Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	KingstonMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	172,546	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	161,175	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	80,955	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	73,506	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	89.9	...	...	89.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,919.17	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	172,545	84,525	88,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	24,810	12,755	12,055	14.4	15.1	13.7
0 to 4 years	7,635	3,975	3,660	4.4	4.7	4.2
5 to 9 years	8,365	4,265	4,100	4.8	5.0	4.7
10 to 14 years	8,810	4,515	4,295	5.1	5.3	4.9
15 to 64 years	110,770	55,070	55,700	64.2	65.2	63.3
15 to 19 years	9,225	4,735	4,495	5.3	5.6	5.1
20 to 24 years	11,755	5,930	5,825	6.8	7.0	6.6
25 to 29 years	12,155	6,210	5,940	7.0	7.3	6.7
30 to 34 years	11,685	5,995	5,690	6.8	7.1	6.5
35 to 39 years	10,835	5,440	5,395	6.3	6.4	6.1
40 to 44 years	10,110	5,050	5,060	5.9	6.0	5.7
45 to 49 years	9,550	4,760	4,790	5.5	5.6	5.4
50 to 54 years	10,595	5,180	5,420	6.1	6.1	6.2
55 to 59 years	12,720	6,105	6,615	7.4	7.2	7.5
60 to 64 years	12,145	5,670	6,475	7.0	6.7	7.4
65 years and over	36,965	16,700	20,265	21.4	19.8	23.0
65 to 69 years	10,990	5,175	5,815	6.4	6.1	6.6
70 to 74 years	9,710	4,480	5,230	5.6	5.3	5.9
75 to 79 years	6,840	3,130	3,705	4.0	3.7	4.2
80 to 84 years	4,675	2,110	2,565	2.7	2.5	2.9
85 years and over	4,750	1,800	2,950	2.8	2.1	3.4
85 to 89 years	2,930	1,210	1,720	1.7	1.4	2.0
90 to 94 years	1,350	490	865	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	400	85	315	0.2	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	65	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.4	15.1	13.7	14.4	15.1	13.7
15 to 64 years	64.2	65.2	63.3	64.2	65.2	63.3
65 years and over	21.4	19.8	23.0	21.4	19.8	23.0
85 years and over	2.8	2.1	3.4	2.8	2.1	3.4
Average age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.3	43.2	42.0	44.3
Median age of the population	42.8	41.2	44.4	42.8	41.2	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	73,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	41,665	...	...	56.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,580	...	...	6.2	...	...
Row house	4,605	...	...	6.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,395	...	...	3.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,925	...	...	13.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	9,880	...	...	13.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	145	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	315	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	22,175	...	...	30.2	...	...
2 persons	27,665	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 persons	10,465	...	...	14.2	...	...
4 persons	8,800	...	...	12.0	...	...
5 or more persons	4,405	...	...	6.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	168,075	81,520	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	147,735	71,765	75,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	82,040	40,940	41,105	55.5	57.0	54.1
Married	64,455	32,205	32,250	43.6	44.9	42.5
Living common-law	17,585	8,730	8,850	11.9	12.2	11.7
Living common law - Never married	12,420	6,170	6,250	8.4	8.6	8.2
Living common law - Separated	935	475	460	0.6	0.7	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	3,730	1,870	1,855	2.5	2.6	2.4
Living common law - Widowed	495	215	285	0.3	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	65,695	30,830	34,865	44.5	43.0	45.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	42,630	23,090	19,545	28.9	32.2	25.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,370	1,885	2,490	3.0	2.6	3.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	9,655	3,670	5,985	6.5	5.1	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,035	2,190	6,845	6.1	3.1	9.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	48,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	27,615	...	...	57.4	...	...
3 persons	9,520	...	...	19.8	...	...
4 persons	7,940	...	...	16.5	...	...
5 or more persons	3,040	...	...	6.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	48,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	40,155	...	...	83.4	...	...
Married couples	31,360	...	...	65.2	...	...
With children⁶	14,485	...	...	30.1	...	...
Without children	16,880	...	...	35.1	...	...
Common-law couples	8,795	...	...	18.3	...	...
With children⁶	3,060	...	...	6.4	...	...
Without children	5,725	...	...	11.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,965	...	...	16.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,150	...	...	12.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,815	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	168,075	81,515	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	131,725	65,100	66,620	78.4	79.9	77.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	80,310	40,010	40,305	47.8	49.1	46.6
Parents in one-parent families	7,965	1,810	6,150	4.7	2.2	7.1
Children⁶	43,455	23,285	20,170	25.9	28.6	23.3
In a two-parent family	31,600	16,780	14,820	18.8	20.6	17.1
In a one-parent family	11,850	6,500	5,350	7.1	8.0	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	36,350	16,415	19,935	21.6	20.1	23.0
Living alone	22,180	9,220	12,960	13.2	11.3	15.0
Living with other relatives⁷	3,595	1,505	2,095	2.1	1.8	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	10,580	5,690	4,880	6.3	7.0	5.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	73,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	42,945	...	...	58.4	...	...
Couple-family households	36,780	...	...	50.0	...	...
With children⁶	16,095	...	...	21.9	...	...
Without children	20,685	...	...	28.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,165	...	...	8.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,565	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	355	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,135	...	...	2.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,325	...	...	5.9	...	...
One-person households	22,180	...	...	30.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	143,285	68,775	74,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	138,505	66,235	72,270	96.7	96.3	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	47,200	39,200	42,800	47,200	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	138,550	66,265	72,290	96.7	96.4	97.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	36,000	38,800	42,400	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	124,815	60,440	64,370	87.1	87.9	86.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,200	31,600	36,800	43,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,720	49,845	48,875	68.9	72.5	65.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,200	31,800	35,600	39,200	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	125,365	59,075	66,290	87.5	85.9	89.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,400	8,000	10,700	9,400	8,000	10,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,045	5,165	5,885	7.7	7.5	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	35,005	16,395	18,605	24.4	23.8	25.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	143,265	68,755	74,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	138,415	66,145	72,270	96.6	96.2	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,700	61,350	48,640	54,700	61,350	48,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	138,465	66,165	72,295	96.6	96.2	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,840	50,400	41,600	45,840	50,400	41,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	124,775	60,330	64,450	87.1	87.7	86.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,920	57,750	42,560	49,920	57,750	42,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,720	49,690	49,035	68.9	72.3	65.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,480	51,250	41,640	46,480	51,250	41,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	125,085	58,765	66,320	87.3	85.5	89.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,760	9,790	11,620	10,760	9,790	11,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,310	5,190	6,120	7.9	7.5	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,600	6,205	6,940	6,600	6,205	6,940
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,790	16,245	18,545	24.3	23.6	24.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,750	8,620	8,860	8,750	8,620	8,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	143,265	68,755	74,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	46,080	24,810	21,270	32.2	36.1	28.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	68,000	60,000	64,000	68,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,800	79,900	68,800	74,800	79,900	68,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	37,975	17,180	20,795	26.5	25.0	27.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,000	15,700	16,400	17,000	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,840	26,760	23,240	24,840	26,760	23,240
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.2	85.8	78.0	82.2	85.8	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	60.6	62.7	58.1	60.6	62.7	58.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.8	14.2	22.0	17.8	14.2	22.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.8	1.2	1.0	0.8	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.7	3.8	5.6	4.7	3.8	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	3.5	4.7	4.0	3.5	4.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	143,280	68,775	74,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,775	2,540	2,235	3.3	3.7	3.0
With total income	138,510	66,235	72,275	96.7	96.3	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,320	4,665	5,650	7.5	7.0	7.8
$10,000 to $19,999	16,470	6,885	9,580	11.9	10.4	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	19,995	8,455	11,545	14.4	12.8	16.0
$30,000 to $39,999	17,770	7,790	9,985	12.8	11.8	13.8
$40,000 to $49,999	15,570	7,070	8,500	11.2	10.7	11.8
$50,000 to $59,999	13,050	6,010	7,045	9.4	9.1	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	10,830	5,430	5,400	7.8	8.2	7.5
$70,000 to $79,999	8,410	4,585	3,830	6.1	6.9	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	6,265	3,540	2,725	4.5	5.3	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	5,050	2,765	2,280	3.6	4.2	3.2
$100,000 and over	14,780	9,040	5,740	10.7	13.6	7.9
$100,000 to $149,999	10,110	5,925	4,190	7.3	8.9	5.8
$150,000 and over	4,670	3,110	1,555	3.4	4.7	2.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	143,280	68,775	74,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,730	2,510	2,220	3.3	3.6	3.0
With after-tax income	138,555	66,265	72,290	96.7	96.4	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,045	4,845	6,195	8.0	7.3	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	17,220	7,210	10,015	12.4	10.9	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	22,665	9,720	12,945	16.4	14.7	17.9
$30,000 to $39,999	21,095	9,495	11,605	15.2	14.3	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	17,900	8,200	9,700	12.9	12.4	13.4
$50,000 to $59,999	14,480	7,150	7,335	10.5	10.8	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	10,540	5,765	4,770	7.6	8.7	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	7,470	4,110	3,355	5.4	6.2	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	5,410	2,900	2,510	3.9	4.4	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	3,210	1,920	1,290	2.3	2.9	1.8
$100,000 and over	7,515	4,945	2,570	5.4	7.5	3.6
$100,000 to $124,999	3,860	2,440	1,420	2.8	3.7	2.0
$125,000 and over	3,655	2,505	1,150	2.6	3.8	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	143,280	68,775	74,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	44,565	18,930	25,630	31.1	27.5	34.4
With employment income	98,720	49,845	48,875	68.9	72.5	65.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	16,730	8,290	8,440	16.9	16.6	17.3
$5,000 to $9,999	7,900	3,515	4,390	8.0	7.1	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,375	5,130	6,245	11.5	10.3	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	8,660	4,130	4,530	8.8	8.3	9.3
$30,000 to $39,999	8,715	4,200	4,510	8.8	8.4	9.2
$40,000 to $49,999	8,010	3,775	4,235	8.1	7.6	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	7,800	3,685	4,115	7.9	7.4	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	6,610	3,570	3,035	6.7	7.2	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,230	3,040	2,190	5.3	6.1	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,140	2,400	1,740	4.2	4.8	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	3,835	1,985	1,850	3.9	4.0	3.8
$100,000 and over	9,720	6,125	3,600	9.8	12.3	7.4
$100,000 to $124,999	4,790	2,830	1,960	4.9	5.7	4.0
$125,000 and over	4,930	3,295	1,635	5.0	6.6	3.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	143,285	68,775	74,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	136,175	65,005	71,165	95.0	94.5	95.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	36,800	40,800	46,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	136,235	65,010	71,220	95.1	94.5	95.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,600	36,800	41,200	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	123,490	59,650	63,840	86.2	86.7	85.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,400	32,400	38,000	44,400	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	99,685	50,085	49,605	69.6	72.8	66.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,400	32,400	36,400	40,400	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	118,730	55,875	62,855	82.9	81.2	84.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,160	1,560	6,550	4,160	1,560	6,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,870	4,060	4,810	6.2	5.9	6.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,400	5,800	5,600	5,400	5,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	143,265	68,755	74,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	136,175	64,940	71,240	95.1	94.5	95.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,950	58,950	45,520	51,950	58,950	45,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	136,250	64,940	71,305	95.1	94.5	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,560	48,640	38,920	43,560	48,640	38,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	123,510	59,575	63,935	86.2	86.6	85.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,680	57,700	42,200	49,680	57,700	42,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	99,425	49,865	49,560	69.4	72.5	66.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,480	51,850	41,000	46,480	51,850	41,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	118,400	55,670	62,735	82.6	81.0	84.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,910	7,030	8,690	7,910	7,030	8,690
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,950	4,145	4,805	6.2	6.0	6.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,110	6,370	7,750	7,110	6,370	7,750
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	143,265	68,755	74,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	45,740	24,620	21,120	31.9	35.8	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	65,500	56,400	60,800	65,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,400	76,200	63,550	70,400	76,200	63,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	36,160	16,305	19,855	25.2	23.7	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	22,400	19,400	20,600	22,400	19,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,080	33,320	27,400	30,080	33,320	27,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	89.8	83.2	86.8	89.8	83.2
Employment income (%)	65.4	67.6	62.7	65.4	67.6	62.7
Government transfers (%)	13.2	10.2	16.8	13.2	10.2	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2	0.9	0.7	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	73,505	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	22,180	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	51,330	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	73,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	86,300	...	...	86,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	22,180	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,550	...	...	53,550	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,280	...	...	45,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	51,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,400	...	...	124,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	760	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	450	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,040	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,495	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,505	...	...	3.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,465	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,320	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,600	...	...	3.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,800	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,770	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,410	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,355	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,150	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,750	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,405	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	29,240	...	...	39.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,805	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,435	...	...	8.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,665	...	...	10.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,340	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	850	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	470	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,060	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,550	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,675	...	...	3.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,795	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,780	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,125	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,190	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,285	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,485	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,220	...	...	8.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,865	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,370	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,630	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,150	...	...	31.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,820	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,940	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,385	...	...	11.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	47,835	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	21,130	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,750	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,435	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	32,755	14,915	17,840	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	36,400	36,800	36,800	36,400	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	33,600	34,000	34,000	33,600	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	47,830	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,400	...	...	126,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,200	...	...	105,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,070	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	116,500	...	...	116,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,500	...	...	96,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...	130,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,310	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,200	...	...	79,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	32,695	14,800	17,900	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,720	48,160	45,560	46,720	48,160	45,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,120	40,960	39,400	40,120	40,960	39,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	168,075	81,520	86,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	29,855	15,410	14,445	17.8	18.9	16.7
0 to 5 years	9,325	4,805	4,520	5.5	5.9	5.2
18 to 64 years	103,270	50,185	53,085	61.4	61.6	61.3
65 years and over	34,945	15,920	19,025	20.8	19.5	22.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,050	7,850	9,200	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,050	1,600	1,445	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,025	520	510	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,775	5,070	5,710	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,225	1,185	2,045	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.1	9.6	10.6	10.1	9.6	10.6
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.4	10.0	10.2	10.4	10.0
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	10.8	11.3	11.0	10.8	11.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.4	10.1	10.8	10.4	10.1	10.8
65 years and over (%)	9.2	7.4	10.7	9.2	7.4	10.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	168,075	81,515	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	29,860	15,410	14,445	17.8	18.9	16.7
0 to 5 years	9,320	4,800	4,520	5.5	5.9	5.2
18 to 64 years	103,270	50,185	53,085	61.4	61.6	61.3
65 years and over	34,950	15,925	19,025	20.8	19.5	22.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,525	4,255	4,270	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	880	480	400	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	290	160	135	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,165	3,580	3,580	...	...	...
65 years and over	485	195	290	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	5.2	4.9	5.1	5.2	4.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.0	3.1	2.8	3.0	3.1	2.8
0 to 5 years (%)	3.1	3.3	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.0
18 to 64 years (%)	6.9	7.1	6.8	6.9	7.1	6.8
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.2	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	168,075	81,520	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	80,645	38,190	42,460	48.0	46.8	49.1
In bottom decile	17,100	8,115	8,990	10.2	10.0	10.4
In second decile	15,260	6,985	8,275	9.1	8.6	9.6
In third decile	15,525	7,340	8,185	9.2	9.0	9.5
In fourth decile	16,260	7,760	8,505	9.7	9.5	9.8
In fifth decile	16,495	7,990	8,505	9.8	9.8	9.8
In top half of the distribution	87,425	43,330	44,100	52.0	53.2	50.9
In sixth decile	17,080	8,375	8,710	10.2	10.3	10.1
In seventh decile	17,110	8,410	8,700	10.2	10.3	10.1
In eighth decile	18,255	9,035	9,225	10.9	11.1	10.7
In ninth decile	18,245	9,095	9,150	10.9	11.2	10.6
In top decile	16,735	8,420	8,315	10.0	10.3	9.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	168,075	...	...	168,075	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.329	...	...	0.329	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.437	...	...	0.437	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.288	...	...	0.288	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	168,910	81,800	87,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	146,835	71,950	74,885	86.9	88.0	86.0
French only	225	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and French	21,025	9,390	11,640	12.4	11.5	13.4
Neither English nor French	815	360	455	0.5	0.4	0.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	168,910	81,800	87,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	162,425	78,660	83,770	96.2	96.2	96.2
French	5,035	2,470	2,565	3.0	3.0	2.9
English and French	670	325	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	775	340	435	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	168,910	81,800	87,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	165,380	80,185	85,200	97.9	98.0	97.8
Official languages	148,985	72,345	76,635	88.2	88.4	88.0
English	144,010	69,910	74,105	85.3	85.5	85.1
French	4,970	2,435	2,535	2.9	3.0	2.9
Non-official languages	16,400	7,840	8,560	9.7	9.6	9.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,355	7,820	8,535	9.7	9.6	9.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,405	740	665	0.8	0.9	0.8
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,350	710	640	0.8	0.9	0.7
Amharic	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,245	650	595	0.7	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	315	145	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	245	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	700	260	435	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	565	215	350	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	510	280	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	305	165	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	70	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,780	4,695	5,080	5.8	5.7	5.8
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,340	565	775	0.8	0.7	0.9
Baltic languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,295	550	745	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	115	40	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	490	205	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	310	135	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,800	790	1,010	1.1	1.0	1.2
Frisian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	945	410	535	0.6	0.5	0.6
German	900	385	515	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	680	310	375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	630	275	350	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	315	155	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,785	1,475	1,310	1.6	1.8	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages	2,135	1,140	995	1.3	1.4	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	240	130	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	420	230	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	340	195	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	535	280	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	445	235	210	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	650	335	315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	565	285	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	465	240	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,460	1,670	1,790	2.0	2.0	2.1
Catalan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	545	280	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,635	780	845	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,150	545	605	0.7	0.7	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	525	240	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	225	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,250	1,060	1,190	1.3	1.3	1.4
Chinese languages	2,235	1,055	1,185	1.3	1.3	1.4
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,660	780	875	1.0	1.0	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	465	225	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	195	105	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	175	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	230	85	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,525	1,615	1,910	2.1	2.0	2.2
English and French	1,270	565	700	0.8	0.7	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,855	865	995	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	168,910	81,800	87,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	148,275	71,955	76,320	87.8	88.0	87.6
French	1,455	710	750	0.9	0.9	0.9
Non-official language	3,580	1,695	1,890	2.1	2.1	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,575	1,690	1,885	2.1	2.1	2.2
English and French	3,670	1,705	1,960	2.2	2.1	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	10,695	5,145	5,550	6.3	6.3	6.4
French and non-official language(s)	90	40	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	860	395	465	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	280	150	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	168,910	81,800	87,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	166,160	80,505	85,655	98.4	98.4	98.3
Official languages	158,715	76,910	81,810	94.0	94.0	93.9
English	156,580	75,850	80,725	92.7	92.7	92.7
French	2,135	1,060	1,080	1.3	1.3	1.2
Non-official languages	7,445	3,595	3,850	4.4	4.4	4.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,440	3,595	3,845	4.4	4.4	4.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	855	420	430	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	820	405	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	785	385	395	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	295	130	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	235	100	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	315	160	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,795	1,840	1,955	2.2	2.2	2.2
Albanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	420	195	225	0.2	0.2	0.3
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	415	195	220	0.2	0.2	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	1,735	880	850	1.0	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	1,300	675	630	0.8	0.8	0.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hindi	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	380	210	175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	430	210	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	375	185	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	310	160	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,355	620	730	0.8	0.8	0.8
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	665	295	370	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	525	250	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	345	150	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,350	670	680	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	1,350	670	680	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,080	550	535	0.6	0.7	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	215	95	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,745	1,290	1,450	1.6	1.6	1.7
English and French	670	325	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,930	900	1,025	1.1	1.1	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	168,910	81,795	87,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	155,620	75,435	80,185	92.1	92.2	92.1
English	3,740	1,850	1,885	2.2	2.3	2.2
French	2,555	1,150	1,410	1.5	1.4	1.6
Non-official language	5,440	2,620	2,825	3.2	3.2	3.2
Indigenous³⁹	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,395	2,595	2,800	3.2	3.2	3.2
English and French	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	410	205	205	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	490	230	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	535	265	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	168,075	81,520	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	167,305	81,205	86,095	99.5	99.6	99.5
English	167,090	81,115	85,975	99.4	99.5	99.3
French	21,105	9,340	11,770	12.6	11.5	13.6
Non-official languages	23,750	11,205	12,540	14.1	13.7	14.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	120	40	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,640	11,165	12,475	14.1	13.7	14.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,105	1,100	1,000	1.3	1.3	1.2
Berber languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,070	1,085	985	1.2	1.3	1.1
Amharic	85	40	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Arabic	1,870	980	890	1.1	1.2	1.0
Aramaic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	85	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	385	170	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	260	115	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	880	345	535	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	800	320	485	0.5	0.4	0.6
Waray-Waray	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	745	345	400	0.4	0.4	0.5
Kannada	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	365	130	235	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tamil	300	160	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,375	7,395	7,980	9.1	9.1	9.2
Albanian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	70	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,755	840	910	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,665	800	865	1.0	1.0	1.0
Belarusian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	180	55	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	585	270	315	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	475	270	205	0.3	0.3	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	215	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	75	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbian	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Irish	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,230	1,490	1,745	1.9	1.8	2.0
Frisian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,170	1,000	1,160	1.3	1.2	1.3
German	2,130	985	1,145	1.3	1.2	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	940	425	515	0.6	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	820	365	450	0.5	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	225	120	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	90	35	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	80	70	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Swedish	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	500	245	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	3,945	2,060	1,885	2.3	2.5	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	3,070	1,595	1,470	1.8	2.0	1.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	275	155	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	660	310	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	1,555	805	750	0.9	1.0	0.9
Kacchi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	775	420	355	0.5	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	795	425	370	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	930	495	435	0.6	0.6	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	775	425	345	0.5	0.5	0.4
Dari	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	670	380	290	0.4	0.5	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,385	2,965	3,425	3.8	3.6	4.0
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,195	620	575	0.7	0.8	0.7
Portuguese	1,980	965	1,020	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	95	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,410	1,475	1,935	2.0	1.8	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	245	130	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korean	605	245	365	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	595	270	325	0.4	0.3	0.4
Akan (Twi)	85	35	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	45	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Shona	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	225	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	415	170	250	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	375	150	220	0.2	0.2	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,600	1,205	1,395	1.5	1.5	1.6
Chinese languages	2,560	1,190	1,365	1.5	1.5	1.6
Hakka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,060	965	1,090	1.2	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	570	265	310	0.3	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	255	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	255	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	260	90	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	70	0	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	168,075	81,520	86,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,975	3,325	3,650	4.1	4.1	4.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,685	3,185	3,500	4.0	3.9	4.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,225	1,985	2,240	2.5	2.4	2.6
Métis	2,330	1,135	1,195	1.4	1.4	1.4
Inuk (Inuit)	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	161,100	78,195	82,905	95.9	95.9	95.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	168,075	81,520	86,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,685	770	915	1.0	0.9	1.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	166,390	80,750	85,640	99.0	99.1	98.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	46,165	...	...	62.8	...	...
Renter	27,345	...	...	37.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	4,035	...	...	5.5	...	...
Not condominium	69,470	...	...	94.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	430	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	8,955	...	...	12.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	18,115	...	...	24.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	27,310	...	...	37.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	18,700	...	...	25.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	18,990	...	...	25.8	...	...
5 rooms	10,535	...	...	14.3	...	...
6 rooms	10,955	...	...	14.9	...	...
7 rooms	9,460	...	...	12.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	23,560	...	...	32.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	72,915	...	...	99.2	...	...
More than one person per room	590	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	70,950	...	...	96.5	...	...
Not suitable	2,555	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	15,895	...	...	21.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	22,660	...	...	30.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,510	...	...	14.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,445	...	...	11.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,370	...	...	5.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,050	...	...	5.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,730	...	...	5.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,840	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	68,510	...	...	93.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,995	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	36,390	...	...	49.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	34,295	...	...	46.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,815	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,645	...	...	5.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,885	...	...	14.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,945	...	...	14.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,145	...	...	15.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	14,355	...	...	19.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	12,525	...	...	17.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,245	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	2,755	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	72,845	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	56,360	...	...	77.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,485	...	...	22.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,825	...	...	20.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	73,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,880	...	...	29.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,675	...	...	20.0	...	...
Not suitable only	1,760	...	...	2.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,365	...	...	4.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	450	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,285	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	270	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	51,630	...	...	70.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	71,185	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,785	...	...	9.5	...	...
Not in core need	64,405	...	...	90.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	45,825	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.0	...	...	58.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.5	...	...	11.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,422	...	...	1,422	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	492,000	...	...	492,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	533,000	...	...	533,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,340	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.5	...	...	11.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	41.4	...	...	41.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.9	...	...	19.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,308	...	...	1,308	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	168,075	81,515	86,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,395	1,175	1,220	1.4	1.4	1.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,340	1,160	1,185	1.4	1.4	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,890	935	955	1.1	1.1	1.1
Métis single ancestry	435	220	210	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,965	3,885	4,085	4.7	4.8	4.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,775	3,800	3,975	4.6	4.7	4.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,985	2,880	3,100	3.6	3.5	3.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,665	845	820	1.0	1.0	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	195	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	157,715	76,460	81,255	93.8	93.8	93.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	168,075	81,515	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	159,990	77,695	82,295	95.2	95.3	95.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	28,825	14,970	13,855	17.2	18.4	16.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	131,165	62,725	68,440	78.0	76.9	79.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,085	3,825	4,260	4.8	4.7	4.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	168,075	81,515	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	144,460	70,325	74,130	85.9	86.3	85.6
Immigrants⁸¹	20,295	9,495	10,795	12.1	11.6	12.5
Before 1980	7,700	3,535	4,165	4.6	4.3	4.8
1980 to 1990	2,205	1,080	1,130	1.3	1.3	1.3
1991 to 2000	2,465	1,205	1,260	1.5	1.5	1.5
2001 to 2010	3,475	1,655	1,820	2.1	2.0	2.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,450	2,020	2,435	2.6	2.5	2.8
2011 to 2015	1,725	770	950	1.0	0.9	1.1
2016 to 2021	2,725	1,250	1,480	1.6	1.5	1.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,320	1,695	1,625	2.0	2.1	1.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	20,290	9,495	10,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,545	1,245	1,300	12.5	13.1	12.0
5 to 14 years	4,455	2,255	2,200	22.0	23.7	20.4
15 to 24 years	3,770	1,665	2,105	18.6	17.5	19.5
25 to 44 years	8,195	3,765	4,430	40.4	39.7	41.0
45 years and over	1,330	565	765	6.6	6.0	7.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	20,290	9,495	10,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,235	1,455	1,780	15.9	15.3	16.5
Brazil	90	35	50	0.4	0.4	0.5
Colombia	160	65	95	0.8	0.7	0.9
El Salvador	150	80	65	0.7	0.8	0.6
Guyana	65	30	40	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haiti	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	205	100	105	1.0	1.1	1.0
Mexico	165	85	75	0.8	0.9	0.7
Peru	50	20	35	0.2	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	170	80	95	0.8	0.8	0.9
United States of America	1,605	680	925	7.9	7.2	8.6
Other places of birth in Americas	575	285	290	2.8	3.0	2.7
Europe	8,930	4,210	4,720	44.0	44.3	43.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	40	25	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
France	170	75	90	0.8	0.8	0.8
Germany	870	350	520	4.3	3.7	4.8
Greece	180	95	85	0.9	1.0	0.8
Hungary	80	35	50	0.4	0.4	0.5
Italy	385	250	135	1.9	2.6	1.3
Netherlands	720	385	335	3.5	4.1	3.1
Poland	360	180	180	1.8	1.9	1.7
Portugal	1,095	575	525	5.4	6.1	4.9
Romania	100	55	50	0.5	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	120	75	50	0.6	0.8	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	70	35	35	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	125	55	70	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,595	1,605	1,990	17.7	16.9	18.4
Other places of birth in Europe	990	410	575	4.9	4.3	5.3
Africa	1,390	680	710	6.9	7.2	6.6
Algeria	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	35	40	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egypt	320	155	170	1.6	1.6	1.6
Eritrea	20	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Ethiopia	40	15	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	135	75	65	0.7	0.8	0.6
Somalia	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	165	80	90	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	565	280	280	2.8	2.9	2.6
Asia	6,620	3,085	3,530	32.6	32.5	32.7
Afghanistan	35	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	425	205	225	2.1	2.2	2.1
Iraq	75	45	30	0.4	0.5	0.3
Lebanon	55	25	30	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	480	265	215	2.4	2.8	2.0
Turkey	80	45	35	0.4	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,210	545	670	6.0	5.7	6.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	130	60	65	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	275	105	165	1.4	1.1	1.5
Taiwan	85	30	55	0.4	0.3	0.5
Philippines	820	325	495	4.0	3.4	4.6
Viet Nam	140	65	80	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bangladesh	210	110	105	1.0	1.2	1.0
India	1,240	605	635	6.1	6.4	5.9
Pakistan	510	270	245	2.5	2.8	2.3
Sri Lanka	145	60	80	0.7	0.6	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	715	325	390	3.5	3.4	3.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	120	60	55	0.6	0.6	0.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,730	1,250	1,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	370	185	180	13.6	14.8	12.2
Brazil	30	10	20	1.1	0.8	1.4
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	25	10	15	0.9	0.8	1.0
Mexico	25	10	15	0.9	0.8	1.0
United States of America	220	115	105	8.1	9.2	7.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	10	0.7	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	50	30	20	1.8	2.4	1.4
Europe	245	130	115	9.0	10.4	7.8
France	35	30	0	1.3	2.4	0.0
Germany	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.5	0.8	0.0
Italy	15	15	0	0.5	1.2	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	25	10	15	0.9	0.8	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	50	25	2.7	4.0	1.7
Other places of birth in Europe	65	20	50	2.4	1.6	3.4
Africa	430	175	255	15.8	14.0	17.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	35	25	10	1.3	2.0	0.7
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	95	35	65	3.5	2.8	4.4
Eritrea	15	15	0	0.5	1.2	0.0
Ethiopia	30	10	20	1.1	0.8	1.4
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	70	25	45	2.6	2.0	3.0
Somalia	25	10	15	0.9	0.8	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	140	55	80	5.1	4.4	5.4
Asia	1,670	755	910	61.2	60.4	61.5
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	45	25	20	1.6	2.0	1.4
China⁹⁰	225	110	120	8.2	8.8	8.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	410	190	215	15.0	15.2	14.5
Iran⁸⁸	70	40	25	2.6	3.2	1.7
Iraq	35	15	20	1.3	1.2	1.4
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Jordan	25	0	25	0.9	0.0	1.7
Korea, South⁹²	30	0	30	1.1	0.0	2.0
Lebanon	25	0	25	0.9	0.0	1.7
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	70	25	40	2.6	2.0	2.7
Philippines	150	45	100	5.5	3.6	6.8
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	415	225	185	15.2	18.0	12.5
Turkey	35	25	15	1.3	2.0	1.0
United Arab Emirates	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Viet Nam	15	15	0	0.5	1.2	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	70	10	55	2.6	0.8	3.7
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	10	0.5	0.0	0.7
Australia	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	168,075	81,520	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	25,900	12,335	13,565	15.4	15.1	15.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,770	12,565	13,205	15.3	15.4	15.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	116,405	56,615	59,790	69.3	69.4	69.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	12,595	5,965	6,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,130	3,580	3,550	56.6	60.0	53.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,860	1,715	1,140	22.7	28.8	17.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,270	1,865	2,405	33.9	31.3	36.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,585	1,440	2,145	28.5	24.1	32.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,820	910	910	14.5	15.3	13.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	65	30	35	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	12,595	5,965	6,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	465	235	230	3.7	3.9	3.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,470	700	770	11.7	11.7	11.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	670	325	350	5.3	5.4	5.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	865	465	395	6.9	7.8	6.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	75	30	40	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	9,050	4,200	4,850	71.9	70.4	73.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	168,075	81,520	86,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	18,395	9,030	9,365	10.9	11.1	10.8
South Asian	4,725	2,425	2,300	2.8	3.0	2.7
Chinese	3,275	1,495	1,775	1.9	1.8	2.1
Black	2,825	1,440	1,390	1.7	1.8	1.6
Filipino	1,135	455	680	0.7	0.6	0.8
Arab	1,615	875	745	1.0	1.1	0.9
Latin American	1,360	645	715	0.8	0.8	0.8
Southeast Asian	845	400	450	0.5	0.5	0.5
West Asian	750	405	340	0.4	0.5	0.4
Korean	600	250	350	0.4	0.3	0.4
Japanese	290	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	300	170	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	675	340	335	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	149,680	72,485	77,190	89.1	88.9	89.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	168,075	81,520	86,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	29,140	14,415	14,720	17.3	17.7	17.0
English	44,490	21,440	23,055	26.5	26.3	26.6
Irish	44,500	20,680	23,815	26.5	25.4	27.5
Scottish	37,770	17,930	19,840	22.5	22.0	22.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	18,720	8,835	9,880	11.1	10.8	11.4
German	16,215	7,515	8,700	9.6	9.2	10.1
Chinese	3,365	1,560	1,805	2.0	1.9	2.1
Italian	5,700	2,785	2,915	3.4	3.4	3.4
Indian (India)	2,920	1,500	1,420	1.7	1.8	1.6
Ukrainian	3,415	1,600	1,815	2.0	2.0	2.1
Dutch	9,150	4,380	4,775	5.4	5.4	5.5
Polish	4,545	2,125	2,420	2.7	2.6	2.8
Québécois	640	330	305	0.4	0.4	0.4
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,600	4,150	4,455	5.1	5.1	5.1
Filipino	1,245	520	725	0.7	0.6	0.8
French Canadian	3,315	1,540	1,775	2.0	1.9	2.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	5,285	2,585	2,700	3.1	3.2	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,315	1,585	1,730	2.0	1.9	2.0
Métis	2,325	1,160	1,160	1.4	1.4	1.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,525	1,855	1,670	2.1	2.3	1.9
Russian	1,410	650	755	0.8	0.8	0.9
Norwegian	1,350	635	710	0.8	0.8	0.8
Welsh	4,020	1,840	2,180	2.4	2.3	2.5
Portuguese	3,560	1,840	1,720	2.1	2.3	2.0
American	2,325	1,150	1,175	1.4	1.4	1.4
Spanish	1,275	590	685	0.8	0.7	0.8
Swedish	1,145	575	570	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hungarian	1,025	495	520	0.6	0.6	0.6
Acadian	935	445	490	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pakistani	705	395	315	0.4	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	710	335	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	1,225	575	645	0.7	0.7	0.7
Punjabi	175	105	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	395	205	190	0.2	0.3	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	875	460	420	0.5	0.6	0.5
Greek	1,270	605	665	0.8	0.7	0.8
Jamaican	525	285	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	340	165	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	265	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Korean	615	245	360	0.4	0.3	0.4
Romanian	595	310	285	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanese	315	155	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	695	370	330	0.4	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	550	285	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	1,220	610	615	0.7	0.7	0.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,550	730	820	0.9	0.9	0.9
Sikh	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	900	400	505	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belgian	565	255	315	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haitian	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	270	160	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexican	375	195	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	160	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	740	385	355	0.4	0.5	0.4
Finnish	830	360	470	0.5	0.4	0.5
Sri Lankan	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	355	155	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	375	180	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	505	245	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	720	360	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	405	230	175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	190	105	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	100	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	290	155	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombian	230	90	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	575	265	310	0.3	0.3	0.4
Syrian	385	190	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	255	100	160	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	280	145	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	440	210	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Newfoundlander	600	285	315	0.4	0.3	0.4
Hong Konger	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ontarian	1,515	710	800	0.9	0.9	0.9
Persian	210	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	220	125	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkish	215	115	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	190	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	200	115	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	115	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	270	145	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	475	210	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	80	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	235	125	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	725	365	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	335	160	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	310	170	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	170	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chilean	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Congolese	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	265	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maltese	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovenian	185	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	315	130	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	830	425	400	0.5	0.5	0.5
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	75	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
African American	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	140	90	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	115	40	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Laotian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	195	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	200	80	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	170	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	255	90	170	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	135	30	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	75	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Saskatchewanian	115	35	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	100	35	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burundian	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	85	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	200	70	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	168,075	81,520	86,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	520	185	335	0.3	0.2	0.4
Christian	87,945	40,035	47,910	52.3	49.1	55.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,540	3,930	4,610	5.1	4.8	5.3
Anabaptist	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	11,880	5,225	6,660	7.1	6.4	7.7
Baptist	1,620	690	935	1.0	0.8	1.1
Catholic	39,150	18,255	20,895	23.3	22.4	24.1
Christian Orthodox	1,325	630	690	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	355	125	230	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	260	155	105	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lutheran	845	330	520	0.5	0.4	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,545	710	835	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,265	575	685	0.8	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	2,360	1,055	1,305	1.4	1.3	1.5
Reformed	405	145	260	0.2	0.2	0.3
United Church	13,020	5,760	7,255	7.7	7.1	8.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,320	2,420	2,905	3.2	3.0	3.4
Hindu	1,730	925	810	1.0	1.1	0.9
Jewish	935	435	500	0.6	0.5	0.6
Muslim	3,425	1,775	1,650	2.0	2.2	1.9
Sikh	525	265	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,505	530	970	0.9	0.7	1.1
No religion and secular perspectives	71,390	37,335	34,055	42.5	45.8	39.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	166,665	80,785	85,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	142,710	69,240	73,475	85.6	85.7	85.6
Movers	23,950	11,545	12,405	14.4	14.3	14.4
Non-migrants	13,335	6,370	6,970	8.0	7.9	8.1
Migrants	10,615	5,180	5,435	6.4	6.4	6.3
Internal migrants	9,390	4,585	4,805	5.6	5.7	5.6
Intraprovincial migrants	7,830	3,850	3,975	4.7	4.8	4.6
Interprovincial migrants	1,565	735	830	0.9	0.9	1.0
External migrants	1,225	595	630	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	160,495	77,545	82,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	92,135	44,545	47,595	57.4	57.4	57.4
Movers	68,360	33,000	35,365	42.6	42.6	42.6
Non-migrants	27,745	13,505	14,240	17.3	17.4	17.2
Migrants	40,615	19,490	21,125	25.3	25.1	25.5
Internal migrants	34,915	16,720	18,195	21.8	21.6	21.9
Intraprovincial migrants	29,260	13,895	15,370	18.2	17.9	18.5
Interprovincial migrants	5,655	2,825	2,830	3.5	3.6	3.4
External migrants	5,700	2,775	2,925	3.6	3.6	3.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,265	68,755	74,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,765	10,340	8,430	13.1	15.0	11.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	124,500	58,415	66,080	86.9	85.0	88.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,545	42,185	45,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,150	3,760	2,395	7.0	8.9	5.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	81,390	38,425	42,970	93.0	91.1	94.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,260	68,750	74,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,880	9,080	7,790	11.8	13.2	10.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	41,760	21,320	20,445	29.1	31.0	27.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	84,625	38,350	46,275	59.1	55.8	62.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	44,465	20,350	24,115	31.0	29.6	32.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,385	5,510	1,875	5.2	8.0	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,545	2,225	1,320	2.5	3.2	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,840	3,280	565	2.7	4.8	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	34,715	13,910	20,805	24.2	20.2	27.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,365	930	1,435	1.7	1.4	1.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	40,160	18,000	22,160	28.0	26.2	29.7
Bachelor's degree	23,735	9,875	13,860	16.6	14.4	18.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,655	680	975	1.2	1.0	1.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,610	860	745	1.1	1.3	1.0
Master's degree	9,685	4,425	5,260	6.8	6.4	7.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,475	2,165	1,310	2.4	3.1	1.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,545	42,185	45,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,365	3,275	2,085	6.1	7.8	4.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,045	12,240	9,810	25.2	29.0	21.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,130	26,665	33,470	68.7	63.2	73.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,225	14,315	16,905	35.7	33.9	37.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,505	3,415	1,090	5.1	8.1	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,225	1,460	765	2.5	3.5	1.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,285	1,960	320	2.6	4.6	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,270	10,310	14,965	28.9	24.4	33.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,450	595	850	1.7	1.4	1.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,905	12,345	16,560	33.0	29.3	36.5
Bachelor's degree	16,790	6,790	10,000	19.2	16.1	22.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,175	445	730	1.3	1.1	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,230	565	660	1.4	1.3	1.5
Master's degree	7,290	3,155	4,130	8.3	7.5	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,425	1,385	1,040	2.8	3.3	2.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	143,260	68,755	74,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	58,635	30,400	28,235	40.9	44.2	37.9
Education	5,315	1,545	3,770	3.7	2.2	5.1
13. Education	5,315	1,545	3,770	3.7	2.2	5.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,665	1,065	1,595	1.9	1.5	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	150	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,455	915	1,540	1.7	1.3	2.1
Humanities	5,035	2,055	2,980	3.5	3.0	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	385	65	320	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	1,275	405	865	0.9	0.6	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,025	420	605	0.7	0.6	0.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	455	255	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	440	275	170	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,060	515	545	0.7	0.7	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	200	20	175	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,995	3,945	8,050	8.4	5.7	10.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	260	75	185	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	980	400	575	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,195	270	1,925	1.5	0.4	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,420	375	1,045	1.0	0.5	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	720	200	520	0.5	0.3	0.7
42. Psychology	2,385	715	1,665	1.7	1.0	2.2
45. Social sciences	4,045	1,910	2,130	2.8	2.8	2.9
Business, management and public administration	13,345	5,040	8,305	9.3	7.3	11.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,930	435	1,495	1.3	0.6	2.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,400	4,595	6,805	8.0	6.7	9.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,875	2,495	2,385	3.4	3.6	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,625	1,190	1,435	1.8	1.7	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	570	220	350	0.4	0.3	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,395	985	405	1.0	1.4	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	205	75	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,255	2,095	1,165	2.3	3.0	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,365	1,665	695	1.7	2.4	0.9
25. Library science	260	50	205	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	550	310	235	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,115	12,690	1,425	9.9	18.5	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	555	330	225	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,950	3,195	760	2.8	4.6	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,560	3,245	310	2.5	4.7	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,045	3,000	40	2.1	4.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,190	2,145	40	1.5	3.1	0.1
48. Precision production	820	770	45	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,585	750	840	1.1	1.1	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,030	440	595	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	555	310	250	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	16,565	3,510	13,055	11.6	5.1	17.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,290	685	605	0.9	1.0	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,625	2,460	12,165	10.2	3.6	16.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	590	355	235	0.4	0.5	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,845	3,160	2,685	4.1	4.6	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,690	820	1,870	1.9	1.2	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	270	240	30	0.2	0.3	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	110	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,165	1,425	740	1.5	2.1	1.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	590	565	25	0.4	0.8	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	87,545	42,185	45,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,415	15,520	11,895	31.3	36.8	26.2
Education	3,185	880	2,310	3.6	2.1	5.1
13. Education	3,185	880	2,310	3.6	2.1	5.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,970	750	1,220	2.3	1.8	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	130	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,840	670	1,175	2.1	1.6	2.6
Humanities	3,220	1,360	1,860	3.7	3.2	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	235	30	205	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	775	280	500	0.9	0.7	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	710	315	400	0.8	0.7	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	300	175	120	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	230	135	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	730	360	370	0.8	0.9	0.8
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	115	10	110	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,935	2,780	6,155	10.2	6.6	13.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	195	60	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	835	340	495	1.0	0.8	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,680	215	1,460	1.9	0.5	3.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,095	235	860	1.3	0.6	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	605	155	450	0.7	0.4	1.0
42. Psychology	1,670	460	1,205	1.9	1.1	2.7
45. Social sciences	2,855	1,320	1,540	3.3	3.1	3.4
Business, management and public administration	9,830	3,585	6,245	11.2	8.5	13.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,465	285	1,180	1.7	0.7	2.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,360	3,295	5,065	9.5	7.8	11.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,405	1,665	1,740	3.9	3.9	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,955	870	1,085	2.2	2.1	2.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	410	165	245	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	885	595	290	1.0	1.4	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,500	1,620	880	2.9	3.8	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,965	1,385	580	2.2	3.3	1.3
25. Library science	165	35	120	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	310	155	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,730	8,560	1,180	11.1	20.3	2.6
04. Architecture and related services	405	230	180	0.5	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	2,855	2,205	655	3.3	5.2	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,460	2,205	255	2.8	5.2	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,075	2,035	40	2.4	4.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,450	1,430	20	1.7	3.4	0.0
48. Precision production	490	455	30	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,185	535	655	1.4	1.3	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	755	290	465	0.9	0.7	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	430	245	190	0.5	0.6	0.4
Health and related fields	11,700	2,485	9,220	13.4	5.9	20.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	900	445	450	1.0	1.1	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,345	1,820	8,530	11.8	4.3	18.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	0	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	405	215	185	0.5	0.5	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,445	2,460	1,985	5.1	5.8	4.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,975	650	1,330	2.3	1.5	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210	175	30	0.2	0.4	0.1
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	85	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,745	1,140	605	2.0	2.7	1.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	425	405	15	0.5	1.0	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	87,545	42,185	45,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,415	15,520	11,895	31.3	36.8	26.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	60,130	26,665	33,465	68.7	63.2	73.8
Location of study inside Canada	53,660	23,745	29,915	61.3	56.3	66.0
Same as province or territory of residence	47,775	21,105	26,670	54.6	50.0	58.8
Different than province or territory of residence	5,885	2,635	3,250	6.7	6.2	7.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,470	2,920	3,550	7.4	6.9	7.8
Americas	1,865	860	1,005	2.1	2.0	2.2
United States of America	1,425	690	740	1.6	1.6	1.6
Mexico	90	25	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	135	50	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Colombia	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	1,535	775	760	1.8	1.8	1.7
Belgium	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	765	410	355	0.9	1.0	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	400	180	215	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nigeria	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	140	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	140	60	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Asia	2,475	1,025	1,450	2.8	2.4	3.2
Iran⁸⁸	225	115	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iraq	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkey	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	335	125	205	0.4	0.3	0.5
Taiwan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	145	45	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	305	75	230	0.3	0.2	0.5
Viet Nam	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
India	785	345	435	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pakistan	155	65	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	200	110	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Oceania	200	75	120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australia	170	65	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	143,260	68,750	74,510	...	...	...
In the labour force	86,915	43,645	43,270	...	...	...
Employed	76,230	38,660	37,570	...	...	...
Unemployed	10,685	4,980	5,705	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	56,345	25,110	31,240	...	...	...
Participation rate	60.7	63.5	58.1	60.7	63.5	58.1
Employment rate	53.2	56.2	50.4	53.2	56.2	50.4
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.4	13.2	12.3	11.4	13.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	143,260	68,755	74,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	55,300	24,725	30,570	38.6	36.0	41.0
Worked	87,965	44,030	43,940	61.4	64.0	59.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	47,125	25,430	21,700	32.9	37.0	29.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	40,840	18,595	22,245	28.5	27.0	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	41.9	40.7	41.3	41.9	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	86,915	43,645	43,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,190	1,095	1,095	2.5	2.5	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	84,730	42,555	42,180	97.5	97.5	97.5
Employee	74,160	36,395	37,765	85.3	83.4	87.3
Permanent position	59,950	29,555	30,395	69.0	67.7	70.2
Temporary position	14,210	6,840	7,375	16.3	15.7	17.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,335	2,540	2,785	6.1	5.8	6.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,875	4,295	4,580	10.2	9.8	10.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,570	6,160	4,415	12.2	14.1	10.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	86,915	43,645	43,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,190	1,095	1,095	2.5	2.5	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	84,730	42,555	42,180	97.5	97.5	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	875	580	295	1.0	1.3	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,345	3,590	8,755	14.2	8.2	20.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,960	4,555	1,410	6.9	10.4	3.3
3 Health occupations	9,890	2,260	7,625	11.4	5.2	17.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	16,165	6,910	9,255	18.6	15.8	21.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,330	1,035	1,300	2.7	2.4	3.0
6 Sales and service occupations	21,650	9,825	11,830	24.9	22.5	27.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	12,060	11,075	990	13.9	25.4	2.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,400	1,050	350	1.6	2.4	0.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,045	1,670	370	2.4	3.8	0.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	86,915	43,645	43,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,190	1,095	1,095	2.5	2.5	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	84,730	42,555	42,180	97.5	97.5	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	845	490	355	1.0	1.1	0.8
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	140	120	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	520	415	110	0.6	1.0	0.3
23 Construction	5,835	5,220	610	6.7	12.0	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	3,715	2,870	850	4.3	6.6	2.0
41 Wholesale trade	1,550	1,145	405	1.8	2.6	0.9
44-45 Retail trade	10,010	4,710	5,300	11.5	10.8	12.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,680	2,035	645	3.1	4.7	1.5
51 Information and cultural industries	995	555	440	1.1	1.3	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	2,445	1,055	1,385	2.8	2.4	3.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,605	870	735	1.8	2.0	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,875	2,830	2,045	5.6	6.5	4.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,395	2,045	1,350	3.9	4.7	3.1
61 Educational services	10,610	4,080	6,530	12.2	9.3	15.1
62 Health care and social assistance	14,700	3,170	11,525	16.9	7.3	26.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,475	810	665	1.7	1.9	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	6,010	2,860	3,150	6.9	6.6	7.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,140	1,450	1,690	3.6	3.3	3.9
91 Public administration	10,110	5,800	4,310	11.6	13.3	10.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	94,365	47,125	47,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	89,755	45,065	44,695	95.1	95.6	94.6
French	410	120	290	0.4	0.3	0.6
Non-official language	160	60	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	160	60	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and French	3,140	1,460	1,685	3.3	3.1	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	790	365	420	0.8	0.8	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	94,365	47,125	47,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	93,930	46,940	46,995	99.5	99.6	99.5
Official languages	93,630	46,840	46,790	99.2	99.4	99.1
English	92,895	46,635	46,255	98.4	99.0	97.9
French	735	200	535	0.8	0.4	1.1
Non-official languages	300	100	200	0.3	0.2	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	285	100	185	0.3	0.2	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	430	185	240	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and French	315	135	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	94,365	47,125	47,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	90,740	45,415	45,320	96.2	96.4	95.9
English	460	120	345	0.5	0.3	0.7
French	2,510	1,255	1,255	2.7	2.7	2.7
Non-official language	540	285	260	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	520	270	245	0.6	0.6	0.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	76,230	38,660	37,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	18,780	8,550	10,225	24.6	22.1	27.2
Worked outside Canada	205	155	50	0.3	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	8,115	5,970	2,140	10.6	15.4	5.7
Usual place of work	49,135	23,980	25,155	64.5	62.0	67.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	49,135	23,985	25,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	35,340	16,705	18,630	71.9	69.6	74.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	5,405	2,660	2,745	11.0	11.1	10.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,180	4,480	3,695	16.6	18.7	14.7
Commute to a different province or territory	215	140	80	0.4	0.6	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	57,245	29,950	27,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	48,520	26,015	22,505	84.8	86.9	82.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	44,420	24,320	20,100	77.6	81.2	73.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,100	1,700	2,405	7.2	5.7	8.8
Public transit	2,810	1,135	1,670	4.9	3.8	6.1
Walked	4,030	1,865	2,170	7.0	6.2	8.0
Bicycle	705	435	275	1.2	1.5	1.0
Other method	1,180	500	675	2.1	1.7	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	57,245	29,950	27,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	20,915	10,605	10,310	36.5	35.4	37.8
15 to 29 minutes	24,360	12,440	11,920	42.6	41.5	43.7
30 to 44 minutes	8,265	4,610	3,655	14.4	15.4	13.4
45 to 59 minutes	1,900	1,080	820	3.3	3.6	3.0
60 minutes and over	1,805	1,210	595	3.2	4.0	2.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	57,245	29,950	27,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,800	1,820	980	4.9	6.1	3.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,980	6,690	4,290	19.2	22.3	15.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	16,425	8,785	7,640	28.7	29.3	28.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	12,445	5,430	7,015	21.7	18.1	25.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,795	3,225	3,570	11.9	10.8	13.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,795	4,000	3,795	13.6	13.4	13.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	30,455	15,720	14,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,090	2,115	1,980	13.4	13.5	13.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,365	13,600	12,760	86.6	86.5	86.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	22,255	11,460	10,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,060	1,570	1,485	13.7	13.7	13.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,895	965	930	8.5	8.4	8.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,165	605	555	5.2	5.3	5.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,200	9,890	9,310	86.3	86.3	86.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 28, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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