2006 Census Topic-based tabulations

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Topic-based tabulation: Immigrant Status and Place of Birth (38), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (8A), Age Groups (8), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (277), for the Total Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data

About this tabulation

General information

Catalogue number :97-564-XCB2006008
Release date :December 9, 2008
Topic :Immigration and citizenship
Data dimensions :

Note

Additional information about this table is available in the Dimension Summary Box of the 'Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (277)' variable.

Note: Data Quality - Age at immigration

There was a slight overestimation of age at immigration in the 2006 Census. For more information on the age at immigration variable, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, 2006 Census, catalogue number 97-557-GWE2006003.

Note: Data Quality - Relationship of Census Income Estimates to the National Accounts and Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics

Census income estimates of aggregate income in 2005 were compared to similar personal income estimates from the national accounts. After adjustments to the personal income estimates for differences in concepts and coverage, the census estimate of aggregate income in 2005 from comparable sources was 1.2% lower than the national accounts estimate. As in the past, census estimates for some income components and for some provinces compared more favourably than for others.

Census estimates of aggregate wages and salaries, the largest component of income, were slightly higher (1.0%) than the national accounts estimates. This was partially offset by the difference (-7.8%) between the census estimates of aggregate self-employment income from both farm and non-farm self-employment and the adjusted national accounts figures. Overall, estimates of aggregate employment income or earnings were nearly identical (0.3% difference).

Census estimates of Old Age Security pensions and the Guaranteed Income Supplement were slightly lower (-1.4%), as they were for Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits (-0.9%), than adjusted national accounts estimates. Employment Insurance benefits reported in the census were smaller by 6.1%. Census estimates of aggregate child benefits were 2.0% higher than the adjusted national accounts estimates. Census estimates of other government transfer payments, which include such items as social welfare benefits, provincial income supplements to seniors, veterans' pensions and GST/HST/QST refunds, were significantly below (-39.2%) the estimates from the national accounts. Overall, census estimates of aggregate income from all government transfer payments were lower by 12.0%. The census estimate of aggregate investment income in 2005 was slightly lower (-2.7%) than the comparable national accounts estimate. This is a significant improvement when compared to previous census comparisons.

Census income statistics were also compared with similar statistics from the annual Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). SLID estimates reflect adjustments made for population undercoverage, while census estimates do not include such an adjustment. This adjustment contributes to census estimates showing fewer income recipients (-2.1%) and earners (-1.4%) than SLID estimates. However, due to higher average amounts, census estimates of aggregate earnings are 2.8% higher than the SLID estimate, while the census estimate of aggregate total income of individuals is 2.3% higher. Most of the observed provincial differences were considered acceptable in the light of sampling errors in the Survey. The all-person low income prevalence rates for Canada (excluding the Territories) were almost identical in both sources for the before-tax measure at 15.3% and only slightly higher (0.6 percentage points) in census than SLID for the after-tax rate.

Note: Broad occupational category A - Management occupations

Census data for occupation groups in Broad occupational category A - Management occupations should be used with caution. Some coding errors were made in assigning the appropriate level of management, e.g., senior manager as opposed to middle manager, and in determining the appropriate area of specialization or activity, e.g., a manager of a health care program in a hospital as opposed to a government manager in health policy administration. Some non-management occupations have also been miscoded to management due to confusion over titles such as program manager and project manager. Data users may wish to use data for management occupations in conjunction with other variables such as Income, Age and Education.

Note: Consistency of earnings and labour estimates

Changes to the collection methodology for income data and to the editing procedures create an apparent inconsistency for more records in 2006 compared to 2001. For example, a larger amount of full-year, full-time workers (or part-year workers) are without reported earnings. There are also more persons with earnings that do not report work activity during the previous calendar year.

These impacts are also visible for wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

For more information, please consult the Income and Earnings Reference Guide, 2006 Census, Catalogue no. 97-563-GWE2006003.

Note: Data on knowledge of official languages

According to studies on data certification, the 2006 Census statistics on knowledge of official languages could underestimate the category 'English and French' and overestimate the category 'French only,' particularly for the francophone population and, therefore, for the whole population. More information on the subject is available in the Languages Reference Guide, 2006 Census, Catalogue no. 97-555-GWE2006003.


Note: Income Data for Seniors in Collective Dwellings

In the 2006 Census, individuals who resided in institutions or residences with distinct, separate living quarters, and who were able to complete the census questionnaire, received their own census form to complete. These individuals were excluded from measurements of income in prior censuses. This census their incomes have been set to zero. This results in a slight overestimation in the count of population 15 years and over, and primarily the age group 65 years and over, without income (or without earnings). Counts and income statistics for families or persons not in families are not affected, as individuals in these types of collective dwellings have always, and continue to be excluded from those populations.

Note: Income suppression

Area suppression is the deletion of all characteristic data for geographic areas with populations below a specified size. Income distributions and related statistics are suppressed if the population in the area, excluding institutional residents, is less than 250 from either the 100% or the 20% database, or if the number of private households is less than 40 from the 20% database.

Tables with income, after-tax income or earnings distributions

Income, after-tax income and earnings distributions have been suppressed where the estimated total number of units (persons, families or households) in the reference year is less than 250. All suppressed cells and associated averages, medians and standard errors of average income, average after-tax income or average earnings have been replaced with zeroes or symbols.

In all cases, suppressed data are included in the appropriate higher aggregate subtotals and totals.

Tables with number and median or average income, after-tax income or earnings

Statistics have been suppressed if the estimated total number of persons (males, females or both sexes) with income, after-tax income or earnings in the reference year is less than 250 persons. All suppressed counts and associated averages and medians have been replaced by zeroes or symbols.

In all cases, suppressed data are included in the appropriate higher aggregate subtotals and totals.

Note: Institutional residents

People in seniors' residences in the 2006 Census are classified as 'not living in an institution'. This is a change from the 2001 Census where they were classified as institutional residents, specifically, 'living in an institution, resident under care or custody'.

Note: Labour force growth for the Northwest Territories

Care should be exercised in comparing the Northwest Territories 2006 Census population counts with those from the 2001 Census. In 2001, the net undercount for the Northwest Territories was estimated at 8.11%, substantially higher than the national level of 2.99%, and almost double its 1996 level. The increase in the labour force, the employed, unemployed and not in the labour force populations between 2001 and 2006 is likely overstated due to improvements in coverage of the Northwest Territories in 2006.

Data table

Select data categories for this table


This table details immigrant status and place of birth , immigrant status and period of immigration , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics , for the total population in Windsor
Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (277) Immigrant status and period of immigration (8A)
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration Non-immigrants ImmigrantsFootnote 2 Before 1991 1991 to 1995 1996 to 2000 2001 to 2006Footnote 3 Non-permanent residentsFootnote 4
Total population 15 years and over by legal marital statusFootnote 5 259,210 186,910 69,305 40,430 8,735 9,590 10,545 2,995
Never legally married (single) 81,935 68,060 12,295 4,270 2,735 2,655 2,635 1,580
Legally married (and not separated)Footnote 6 134,765 87,760 45,895 27,595 5,100 6,295 6,905 1,110
Separated, but still legally married 7,825 6,000 1,760 990 275 245 245 65
Divorced 19,490 15,605 3,760 2,855 325 215 370 120
Widowed 15,195 9,475 5,595 4,720 300 185 390 120
Total population in private households by census family statusFootnote 7 320,075 242,035 74,635 40,345 9,065 11,415 13,815 3,400
Number of family persons 273,050 206,795 64,205 33,140 8,150 10,510 12,395 2,045
Husbands or wives 132,825 86,900 44,925 27,300 4,915 6,095 6,610 1,005
Common-law partners 16,550 14,285 2,060 1,385 200 220 265 205
Lone parents 15,665 11,635 3,875 2,420 500 405 555 155
Children in census families 108,010 93,980 13,340 2,040 2,540 3,795 4,965 685
Number of persons not in census families 47,030 35,245 10,435 7,195 915 900 1,425 1,350
Living with relatives 6,055 3,850 1,975 940 270 300 460 225
Living with non-relatives only 7,140 5,225 1,195 490 110 190 395 720
Living alone 33,830 26,165 7,265 5,765 530 405 565 400
Total population aged 1 year and over by mobility status 1 year agoFootnote 8 316,825 238,675 74,665 40,420 9,080 11,420 13,740 3,485
Non-movers 279,065 211,725 65,485 38,095 7,985 10,065 9,345 1,855
Movers 37,755 26,945 9,180 2,330 1,090 1,355 4,400 1,630
Non-migrants 25,290 18,725 5,905 1,540 795 995 2,575 660
Migrants 12,465 8,215 3,280 790 295 360 1,830 970
Internal migrants 9,765 7,815 1,830 680 250 285 615 120
Intraprovincial migrants 8,905 7,230 1,605 600 195 255 550 75
Interprovincial migrants 860 585 230 80 60 30 60 45
External migrants 2,700 400 1,445 110 45 75 1,215 850
Total population aged 5 years and over by mobility status 5 years agoFootnote 9 301,440 224,235 73,875 40,425 9,075 11,425 12,955 3,330
Non-movers 185,940 144,170 41,375 30,915 4,965 4,120 1,375 395
Movers 115,495 80,055 32,500 9,510 4,115 7,300 11,575 2,940
Non-migrants 72,415 55,395 16,690 6,480 3,130 5,125 1,955 320
Migrants 43,085 24,660 15,810 3,030 985 2,175 9,625 2,615
Internal migrants 29,735 23,510 6,105 2,600 810 1,825 865 125
Intraprovincial migrants 26,555 21,510 4,920 2,330 660 1,395 530 120
Interprovincial migrants 3,185 1,995 1,185 265 145 430 335 10
External migrants 13,350 1,155 9,705 430 175 345 8,755 2,490
Total population by mother tongueFootnote 10 320,730 242,445 74,770 40,435 9,080 11,425 13,830 3,515
English 230,920 213,260 16,680 11,425 1,070 1,835 2,350 975
French 11,105 10,545 550 280 90 80 95 10
Non-official language 73,760 15,750 55,595 27,905 7,720 9,120 10,850 2,405
English and French 1,120 1,075 40 10 0 10 15 10
English and non-official language 3,425 1,700 1,645 685 140 340 475 75
French and non-official language 335 75 230 120 40 25 40 30
English, French and non-official language 80 45 30 0 10 0 10 0
Total population by language spoken most often at homeFootnote 11 320,730 242,450 74,770 40,430 9,085 11,430 13,830 3,515
English 271,870 231,800 38,320 26,030 3,340 4,180 4,765 1,750
French 2,950 2,625 315 115 35 100 60 10
Non-official language 39,050 5,920 31,550 12,415 4,925 6,180 8,030 1,580
English and French 705 560 135 40 30 25 45 10
English and non-official language 5,875 1,480 4,235 1,795 640 910 890 170
French and non-official language 70 20 45 0 40 0 0 10
English, French and non-official language 210 35 170 35 80 25 30 0
Total population by knowledge of official languagesFootnote 12 320,730 242,445 74,770 40,435 9,080 11,425 13,830 3,510
English only 282,530 213,090 66,405 36,925 7,560 10,180 11,740 3,030
French only 395 280 110 65 20 0 20 10
English and French 33,575 28,425 4,975 2,055 1,020 805 1,090 175
Neither English nor French 4,230 655 3,285 1,390 480 440 975 295
Total population 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2005 by language used most often at workFootnote 13 176,760 134,415 40,885 21,250 6,220 6,770 6,645 1,460
English 173,405 132,975 39,090 20,675 5,930 6,505 5,970 1,335
French 1,135 995 120 40 10 10 60 15
Non-official language 1,215 55 1,095 325 180 140 450 65
English and French 370 310 60 30 10 10 15 0
English and non-official language 610 75 490 160 70 105 155 45
French and non-official language 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
English, French and non-official language 35 10 25 10 15 0 0 0
Total - CitizenshipFootnote 14 320,730 242,450 74,775 40,430 9,080 11,430 13,830 3,510
Canadian citizens 299,910 242,445 57,465 36,015 8,255 9,785 3,400 0
Canadian citizens only 290,480 240,515 49,960 32,345 6,880 7,965 2,765 0
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country 9,435 1,930 7,505 3,670 1,375 1,820 635 0
Not Canadian citizensFootnote 15 20,820 0 17,310 4,415 825 1,645 10,430 3,510
Total immigrant population by age at immigrationFootnote 16 74,775 0 74,770 40,430 9,085 11,425 13,830 0
Under 5 years 8,180 0 8,180 4,600 725 1,185 1,665 0
5 to 14 years 13,800 0 13,800 7,515 1,910 2,295 2,080 0
15 to 24 years 17,855 0 17,855 12,520 1,560 1,625 2,150 0
25 to 44 years 29,360 0 29,360 14,285 3,980 5,175 5,920 0
45 years and over 5,580 0 5,580 1,515 915 1,145 2,015 0
Total - Population by visible minority groupsFootnote 17 320,730 242,450 74,770 40,430 9,085 11,425 13,835 3,510
Total visible minority populationFootnote 18 51,200 16,290 32,485 10,120 5,585 7,170 9,610 2,420
Chinese 7,825 1,885 5,265 1,595 765 1,390 1,515 675
South AsianFootnote 19 10,270 2,580 7,360 1,650 740 2,205 2,760 330
Black 9,490 5,535 3,535 1,015 540 805 1,180 410
Filipino 3,145 845 2,220 1,215 375 225 405 85
Latin American 2,910 450 2,175 865 435 210 660 280
Southeast AsianFootnote 20 2,945 1,000 1,920 1,210 310 165 240 25
Arab 9,975 2,675 6,870 1,635 1,740 1,455 2,035 430
West AsianFootnote 21 1,835 445 1,340 405 285 255 400 45
Korean 605 80 430 80 45 105 210 95
Japanese 155 90 50 35 10 0 10 15
Visible minority, n.i.e.Footnote 22 995 210 785 185 245 225 140 0
Multiple visible minorityFootnote 23 1,060 495 535 230 90 140 75 30
Not a visible minorityFootnote 24 269,530 226,155 42,285 30,310 3,500 4,255 4,220 1,095
Total population 15 years and over by generation statusFootnote 25 259,205 186,905 69,310 40,435 8,735 9,590 10,545 2,990
1st generationFootnote 26 72,420 255 69,175 40,345 8,700 9,595 10,535 2,995
2nd generationFootnote 27 51,505 51,410 95 60 25 0 0 0
3rd generation or moreFootnote 28 135,280 135,240 45 25 15 0 0 0
Total population 15 years and over by labour force activityFootnote 29 259,205 186,910 69,305 40,435 8,735 9,590 10,550 2,990
In the labour force 166,895 126,870 38,640 19,875 5,995 6,645 6,130 1,380
Employed 152,995 117,320 34,605 18,525 5,355 5,775 4,950 1,065
Unemployed 13,905 9,550 4,035 1,350 640 865 1,185 315
Not in the labour force 92,310 60,035 30,665 20,555 2,745 2,950 4,420 1,610
Participation rate 64.4 67.9 55.8 49.2 68.6 69.3 58.1 46.2
Employment rate 59.0 62.8 49.9 45.8 61.3 60.2 46.9 35.6
Unemployment rate 8.3 7.5 10.4 6.8 10.7 13.0 19.3 22.8
Total labour force 15 years and over by class of workerFootnote 30 166,895 126,875 38,645 19,880 5,990 6,645 6,130 1,380
Class of worker - Not applicableFootnote 31 4,300 2,735 1,360 350 270 340 400 205
All classes of workerFootnote 32 162,595 124,140 37,280 19,525 5,720 6,305 5,730 1,170
Wage earners 149,320 115,150 33,060 16,925 5,240 5,690 5,205 1,105
Self-employedFootnote 33 12,960 8,785 4,115 2,520 485 595 515 60
Unpaid family workers 315 210 105 75 0 20 10 0
Total labour force 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System 2002Footnote 34 166,900 126,870 38,640 19,875 5,990 6,645 6,130 1,380
Industry - Not applicableFootnote 35 4,305 2,735 1,360 350 270 340 400 205
All industriesFootnote 36 162,590 124,140 37,280 19,525 5,720 6,305 5,730 1,175
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 1,560 965 550 260 75 55 165 45
21 Mining and oil and gas extraction 300 275 20 20 0 0 0 0
22 Utilities 725 640 85 30 15 25 20 0
23 Construction 7,780 6,020 1,695 1,005 235 210 240 70
31-33 Manufacturing 39,510 28,735 10,485 5,970 1,510 1,715 1,290 290
41 Wholesale trade 4,570 3,355 1,190 570 180 280 165 25
44-45 Retail trade 18,560 14,425 4,015 1,760 760 770 735 115
48-49 Transportation and warehousing 6,640 5,070 1,540 605 240 370 325 35
51 Information and cultural industries 2,275 1,775 475 250 50 105 65 30
52 Finance and insurance 4,515 3,680 810 485 90 160 75 20
53 Real estate and rental and leasing 2,315 1,790 525 365 60 50 50 0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services 7,690 5,525 2,120 880 405 440 395 50
55 Management of companies and enterprises 145 80 70 25 10 25 15 0
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 5,385 4,080 1,265 460 210 260 340 35
61 Educational services 11,445 8,975 2,285 1,095 260 405 530 185
62 Health care and social assistance 16,410 12,655 3,660 2,325 490 415 430 95
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation 6,540 5,470 1,065 640 255 115 50 10
72 Accommodation and food services 13,135 10,170 2,890 1,205 635 500 550 80
81 Other services (except public administration) 7,210 5,360 1,760 980 215 315 260 90
91 Public administration 5,865 5,090 780 605 40 100 25 0
Total labour force 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006Footnote 37 166,895 126,870 38,645 19,875 5,990 6,645 6,130 1,385
Occupation - Not applicableFootnote 38 4,300 2,735 1,360 355 270 340 400 210
All occupationsFootnote 39 162,595 124,140 37,280 19,525 5,725 6,305 5,730 1,175
A Management occupations 12,980 9,770 3,105 1,865 420 400 420 105
B Business, finance and administrative occupations 22,875 18,415 4,365 2,645 515 660 540 105
C Natural and applied sciences and related occupations 9,375 6,045 3,190 1,130 580 925 565 135
D Health occupations 10,425 7,925 2,445 1,495 350 295 310 50
E Occupations in social science, education, government service and religion 12,790 9,985 2,580 1,275 270 430 595 230
F Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 3,090 2,580 505 280 60 75 85 10
G Sales and service occupations 42,390 33,285 8,865 4,095 1,735 1,585 1,445 245
H Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 24,590 18,950 5,495 3,200 825 770 700 150
I Occupations unique to primary industry 2,735 2,045 650 320 80 90 160 40
J Occupations unique to processing, manufacturing and utilities 21,330 15,130 6,090 3,220 885 1,080 900 110
Total population 15 years and over by highest certificate, diploma or degreeFootnote 40 259,210 186,905 69,305 40,430 8,735 9,595 10,545 2,995
No certificate, diploma or degree 57,040 40,960 15,620 10,595 1,780 1,510 1,730 460
Certificate, diploma or degree 202,170 145,945 53,690 29,835 6,955 8,080 8,815 2,530
High school certificate or equivalentFootnote 41 78,440 59,545 17,850 10,145 2,770 2,500 2,430 1,055
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma 21,375 15,125 6,100 4,720 470 440 470 145
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diplomaFootnote 42 47,620 37,130 10,250 6,645 1,380 1,035 1,185 240
University certificate or diploma below bachelor levelFootnote 43 8,505 5,140 3,140 1,470 405 620 650 220
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor's level or aboveFootnote 44 46,230 29,005 16,350 6,860 1,925 3,485 4,075 880
Bachelor's degree 27,835 18,385 9,005 3,875 1,100 1,780 2,245 440
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level 6,370 4,815 1,475 830 130 230 290 75
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry 1,540 705 805 410 85 140 170 30
Master's degree 8,620 4,280 4,065 1,280 490 1,145 1,145 275
Earned doctorate 1,865 810 1,005 465 125 190 225 55
Total population 15 years and over with postsecondary qualifications by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs, 2000Footnote 45 123,730 86,405 35,840 19,695 4,185 5,580 6,385 1,480
Education 8,725 6,710 1,950 1,060 170 245 470 70
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies 2,695 2,015 670 455 65 70 80 10
Humanities 5,215 3,355 1,790 830 185 280 490 75
Social and behavioural sciences and law 13,080 9,640 3,280 1,865 425 400 590 150
Business, management and public administration 23,470 17,235 5,790 3,265 615 920 995 440
Physical and life sciences and technologies 3,580 1,930 1,525 515 200 320 495 125
Mathematics, computer and information sciences 5,170 2,990 2,110 770 305 525 500 75
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies 32,985 20,990 11,715 6,745 1,340 1,920 1,705 285
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation 1,210 880 325 170 45 50 60 0
Health, parks, recreation and fitness 19,730 14,540 4,990 2,970 615 605 805 195
Personal, protective and transportation services 7,855 6,110 1,690 1,050 215 240 185 60
Other fields of studyFootnote 46 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total population 15 years and over by location of studyFootnote 47 259,210 186,910 69,305 40,435 8,735 9,595 10,550 2,995
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 135,480 100,500 33,465 20,735 4,550 4,010 4,160 1,515
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 123,730 86,405 35,845 19,695 4,180 5,580 6,385 1,480
Inside Canada 98,230 82,430 15,310 11,045 1,750 1,620 900 485
Newfoundland-and-Labrador 155 140 15 0 0 10 10 0
Prince-Edward-Island 50 45 10 0 0 0 0 0
Nova Scotia 460 420 40 35 0 0 0 0
New Brunswick 260 245 0 0 0 0 0 10
Quebec 910 650 260 140 80 25 10 0
Ontario 94,780 79,630 14,680 10,655 1,620 1,555 855 465
Manitoba 270 245 20 10 15 0 0 0
Saskatchewan 280 235 45 30 0 10 0 0
Alberta 645 450 185 125 25 15 20 10
British Columbia 405 355 50 35 10 0 0 0
Yukon Territory 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northwest Territories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nunavut 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Outside CanadaFootnote 48 25,500 3,975 20,530 8,655 2,430 3,960 5,480 995
United States of America 7,015 3,625 3,150 1,675 335 470 665 230
United KingdomFootnote 49 1,710 155 1,530 1,205 85 140 95 25
India 1,845 0 1,840 345 160 615 725 0
Philippines 1,310 0 1,255 735 160 95 260 55
China, People's Republic of 1,460 0 1,360 55 85 500 725 95
Germany 545 10 470 380 0 50 40 70
France 150 10 140 110 0 15 15 10
Poland 1,005 0 985 590 235 80 85 10
Pakistan 670 0 635 60 30 250 295 35
Korea, SouthFootnote 50 205 0 195 35 10 50 95 15
Other 9,585 175 8,970 3,460 1,340 1,700 2,475 435
Total population 15 years and over by employment income and work activityFootnote 51 259,205 186,905 69,305 40,430 8,735 9,595 10,550 2,990
Did not work or had no employment income in 2005Footnote 52 94,605 60,695 32,165 20,680 2,975 3,440 5,070 1,745
Worked full year full time with employment incomeFootnote 53 91,915 71,110 20,210 12,125 3,045 2,875 2,165 595
Average employment income $ 56,382 56,193 57,295 64,750 47,690 48,707 40,474 48,030
Median employment income $ 48,348 48,634 47,168 53,299 42,560 40,509 32,445 44,951
Standard error of average employment income $ 402 419 1,078 1,702 1,244 1,448 1,322 3,014
Worked part year or part time with employment incomeFootnote 54 72,685 55,095 16,930 7,630 2,720 3,275 3,310 655
Average employment income $ 23,672 23,169 25,448 33,246 21,596 18,862 17,150 19,993
Median employment income $ 13,019 12,939 13,579 20,304 11,452 11,045 9,443 9,996
Standard error of average employment income $ 242 266 567 1,041 1,017 802 992 2,615
Total population 15 years and over by employment incomeFootnote 55 259,210 186,905 69,305 40,430 8,740 9,595 10,545 2,990
Without employment income 78,875 50,065 27,250 17,550 2,580 2,800 4,310 1,565
With employment incomeFootnote 56 180,335 136,845 42,060 22,885 6,150 6,790 6,235 1,430
Under $5,000Footnote 57 29,620 21,540 7,745 3,960 945 1,350 1,485 335
$5,000 to $9,999 17,005 12,545 4,260 1,650 805 840 960 190
$10,000 to $19,999 23,980 18,020 5,740 2,410 880 1,145 1,300 225
$20,000 to $29,999 18,905 14,660 4,105 1,900 690 805 710 135
$30,000 to $39,999 18,865 14,310 4,430 2,395 725 775 535 125
$40,000 to $49,999 17,465 13,800 3,565 2,145 600 465 355 100
$50,000 to $59,999 13,185 10,235 2,880 1,835 435 390 215 75
$60,000 to $74,999 15,610 12,195 3,315 2,175 480 385 280 100
$75,000 and over 25,695 19,545 6,015 4,395 590 640 390 135
Average employment income $Footnote 58 38,969 39,172 38,589 46,069 33,736 30,663 24,563 30,727
Median employment income $Footnote 59 30,060 30,941 27,730 36,308 26,044 20,200 14,676 17,852
Standard error of average employment income $Footnote 60 244 263 599 1,015 849 830 774 2,006
Total population 15 years and over with income in 2005 by composition of total income %Footnote 61 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Market income % 89.1 90.3 85.6 84.2 90.2 89.8 85.9 84.9
Employment income % 76.6 78.5 71.0 65.2 87.0 86.4 80.5 77.6
Wages and salaries % 72.6 74.7 66.3 60.8 81.9 80.1 76.0 73.9
Self-employment income % 4.0 3.8 4.7 4.3 5.1 6.3 4.5 3.9
Investment income % 2.7 2.4 3.6 4.7 0.8 0.7 1.5 2.3
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities % 8.3 7.9 9.5 13.0 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.6
Other money income % 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.4 3.1 4.6
Government transfer payments % 10.9 9.7 14.4 15.8 9.8 10.2 14.1 14.9
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement % 2.6 2.2 4.0 5.3 1.9 0.5 0.3 1.8
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits % 3.3 3.0 4.4 6.0 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.4
Child benefits % 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.6 2.5 3.7 4.6 2.0
Employment Insurance benefits % 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.2 2.3 2.8 0.9
Other income from government sources % 2.7 2.5 3.3 3.0 3.6 3.2 6.0 8.8
Income taxes paid % 17.0 17.4 15.8 17.5 13.2 11.5 10.5 14.0
Total population 15 years and over by wages and salaries in 2005Footnote 62 259,210 186,905 69,305 40,435 8,735 9,595 10,550 2,990
Without wages and salaries 88,375 56,315 30,425 19,500 2,950 3,335 4,645 1,645
With wages and salaries 170,830 130,595 38,880 20,930 5,785 6,265 5,905 1,355
Under $5,000 27,050 19,840 6,900 3,320 885 1,235 1,460 310
$5,000 to $9,999 15,805 11,815 3,790 1,345 765 815 870 190
$10,000 to $19,999 22,280 17,035 5,055 2,055 790 990 1,215 190
$20,000 to $29,999 17,880 13,970 3,765 1,745 610 750 660 140
$30,000 to $39,999 18,295 13,965 4,200 2,305 675 700 515 120
$40,000 to $49,999 17,080 13,480 3,505 2,110 600 460 335 95
$50,000 to $59,999 12,735 9,915 2,740 1,740 440 365 205 75
$60,000 and over 39,710 30,560 8,920 6,310 1,015 950 645 225
Average wages and salaries $Footnote 63 38,982 39,057 39,014 47,017 33,780 30,806 24,475 30,834
Median wages and salaries $Footnote 64 31,100 31,753 29,782 38,493 26,435 21,074 14,627 18,295
Standard error of average wages and salaries $Footnote 65 240 256 608 1,040 834 815 779 1,991
Total population 15 years and over by total income in 2005Footnote 66 259,205 186,905 69,305 40,435 8,735 9,590 10,550 2,990
Without income 13,485 9,215 3,860 810 575 795 1,670 415
With income 245,725 177,695 65,450 39,620 8,155 8,795 8,875 2,575
Under $5,000Footnote 67 27,595 18,945 7,845 2,580 1,365 1,795 2,110 805
$5,000 to $9,999 23,600 16,270 6,970 2,935 1,160 1,310 1,570 365
$10,000 to $19,999 44,180 30,070 13,580 8,260 1,625 1,610 2,075 530
$20,000 to $29,999 32,325 22,950 9,105 5,970 970 1,065 1,095 270
$30,000 to $39,999 29,900 21,760 7,975 5,450 815 1,030 680 165
$40,000 to $49,999 23,765 18,205 5,455 3,840 690 520 405 100
$50,000 to $79,999 40,680 31,620 8,845 6,320 1,050 890 585 215
$80,000 and over 23,680 17,880 5,665 4,265 480 570 345 130
Average income $Footnote 68 37,330 38,439 34,927 40,795 29,241 27,382 21,436 21,945
Median income $Footnote 69 28,279 30,190 24,002 30,065 19,350 17,620 12,609 11,147
Standard error of average income $Footnote 70 193 219 414 629 691 677 588 1,279
Total persons in private households by income status in 2005Footnote 71 320,030 242,000 74,635 40,345 9,060 11,410 13,820 3,395
Total persons in economic familiesFootnote 72 279,100 210,645 66,180 34,080 8,425 10,815 12,855 2,270
Persons in economic families below low income cut-off before tax 31,435 19,960 10,630 2,435 1,385 2,320 4,490 845
Prevalence of low income before tax in 2005 for economic family members % 11.3 9.5 16.1 7.1 16.4 21.5 34.9 37.1
Persons in economic families below low income cut-off after tax 23,880 14,830 8,300 1,800 1,045 1,840 3,620 745
Prevalence of low income after tax in 2005 for economic family members % 8.6 7.0 12.5 5.3 12.4 17.0 28.2 32.7
Total persons 15 years and over not in economic families 40,935 31,350 8,455 6,260 640 600 960 1,125
Persons not in economic families below before-tax low income cut-off 13,560 9,735 3,020 1,800 280 320 620 810
Prevalence of low income before tax in 2005 for persons not in economic families % 33.1 31.0 35.7 28.8 43.8 53.3 64.6 72.0
Persons not in economic families below after-tax low income cut-off 10,850 7,725 2,350 1,205 265 285 590 780
Prevalence of low income after tax in 2005 for persons not in economic families % 26.5 24.6 27.8 19.2 41.4 47.5 61.1 69.8

Footnotes

Footnote 1

For information on the specific countries included in each regional grouping in this variable, please refer to Appendix J in the 2006 Census Dictionary.

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Footnote 2

Immigrants are persons who are, or have ever been, landed immigrants in Canada. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others are more recent arrivals. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number were born in Canada. Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to Census Day, May 16, 2006.

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Footnote 3

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to Census Day, May 16, 2006.

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Footnote 4

Non-permanent residents are persons from another country who, at the time of the census, held a Work or Study Permit, or who were refugee claimants, as well as family members living with them in Canada.

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Footnote 5

Legal marital status
Part A - Plain language definition
A person's conjugal status under the law (e.g., single, married, widowed). Legal marital status data are derived from the responses to Question 4 (Marital status) in the census questionnaires.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the legal conjugal status of a person.
The various responses are defined as follows:
Never legally married (single)
Persons who have never married (including all persons less than 15 years of age) and persons whose marriage has been annulled and who have not remarried.
Legally married (and not separated)
Persons whose spouse is living, unless the couple is separated or a divorce has been obtained.
Separated, but still legally married
Persons currently married, but who are no longer living with their spouse (for any reason other than illness or work) and have not obtained a divorce.
Divorced
Persons who have obtained a legal divorce and who have not remarried.
Widowed
Persons who have lost their spouse through death and who have not remarried.

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Footnote 6

In 2006, this category includes spouses in same-sex marriages.

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Footnote 7

Census family status
Part A - Plain language definition
Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common-law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the classification of the population according to whether or not the persons are members of a census family.
Family persons refer to household members who belong to a census family. They, in turn, are further classified as follows:

Spouses refer to two persons of opposite sex or of the same sex who are legally married to each other and living in the same dwelling.

Common-law partners are two persons of opposite sex or of the same sex who are not legally married to each other, but live together as a couple in the same dwelling.

Lone parent refers to a mother or a father, with no spouse or common-law partner present, living in a dwelling with one or more children.

Children refer to blood, step- or adopted sons and daughters (regardless of age or marital status) who are living in the same dwelling as their parent(s), as well as grandchildren in households where there are no parents present. Sons and daughters who are living with their spouse or common-law partner, or with one or more of their own children, are not considered to be members of the census family of their parent(s), even if they are living in the same dwelling. In addition, those sons and daughters who do not live in the same dwelling as their parent(s) are not considered members of the census family of their parent(s). The category of 'children' can be further distinguished as follows:

Never-married sons and/or daughters in a census family, as used in censuses prior to 2001.

Other sons and/or daughters in a census family who would not have been included in the census family of their parents according to the previous concept.

Grandchildren living in the same household as their grandparent(s), with no parents present.

Persons not in census families refer to household members who do not belong to a census family.

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Footnote 8

Refers to the relationship between a person's usual place of residence on Census Day and his or her usual place of residence one year earlier. A person is classified as a non-mover if no difference exists. Otherwise, a person is classified as a mover and this categorization is called Mobility status (1 year ago). Within the category of movers, a further distinction is made between non-migrants and migrants; this difference is called migration status.

Non-movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at the same address as the one at which they resided one year earlier.

Movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at a different address from the one at which they resided one year earlier.

Non-migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living at a different address, but in the same census subdivision (CSD) as the one they lived in one year earlier.

Migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were residing in a different CSD one year earlier (internal migrants) or who were living outside Canada one year earlier (external migrants).

Intraprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different census subdivision from the one at which they resided one year earlier, in the same province.

Interprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different census subdivision from the one at which they resided one year earlier, in a different province.

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Footnote 9

Refers to the relationship between a person's usual place of residence on Census Day and his or her usual place of residence five years earlier. A person is classified as a non-mover if no difference exists. Otherwise, a person is classified as a mover and this categorization is called Mobility status (5 years ago). Within the movers category, a further distinction is made between non-migrants and migrants; this difference is called migration status.

Non-movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at the same address as the one at which they resided five years earlier.

Movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at a different address from the one at which they resided five years earlier.

Non-migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living at a different address, but in the same census subdivision (CSD) as the one they lived in five years earlier.

Migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were residing in a different CSD five years earlier (internal migrants) or who were living outside Canada five years earlier (external migrants).

Intraprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different census subdivision from the one in which they resided five years earlier, in the same province.

Interprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different census subdivision from the one in which they resided five years earlier, in a different province.

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Footnote 10

Mother tongue
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the census.

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Footnote 11

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual at the time of the census. Data on other languages spoken on a regular basis at home are also collected.

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Footnote 12

Knowledge of Official Languages
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

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Footnote 13

Refers to the language used most often at work by the individual at the time of the census. Data on other languages used at work on a regular basis are also collected.

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Footnote 14

Includes persons who are stateless.

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Citizenship
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the legal citizenship status of the respondent. Persons who are citizens of more than one country were instructed to provide the name of the other country(ies).

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Footnote 15

Includes persons who are stateless. Prior to the 2006 Census, this category was called 'Citizens of other countries.' The content of the category remains unchanged in 2006 compared with previous censuses.

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Footnote 16

Age at immigration
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the age at which the respondent first obtained landed immigrant status. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

The derivation of the data on age at immigration in 2006 was slightly different from that of 2001 due to an omission of an estimation process. The result of this omission was an increase of the age at immigration estimate by one year for many records. As such, the overall mean age at immigration for the total weighted immigrant population was estimated as 24.9 years, whereas the correct estimate should be 24.4 years. The median age for the total weighted immigrant population was estimated at 25 years, whereas the correct estimate should be 24 years.

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Footnote 17

Visible minority population
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the visible minority group to which the respondent belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour'.

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Footnote 18

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour'.

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Footnote 19

For example, 'East Indian', 'Pakistani', 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 20

For example, 'Vietnamese', 'Cambodian', 'Malaysian', 'Laotian', etc.

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Footnote 21

For example, 'Iranian', 'Afghan', etc.

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Footnote 22

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere'. Includes respondents who reported a write-in response such as 'Guyanese', 'West Indian', 'Kurd', 'Tibetan', 'Polynesian', 'Pacific Islander', etc.

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Footnote 23

Includes respondents who reported more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in circles, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian'.

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Footnote 24

Includes respondents who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal identity question (Question 18) as well as respondents who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 25

Generation status
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the generational status of a person, that is, 1st generation, 2nd generation or 3rd generation or more.

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Footnote 26

Persons born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, landed immigrants in Canada. Also included in the first generation are a small number of people born outside Canada to parents who are Canadian citizens by birth. In addition, the first generation includes people who are non-permanent residents (defined as people from another country living in Canada on Work or Study Permits or as refugee claimants, and any family members living with them in Canada).

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Footnote 27

Persons born inside Canada with at least one parent born outside Canada. This includes (a) persons born in Canada with both parents born outside Canada and (b) persons born in Canada with one parent born in Canada and one parent born outside Canada (these persons may have grandparents born inside or outside Canada as well).

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Footnote 28

Persons born inside Canada with both parents born inside Canada (these persons may have grandparents born inside or outside Canada as well).

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Footnote 29

Labour force activity
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the labour market activity of the population 15 years of age and over in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006). Respondents were classified as Employed, Unemployed, or Not in the labour force. The labour force includes the employed and the unemployed.

Employed
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Persons who, during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006):
(a) did any work at all for pay or in self-employment or without pay in a family farm, business or professional practice
(b) were absent from their job or business, with or without pay, for the entire week because of a vacation, an illness, a labour dispute at their place of work, or any other reasons.

Unemployed
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Persons who, during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), were without paid work or without self-employment work and were available for work and either:
(a) had actively looked for paid work in the past four weeks; or
(b) were on temporary lay-off and expected to return to their job; or
(c) had definite arrangements to start a new job in four weeks or less.

Not in the labour force
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to persons who, in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), were neither employed nor unemployed. It includes students, homemakers, retired workers, seasonal workers in an 'off' season who were not looking for work, and persons who could not work because of a long term illness or disability.

Participation rate
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over.

The participation rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the total labour force in that group, expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over, in that group.

Employment rate
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the number of persons employed in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), expressed as a percentage of the total population 15 years of age and over.

The employment rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the number employed in that group, expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over, in that group.

Unemployment rate
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the unemployed expressed as a percentage of the labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006).

The unemployment rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the unemployed in that group, expressed as a percentage of the labour force in that group, in the week prior to enumeration.

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Footnote 30

Class of worker
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
This variable classifies persons who reported a job into the following categories:
(a) persons who worked mainly for wages, salaries, commissions, tips, piece-rates, or payments 'in kind' (payments in goods or services rather than money);
(b) persons who worked mainly for themselves, with or without paid help, operating a business, farm or professional practice, alone or in partnership;
(c) persons who worked without pay in a family business, farm or professional practice owned or operated by a related household member; unpaid family work does not include unpaid housework, unpaid childcare, unpaid care to seniors and volunteer work.
The job reported was the one held in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to enumeration (May 16, 2006) if the person was employed, or the job of longest duration since January 1, 2005, if the person was not employed during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs in the reference week were asked to provide information for the job at which they worked the most hours.

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Footnote 31

Unemployed persons 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2005 only.

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Footnote 32

Refers to the experienced labour force population: includes persons who were employed and persons who were unemployed who worked for pay or in self-employment since January 1, 2005.

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Footnote 33

Includes self-employed unincorporated and incorporated.

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Footnote 34

Industry (based on the 2002 North American Industry Classification System [NAICS])
Part A - Plain language definition
General nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2006 Census data on industry (based on the 2002 NAICS) can be compared with data from Canada's NAFTA partners (United States and Mexico).
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. If the person did not have a job during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to enumeration (May 16, 2006), the data relate to the job of longest duration since January 1, 2005. Persons with two or more jobs were required to report the information for the job at which they worked the most hours.
The 2006 Census industry data are produced according to the 2002 NAICS. The NAICS provides enhanced industry comparability among the three North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trading partners (Canada, United States and Mexico). This classification consists of a systematic and comprehensive arrangement of industries structured into 20 sectors, 103 subsectors and 328 industry groups. The criteria used to create these categories are similarity of input structures, labour skills or production processes used by the establishment. For further information on the classification, see North American Industry Classification System, Canada, 2002, Catalogue no. 12-501-XPE.

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Footnote 35

Unemployed persons 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2005 only.

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Footnote 36

Refers to the experienced labour force population: includes persons who were employed and persons who were unemployed who worked for pay or in self-employment since January 1, 2005.

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Footnote 37

Occupation (based on the National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006 [NOC-S 2006])
Part A - Plain language definition
Kind of work done by persons aged 15 and over. Occupation is based on the type of job the person holds and the description of his or her duties. The 2006 Census data on occupation are classified according to the National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006 (NOC-S 2006). For comparisons with data from the 1991 and 1996 censuses, the variable Occupation (historical) should be used.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the kind of work persons were doing during the reference week, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. If the person did not have a job during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to enumeration (May 16, 2006), the data relate to the job of longest duration since January 1, 2005. Persons with two or more jobs were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most hours.
The 2006 Census occupation data are classified according to the National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006 (NOC-S 2006). This classification is composed of four levels of aggregation. There are 10 broad occupational categories containing 47 major groups that are further subdivided into 140 minor groups. At the most detailed level, there are 520 occupation unit groups. Occupation unit groups are formed on the basis of the education, training, or skill level required to enter the job, as well as the kind of work performed, as determined by the tasks, duties and responsibilities of the occupation.
For information on the NOC-S 2006, see the National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006, Catalogue No. 12-583-XIE.

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Footnote 38

Unemployed persons 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2005 only.

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Footnote 39

Refers to the experienced labour force population: includes persons who were employed and persons who were unemployed who worked for pay or in self-employment since January 1, 2005.

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Footnote 40

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class'. For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

Census questions relating to education changed substantially between 2001 and 2006, principally to reflect developments in Canada's education system. These changes improved the quality of data and provided more precise information on the level of educational attainment as well as fields of study.

However, users should be aware that changes to the education portion of the 2006 Census questionnaire have affected the comparability of some 2006 Census data with data from previous censuses. More information on the historical comparability of specific categories of 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' is available in the Education Reference Guide, 2006 Census, catalogue number 97-560-GWE2006003.

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Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Part A - Plain language definition
Information indicating the person's most advanced certificate, diploma or degree.
Part B - Detailed definition
This is a derived variable obtained from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported. There is an implied hierarchy in this variable (secondary school graduation, registered apprenticeship and trades, college, university) which is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. However, at the detailed level a registered apprenticeship graduate may not have completed a secondary school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a master's degree necessarily have a certificate or diploma above the bachelor's degree level. Therefore, although the sequence is more or less hierarchical, it is a general rather than an absolute gradient measure of academic achievement.

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Footnote 41

'High school certificate or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. Excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree. Examples of postsecondary institutions include community colleges, institutes of technology, CEGEPs, private trade schools, private business colleges, schools of nursing and universities.

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Footnote 42

'College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' replaces the category 'Other non university certificate or diploma' in previous censuses. This category includes accreditation by non degree-granting institutions such as community colleges, CEGEPs, private business colleges and technical institutes.

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Footnote 43

The overall quality of the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable from the 2006 Census is acceptable. However, users of the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor level' category should know that an unexpected growth in this category was noted compared to the 2001 Census.

In fact, in the 2001 Census, 2.5% of respondents aged 15 years or over declared such a diploma, compared to 4.4% in 2006, representing 89% growth. This phenomenon was not found in other sources like the Labour Force Survey.

We recommend users interpret the 2006 Census results for this category with caution.

For more information on factors that may explain such variances in census data, such as response errors and processing errors, please refer to the 2006 Census Dictionary, Appendix B: Data quality, sampling and weighting, confidentiality and random rounding.

More information is available in the Education Reference Guide, 2006 Census, catalogue number 97-560-GWE2006003.

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Footnote 44

Questions pertaining to university degrees attained in 2006 (for example bachelor's degrees or master's degrees) were similar to those asked in 2001. Data for the university categories (bachelor's degree through to earned doctorate) are comparable over time.

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Footnote 45

'Field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level.

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Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP)
Part A - Plain language definition
Main subject area of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree after high school.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree. The Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP [Canada 2000]) major field of study classification structure consists of 13 major categories or primary groupings, 12 of which are used for the census (the category which includes courses in personal development is not used). The 12 primary groupings are: education; visual and performing arts, and communications technologies; humanities; social and behavioural sciences and law; business, management and public administration; physical and life sciences and technologies; mathematics, computer and information sciences; architecture, engineering and related technologies; agriculture, natural resources and conservation; health, parks, recreation and fitness; personal, protective and transportation services; other.

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Footnote 46

Includes Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, Other.

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Footnote 47

'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.

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Location of study
Part A - Plain language definition
Indicates the province, territory or country where the highest certificate, diploma or degree was obtained.
Part B - Detailed definition
This variable indicates the province, territory (in Canada) or country (outside Canada) where the highest certificate, diploma or degree was obtained. It is only reported for individuals who had completed a certificate, diploma or degree above the secondary (high) school level.

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Footnote 48

Refers to the 10 locations of studies outside Canada most often reported.

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Footnote 49

The official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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Footnote 50

The official name is the Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 51

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2005 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2005. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2005 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2005, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the Net Income Stabilization Account (NISA). The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2005 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Receipts not counted as income - The income concept excludes gambling gains and losses, lottery prizes, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property, income tax refunds, loan payments received, lump sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates received on property taxes, refunds of pension contributions as well as all income 'in kind,' such as free meals and living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2005. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) with income in that group.

Standard error of average income - Refers to the estimated standard error of average income for an income size distribution. If interpreted as shown below, it serves as a rough indicator of the precision of the corresponding estimate of average income. For about 68% of the samples which could be selected from the sample frame, the difference between the sample estimate of average income and the corresponding figure based on complete enumeration would be less than one standard error. For about 95% of the possible samples, the difference would be less than two standard errors and, in about 99% of the samples, the difference would be less than approximately two and one half standard errors.

Average and median incomes and standard errors of average income of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least 15 years of age and who have an income (positive or negative). For all other universes (families [census/economic], persons 15 years of age and over not in families or private households), these statistics will be calculated over all units, whether or not they reported any income.

These statistics can be derived for after-tax income, earnings, wages and salaries, or any other particular source of income in the same manner.

Work activity - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in the reference year at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (1 to 29 hours per week). Persons with a part-time job for part of the year and a full-time job for another part of the year were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most weeks. The term 'Full-year full-time workers' refers to persons 15 years of age and over who worked 49 to 52 weeks (mostly full time) in the reference year for pay or in self-employment.

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Footnote 52

Includes persons who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2005 only, persons who worked in 2006 only, as well as persons who worked in 2005 but had no employment income.

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Footnote 53

Was an earner or employment income recipient and worked 49 to 52 weeks in 2005, mostly full time.

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Footnote 54

Was an earner or employment income recipient and worked less than 49 weeks or worked mostly part time in 2005.

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Footnote 55

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2005 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2005. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2005 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2005, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the Net Income Stabilization Account (NISA). The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income for unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2005 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Receipts not counted as income - The income concept excludes gambling gains and losses, lottery prizes, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property, income tax refunds, loan payments received, lump-sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates received on property taxes, refunds of pension contributions as well as all income 'in kind,' such as free meals and living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2005. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) with income in that group.

Standard error of average income - Refers to the estimated standard error of average income for an income size distribution. If interpreted as shown below, it serves as a rough indicator of the precision of the corresponding estimate of average income. For about 68% of the samples which could be selected from the sample frame, the difference between the sample estimate of average income and the corresponding figure based on complete enumeration would be less than one standard error. For about 95% of the possible samples, the difference would be less than two standard errors and, in about 99% of the samples, the difference would be less than approximately two and one half standard errors.

Average and median incomes and standard errors of average income of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least 15 years of age and who have an income (positive or negative). For all other universes (families [census/economic], persons 15 years of age and over not in families or private households), these statistics will be calculated over all units, whether or not they reported any income.

These statistics can be derived for after-tax income, earnings, wages and salaries, or any other particular source of income in the same manner.

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Footnote 56

Earner or employment income recipient - Refers to a person 15 years of age and over who received wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income during calendar year 2005.

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Footnote 57

Including loss.

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Footnote 58

For persons with employment income.

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Footnote 59

For persons with employment income.

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Footnote 60

For persons with employment income.

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Footnote 61

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

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Footnote 62

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2005. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Receipts not counted as income - The income concept excludes gambling gains and losses, lottery prizes, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property, income tax refunds, loan payments received, lump-sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates received on property taxes, refunds of pension contributions, as well as all income 'in kind,' such as free meals and living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2005. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) with income in that group.

Standard error of average income - Refers to the estimated standard error of average income for an income size distribution. If interpreted as shown below, it serves as a rough indicator of the precision of the corresponding estimate of average income. For about 68% of the samples which could be selected from the sample frame, the difference between the sample estimate of average income and the corresponding figure based on complete enumeration would be less than one standard error. For about 95% of the possible samples, the difference would be less than two standard errors and, in about 99% of the samples, the difference would be approximately two and one half standard errors.

Average and median incomes and standard errors for average income of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least 15 years of age and who have an income (positive or negative). For all other universes (families [census/economic], persons not in families or private households), these statistics will be calculated over all units, whether or not they reported any income.

These statistics can be derived for after-tax income, earnings, wages and salaries, or any other particular source of income in the same manner.

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Footnote 63

For persons with wages and salaries.

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Footnote 64

For persons with wages and salaries.

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Footnote 65

For persons with wages and salaries.

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Footnote 66

'Total income' refers to the total money income received from the following sources during calendar year 2005 by persons 15 years of age and over:

- wages and salaries (total)
- net farm income
- net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice
- child benefits
- Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement
- benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- other income from government sources
- dividends, interest on bonds, deposits and savings certificates, and other investment income
- retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from RRSPs and RRIFs
- other money income.

'After-tax income' refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2005.

Receipts not counted as income - The income concept excluded gambling gains and losses, lottery prizes, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property, income tax refunds, loan payments received, lump sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates received on property taxes, refunds of pension contributions, as well as all income 'in kind,' such as free meals and living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2005. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) with income in that group.

Standard error of average income - Refers to the estimated standard error of average income for an income size distribution. If interpreted as shown below, it serves as a rough indicator of the precision of the corresponding estimate of average income. For about 68% of the samples which could be selected from the sample frame, the difference between the sample estimate of average income and the corresponding figure based on complete enumeration would be less than one standard error. For about 95% of the possible samples, the difference would be less than two standard errors and, in about 99% of the samples, the difference would be less than approximately two and one half standard errors.

Average and median incomes and standard errors of average income of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least 15 years of age and who have an income (positive or negative). For all other universes (families [census/economic]), persons 15 years of age and over not in families or private households), these statistics will be calculated over all units, whether or not they reported any income.

These statistics can be derived for after-tax income, earnings, wages and salaries, or any other particular source of income in the same manner.

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Footnote 67

Including loss.

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Footnote 68

For persons with income.

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Footnote 69

For persons with income.

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Footnote 70

For persons with income.

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Footnote 71

Income status before tax - Refers to the position of an economic family or a person 15 years of age and over not in an economic family in relation to Statistics Canada's low income before tax cut-offs (LICOs).

Income status after tax - Refers to the position of an economic family or a person 15 years of age and over in relation to Statistics Canada's low income after-tax cut-offs (LICO-AT).

Measures of low income known as 'low income (before tax) cut-offs (LICOs)' were first introduced in Canada in 1968 based on 1961 Census income data and 1959 family expenditure patterns. At that time, expenditure patterns indicated that Canadian families spent about 50% of their total income on food, shelter and clothing. It was arbitrarily estimated that families spending 70% or more of their income (20 percentage points more than the average) on these basic necessities would be in 'straitened' circumstances. With this assumption, low income cut-off points were set for five different sizes of families.

Subsequent to these initial cut-offs, revised low income before tax cut-offs were established based on national family expenditure data from 1969, 1978, 1986 and 1992. The initial LICOs were based upon the total income, before tax, of families and persons 15 years and over not in economic families.

After a comprehensive review of low income cut-offs completed in 1991, low income cut-offs based upon after-tax income were published for the first time in Income After Tax, Distributions by Size in Canada, 1990 (Catalogue no. 13-210). Income after tax cut-offs are estimated independently for economic families and persons 15 years of age and over not in economic families based upon family expenditure and income after tax. Consequently, the low income after-tax cut-offs are set at after-tax income levels, differentiated by size of family and area of residence, where families spend 20 percentage points more of their after-tax income than the average family on food, shelter and clothing.

For the purposes of low income statistics (before or after tax), economic families and persons 15 years of age and over not in economic families in the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut and on Indian reserves were excluded. The low income cut-offs are based on certain expenditure-income patterns which are not available from survey data for the entire population.

The incidence of low income is not calculated for economic families and persons not in economic families living in the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and on Indian reserves. In addition, low income data are available for two census subdivisions (CSDs) in Saskatchewan (Denare Beach, Sandy Bay) which Indian and Northern Affairs Canada considers as First Nation communities but which are not Indian reserves. The data for these communities have been included in the incidence of low income calculations for the Saskatchewan and Canada level data. However, they are not shown as part of the 'On reserve' column in the tables for Saskatchewan and Canada.

Prevalence of low income (before or after tax) can also be derived for census families, persons not in census families and the population in private households. See Low Income Statistics for Census Families and Households, Staff Report no. 1991-1, Labour and Household Surveys Analysis Division, Statistics Canada.

Prevalence of low income rates are calculated from rounded counts of low income persons or families and the total number of persons or families. These counts have been rounded independently of the rounded counts shown in the table; thus, there may be a small difference between the rate shown and the one derived from the counts shown. Users are advised to interpret prevalence of low income rates based upon small counts with caution.

Since its initial publication, Statistics Canada has clearly and consistently emphasized that the LICOs are not measures of poverty. Rather, LICOs reflect a consistent and well-defined methodology that identifies those who are substantially worse-off than average. These measures have enabled Statistics Canada to report important trends, such as the changing composition of those below the LICOs over time.

Low income before tax cut-offs (LICOs) - Income levels at which families or persons not in economic families spend 20% more than average of their before tax income on food, shelter and clothing. For additional information and a table of low income cut-offs, please refer to the 2006 Census Dictionary, Catalogue no. 92-566-XWE.

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Footnote 72

Economic family
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to a group of two or more persons who live in the same dwelling and are related to each other by blood, marriage, common-law or adoption. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. For 2006, foster children are included.

Persons not in economic families - Household members who do not belong to an economic family. Persons living alone are included in this category.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 97-564-XCB2006008.

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Footnote c

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Footnote d

XML (SDMX - ML) - Is a statistical data and metadata exchange standard for the electronic exchange of statistical information. Two extensible mark-up language (XML) files are provided in a compressed bundle.

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