swedish	70	50	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	975	450	520
Indo-Iranian languages	10,530	5,255	5,275
Indo-Aryan languages	8,780	4,375	4,405
Assamese	30	15	15
Bengali	860	445	420
Gujarati	995	500	490
Hindi	3,765	1,830	1,935
Kacchi	55	25	30
Kashmiri	25	10	10
Konkani	65	35	30
Marathi	365	200	160
Nepali	15	10	0
Oriya languages	95	50	45
Odia	60	25	30
Oriya, n.o.s.	35	25	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,420	760	660
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	65	40	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	225	115	110
Urdu	3,660	1,855	1,805
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30
Iranian languages	2,070	1,050	1,020
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	25	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	285	185	105
Persian languages	1,890	935	955
Dari	1,415	680	735
Iranian Persian	350	185	165
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	155	80	80
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,100	2,900	3,200
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,005	1,010	995
Portuguese	1,235	620	610
Romanian	510	245	270
Spanish	2,595	1,170	1,420
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	190	85	105
Korean	440	205	235
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,040	460	585
Akan (Twi)	175	70	105
Bamanankan	10	0	10
Edo	10	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	45	25	20
Gikuyu	15	10	0
Igbo	110	55	50
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	20	20
Lingala	80	30	50
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	15	15
Shona	30	20	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	205	100	100
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	40	15	25
Yoruba	320	145	180
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	30	50
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	205	85	120
American Sign Language	195	75	120
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,060	1,960	2,095
Chinese languages	4,040	1,955	2,090
Hakka	60	25	35
Mandarin	2,895	1,400	1,495
Min Dong	20	0	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	35	60
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,435	715	725
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	60
Lao	45	20	25
Thai	65	30	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	190	90	100
Azerbaijani	20	15	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	170	75	95
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	390	180	210
Estonian	25	15	10
Finnish	65	15	45
Hungarian	295	150	150
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	136,665	66,630	70,035
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,085	915	1,175
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,000	885	1,120
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,045	485	565
Métis	890	375	520
Inuk (Inuit)	60	30	35
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	65	20	40
Non-Indigenous identity	134,580	65,720	68,860
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	136,665	66,630	70,035
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	555	240	315
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	136,110	66,395	69,720
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,460	...	...
Owner	38,125	...	...
Renter	8,330	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,460	...	...
Condominium	3,635	...	...
Not condominium	42,825	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,460	...	...
No bedrooms	155	...	...
1 bedroom	2,890	...	...
2 bedrooms	4,805	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,880	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	20,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,460	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	6,840	...	...
5 rooms	5,610	...	...
6 rooms	7,185	...	...
7 rooms	6,805	...	...
8 or more rooms	20,025	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,460	...	...
One person or fewer per room	45,670	...	...
More than one person per room	785	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,460	...	...
Suitable	44,445	...	...
Not suitable	2,020	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,460	...	...
1960 or before	3,810	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,700	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,925	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,910	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,430	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,545	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,915	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,220	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,460	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,975	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,485	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,460	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,955	...	...
Two-maintainer household	25,035	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,460	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,460	...	...
15 to 24 years	180	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,370	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,560	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,225	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,065	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,530	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,255	...	...
85 years and over	1,270	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,335	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	36,450	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,885	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,460	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,510	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,145	...	...
Not suitable only	1,580	...	...
Major repairs needed only	960	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	305	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	390	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	85	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,950	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,595	...	...
In core need	3,750	...	...
Not in core need	41,845	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	38,100	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,048	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	894,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,335	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	16.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,430	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,536	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	136,665	66,635	70,035
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	460	215	240
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	455	215	240
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	290	140	150
Métis single ancestry	155	70	85
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,825	1,200	1,625
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,775	1,175	1,600
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,830	780	1,045
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	875	365	515
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	25	40
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	133,380	65,210	68,170
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	136,665	66,630	70,030
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	128,075	62,495	65,580
Canadian citizens aged under 18	31,130	16,000	15,130
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	96,950	46,495	50,455
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,585	4,130	4,450
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	136,665	66,630	70,030
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	97,805	48,330	49,475
Immigrants⁸¹	37,985	17,840	20,145
Before 1980	9,300	4,290	5,010
1980 to 1990	4,580	2,100	2,480
1991 to 2000	7,120	3,400	3,720
2001 to 2010	8,305	3,920	4,390
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,675	4,135	4,540
2011 to 2015	4,010	1,905	2,100
2016 to 2021	4,665	2,225	2,445
Non-permanent residents⁸³	880	465	415
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	37,985	17,840	20,145
Under 5 years	4,150	2,030	2,125
5 to 14 years	7,505	3,590	3,920
15 to 24 years	7,510	3,300	4,205
25 to 44 years	16,260	7,845	8,410
45 years and over	2,560	1,075	1,485
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	37,985	17,840	20,145
Americas	8,595	3,725	4,875
Brazil	305	150	150
Colombia	250	125	125
El Salvador	105	50	55
Guyana	1,475	630	845
Haiti	105	45	60
Jamaica	2,770	1,120	1,650
Mexico	225	85	140
Peru	55	30	25
Trinidad and Tobago	1,025	505	515
United States of America	945	415	530
Other places of birth in Americas	1,345	565	780
Europe	9,170	4,395	4,770
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	25	30
Croatia	90	35	55
France	95	45	50
Germany	435	200	235
Greece	320	160	155
Hungary	155	65	85
Italy	820	445	375
Netherlands	500	245	255
Poland	535	220	315
Portugal	410	200	215
Romania	400	180	220
Russian Federation	160	55	105
Serbia⁸⁶	105	50	55
Ukraine	170	90	80
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,645	1,760	1,885
Other places of birth in Europe	1,275	625	655
Africa	2,310	1,165	1,140
Algeria	20	10	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	85	40	45
Egypt	335	190	145
Eritrea	30	15	15
Ethiopia	110	55	50
Morocco	40	20	20
Nigeria	490	230	255
Somalia	40	20	25
South Africa, Republic of	210	105	110
Other places of birth in Africa	945	480	465
Asia	17,765	8,460	9,300
Afghanistan	1,035	505	525
Iran⁸⁸	355	190	165
Iraq	135	65	65
Lebanon	315	160	160
Syria⁸⁹	120	50	65
Turkey	55	30	30
China⁹⁰	2,180	995	1,185
Hong Kong⁹¹	410	210	205
Korea, South⁹²	295	135	160
Taiwan	55	20	35
Philippines	2,110	860	1,255
Viet Nam	210	95	120
Bangladesh	500	265	230
India	4,890	2,390	2,500
Pakistan	2,010	985	1,020
Sri Lanka	1,935	935	1,005
Other places of birth in Asia	1,150	570	575
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	150	90	60
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,665	2,225	2,440
Americas	615	270	345
Brazil	95	45	50
Colombia	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	160	65	95
Mexico	50	15	35
United States of America	140	75	65
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	10
Other places of birth in Americas	145	55	90
Europe	210	105	105
France	10	10	0
Germany	10	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	10
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	15	0	15
Ukraine	15	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	40	25
Other places of birth in Europe	70	30	40
Africa	305	135	170
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	50	20	30
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	10	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	145	70	75
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	20	20
Asia	3,520	1,700	1,825
Afghanistan	155	100	55
Bangladesh	60	25	30
China⁹⁰	355	165	190
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	25	10
India	1,930	955	975
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	10
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	20	0	15
Jordan	20	10	10
Korea, South⁹²	45	20	25
Lebanon	35	10	25
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	270	145	125
Philippines	305	115	195
Saudi Arabia	30	10	15
Sri Lanka	70	35	30
Syria⁸⁹	90	40	45
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	25	15	10
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	45	0	35
Oceania and other⁹³	20	20	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	136,665	66,630	70,035
First generation¹⁰⁰	39,950	18,785	21,170
Second generation¹⁰¹	37,635	19,175	18,465
Third generation or more¹⁰²	59,080	28,675	30,405
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	28,685	13,550	15,135
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	14,545	7,275	7,280
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,770	3,805	1,970
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,775	3,470	5,305
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,445	3,885	5,560
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,320	2,220	2,095
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	375	175	200
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	28,685	13,550	15,135
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,100	1,135	970
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,245	1,575	1,670
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	740	350	390
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,340	630	710
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	125	55	70
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,130	9,810	11,320
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	136,665	66,630	70,035
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	48,325	23,610	24,715
South Asian	16,365	8,270	8,100
Chinese	4,910	2,355	2,550
Black	12,395	5,865	6,535
Filipino	3,570	1,610	1,960
Arab	1,350	725	620
Latin American	1,655	775	885
Southeast Asian	660	295	365
West Asian	2,155	1,090	1,065
Korean	520	260	260
Japanese	325	145	180
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,870	885	985
Multiple visible minorities	2,550	1,350	1,200
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	88,340	43,020	45,315
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	136,665	66,630	70,030
Canadian	18,700	9,330	9,370
English	27,230	13,305	13,925
Irish	23,335	11,300	12,030
Scottish	22,795	11,105	11,695
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,385	3,445	3,940
German	8,410	4,060	4,345
Chinese	5,890	2,915	2,975
Italian	8,790	4,540	4,255
Indian (India)	8,170	4,230	3,945
Ukrainian	3,365	1,575	1,790
Dutch	4,600	2,145	2,455
Polish	4,110	1,975	2,135
Québécois	160	60	105
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,595	3,085	3,515
Filipino	3,795	1,790	2,010
French Canadian	1,645	715	930
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,735	795	935
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	970	445	525
Métis	1,085	460	625
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,055	935	1,120
Russian	1,170	575	590
Norwegian	520	270	250
Welsh	2,160	1,040	1,120
Portuguese	3,495	1,655	1,845
American	1,450	735	715
Spanish	1,610	700	910
Swedish	540	250	295
Hungarian	1,405	670	735
Acadian	295	130	165
Pakistani	2,810	1,455	1,355
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,980	880	1,100
Jewish	560	240	325
Punjabi	375	180	195
Vietnamese	415	175	240
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	675	365	310
Greek	2,310	1,120	1,190
Jamaican	4,790	2,285	2,500
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	940	480	460
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	85	60	30
Korean	520	260	260
Romanian	810	395	410
Lebanese	735	370	365
Iranian	405	215	195
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	765	385	385
Danish	540	265	280
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	395	180	220
Sikh	245	110	135
Austrian	780	380	400
Belgian	415	195	210
Haitian	145	60	85
Hindu	1,180	580	600
Mexican	420	165	255
Mennonite	90	40	45
Swiss	355	210	145
Finnish	710	335	375
Sri Lankan	1,810	880	925
Croatian	480	230	250
Japanese	455	205	250
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,000	465	535
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	185	55	130
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	270	110	155
Muslim	660	340	320
Egyptian	465	275	190
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	460	200	255
Tamil	1,630	780	855
Icelandic	140	70	75
Colombian	290	145	145
Moroccan	100	50	45
Czech	400	200	200
Syrian	215	100	110
Guyanese	2,200	1,040	1,160
Afghan	1,580	775	810
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,040	490	550
Serbian	355	200	160
Ojibway	150	55	95
Newfoundlander	430	280	150
Hong Konger	150	55	95
Ontarian	565	240	325
Persian	230	140	90
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,360	645	715
Turkish	235	125	110
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	80	30	45
Bangladeshi	455	250	205
Algerian	35	20	20
Brazilian	355	195	160
Nigerian	445	190	255
Armenian	200	90	115
Slovak	360	180	190
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	255	130	125
Somali	65	20	45
Taiwanese	100	50	60
Iraqi	70	30	40
Salvadorean	155	80	80
African Caribbean	1,195	560	630
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	280	125	155
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	210	95	115
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	855	420	435
Algonquin	130	60	75
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	965	405	560
Lithuanian	225	95	130
South African	290	180	110
Australian	190	110	80
Palestinian	175	100	75
Chilean	165	80	85
Congolese	100	40	55
Nova Scotian	100	55	45
Ethiopian	155	80	80
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	145	70	80
Peruvian	95	40	55
Yoruba	190	80	110
Cambodian (Khmer)	20	10	10
Berber	45	20	25
Albanian	155	95	55
Maltese	630	240	390
Macedonian	1,165	550	615
Slovenian	315	170	145
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	65	20	40
New Brunswicker	85	35	45
Gujarati	200	95	110
Eritrean	45	20	25
African Canadian	485	215	270
Israeli	70	50	20
Mohawk	80	35	45
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	95	30	65
Bulgarian	130	55	80
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	195	65	130
Barbadian	610	335	275
African American	230	115	120
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	200	115	80
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	180	85	90
Cuban	160	70	90
Bosnian	30	15	15
Venezuelan	130	70	55
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	120	50	70
Bengali	145	80	65
Cameroonian	40	20	20
Guatemalan	80	35	40
Indonesian	135	85	50
Laotian	60	25	35
Ilocano	65	30	35
Northern Irish	410	220	195
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	95	35	60
British Columbian	10	0	10
Ecuadorian	105	60	45
Franco Ontarian	55	20	30
Argentinian	80	40	35
Estonian	260	140	115
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	30	20	10
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	40	55
Coptic	175	80	95
Thai	90	35	50
Dominican	90	45	45
Nepali	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	30	20	15
Igbo	140	80	60
Byelorussian	60	25	35
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	10	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	0
New Zealander	80	60	15
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	90	50	40
Malaysian	50	15	40
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	40	15	15
Buddhist	40	15	25
Gaspesian	10	0	0
Norman	30	15	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	45	65
Ivorian	25	10	10
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	0	35
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	65	45	15
Mauritian	45	15	25
Kenyan	90	60	40
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	230	125	110
Jordanian	70	35	35
Manitoban	10	0	0
Cape Bretoner	45	25	25
Rwandan	35	10	15
Grenadian	180	90	90
Malayali	130	75	55
Chaldean	35	10	25
Sinhalese	130	60	70
Mayan	35	20	15
Honduran	25	15	10
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	140	35	100
Flemish	10	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	50	15	35
Senegalese	50	20	30
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	160	100	65
Pashtun	60	30	30
Malay	45	35	20
Goan	60	30	25
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	65	35	30
Burmese	25	10	20
Mongolian	10	0	0
Azorean	20	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	195	90	105
Ugandan	55	35	20
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	30	20	10
Yemeni	70	25	45
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	20	10	10
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	40	25	15
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	20	30
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	15	10
Igorot	25	0	25
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	25	15	15
St. Lucian	190	90	100
Prince Edward Islander	30	15	15
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	55	20	30
Roma	10	0	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	55	40	20
Singaporean	30	15	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	30	15	15
Tajik	30	10	20
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	136,665	66,635	70,035
Buddhist	900	410	495
Christian	74,270	34,385	39,885
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,700	5,375	6,320
Anabaptist	35	15	25
Anglican	6,745	2,940	3,805
Baptist	1,510	660	850
Catholic	35,155	16,705	18,445
Christian Orthodox	3,655	1,745	1,910
Jehovah's Witness	290	130	160
Latter Day Saints	160	65	95
Lutheran	730	315	410
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	530	280	245
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,650	1,165	1,485
Presbyterian	1,970	930	1,040
Reformed	275	120	155
United Church	5,780	2,495	3,285
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,090	1,435	1,655
Hindu	7,390	3,675	3,715
Jewish	455	230	220
Muslim	9,145	4,705	4,445
Sikh	670	325	345
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	615	265	355
No religion and secular perspectives	43,205	22,635	20,565
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	135,415	66,045	69,370
Non-movers	121,555	59,245	62,310
Movers	13,860	6,800	7,060
Non-migrants	4,830	2,310	2,520
Migrants	9,035	4,495	4,545
Internal migrants	8,415	4,165	4,250
Intraprovincial migrants	8,220	4,065	4,150
Interprovincial migrants	195	95	105
External migrants	620	330	290
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	129,320	62,945	66,375
Non-movers	84,605	41,340	43,270
Movers	44,715	21,605	23,110
Non-migrants	10,855	5,065	5,795
Migrants	33,855	16,540	17,315
Internal migrants	29,855	14,635	15,225
Intraprovincial migrants	28,815	14,110	14,705
Interprovincial migrants	1,040	530	515
External migrants	4,005	1,910	2,095
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,265	53,175	57,095
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,090	7,645	7,445
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	95,180	45,530	49,650
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,480	35,440	38,040
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,835	2,660	2,175
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	68,650	32,780	35,870
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,265	53,175	57,090
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,870	6,950	6,925
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,880	15,125	14,750
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	66,515	31,100	35,415
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	33,250	16,535	16,720
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,340	3,935	1,405
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,445	1,515	925
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,895	2,415	480
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,305	11,455	13,855
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,605	1,150	1,455
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,265	14,565	18,700
Bachelor's degree	23,315	9,850	13,465
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,085	905	1,180
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	645	305	340
Master's degree	6,605	3,125	3,475
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	620	380	240
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,485	35,445	38,040
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,140	2,275	1,865
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,490	8,890	7,600
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,855	24,280	28,570
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,245	12,425	12,825
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,695	2,755	935
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,730	1,040	685
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,965	1,715	255
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	19,625	8,865	10,765
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,925	800	1,125
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,605	11,860	15,750
Bachelor's degree	19,055	7,940	11,115
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,700	720	980
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	530	225	305
Master's degree	5,820	2,680	3,140
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	510	285	220
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	110,265	53,175	57,090
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,750	22,075	21,675
Education	3,910	840	3,075
13. Education	3,910	840	3,075
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,480	1,185	1,295
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	410	285	125
50. Visual and performing arts	2,060	895	1,170
Humanities	3,280	1,060	2,225
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	300	70	230
23. English language and literature/letters	885	170	710
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,065	290	775
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	15	65
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	110	60
39. Theology and religious vocations	215	145	70
54. History	485	245	245
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	100	15	80
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,535	2,750	6,785
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	25	90
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,110	425	685
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,360	50	1,305
22. Legal professions and studies	1,690	390	1,295
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	230	75	155
42. Psychology	1,745	270	1,470
45. Social sciences	3,290	1,505	1,785
Business, management and public administration	15,685	7,030	8,650
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	15	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,150	195	955
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,525	6,825	7,695
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,745	1,140	1,600
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,040	365	675
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	775	275	505
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	25	85
40. Physical sciences	690	445	250
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	35	85
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,525	2,365	1,160
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,930	2,045	885
25. Library science	60	10	50
27. Mathematics and statistics	420	235	185
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	75	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,815	10,555	1,255
04. Architecture and related services	535	395	145
14. Engineering	3,505	2,770	735
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,820	2,550	275
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,100	2,075	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,025	1,975	50
48. Precision production	825	795	35
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	940	460	480
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	565	250	310
03. Natural resources and conservation	375	210	165
Health and related fields	8,790	1,685	7,105
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,150	555	595
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,395	1,005	6,390
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	220	130	95
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,790	2,020	1,770
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,695	440	1,260
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	1,655	1,175	480
49. Transportation and materials moving	425	390	35
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	73,480	35,440	38,040
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,630	11,165	9,465
Education	3,000	600	2,405
13. Education	3,000	600	2,405
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,915	885	1,030
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	285	200	90
50. Visual and performing arts	1,625	690	940
Humanities	2,515	840	1,670
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	245	50	200
23. English language and literature/letters	665	140	530
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	855	255	595
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	15	40
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	80	25
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	80	35
54. History	385	200	190
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	80	20	60
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,890	2,215	5,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	20	75
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	935	365	570
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,055	45	1,010
22. Legal professions and studies	1,440	280	1,165
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	180	50	125
42. Psychology	1,375	190	1,185
45. Social sciences	2,800	1,265	1,535
Business, management and public administration	12,915	5,665	7,250
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	945	145	800
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,960	5,515	6,450
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,165	860	1,305
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	860	315	540
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	615	215	400
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	10	85
40. Physical sciences	515	305	210
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	15	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,040	2,045	995
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,585	1,800	785
25. Library science	40	10	35
27. Mathematics and statistics	315	170	145
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	105	70	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,050	7,940	1,110
04. Architecture and related services	430	310	115
14. Engineering	2,890	2,215	670
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,155	1,910	240
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,560	1,535	20
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,455	1,410	45
48. Precision production	565	545	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	735	330	405
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	430	170	260
03. Natural resources and conservation	305	165	140
Health and related fields	6,680	1,285	5,390
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	860	415	440
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,640	795	4,845
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	75	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,940	1,605	1,335
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,255	325	925
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	1,345	965	380
49. Transportation and materials moving	340	310	35
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	73,480	35,440	38,040
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,630	11,165	9,465
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	52,855	24,280	28,575
Location of study inside Canada	42,085	19,125	22,960
Same as province or territory of residence	39,830	18,080	21,750
Different than province or territory of residence	2,250	1,045	1,205
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,765	5,155	5,620
Americas	2,340	1,205	1,135
United States of America	1,390	740	650
Mexico	95	40	55
Cuba	20	10	10
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	200	80	120
Brazil	215	120	95
Colombia	85	30	50
Peru	15	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	30	35
Other locations of study in Americas	250	145	105
Europe	1,825	965	860
Belgium	10	0	10
France	70	35	35
Germany	55	30	25
Netherlands	35	20	15
Switzerland	20	10	10
Hungary	35	10	25
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	85	30	50
Romania	175	90	90
Russian Federation	100	35	60
Ukraine	80	45	30
Ireland⁹⁶	65	50	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	885	495	395
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	20	15	0
Serbia⁸⁶	40	25	20
Other locations of study in Europe	155	75	85
Africa	505	250	250
Nigeria	180	85	95
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	15	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	150	75	70
South Africa, Republic of	75	45	35
Other locations of study in Africa	85	35	45
Asia	5,875	2,650	3,225
Iran⁸⁸	80	35	45
Iraq	45	30	20
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	35	20	20
Syria⁸⁹	25	0	15
Turkey	25	15	10
China⁹⁰	695	295	400
Taiwan	15	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	15
Japan	40	10	25
Korea, South⁹²	100	30	75
Philippines	865	345	515
Viet Nam	25	15	10
Bangladesh	175	80	95
Sri Lanka	120	50	70
India	2,705	1,300	1,405
Pakistan	750	345	410
Other locations of study in Asia	145	60	90
Oceania	215	75	145
Australia	180	45	135
New Zealand	35	30	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	110,265	53,175	57,090
In the labour force	73,915	37,895	36,020
Employed	64,840	33,465	31,380
Unemployed	9,070	4,430	4,640
Not in the labour force	36,350	15,280	21,070
Participation rate	67.0	71.3	63.1
Employment rate	58.8	62.9	55.0
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.7	12.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	110,265	53,175	57,090
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,485	16,035	21,450
Worked	72,780	37,135	35,640
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	42,410	23,375	19,035
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,365	13,760	16,605
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.8	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	73,910	37,890	36,020
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,250	1,150	1,100
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	71,660	36,745	34,920
Employee	62,455	31,245	31,210
Permanent position	53,750	27,170	26,580
Temporary position	8,705	4,080	4,630
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,615	1,190	1,425
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,090	2,885	3,205
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,210	5,500	3,710
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	73,910	37,890	36,020
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,250	1,150	1,100
All occupations¹⁹¹	71,660	36,745	34,920
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	945	670	275
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,790	5,150	9,640
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,400	5,515	1,885
3 Health occupations	5,100	900	4,200
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,515	2,965	6,550
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,365	1,115	1,250
6 Sales and service occupations	17,555	8,120	9,435
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,500	9,545	950
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	925	770	160
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,570	1,995	570
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	73,910	37,890	36,020
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,250	1,150	1,100
All industries¹⁹¹	71,660	36,745	34,920
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	410	210	200
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	130	105	30
22 Utilities	1,615	1,205	405
23 Construction	5,115	4,380	740
31-33 Manufacturing	4,555	3,250	1,300
41 Wholesale trade	2,535	1,615	915
44-45 Retail trade	8,120	4,245	3,870
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,050	2,335	715
51 Information and cultural industries	2,065	1,280	790
52 Finance and insurance	5,910	2,855	3,055
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,545	725	820
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,565	3,405	3,160
55 Management of companies and enterprises	470	220	250
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,265	1,895	1,365
61 Educational services	5,995	1,715	4,275
62 Health care and social assistance	8,180	1,455	6,730
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,485	765	720
72 Accommodation and food services	3,560	1,525	2,035
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,740	1,285	1,445
91 Public administration	4,355	2,270	2,085
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	77,860	39,515	38,345
English	74,710	38,075	36,635
French	215	55	165
Non-official language	310	170	145
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	310	170	145
English and French	1,100	415	685
English and non-official language(s)	1,425	760	670
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	35
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	77,860	39,515	38,345
Single responses	77,460	39,320	38,145
Official languages	76,830	38,990	37,840
English	76,475	38,910	37,570
French	355	80	270
Non-official languages	630	330	305
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	630	330	305
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	60	35	30
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	50	30	20
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	140	75	65
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	45	40
Indo-Aryan languages	60	30	25
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	10	0	0
Hindi	20	0	15
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	10	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	25	15	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	25	15	10
Dari	20	15	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	20	20
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	0	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	30	20	10
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	20	10	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	0	15
American Sign Language	15	0	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	375	205	170
Chinese languages	375	205	170
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	290	155	140
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	65	40	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	400	200	200
English and French	190	90	105
English and non-official language(s)	200	110	90
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	77,860	39,515	38,345
None	75,595	38,470	37,120
English	405	155	250
French	785	300	490
Non-official language	840	435	395
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	840	435	395
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	35	25	10
French and non-official language(s)	60	40	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	140	90	50
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	64,840	33,465	31,375
Worked at home	22,440	10,300	12,140
Worked outside Canada	165	110	60
No fixed workplace address	7,025	5,215	1,810
Usual place of work	35,210	17,845	17,365
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	35,210	17,845	17,365
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	11,620	4,940	6,685
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	10,115	4,930	5,180
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,390	7,930	5,465
Commute to a different province or territory	90	50	40
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	42,240	23,055	19,180
Car, truck or van	37,285	20,965	16,310
Car, truck or van - as a driver	34,180	19,655	14,525
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,105	1,310	1,790
Public transit	2,555	1,120	1,435
Walked	1,045	460	595
Bicycle	105	75	30
Other method	1,255	440	815
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	42,240	23,055	19,180
Less than 15 minutes	10,445	4,560	5,885
15 to 29 minutes	11,860	5,880	5,980
30 to 44 minutes	8,235	5,030	3,200
45 to 59 minutes	5,505	3,590	1,915
60 minutes and over	6,195	3,990	2,205
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	42,240	23,055	19,180
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,040	3,000	1,045
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,070	4,545	2,525
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,270	4,870	4,400
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,675	3,755	4,920
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,030	2,765	3,265
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,155	4,125	3,025
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	33,015	16,875	16,150
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,845	1,385	1,455
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	30,175	15,485	14,685
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	25,060	12,845	12,220
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,265	1,110	1,155
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,255	605	655
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,010	505	505
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,795	11,735	11,060

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 19, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table