Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and British Columbia [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Quebec [Province]			British Columbia [Province]
	Data quality , Quebec [Province] Map : Quebec [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : British Columbia [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	8,164,361	...	...	4,648,055	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	7,903,001	...	...	4,400,057	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	3.3	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	3,858,943	...	...	2,063,417	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	3,531,663	...	...	1,881,969	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,356,625.27	...	...	922,503.01	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605	4,648,055	2,278,245	2,369,815
0 to 14 years	1,333,260	682,535	650,720	691,390	355,400	335,985
0 to 4 years	444,930	227,965	216,970	220,625	113,355	107,275
5 to 9 years	469,165	240,225	228,940	236,900	122,070	114,830
10 to 14 years	419,160	214,345	204,815	233,860	119,975	113,885
15 to 64 years	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280	3,107,680	1,527,280	1,580,400
15 to 19 years	429,825	219,070	210,755	258,980	133,000	125,985
20 to 24 years	500,100	252,600	247,500	287,560	147,615	139,945
25 to 29 years	495,410	248,030	247,380	303,000	151,585	151,415
30 to 34 years	515,505	256,440	259,070	313,750	155,035	158,715
35 to 39 years	550,540	274,595	275,945	293,590	143,070	150,520
40 to 44 years	506,525	254,100	252,425	295,045	141,930	153,115
45 to 49 years	519,425	260,410	259,015	322,365	155,325	167,040
50 to 54 years	619,435	309,070	310,370	354,375	172,065	182,310
55 to 59 years	636,475	314,190	322,285	354,925	171,210	183,715
60 to 64 years	562,670	276,140	286,535	324,095	156,450	167,645
65 years and over	1,495,195	669,590	825,605	848,985	395,560	453,425
65 to 69 years	488,175	236,395	251,775	287,520	139,490	148,035
70 to 74 years	373,590	176,905	196,690	201,785	97,675	104,110
75 to 79 years	256,905	116,020	140,890	145,225	68,715	76,510
80 to 84 years	187,835	78,390	109,450	105,255	48,645	56,610
85 years and over	188,685	61,885	126,805	109,190	41,035	68,155
85 to 89 years	120,635	43,795	76,840	67,510	27,930	39,575
90 to 94 years	53,165	15,155	38,015	31,815	10,615	21,205
95 to 99 years	13,035	2,685	10,350	8,545	2,215	6,330
100 years and over	1,850	255	1,600	1,325	275	1,050
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.0	15.7	14.9	15.6	14.2
15 to 64 years	65.4	66.3	64.4	66.9	67.0	66.7
65 years and over	18.3	16.7	19.9	18.3	17.4	19.1
85 years and over	2.3	1.5	3.1	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	41.9	40.9	42.9	42.3	41.5	43.1
Median age of the population	42.5	41.4	43.6	43.0	41.9	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	3,531,660	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Single-detached house	1,602,680	...	...	830,660	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	187,800	...	...	177,830	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	1,717,680	...	...	824,190	...	...
Semi-detached house	188,245	...	...	57,395	...	...
Row house	93,350	...	...	147,830	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	265,195	...	...	230,075	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,154,955	...	...	385,140	...	...
Other single-attached house	15,940	...	...	3,755	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	23,505	...	...	49,290	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 person	1,175,230	...	...	541,910	...	...
2 persons	1,227,765	...	...	663,770	...	...
3 persons	489,460	...	...	277,690	...	...
4 persons	426,250	...	...	243,125	...	...
5 or more persons	212,960	...	...	155,470	...	...
Number of persons in private households	7,965,455	...	...	4,560,240	...	...
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885	3,956,665	1,922,840	2,033,825
Married or living common law	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395	2,297,325	1,146,175	1,151,150
Married	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260	1,925,345	959,690	965,645
Living common law	1,501,160	752,025	749,135	371,985	186,485	185,505
Not married and not living common law	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490	1,659,335	776,660	882,675
Never married	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280	1,076,085	582,975	493,110
Separated	103,625	46,390	57,240	105,700	45,225	60,475
Divorced	483,195	194,430	288,760	263,870	103,475	160,395
Widowed	389,555	84,345	305,210	213,685	44,990	168,700
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	2,257,560	...	...	1,311,340	...	...
2 persons	1,204,955	...	...	703,685	...	...
3 persons	466,310	...	...	275,965	...	...
4 persons	412,160	...	...	243,960	...	...
5 or more persons	174,140	...	...	87,730	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	2,257,560	...	...	1,311,345	...	...
Total couple families	1,878,095	...	...	1,113,405	...	...
Married couples	1,128,355	...	...	927,440	...	...
Common-law couples	749,740	...	...	185,960	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	379,460	...	...	197,940	...	...
Female parent	284,900	...	...	155,670	...	...
Male parent	94,565	...	...	42,265	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,878,095	...	...	1,113,400	...	...
Couples without children	970,260	...	...	577,790	...	...
Couples with children	907,840	...	...	535,610	...	...
1 child	356,640	...	...	221,065	...	...
2 children	384,875	...	...	230,705	...	...
3 or more children	166,315	...	...	83,840	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	379,465	...	...	197,940	...	...
1 child	234,695	...	...	125,890	...	...
2 children	109,670	...	...	54,900	...	...
3 or more children	35,100	...	...	17,145	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,579,070	775,765	803,305	882,895	418,495	464,405
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	3,531,660	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
One-census-family households	2,197,340	...	...	1,195,735	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	947,305	...	...	527,700	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	1,250,040	...	...	668,035	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	29,595	...	...	55,620	...	...
Non-census-family households	1,304,725	...	...	630,620	...	...
One-person households	1,175,230	...	...	541,915	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	129,500	...	...	88,705	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015
English only	372,445	187,595	184,860	4,127,770	2,050,130	2,077,645
French only	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095	1,810	820	985
English and French	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275	314,925	140,650	174,275
Neither English nor French	75,065	31,000	44,060	153,910	63,795	90,115
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,020
English	964,120	482,985	481,135	4,373,330	2,156,680	2,216,655
French	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560	55,325	27,680	27,640
English and French	278,710	144,060	134,655	18,000	8,315	9,685
Neither English nor French	72,775	29,845	42,930	151,760	62,720	89,040
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	1,103,480	555,015	548,465	64,325	31,840	32,480
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	13.7	14.0	13.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015
Single responses	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975	4,494,995	2,205,775	2,289,220
Official languages	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845	3,227,535	1,614,375	1,613,160
English	601,155	301,860	299,300	3,170,110	1,585,760	1,584,355
French	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550	57,425	28,615	28,810
Non-official languages	1,060,830	517,700	543,125	1,267,460	591,400	676,060
Aboriginal languages	45,570	22,530	23,040	8,435	3,940	4,490
Algonquian languages	33,140	16,365	16,770	1,050	445	605
Blackfoot	5	0	0	40	5	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	31,430	15,575	15,855	840	375	465
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,715	4,155	4,555	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	5	0	5	5	0
Naskapi	590	285	305	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	135	55	80	10	0	10
Plains Cree	5	0	5	150	60	85
Southern East Cree	35	15	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	25	15	10
Woods Cree	10	5	5	60	25	35
Cree, n.o.s.	15,790	7,920	7,875	585	270	320
Eastern Algonquian languages	485	225	260	10	5	10
Malecite	0	0	0	5	0	0
Mi'kmaq	485	220	260	10	5	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,215	565	645	155	55	105
Algonquin	1,185	555	630	5	5	0
Ojibway	20	10	15	135	50	90
Oji-Cree	5	0	5	10	0	10
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	2,310	1,045	1,260
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	2,295	1,045	1,250
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	110	55	55
Beaver	0	0	0	160	75	85
Carrier	0	0	0	1,005	460	550
Chilcotin	0	0	0	650	295	355
Dene	0	0	0	90	35	50
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	15	5	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	0	0	0	0	5
Sekani	0	5	0	85	40	45
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	0	75	30	45
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	5	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	20	5	15
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	50	25	30
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	105	45	50
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	15	10	5
Tahltan	0	0	0	90	40	50
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	15	5	10
Haida	0	0	0	70	30	40
Inuit languages	11,970	5,955	6,015	80	30	55
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuktitut	11,895	5,925	5,970	50	20	30
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	75	25	45	20	10	10
Iroquoian languages	375	165	210	15	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	365	160	210	10	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	100	55	50
Michif	5	5	0	35	20	10
Salish languages	5	0	0	2,270	1,115	1,155
Comox	0	0	0	80	45	40
Halkomelem	0	0	0	475	230	245
Lillooet	0	0	0	315	155	160
Okanagan	0	0	0	270	135	135
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	435	220	215
Squamish	0	0	0	35	20	20
Straits	0	0	0	80	40	40
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	330	150	185
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	250	130	120
Siouan languages	0	0	0	45	25	20
Dakota	0	0	0	30	15	20
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	5
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	30	15	15
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	1,460	715	740
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	875	435	445
Nisga'a	0	0	0	385	195	190
Tsimshian	0	0	0	195	90	110
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	795	365	435
Haisla	0	0	0	90	40	55
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	100	45	55
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	320	140	180
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	275	135	140
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	10	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	65	30	35	190	80	110
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,015,260	495,175	520,090	1,259,025	587,455	671,570
Afro-Asiatic languages	197,535	104,185	93,355	24,870	13,405	11,465
Berber languages	20,845	11,125	9,720	115	75	45
Kabyle	12,470	6,625	5,840	40	30	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,375	4,500	3,875	80	45	30
Cushitic languages	1,125	545	580	1,505	765	740
Bilen	10	10	5	5	0	0
Oromo	15	10	5	205	115	95
Somali	1,075	515	560	1,270	640	640
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	20	10	15
Semitic languages	175,215	92,310	82,900	23,195	12,540	10,655
Amharic	745	340	405	1,370	670	700
Arabic	169,890	89,590	80,300	17,480	9,595	7,890
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	80	70	650	315	330
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	440	245	200
Harari	0	5	5	20	5	15
Hebrew	3,885	2,040	1,845	2,065	1,125	940
Maltese	25	10	15	215	100	115
Tigrigna	385	185	205	805	395	405
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50	150	80	65
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	200	155	55	30	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,305	17,030	19,275	28,740	13,170	15,575
Khmer (Cambodian)	8,855	4,105	4,750	1,560	710	850
Vietnamese	27,425	12,920	14,505	27,150	12,440	14,710
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	15	30	15	15
Austronesian languages	21,635	7,800	13,835	96,535	38,765	57,770
Bikol	115	35	80	375	165	215
Cebuano	885	270	610	4,065	1,565	2,505
Fijian	0	0	0	470	240	230
Hiligaynon	410	125	275	1,470	550	920
Ilocano	2,060	745	1,315	5,240	2,055	3,190
Malagasy	1,250	590	660	20	10	15
Malay	705	265	440	3,895	1,675	2,220
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	205	90	110	700	320	380
Pangasinan	95	40	50	295	130	170
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15,545	5,480	10,065	78,770	31,550	47,220
Waray-Waray	50	10	40	215	85	135
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	320	140	180	1,015	435	580
Creole languages	56,990	25,220	31,770	840	440	400
Haitian Creole	2,220	1,055	1,170	35	20	15
Creole, n.o.s.	53,785	23,675	30,110	500	255	245
Creole languages, n.i.e.	980	490	490	305	155	145
Dravidian languages	14,865	7,435	7,430	7,500	3,995	3,510
Kannada	240	130	110	280	150	135
Malayalam	440	235	205	2,385	1,260	1,130
Tamil	13,600	6,715	6,880	3,615	1,875	1,740
Telugu	570	345	230	1,175	695	480
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	45	20	25
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	140	75	70
Indo-European languages	553,045	269,625	283,420	588,175	286,135	302,035
Albanian	2,795	1,420	1,370	1,465	765	705
Armenian	16,430	7,970	8,460	1,195	600	600
Balto-Slavic languages	68,155	30,960	37,195	83,110	38,595	44,515
Baltic languages	850	335	515	1,070	485	585
Latvian	290	120	175	565	255	300
Lithuanian	555	215	340	505	225	280
Slavic languages	67,310	30,630	36,675	82,040	38,110	43,930
Belarusan	80	45	35	95	45	50
Bosnian	1,620	805	815	1,360	675	685
Bulgarian	6,985	3,385	3,600	2,025	955	1,070
Croatian	2,330	1,165	1,170	7,475	3,655	3,820
Czech	1,465	690	775	5,920	2,850	3,070
Macedonian	205	105	95	325	160	165
Polish	13,935	6,065	7,865	16,910	7,875	9,035
Russian	28,565	12,715	15,850	25,955	11,640	14,310
Serbian	3,140	1,590	1,545	7,045	3,600	3,450
Serbo-Croatian	1,805	865	940	1,395	670	725
Slovak	1,040	455	585	3,400	1,525	1,870
Slovene (Slovenian)	755	350	405	1,160	545	615
Ukrainian	5,210	2,285	2,920	8,630	3,730	4,900
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	175	90	85	345	175	170
Celtic languages	155	95	60	615	325	290
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	10	240	130	110
Welsh	40	20	20	280	145	135
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	90	55	30	95	50	45
Germanic languages	27,540	13,280	14,260	101,725	48,350	53,380
Afrikaans	125	60	65	3,260	1,655	1,610
Danish	395	190	200	4,665	2,280	2,385
Dutch	2,825	1,395	1,430	21,020	10,130	10,895
Frisian	10	10	0	295	145	145
German	13,670	6,340	7,330	66,885	31,525	35,360
Icelandic	65	30	35	275	135	145
Norwegian	200	100	100	2,005	970	1,035
Swedish	555	255	300	2,520	1,100	1,420
Vlaams (Flemish)	540	240	300	445	220	225
Yiddish	8,985	4,560	4,420	290	150	140
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	175	100	75	65	45	25
Greek	38,635	19,435	19,205	6,115	3,245	2,870
Indo-Iranian languages	76,040	39,205	36,835	297,800	147,830	149,970
Indo-Aryan languages	45,845	23,875	21,970	251,000	124,260	126,740
Bengali	10,995	5,620	5,380	3,180	1,665	1,510
Gujarati	6,070	2,980	3,090	6,895	3,290	3,605
Hindi	3,030	1,635	1,390	26,720	12,910	13,810
Kashmiri	20	15	5	65	35	25
Konkani	110	60	55	255	130	125
Marathi	255	145	110	620	325	295
Nepali	1,505	740	765	1,155	620	540
Oriya (Odia)	35	20	15	70	35	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,380	6,720	5,660	198,805	98,525	100,285
Sindhi	330	160	165	1,675	780	895
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	645	310	330	1,675	845	830
Urdu	10,470	5,460	5,010	9,885	5,090	4,795
Iranian languages	29,760	15,105	14,655	46,390	23,355	23,035
Kurdish	985	550	430	1,765	945	825
Pashto	1,285	680	610	1,155	615	535
Persian (Farsi)	27,490	13,875	13,615	43,470	21,795	21,675
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	440	225	210	410	220	195
Italic (Romance) languages	323,290	157,260	166,030	96,135	46,430	49,710
Catalan	320	170	150	160	85	75
Italian	104,600	51,705	52,895	22,680	11,445	11,230
Portuguese	36,770	17,735	19,035	17,450	8,240	9,210
Romanian	35,840	17,170	18,665	8,730	4,250	4,480
Spanish	145,635	70,405	75,235	47,010	22,335	24,675
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	125	75	50	105	65	40
Japanese	2,525	775	1,750	21,350	7,195	14,150
Kartvelian languages	170	80	85	85	50	35
Georgian	170	80	90	85	50	40
Korean	5,160	2,270	2,890	52,160	23,495	28,670
Mongolic languages	190	75	115	360	150	205
Mongolian	195	80	115	360	155	210
Niger-Congo languages	28,355	14,360	13,995	3,725	1,875	1,850
Akan (Twi)	1,050	520	525	495	275	220
Bamanankan	1,200	655	545	10	5	5
Edo	75	45	30	85	50	35
Ewe	730	400	325	85	45	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,055	1,080	970	45	25	20
Ga	80	40	40	45	20	25
Ganda	35	15	20	90	45	45
Igbo	120	70	50	245	145	105
Lingala	2,465	1,185	1,285	80	30	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,345	1,600	1,745	115	50	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,500	1,115	1,380	155	70	80
Shona	85	45	40	215	100	115
Swahili	3,010	1,460	1,545	805	400	405
Wolof	3,230	1,745	1,485	50	25	25
Yoruba	255	155	100	330	185	150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	8,135	4,235	3,895	885	410	480
Nilo-Saharan languages	345	180	165	340	175	165
Dinka	5	5	0	105	60	45
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	335	170	165	240	115	125
Sign languages	1,330	700	630	1,155	610	545
American Sign Language	65	35	30	470	230	240
Quebec Sign Language	670	330	340	5	0	5
Sign languages, n.i.e	595	340	255	690	380	305
Sino-Tibetan languages	76,840	35,775	41,065	410,920	187,725	223,190
Chinese languages	76,490	35,600	40,895	408,415	186,455	221,960
Cantonese	24,375	11,505	12,875	193,530	89,325	104,210
Hakka	470	215	260	2,325	1,010	1,315
Mandarin	43,700	20,175	23,525	186,325	84,370	101,955
Min Dong	20	10	15	230	105	120
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,225	1,480	1,745	11,210	4,995	6,215
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,075	465	605	4,540	1,995	2,545
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,535	1,710	1,825	10,050	4,570	5,480
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	40	45	205	85	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	345	175	170	2,500	1,265	1,230
Burmese	80	30	50	1,125	580	545
Karenic languages	70	40	30	815	395	425
Tibetan	110	65	50	330	175	160
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40	230	120	110
Tai-Kadai languages	4,895	2,185	2,710	3,985	1,335	2,650
Lao	4,115	1,995	2,120	1,100	550	550
Thai	765	180	585	2,865	775	2,090
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	10	20	10	15
Turkic languages	7,980	4,095	3,880	4,140	2,295	1,845
Azerbaijani	290	160	130	530	290	235
Turkish	7,155	3,685	3,470	3,145	1,790	1,360
Uyghur	205	100	105	170	85	85
Uzbek	145	70	75	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	185	80	105	190	80	110
Uralic languages	6,400	2,985	3,410	13,490	6,285	7,205
Estonian	195	75	120	705	295	410
Finnish	360	125	240	3,760	1,555	2,200
Hungarian	5,835	2,790	3,045	9,025	4,435	4,590
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	685	385	300	500	280	225
Multiple responses	184,905	92,600	92,310	103,415	49,625	53,795
English and French	72,395	36,695	35,695	10,065	4,815	5,250
English and non-official language	27,485	13,545	13,945	89,135	42,820	46,315
French and non-official language	67,075	33,110	33,970	2,100	1,040	1,065
English, French and non-official language	17,950	9,245	8,705	2,115	950	1,165
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015
Single responses	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425	4,365,875	2,145,020	2,220,855
Official languages	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685	3,648,500	1,807,825	1,840,675
English	782,185	391,125	391,060	3,631,700	1,799,625	1,832,075
French	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625	16,795	8,195	8,605
Non-official languages	585,890	283,150	302,735	717,375	337,200	380,180
Aboriginal languages	40,190	20,205	19,980	1,565	765	795
Algonquian languages	28,695	14,385	14,310	105	50	55
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	5	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	28,110	14,105	14,005	85	40	45
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	7,375	3,590	3,790	0	0	0
Moose Cree	5	5	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	590	295	290	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	60	30	30	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5	0	0	15	10	10
Southern East Cree	15	5	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	5	5	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	5	0	0	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	14,590	7,355	7,235	60	30	30
Eastern Algonquian languages	220	115	110	5	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	220	110	105	5	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	370	170	200	10	5	5
Algonquin	360	165	195	0	0	0
Ojibway	5	5	0	15	5	5
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	610	290	320
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	605	290	315
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Beaver	0	0	0	40	20	20
Carrier	0	0	0	245	110	130
Chilcotin	0	0	0	260	125	130
Dene	0	0	0	15	5	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	15	10	5
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	5	5
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	5	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	10	5	5
Inuit languages	11,375	5,770	5,615	10	5	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	5	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	11,350	5,750	5,600	10	0	5
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0	0	5
Iroquoian languages	70	35	35	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	70	35	30	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	15	10	5
Michif	0	0	0	0	5	0
Salish languages	5	5	5	275	130	150
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	50	20	30
Lillooet	0	0	0	25	15	15
Okanagan	0	0	0	85	35	45
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	50	30	20
Squamish	0	0	0	5	5	0
Straits	0	0	0	25	10	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	20	10	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	15	10	5
Dakota	0	0	0	10	10	5
Stoney	0	0	0	5	5	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	405	215	195
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	310	155	155
Nisga'a	0	0	0	70	45	25
Tsimshian	0	0	0	25	15	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	75	40	35
Haisla	0	0	0	20	10	15
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	5	5	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	25	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	30	15	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	35	10	25	45	15	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	545,695	262,940	282,755	715,815	336,435	379,380
Afro-Asiatic languages	91,660	46,550	45,110	13,990	7,065	6,920
Berber languages	7,495	3,895	3,605	45	25	20
Kabyle	5,105	2,660	2,450	20	10	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,390	1,235	1,150	25	15	10
Cushitic languages	535	240	295	770	355	415
Bilen	5	0	5	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0	90	50	45
Somali	520	230	290	665	300	360
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	15	5	10
Semitic languages	83,520	42,365	41,160	13,155	6,680	6,475
Amharic	340	150	185	600	275	320
Arabic	81,105	41,150	39,955	10,415	5,335	5,080
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	95	50	45	405	195	210
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	310	165	145
Harari	5	0	5	10	5	5
Hebrew	1,705	880	825	900	465	440
Maltese	0	0	0	15	5	10
Tigrigna	205	95	105	410	190	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	95	45	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,980	11,675	13,305	17,870	8,305	9,560
Khmer (Cambodian)	5,180	2,370	2,805	800	375	420
Vietnamese	19,790	9,295	10,495	17,055	7,920	9,130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	10	15	10	5
Austronesian languages	9,715	3,960	5,750	40,605	17,945	22,660
Bikol	15	5	10	75	30	35
Cebuano	230	100	125	1,305	585	715
Fijian	0	0	0	110	65	55
Hiligaynon	130	55	75	415	175	240
Ilocano	740	305	435	1,615	695	930
Malagasy	360	185	170	10	5	10
Malay	175	85	95	1,120	510	605
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	30	30	150	70	80
Pangasinan	10	5	10	55	25	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,905	3,150	4,760	35,375	15,600	19,770
Waray-Waray	15	10	10	55	25	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	310	150	160
Creole languages	20,705	8,780	11,925	335	150	180
Haitian Creole	855	380	475	0	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	19,405	8,200	11,210	235	105	130
Creole languages, n.i.e.	440	200	240	95	50	45
Dravidian languages	11,400	5,595	5,805	3,940	1,995	1,940
Kannada	150	85	65	110	55	60
Malayalam	200	100	100	1,225	615	605
Tamil	10,720	5,215	5,500	2,055	1,025	1,030
Telugu	330	190	135	535	295	240
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	15	5	10
Hmong-Mien languages	15	5	5	55	25	30
Indo-European languages	303,215	146,100	157,115	282,090	137,135	144,955
Albanian	1,615	795	820	695	335	360
Armenian	11,990	5,680	6,310	545	240	305
Balto-Slavic languages	40,405	19,085	21,325	31,640	15,150	16,490
Baltic languages	190	80	105	210	90	115
Latvian	75	40	40	80	30	50
Lithuanian	115	40	70	125	60	65
Slavic languages	40,220	19,000	21,220	31,430	15,060	16,370
Belarusan	25	15	15	15	5	5
Bosnian	965	475	495	595	300	300
Bulgarian	5,125	2,495	2,630	1,035	485	550
Croatian	1,015	475	545	2,235	1,055	1,180
Czech	460	220	240	1,595	800	795
Macedonian	130	65	65	150	75	75
Polish	5,970	2,695	3,270	5,690	2,720	2,970
Russian	20,680	9,775	10,900	13,310	6,290	7,020
Serbian	2,010	1,020	990	3,695	1,870	1,825
Serbo-Croatian	960	470	490	500	235	265
Slovak	245	120	130	1,000	480	520
Slovene (Slovenian)	225	95	135	145	65	85
Ukrainian	2,365	1,060	1,300	1,430	665	765
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	40	20	20
Celtic languages	30	20	10	70	40	30
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	35	20	10
Welsh	10	10	0	25	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	5	5	5
Germanic languages	9,890	4,980	4,905	14,430	6,870	7,555
Afrikaans	15	10	10	1,475	715	760
Danish	50	25	25	305	145	160
Dutch	375	170	205	1,895	890	1,005
Frisian	0	0	0	10	5	5
German	2,550	1,190	1,365	10,085	4,795	5,295
Icelandic	30	15	20	75	35	35
Norwegian	20	5	10	140	60	80
Swedish	105	50	60	360	170	195
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	35	40	50	30	20
Yiddish	6,665	3,485	3,180	10	10	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	15	5	5
Greek	18,545	8,865	9,680	2,010	975	1,035
Indo-Iranian languages	53,555	26,845	26,710	194,590	95,380	99,215
Indo-Aryan languages	31,575	15,985	15,585	164,185	80,610	83,575
Bengali	8,180	4,055	4,125	1,815	895	920
Gujarati	3,840	1,860	1,985	2,970	1,320	1,645
Hindi	1,535	790	745	12,310	5,890	6,425
Kashmiri	5	0	0	10	5	5
Konkani	30	15	15	40	25	25
Marathi	80	40	40	270	140	130
Nepali	1,355	655	700	665	345	320
Oriya (Odia)	15	10	5	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,840	4,690	4,155	139,080	68,565	70,515
Sindhi	135	65	75	615	270	345
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	365	185	180	675	330	340
Urdu	7,180	3,620	3,565	5,705	2,825	2,880
Iranian languages	21,745	10,740	11,010	30,205	14,665	15,540
Kurdish	510	280	235	1,080	540	535
Pashto	925	460	465	700	350	350
Persian (Farsi)	20,310	10,005	10,305	28,420	13,765	14,660
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	235	120	120	200	100	100
Italic (Romance) languages	167,190	79,835	87,355	38,110	18,145	19,970
Catalan	110	50	60	65	35	35
Italian	32,935	14,595	18,340	5,200	2,245	2,955
Portuguese	17,260	8,250	9,005	6,725	3,140	3,580
Romanian	24,520	12,000	12,525	3,800	1,830	1,970
Spanish	92,330	44,920	47,415	22,310	10,900	11,410
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	20	5	10
Japanese	1,050	425	620	9,860	4,070	5,790
Kartvelian languages	70	35	35	30	15	10
Georgian	70	40	35	30	15	15
Korean	3,540	1,630	1,910	38,605	17,785	20,820
Mongolic languages	145	70	75	170	80	90
Mongolian	145	70	75	165	80	85
Niger-Congo languages	7,250	3,450	3,800	960	430	530
Akan (Twi)	445	215	235	150	80	65
Bamanankan	265	135	125	5	5	5
Edo	10	5	5	15	10	10
Ewe	140	60	80	20	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	530	255	280	20	5	10
Ga	15	5	10	5	5	0
Ganda	5	5	5	10	5	5
Igbo	15	10	10	40	20	15
Lingala	625	270	355	35	15	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,110	510	600	55	20	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	530	225	305	60	25	35
Shona	20	10	10	65	25	40
Swahili	1,100	535	565	200	90	115
Wolof	1,035	555	480	20	10	10
Yoruba	55	25	25	60	30	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,350	635	710	200	85	120
Nilo-Saharan languages	135	70	65	140	60	75
Dinka	0	0	0	55	30	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65	85	30	55
Sign languages	1,770	1,000	775	1,535	850	685
American Sign Language	90	35	50	455	230	225
Quebec Sign Language	700	360	340	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	985	600	385	1,080	615	460
Sino-Tibetan languages	60,370	28,925	31,450	299,420	137,555	161,865
Chinese languages	60,155	28,805	31,345	297,675	136,670	161,000
Cantonese	17,845	8,470	9,375	137,075	62,545	74,525
Hakka	155	75	80	700	295	410
Mandarin	37,075	17,870	19,200	146,435	67,695	78,740
Min Dong	0	0	0	65	25	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,830	830	1,000	4,820	2,185	2,630
Wu (Shanghainese)	780	355	420	2,595	1,195	1,400
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,435	1,190	1,240	5,885	2,680	3,205
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	105	45	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	215	115	100	1,745	885	865
Burmese	35	15	20	720	375	350
Karenic languages	65	40	30	725	355	370
Tibetan	70	45	30	205	110	90
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	90	45	45
Tai-Kadai languages	2,375	1,145	1,230	1,380	595	785
Lao	2,150	1,055	1,100	460	225	235
Thai	225	90	135	920	370	545
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	10	5	5
Turkic languages	5,120	2,540	2,575	1,695	880	815
Azerbaijani	100	50	55	195	105	95
Turkish	4,715	2,340	2,370	1,310	685	630
Uyghur	140	75	70	95	50	50
Uzbek	105	50	55	45	25	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	40	20	25
Uralic languages	2,025	895	1,130	3,005	1,415	1,590
Estonian	30	10	20	95	40	55
Finnish	50	20	30	725	325	400
Hungarian	1,945	860	1,085	2,185	1,050	1,130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	150	90	60	145	70	75
Multiple responses	322,820	157,960	164,860	232,540	110,375	122,165
English and French	86,715	43,820	42,890	6,155	2,970	3,185
English and non-official language	54,400	26,255	28,140	222,670	105,750	116,920
French and non-official language	139,385	66,610	72,775	650	290	360
English, French and non-official language	42,320	21,270	21,045	3,065	1,365	1,700
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015
None	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900	3,931,210	1,940,390	1,990,820
English	513,410	263,670	249,735	274,535	132,990	141,545
French	320,370	158,340	162,030	41,020	18,435	22,590
Non-official language	317,790	154,450	163,340	340,930	158,590	182,345
Aboriginal	5,700	2,645	3,060	7,985	3,765	4,215
Non-Aboriginal	312,085	151,810	160,280	332,945	154,820	178,125
English and French	36,235	18,285	17,955	1,195	545	650
English and non-official language	28,630	14,075	14,555	5,660	2,655	3,005
French and non-official language	23,470	11,365	12,095	3,765	1,745	2,020
English, French and non-official language	1,420	740	680	100	45	50
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020	3,727,360	1,815,500	1,911,860
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,975	37,842	28,522	33,012	40,370	27,543
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,600
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,535	33,110	26,119	29,783	35,383	25,659
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220	3,363,310	1,665,225	1,698,085
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,067	35,597	25,012	31,585	39,557	25,304
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445	2,628,215	1,140,195	1,488,025
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,307	5,851	8,246	4,592	3,717	4,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,263	35,627	27,219	31,713	39,186	26,034
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595	3,727,715	1,815,380	1,912,335
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,546	49,087	36,203	45,616	54,797	36,901
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890	3,732,420	1,819,290	1,913,130
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,887	39,292	30,616	37,922	44,282	31,874
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485	3,362,835	1,664,850	1,697,985
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,505	47,810	33,079	44,933	54,787	35,271
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050	2,628,230	1,139,390	1,488,840
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	8,590	7,846	9,229	7,207	7,255	7,171
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120	2,775,010	1,415,100	1,359,910
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,382	45,974	34,313	43,339	52,171	34,149
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025	1,147,070	652,115	494,950
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	47,111	51,622	42,433	53,940	61,004	47,039
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	56,564	62,750	49,085	64,625	72,840	53,801
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	84.4	88.3	79.1	88.9	91.7	84.9
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	68.4	71.4	64.6	70.8	74.4	65.8
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	15.6	11.7	20.9	11.1	8.3	15.1
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Without total income	216,685	99,555	117,125	142,970	67,370	75,600
With total income	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020	3,727,360	1,815,505	1,911,860
Percentage with total income	96.7	96.9	96.5	96.3	96.4	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	789,595	351,935	437,660	573,315	240,120	333,195
$10,000 to $19,999	1,188,135	476,630	711,500	653,915	262,225	391,685
$20,000 to $29,999	976,210	428,390	547,830	503,290	209,095	294,195
$30,000 to $39,999	852,735	414,105	438,625	424,330	188,860	235,470
$40,000 to $49,999	747,995	378,215	369,780	366,220	173,020	193,200
$50,000 to $59,999	540,265	292,110	248,150	286,310	148,095	138,215
$60,000 to $69,999	375,935	214,805	161,130	222,975	129,400	93,580
$70,000 to $79,999	286,025	164,240	121,790	171,625	103,795	67,830
$80,000 to $89,999	189,350	113,715	75,635	134,090	83,100	50,990
$90,000 to $99,999	122,750	80,090	42,660	96,825	62,825	34,005
$100,000 and over	348,620	246,360	102,255	294,475	214,980	79,500
$100,000 to $149,999	236,515	164,145	72,370	198,355	142,260	56,095
$150,000 and over	112,105	82,215	29,885	96,115	72,715	23,405
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140	3,870,330	1,882,870	1,987,460
Without after-tax income	215,120	99,375	115,750	138,350	63,495	74,855
With after-tax income	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,605
Percentage with after-tax income	96.8	97.0	96.6	96.4	96.6	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	822,725	359,045	463,675	597,310	253,480	343,835
$10,000 to $19,999	1,246,480	505,165	741,315	686,510	280,490	406,015
$20,000 to $29,999	1,192,885	541,080	651,810	593,490	252,075	341,415
$30,000 to $39,999	1,096,510	553,200	543,315	495,200	226,080	269,120
$40,000 to $49,999	793,150	425,040	368,115	402,535	200,565	201,965
$50,000 to $59,999	498,475	283,130	215,345	293,450	167,870	125,585
$60,000 to $69,999	309,415	180,470	128,945	210,085	128,000	82,080
$70,000 to $79,999	167,895	108,500	59,395	151,775	95,230	56,545
$80,000 and over	291,635	205,155	86,485	301,635	215,590	86,045
$80,000 to $89,999	95,010	64,670	30,335	94,700	64,330	30,370
$90,000 to $99,999	55,980	39,080	16,905	59,050	42,050	17,000
$100,000 and over	140,645	101,405	39,240	147,885	109,215	38,670
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Without employment income	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775	1,095,320	467,570	627,745
With employment income	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715
Percentage with employment income	69.8	73.9	65.8	71.7	75.2	68.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	606,300	311,780	294,520	441,080	204,275	236,810
$5,000 to $9,999	367,030	162,150	204,885	212,715	90,015	122,705
$10,000 to $19,999	681,920	305,995	375,920	371,875	160,350	211,525
$20,000 to $29,999	586,140	269,950	316,195	309,470	135,945	173,525
$30,000 to $39,999	565,425	277,135	288,285	282,045	126,870	155,180
$40,000 to $49,999	476,665	247,105	229,560	253,810	118,870	134,935
$50,000 to $59,999	359,180	203,580	155,600	203,885	107,605	96,280
$60,000 to $69,999	266,650	156,255	110,395	163,740	98,205	65,535
$70,000 to $79,999	224,040	129,890	94,150	132,340	82,120	50,220
$80,000 and over	494,440	344,585	149,855	404,040	291,050	112,990
$80,000 to $89,999	139,830	90,295	49,540	106,680	67,815	38,860
$90,000 to $99,999	93,860	64,160	29,700	76,470	51,990	24,480
$100,000 and over	260,745	190,125	70,620	220,890	171,245	49,645
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	59,822	...	...	69,995	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	52,207	...	...	61,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	1,175,230	...	...	541,915	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,574	...	...	35,701	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	28,469	...	...	31,899	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	2,356,430	...	...	1,340,055	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	78,645	...	...	88,466	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	67,665	...	...	77,108	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	77,306	...	...	90,354	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	63,404	...	...	75,209	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,174,695	...	...	541,925	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	40,042	...	...	46,696	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	33,262	...	...	39,091	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	2,356,970	...	...	1,340,045	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	95,878	...	...	108,010	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	78,426	...	...	89,816	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Under $5,000	47,170	...	...	43,415	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	56,315	...	...	27,140	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	119,570	...	...	55,745	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	180,865	...	...	77,565	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	179,690	...	...	78,695	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	154,150	...	...	72,985	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	185,000	...	...	78,080	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	184,435	...	...	78,395	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	179,855	...	...	76,775	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	170,445	...	...	75,860	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	313,600	...	...	143,475	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	273,620	...	...	132,845	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	241,940	...	...	122,350	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	208,620	...	...	111,350	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	176,355	...	...	99,420	...	...
$100,000 and over	860,030	...	...	607,855	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	327,435	...	...	198,140	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	204,105	...	...	138,420	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	192,155	...	...	149,210	...	...
$200,000 and over	136,335	...	...	122,080	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,531,660	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Under $5,000	50,445	...	...	46,350	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	57,335	...	...	27,605	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	120,860	...	...	56,780	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	190,300	...	...	80,315	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	202,905	...	...	89,795	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	187,365	...	...	88,035	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	231,765	...	...	93,640	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	225,695	...	...	92,220	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	211,990	...	...	91,635	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	202,760	...	...	88,520	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	363,775	...	...	165,685	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	309,825	...	...	150,650	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	256,150	...	...	136,430	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	208,765	...	...	118,520	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	166,295	...	...	101,185	...	...
$100,000 and over	545,440	...	...	454,595	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	269,170	...	...	187,490	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	130,225	...	...	111,260	...	...
$150,000 and over	146,045	...	...	155,845	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	2,261,890	...	...	1,276,275	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,378	...	...	88,451	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	68,152	...	...	77,002	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	930,195	...	...	519,030	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,075	...	...	80,788	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	60,224	...	...	70,464	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	911,980	...	...	536,175	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	105,246	...	...	111,736	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	88,844	...	...	96,176	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	3.9	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	364,085	...	...	179,945	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,708	...	...	51,056	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	47,805	...	...	46,668	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	2,262,045	...	...	1,275,865	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	96,863	...	...	108,241	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,060	...	...	89,792	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	929,645	...	...	518,295	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	86,304	...	...	100,772	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,167	...	...	83,021	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	912,560	...	...	536,580	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	122,835	...	...	131,213	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,279	...	...	108,407	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	363,610	...	...	179,615	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	61,753	...	...	63,004	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,052	...	...	54,655	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	1,433,210	711,180	722,030	768,855	373,390	395,465
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,195	31,526	27,210	31,255	33,342	29,674
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	26,706	28,214	25,434	28,320	29,815	27,221
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	1,430,625	708,225	722,405	766,660	371,595	395,060
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	37,684	39,840	35,571	41,666	44,615	38,892
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	31,513	32,729	30,321	35,191	37,100	33,395
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745
In the bottom half of the distribution	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115	2,265,245	1,078,695	1,186,555
In the bottom decile	747,785	368,385	379,395	537,405	258,275	279,140
In the second decile	898,605	408,705	489,900	449,395	205,320	244,075
In the third decile	997,185	481,975	515,210	420,355	198,845	221,510
In the fourth decile	996,230	490,275	505,960	422,805	203,710	219,095
In the fifth decile	938,080	467,425	470,655	435,290	212,555	222,735
In the top half of the distribution	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855	2,294,990	1,158,795	1,136,195
In the sixth decile	881,640	444,865	436,775	442,070	218,225	223,845
In the seventh decile	806,685	409,470	397,220	451,795	226,240	225,555
In the eighth decile	700,450	357,000	343,455	462,900	233,935	228,970
In the ninth decile	557,160	286,195	270,960	473,535	241,165	232,375
In the top decile	441,630	227,185	214,445	464,685	239,235	225,450
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945	4,477,875	2,196,415	2,281,460
0 to 17 years	1,564,410	800,455	763,960	822,390	422,685	399,710
0 to 5 years	532,410	272,790	259,625	260,110	133,670	126,445
18 to 64 years	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980	2,876,495	1,404,390	1,472,105
65 years and over	1,335,220	620,210	715,010	778,990	369,345	409,645
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	1,160,190	542,405	617,785	694,960	325,015	369,940
0 to 17 years	222,955	114,410	108,540	151,880	78,110	73,770
0 to 5 years	75,270	38,595	36,670	46,920	24,035	22,885
18 to 64 years	688,130	334,825	353,305	427,085	198,475	228,615
65 years and over	249,110	93,170	155,930	115,990	48,430	67,560
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.6	13.8	15.4	15.5	14.8	16.2
0 to 17 years (%)	14.3	14.3	14.2	18.5	18.5	18.5
0 to 5 years (%)	14.1	14.1	14.1	18.0	18.0	18.1
18 to 64 years (%)	13.7	13.4	14.0	14.8	14.1	15.5
65 years and over (%)	18.7	15.0	21.8	14.9	13.1	16.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	731,340	358,085	373,260	491,645	236,430	255,215
0 to 17 years	129,325	66,400	62,925	99,330	50,890	48,450
0 to 5 years	44,375	22,705	21,675	29,250	14,930	14,315
18 to 64 years	514,540	261,485	253,060	345,345	165,740	179,605
65 years and over	87,475	30,205	57,270	46,965	19,805	27,165
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	11.0	10.8	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.2	12.1	12.0	12.1
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	11.2	11.2	11.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	10.5	10.0	12.0	11.8	12.2
65 years and over (%)	6.6	4.9	8.0	6.0	5.4	6.6
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745
Official languages	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890	4,407,125	2,173,840	2,233,285
English	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225	4,405,380	2,173,040	2,232,340
French	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200	314,225	140,085	174,140
Non-official languages	1,610,980	776,265	834,720	1,546,550	727,200	819,355
Aboriginal languages	50,890	25,190	25,700	17,190	8,115	9,075
Algonquian languages	37,515	18,545	18,965	1,950	905	1,045
Blackfoot	0	0	0	35	0	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	34,415	17,050	17,370	1,600	795	805
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	9,850	4,735	5,115	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	10	0	15	0	10
Naskapi	775	385	385	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	260	130	130	10	0	10
Plains Cree	10	0	0	345	160	180
Southern East Cree	35	25	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	0	10	55	25	30
Woods Cree	10	10	0	80	45	40
Cree, n.o.s.	17,175	8,600	8,575	1,090	560	525
Eastern Algonquian languages	885	460	420	30	20	10
Malecite	10	0	0	10	10	0
Mi'kmaq	880	460	425	25	15	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	2,340	1,105	1,235	310	100	205
Algonquin	2,240	1,055	1,185	20	0	15
Ojibway	105	50	50	275	95	180
Oji-Cree	10	0	0	15	0	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	4,375	2,050	2,330
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	15	10	4,345	2,035	2,315
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	200	100	95
Beaver	0	0	0	255	130	130
Carrier	0	0	0	2,045	940	1,110
Chilcotin	0	0	0	1,130	525	605
Dene	10	0	10	130	55	80
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	185	85	100
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	0	125	60	75
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	10	0	10
South Slavey	10	10	0	25	15	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	10	0	105	45	60
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	290	155	130
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	35	20	15
Tahltan	0	0	0	250	135	120
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	10
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	15	10
Haida	0	0	0	455	195	255
Inuit languages	12,595	6,270	6,330	170	70	95
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Inuktitut	12,485	6,210	6,270	120	50	70
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60	35	15	25
Iroquoian languages	740	360	375	30	10	15
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	690	350	335	25	10	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35	0	10	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	170	95	80
Michif	30	15	10	110	50	60
Salish languages	0	0	0	5,660	2,690	2,970
Comox	0	0	0	185	75	105
Halkomelem	0	0	0	1,045	470	570
Lillooet	0	0	0	790	405	385
Okanagan	0	0	0	805	360	445
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	1,280	630	650
Squamish	0	0	0	280	125	155
Straits	0	0	0	360	160	200
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	440	220	220
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	540	280	260
Siouan languages	0	0	0	55	20	35
Dakota	10	0	0	30	15	15
Stoney	0	0	0	10	10	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Tlingit	0	0	0	60	40	20
Tsimshian languages	0	0	10	2,685	1,330	1,350
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	1,275	635	645
Nisga'a	0	0	0	1,035	535	500
Tsimshian	0	0	0	405	180	230
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	1,460	670	795
Haisla	0	0	0	175	65	105
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	120	50	70
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	590	275	315
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	560	265	295
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	90	40	55	240	105	135
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,560,375	751,215	809,160	1,529,635	719,190	810,440
Afro-Asiatic languages	301,035	157,545	143,490	35,115	18,585	16,530
Berber languages	27,595	14,650	12,945	145	95	45
Kabyle	16,170	8,580	7,590	65	40	25
Berber languages, n.i.e.	11,580	6,150	5,425	80	60	20
Cushitic languages	1,550	745	805	2,070	955	1,120
Bilen	35	20	10	20	10	15
Oromo	45	30	10	245	140	110
Somali	1,460	680	780	1,800	815	985
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	0	10
Semitic languages	286,625	149,970	136,660	33,110	17,660	15,460
Amharic	1,145	540	600	2,095	1,050	1,045
Arabic	267,965	140,280	127,685	24,230	13,180	11,050
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	195	95	95	760	370	390
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	570	285	285
Harari	0	0	0	55	35	20
Hebrew	18,035	9,490	8,540	5,450	2,805	2,645
Maltese	40	10	25	315	155	155
Tigrigna	420	195	225	1,055	560	495
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	300	160	140
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	810	430	380	170	85	85
Austro-Asiatic languages	46,050	21,955	24,095	35,915	17,130	18,785
Khmer (Cambodian)	11,840	5,620	6,220	1,875	850	1,020
Vietnamese	34,580	16,520	18,060	34,140	16,295	17,840
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	55	30	25
Austronesian languages	31,230	11,820	19,410	125,425	51,215	74,210
Bikol	105	45	60	530	215	310
Cebuano	1,105	360	750	5,365	2,000	3,370
Fijian	15	0	10	1,095	655	440
Hiligaynon	540	195	350	1,685	710	975
Ilocano	2,500	890	1,610	6,450	2,480	3,970
Malagasy	1,980	940	1,040	25	15	10
Malay	1,210	525	690	7,495	3,480	4,010
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	195	95	100	855	365	495
Pangasinan	60	20	40	480	205	275
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	26,705	9,785	16,915	113,265	45,455	67,805
Waray-Waray	55	10	45	320	130	195
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	540	270	275	1,515	740	775
Creole languages	115,445	51,970	63,475	2,485	1,320	1,165
Haitian Creole	4,910	2,285	2,620	135	55	75
Creole, n.o.s.	108,315	48,615	59,705	1,310	730	585
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,835	1,390	1,445	1,055	540	515
Dravidian languages	18,710	9,495	9,210	10,390	5,485	4,905
Kannada	415	210	205	510	250	265
Malayalam	510	285	220	3,350	1,795	1,550
Tamil	17,245	8,680	8,565	5,445	2,830	2,610
Telugu	930	540	390	1,720	970	750
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	85	30	55
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	25	165	85	80
Indo-European languages	912,945	435,785	477,155	764,815	371,760	393,060
Albanian	3,375	1,730	1,645	1,640	840	795
Armenian	20,290	9,790	10,500	1,680	845	835
Balto-Slavic languages	88,425	41,725	46,700	94,050	44,710	49,340
Baltic languages	1,080	500	585	1,030	515	520
Latvian	335	150	185	555	290	265
Lithuanian	755	350	410	475	220	250
Slavic languages	87,520	41,315	46,205	93,235	44,305	48,940
Belarusan	365	150	215	245	115	125
Bosnian	1,975	990	985	2,075	1,020	1,050
Bulgarian	7,345	3,595	3,750	2,430	1,105	1,325
Croatian	3,580	1,760	1,820	10,685	5,255	5,430
Czech	2,070	975	1,095	7,480	3,665	3,815
Macedonian	285	140	145	400	220	185
Polish	17,760	8,090	9,665	19,175	8,980	10,190
Russian	46,665	22,265	24,400	33,990	15,850	18,135
Serbian	4,050	1,980	2,070	9,110	4,625	4,485
Serbo-Croatian	2,385	1,140	1,245	1,525	770	750
Slovak	1,520	705	820	4,270	2,045	2,225
Slovene (Slovenian)	970	490	480	1,375	610	760
Ukrainian	9,015	3,885	5,135	10,740	4,835	5,905
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	150	75	75	420	215	205
Celtic languages	495	305	195	1,855	990	865
Scottish Gaelic	155	95	65	660	395	265
Welsh	85	45	40	345	145	195
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	265	175	95	860	450	410
Germanic languages	63,370	31,835	31,530	136,685	65,350	71,335
Afrikaans	415	260	150	7,670	3,875	3,800
Danish	835	410	420	5,510	2,490	3,020
Dutch	5,060	2,665	2,395	24,060	11,520	12,550
Frisian	15	10	0	465	230	240
German	43,475	21,950	21,530	95,005	45,840	49,165
Icelandic	140	80	60	405	210	195
Norwegian	510	255	255	2,845	1,425	1,415
Swedish	1,580	785	795	4,825	2,125	2,695
Vlaams (Flemish)	760	265	495	545	270	275
Yiddish	12,375	6,225	6,155	505	225	280
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	270	125	140	155	95	60
Greek	51,060	25,520	25,540	9,095	4,725	4,370
Indo-Iranian languages	93,655	48,040	45,615	363,205	181,340	181,865
Indo-Aryan languages	59,570	30,870	28,700	311,955	155,465	156,490
Bengali	12,870	6,610	6,260	3,670	1,885	1,785
Gujarati	7,950	3,860	4,090	11,500	5,455	6,050
Hindi	15,570	8,285	7,280	81,330	39,950	41,380
Kashmiri	45	35	15	60	30	25
Konkani	150	70	75	415	215	200
Marathi	475	240	230	1,475	780	695
Nepali	1,445	725	720	1,485	725	760
Oriya (Odia)	55	35	20	70	40	30
Punjabi (Panjabi)	17,860	9,690	8,165	244,485	122,450	122,035
Sindhi	500	240	255	3,300	1,415	1,885
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,335	625	710	2,430	1,265	1,170
Urdu	16,545	8,655	7,890	16,750	8,840	7,915
Iranian languages	35,420	17,830	17,585	52,300	26,435	25,870
Kurdish	1,255	665	590	2,225	1,185	1,040
Pashto	1,825	1,005	825	1,660	940	725
Persian (Farsi)	32,965	16,560	16,405	49,835	25,135	24,690
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	845	425	420	935	490	450
Italic (Romance) languages	627,545	293,620	333,920	177,685	83,505	94,185
Catalan	890	525	365	395	210	180
Italian	173,710	84,430	89,275	37,475	18,075	19,400
Portuguese	55,100	27,620	27,475	23,260	11,060	12,200
Romanian	42,655	20,550	22,110	10,045	4,945	5,105
Spanish	390,355	177,610	212,745	115,115	53,215	61,900
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	490	345	145	380	245	140
Japanese	7,040	3,340	3,695	36,990	15,955	21,040
Kartvelian languages	220	110	110	115	55	60
Georgian	215	105	110	115	55	55
Korean	6,260	2,825	3,430	57,490	26,310	31,180
Mongolic languages	270	135	130	370	170	200
Mongolian	265	135	130	370	165	195
Niger-Congo languages	52,840	26,665	26,175	8,025	4,130	3,895
Akan (Twi)	1,800	945	855	630	350	280
Bamanankan	2,385	1,240	1,145	30	20	15
Edo	190	95	95	145	80	60
Ewe	1,410	865	545	135	90	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	3,400	1,785	1,620	105	30	70
Ga	315	155	160	150	95	50
Ganda	90	40	55	165	80	85
Igbo	275	190	90	425	240	185
Lingala	9,630	4,430	5,200	280	125	150
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,490	2,210	2,285	125	45	75
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,535	1,640	1,895	290	125	165
Shona	150	75	80	415	220	195
Swahili	8,015	4,080	3,935	3,365	1,785	1,575
Wolof	6,555	3,545	3,015	50	25	30
Yoruba	885	485	395	885	455	435
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	17,720	9,125	8,595	1,835	840	1,000
Nilo-Saharan languages	695	345	350	405	210	200
Dinka	0	0	0	85	50	35
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	695	345	350	325	155	165
Sign languages	7,775	3,095	4,675	7,545	2,865	4,680
American Sign Language	675	245	435	3,860	1,280	2,575
Quebec Sign Language	4,405	1,590	2,815	10	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,960	1,350	1,605	3,780	1,615	2,160
Sino-Tibetan languages	90,460	42,695	47,770	457,595	211,220	246,375
Chinese languages	90,060	42,480	47,580	454,885	209,850	245,030
Cantonese	31,885	14,900	16,980	234,445	108,485	125,960
Hakka	545	240	310	2,715	1,290	1,430
Mandarin	59,240	27,560	31,685	265,635	119,995	145,640
Min Dong	15	10	10	130	55	75
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,215	1,860	2,350	16,410	7,230	9,185
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,230	535	690	5,600	2,445	3,155
Chinese, n.o.s.	4,800	2,380	2,425	10,380	4,725	5,650
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	200	75	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	430	235	195	3,000	1,500	1,505
Burmese	140	75	60	1,490	730	755
Karenic languages	105	55	45	955	485	465
Tibetan	65	50	10	375	205	165
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	65	80	330	150	180
Tai-Kadai languages	7,280	3,400	3,880	5,635	2,190	3,450
Lao	5,785	2,850	2,935	1,630	735	890
Thai	2,255	875	1,375	4,275	1,535	2,740
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	10	10	0
Turkic languages	12,475	6,265	6,210	6,785	3,685	3,095
Azerbaijani	510	275	235	945	510	435
Turkish	11,415	5,755	5,665	5,585	3,025	2,555
Uyghur	230	110	120	115	60	55
Uzbek	230	105	125	170	95	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	235	115	120	275	140	130
Uralic languages	7,870	3,710	4,160	15,280	7,095	8,185
Estonian	150	55	95	780	350	425
Finnish	500	195	305	4,030	1,640	2,385
Hungarian	7,215	3,450	3,765	10,495	5,100	5,395
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,140	1,170	970	1,045	575	470
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	4,560,235	2,237,485	2,322,750
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350	4,138,300	2,038,285	2,100,015
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,521,230	779,620	741,610	790,485	406,970	383,510
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740	3,347,820	1,631,310	1,716,505
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	379,910	188,245	191,665	421,935	199,205	222,735
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735	3,167,155	1,584,305	1,582,855
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	1,091,310	530,325	560,980	1,292,675	603,800	688,875
Before 1981	238,655	117,080	121,575	356,155	171,330	184,825
1981 to 1990	127,340	63,150	64,190	152,220	70,475	81,750
1991 to 2000	187,860	89,210	98,650	287,505	132,190	155,315
2001 to 2010	322,280	155,785	166,495	321,240	147,250	173,985
2001 to 2005	140,170	67,835	72,335	147,735	67,425	80,305
2006 to 2010	182,115	87,945	94,165	173,505	79,825	93,680
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	215,170	105,105	110,065	175,555	82,555	92,995
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	86,065	45,765	40,295	100,405	49,385	51,020
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	1,091,305	530,325	560,980	1,292,670	603,800	688,875
Under 5 years	112,930	54,600	58,330	112,665	56,495	56,175
5 to 14 years	174,020	87,165	86,855	212,710	108,975	103,730
15 to 24 years	215,350	98,880	116,475	279,495	126,690	152,805
25 to 44 years	515,770	256,095	259,675	537,500	242,185	295,310
45 years and over	73,230	33,590	39,640	150,305	69,455	80,845
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,091,305	530,330	560,980	1,292,675	603,800	688,875
Americas	247,505	113,190	134,315	110,850	50,515	60,330
Brazil	7,345	3,515	3,830	3,800	1,545	2,260
Colombia	25,580	11,645	13,935	3,915	1,720	2,195
El Salvador	11,120	5,500	5,615	5,425	2,710	2,715
Guyana	2,490	1,085	1,410	1,305	600	710
Haiti	80,965	35,375	45,585	570	250	315
Jamaica	4,665	2,040	2,625	3,505	1,770	1,735
Mexico	15,820	7,090	8,730	10,375	4,425	5,945
Peru	13,265	5,945	7,325	3,265	1,330	1,930
Trinidad and Tobago	4,075	1,840	2,240	2,620	1,205	1,415
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	25,955	12,800	13,155	57,780	26,425	31,355
Other places of birth in Americas	56,235	26,370	29,870	18,295	8,530	9,765
Europe	311,090	154,910	156,185	319,885	156,975	162,915
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,785	1,890	1,895	4,570	2,230	2,345
Croatia	2,140	1,085	1,050	5,780	2,945	2,830
France	81,225	43,490	37,735	5,700	2,895	2,805
Germany	9,750	4,365	5,390	35,045	16,835	18,210
Greece	18,420	9,135	9,285	3,630	1,965	1,670
Hungary	3,325	1,620	1,700	6,175	3,145	3,030
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	820	485	330	5,890	3,090	2,795
Italy	51,025	25,370	25,655	15,405	8,050	7,355
Netherlands	1,990	1,035	955	18,225	9,365	8,855
Poland	10,735	4,675	6,060	15,115	6,965	8,145
Portugal	18,985	9,185	9,800	8,215	4,125	4,090
Romania	28,695	13,695	15,005	8,995	4,400	4,595
Russian Federation	11,355	4,975	6,375	10,920	4,700	6,215
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	1,790	830	960	4,480	2,225	2,260
Ukraine	8,670	3,800	4,870	7,500	3,520	3,980
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	12,905	6,645	6,260	123,810	60,975	62,835
Other places of birth in Europe	45,500	22,630	22,870	40,425	19,545	20,880
Africa	241,410	125,250	116,165	42,805	21,500	21,310
Algeria	59,465	31,180	28,280	485	310	175
Egypt	19,490	10,290	9,200	2,705	1,480	1,225
Ethiopia	995	495	495	2,070	1,015	1,060
Kenya	785	355	430	4,705	2,175	2,535
Morocco	60,700	31,435	29,270	985	535	455
Nigeria	1,340	740	600	1,740	925	815
Somalia	580	270	310	1,080	515	570
South Africa, Republic of	865	475	385	13,375	6,700	6,675
Other places of birth in Africa	97,200	50,005	47,190	15,645	7,840	7,800
Asia	289,825	136,175	153,655	788,055	359,835	428,220
Afghanistan	7,280	3,640	3,640	5,040	2,550	2,490
Bangladesh	7,940	3,990	3,950	2,125	1,080	1,040
China^{Census data footnote 59}	49,555	19,905	29,655	199,990	89,145	110,845
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,730	2,290	2,435	74,210	34,120	40,090
India	17,865	9,195	8,670	162,650	79,395	83,245
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	17,760	8,880	8,885	37,160	18,890	18,270
Iraq	3,735	1,960	1,775	5,550	2,855	2,690
Japan	1,725	395	1,330	13,365	3,840	9,520
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,230	1,995	2,230	41,515	18,870	22,645
Lebanon	39,135	20,800	18,340	2,235	1,290	950
Pakistan	10,010	5,260	4,750	10,665	5,470	5,190
Philippines	24,410	9,040	15,370	112,100	45,890	66,210
Sri Lanka	10,715	5,335	5,380	4,585	2,360	2,230
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	17,775	8,800	8,980	2,845	1,450	1,400
Taiwan	2,735	1,100	1,635	38,900	17,450	21,450
Viet Nam	25,440	11,765	13,675	27,875	12,970	14,905
Other places of birth in Asia	44,795	21,840	22,950	47,255	22,215	25,045
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	1,480	805	670	31,075	14,975	16,100
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	215,170	105,105	110,065	175,555	82,555	92,995
Americas	47,710	22,625	25,085	14,550	7,160	7,385
Brazil	3,010	1,495	1,520	1,145	525	615
Colombia	7,540	3,465	4,075	580	250	325
Cuba	2,565	1,260	1,315	140	60	80
Haiti	16,880	7,690	9,190	35	35	10
Jamaica	190	140	55	625	355	265
Mexico	4,210	1,955	2,255	2,885	1,420	1,460
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	3,990	2,265	1,720	6,485	3,290	3,190
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,955	935	1,020	270	115	155
Other places of birth in Americas	7,365	3,425	3,935	2,380	1,105	1,275
Europe	39,320	20,085	19,235	19,735	10,260	9,475
France	20,030	10,855	9,175	970	510	460
Germany	580	250	330	1,450	775	675
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	135	105	35	1,430	900	530
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	3,750	1,695	2,055	245	120	125
Romania	2,945	1,260	1,685	690	310	380
Russian Federation	1,970	865	1,105	1,735	620	1,110
Ukraine	2,460	1,110	1,350	1,230	495	735
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	860	565	290	6,540	3,840	2,695
Other places of birth in Europe	6,590	3,385	3,205	5,455	2,685	2,765
Africa	74,200	37,110	37,090	6,200	3,150	3,050
Algeria	16,380	8,060	8,320	65	40	20
Cameroon	7,550	3,705	3,845	65	25	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,370	1,655	1,715	150	80	75
Côte d'Ivoire	5,070	2,505	2,565	20	10	10
Egypt	4,360	2,260	2,095	625	340	290
Eritrea	50	30	20	320	175	145
Ethiopia	125	65	60	305	170	140
Morocco	13,475	6,675	6,805	205	115	95
Nigeria	540	280	260	645	325	315
Somalia	95	40	50	355	145	215
South Africa, Republic of	175	115	60	1,625	815	810
Tunisia	5,855	3,025	2,825	80	30	45
Other places of birth in Africa	17,155	8,690	8,470	1,745	890	860
Asia	53,595	25,070	28,525	131,880	60,140	71,735
Afghanistan	1,555	715	840	870	455	415
Bangladesh	860	455	405	470	230	245
China^{Census data footnote 59}	10,705	4,805	5,895	38,105	16,965	21,140
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	120	35	80	1,800	770	1,030
India	2,960	1,555	1,405	27,460	13,780	13,680
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	7,505	3,545	3,960	8,645	4,315	4,330
Iraq	985	465	515	1,910	940	965
Israel	645	390	255	365	205	160
Japan	330	30	295	2,285	570	1,715
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	825	370	455	8,025	3,430	4,595
Lebanon	3,955	2,100	1,860	265	155	110
Nepal	360	165	195	310	115	195
Pakistan	1,815	920	895	1,965	990	975
Philippines	5,635	2,345	3,290	26,680	11,615	15,065
Saudi Arabia	435	210	225	400	180	215
Sri Lanka	860	380	480	535	265	265
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	7,455	3,740	3,715	2,185	1,095	1,085
Taiwan	170	60	105	2,505	970	1,530
Turkey	585	300	285	395	220	170
United Arab Emirates	300	160	145	385	195	195
Viet Nam	1,505	560	945	1,780	685	1,090
Other places of birth in Asia	4,025	1,765	2,265	4,545	1,980	2,560
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	345	215	135	3,185	1,845	1,340
Australia	190	120	70	1,920	1,130	790
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	155	95	65	1,265	715	550
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	1,204,895	590,175	614,720	1,426,450	670,440	756,010
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	792,085	399,535	392,550	1,043,860	523,340	520,520
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745	2,089,925	1,043,705	1,046,225
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	867,685	420,465	447,220	955,955	442,040	513,915
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	469,015	243,915	225,100	537,875	258,560	279,315
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	224,720	137,975	86,745	209,685	123,645	86,040
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	244,300	105,945	138,360	328,185	134,915	193,275
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	241,225	96,130	145,095	323,440	133,775	189,670
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	146,295	75,100	71,195	82,360	44,250	38,110
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	11,150	5,320	5,825	12,285	5,455	6,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	182,885	91,890	90,995	270,585	130,265	140,320
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	175,960	88,635	87,325	263,540	127,115	136,425
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	92,655	45,510	47,145	172,520	83,645	88,880
Métis	69,365	36,260	33,100	89,405	42,715	46,690
Inuk (Inuit)	13,940	6,865	7,075	1,610	760	855
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	2,760	1,330	1,430	4,350	2,090	2,260
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	4,170	1,930	2,245	2,695	1,060	1,635
Non-Aboriginal identity	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015	4,289,655	2,107,225	2,182,430
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015	4,560,240	2,237,485	2,322,750
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	77,490	38,580	38,915	135,835	65,560	70,280
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100	4,424,400	2,171,930	2,252,470
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	118,780	58,535	60,245	91,710	45,690	46,020
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	115,480	56,930	58,550	90,390	45,100	45,295
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	87,700	42,730	44,965	79,875	39,685	40,190
Métis single ancestry	17,585	9,225	8,360	10,080	5,215	4,865
Inuit single ancestry	10,200	4,980	5,220	430	200	235
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	3,300	1,605	1,700	1,325	595	725
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	2,220	1,115	1,105	1,175	535	635
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	995	455	540	100	50	50
Métis and Inuit ancestries	65	25	40	45	10	45
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	10	15	0	0	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	240,650	113,905	126,740	211,100	100,835	110,260
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	235,365	111,205	124,165	201,895	96,650	105,245
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	193,625	90,650	102,975	130,020	62,170	67,850
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	37,080	18,320	18,760	70,180	33,595	36,585
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,660	2,230	2,425	1,700	890	815
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	5,280	2,700	2,575	9,200	4,185	5,015
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,040	2,105	1,940	8,865	4,050	4,810
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	990	475	515	165	75	90
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	225	110	115	125	35	90
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25	15	10	45	20	20
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030	4,257,430	2,090,960	2,166,465
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	1,032,365	505,180	527,185	1,381,235	658,260	722,975
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	90,335	46,750	43,585	365,705	183,650	182,055
Chinese	99,505	44,370	55,135	508,480	237,805	270,670
Black	319,230	154,110	165,120	43,500	22,455	21,045
Filipino	34,910	14,275	20,635	145,025	62,505	82,520
Latin American	133,920	64,655	69,260	44,115	20,600	23,515
Arab	213,740	113,420	100,320	19,840	10,865	8,980
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	62,820	29,960	32,865	54,920	25,975	28,950
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	32,405	16,200	16,210	48,695	24,880	23,810
Korean	8,055	3,865	4,190	60,495	27,915	32,580
Japanese	4,570	1,755	2,820	41,230	17,435	23,800
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	9,840	4,670	5,175	8,760	4,280	4,485
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	23,045	11,160	11,885	40,465	19,900	20,565
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830	3,179,005	1,579,230	1,599,775
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
North American Aboriginal origins	359,430	172,440	186,985	302,810	146,530	156,280
First Nations (North American Indian)	289,610	137,550	152,065	220,245	106,595	113,650
Inuit	17,175	8,300	8,880	2,615	1,280	1,340
Métis	61,260	30,915	30,345	90,515	43,460	47,050
Other North American origins	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605	922,690	460,355	462,335
Acadian	34,785	16,440	18,345	3,940	1,960	1,980
American	45,050	21,470	23,580	78,170	37,765	40,405
Canadian	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555	866,530	432,975	433,560
New Brunswicker	750	370	380	60	45	15
Newfoundlander	570	280	295	1,875	995	880
Nova Scotian	365	155	215	185	95	85
Ontarian	1,345	660	685	130	55	75
Québécois	184,005	93,895	90,110	1,830	945	880
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	205	110	100	405	175	230
European origins	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825	2,857,080	1,408,510	1,448,575
British Isles origins	745,715	360,135	385,575	1,926,040	945,580	980,460
Channel Islander	1,440	725	720	455	230	220
Cornish	70	35	40	610	340	265
English	228,520	111,855	116,670	1,203,540	585,700	617,845
Irish	446,215	211,545	234,665	675,135	318,455	356,675
Manx	200	105	95	1,810	835	975
Scottish	215,030	103,395	111,635	860,775	417,080	443,700
Welsh	10,765	5,075	5,690	113,905	54,260	59,645
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	32,525	15,440	17,080	122,700	59,225	63,475
French origins	1,878,795	941,770	937,025	388,815	184,705	204,110
Alsatian	1,050	520	525	210	95	115
Breton	11,140	5,410	5,725	110	45	65
Corsican	1,270	690	580	105	40	65
French	1,870,545	937,665	932,875	388,580	184,595	203,980
Western European origins (except French origins)	244,380	119,115	125,260	839,860	411,165	428,695
Austrian	12,710	6,285	6,430	48,510	23,030	25,485
Bavarian	40	30	20	225	105	120
Belgian	51,340	25,295	26,050	19,980	9,615	10,360
Dutch	26,000	12,805	13,190	213,670	105,040	108,630
Flemish	1,345	660	685	2,215	1,145	1,075
Frisian	15	20	0	850	425	425
German	142,225	68,250	73,975	603,265	294,860	308,410
Luxembourger	910	445	460	695	340	355
Swiss	24,500	12,615	11,885	31,390	15,510	15,880
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	125	80	50	905	425	485
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	25,460	12,490	12,975	346,525	166,100	180,425
Danish	5,700	2,815	2,885	58,205	27,985	30,220
Finnish	3,130	1,430	1,700	34,150	16,285	17,870
Icelandic	955	480	470	26,410	12,860	13,545
Norwegian	7,820	3,835	3,985	138,430	66,870	71,565
Swedish	6,840	3,275	3,565	110,030	51,000	59,030
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	2,500	1,265	1,230	15,080	7,610	7,470
Eastern European origins	249,940	121,660	128,285	569,260	275,900	293,360
Bulgarian	9,570	4,675	4,895	4,015	1,875	2,140
Byelorussian	2,530	1,235	1,295	2,760	1,400	1,365
Czech	6,295	2,965	3,330	23,375	11,500	11,875
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	2,150	1,100	1,050	7,970	3,795	4,175
Estonian	890	460	435	4,840	2,250	2,590
Hungarian	28,280	13,970	14,310	56,535	27,450	29,090
Latvian	1,740	835	905	4,935	2,565	2,370
Lithuanian	6,630	3,320	3,305	7,225	3,465	3,755
Moldovan	7,620	3,710	3,900	1,085	510	580
Polish	79,040	38,705	40,335	149,635	71,605	78,030
Romanian	53,060	25,935	27,125	31,250	15,125	16,125
Russian	55,230	26,405	28,830	131,060	62,880	68,180
Slovak	4,770	2,375	2,395	11,220	5,440	5,780
Ukrainian	42,550	20,575	21,975	229,205	111,285	117,915
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	2,900	1,505	1,400	3,555	1,645	1,915
Southern European origins	549,750	273,670	276,080	334,740	164,780	169,960
Albanian	3,760	1,950	1,805	1,925	975	950
Bosnian	2,970	1,485	1,490	3,290	1,635	1,655
Catalan	735	395	340	120	85	30
Croatian	6,745	3,375	3,370	23,845	12,180	11,660
Cypriot	480	240	245	440	230	205
Greek	71,330	36,235	35,090	24,460	12,410	12,050
Italian	326,700	162,650	164,045	166,095	83,095	83,000
Kosovar	505	295	210	280	135	145
Macedonian	775	400	370	1,205	620	580
Maltese	1,220	615	610	2,645	1,350	1,295
Montenegrin	450	250	200	710	360	350
Portuguese	69,805	34,825	34,980	41,770	20,620	21,145
Serbian	5,950	2,915	3,040	12,895	6,625	6,270
Sicilian	1,435	710	725	545	295	255
Slovenian	2,510	1,225	1,280	5,555	2,725	2,825
Spanish	85,360	41,745	43,615	64,470	29,245	35,225
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	3,270	1,595	1,670	7,080	3,360	3,725
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	300	155	145	395	200	195
Other European origins	38,670	19,875	18,800	34,700	17,800	16,900
Basque	3,620	1,930	1,690	840	470	375
Jewish	25,235	12,955	12,280	17,580	8,950	8,635
Roma (Gypsy)	475	270	205	805	320	485
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	360	180	185	965	520	450
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	9,215	4,690	4,530	14,715	7,635	7,080
Caribbean origins	201,625	93,935	107,690	25,010	12,350	12,660
Antiguan	380	170	205	220	115	105
Bahamian	430	205	225	255	140	110
Barbadian	5,570	2,585	2,985	1,870	945	930
Bermudan	115	50	65	335	155	175
Carib	405	150	255	70	50	25
Cuban	9,830	4,800	5,035	1,320	615	700
Dominican	11,560	5,320	6,235	735	330	410
Grenadian	1,965	790	1,175	380	195	185
Guadeloupean	1,010	475	535	15	0	15
Haitian	143,165	66,245	76,925	1,140	530	615
Jamaican	14,100	6,785	7,315	10,545	5,425	5,120
Kittitian/Nevisian	360	200	160	130	70	55
Martinican	1,775	820	950	25	0	20
Montserratan	240	140	105	25	15	10
Puerto Rican	530	270	255	570	260	310
St. Lucian	860	450	405	190	85	110
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	6,585	2,925	3,660	4,170	2,085	2,085
Vincentian/Grenadinian	4,020	1,695	2,325	415	180	230
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	5,635	2,610	3,025	2,120	930	1,190
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	4,195	1,995	2,205	1,920	945	975
Latin, Central and South American origins	167,275	81,215	86,065	69,920	33,580	36,335
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	6,100	2,885	3,210	2,625	1,350	1,275
Arawak	180	60	120	90	45	45
Argentinian	4,950	2,490	2,460	2,025	910	1,120
Belizean	80	40	40	125	60	65
Bolivian	1,730	815	915	375	145	230
Brazilian	8,345	4,075	4,275	5,455	2,465	2,990
Chilean	14,060	7,055	7,005	5,700	2,740	2,955
Colombian	33,965	15,915	18,050	5,860	2,805	3,055
Costa Rican	1,180	570	610	810	385	425
Ecuadorian	2,720	1,255	1,470	1,040	490	550
Guatemalan	10,175	5,380	4,795	2,575	1,310	1,265
Guyanese	3,670	1,810	1,860	1,925	995	935
Hispanic	1,155	570	585	1,535	720	810
Honduran	4,335	2,135	2,200	1,445	750	695
Maya	1,670	935	735	930	475	455
Mexican	26,930	13,185	13,745	23,055	11,025	12,035
Nicaraguan	2,805	1,360	1,445	1,520	735	785
Panamanian	1,460	755	710	325	140	185
Paraguayan	365	155	205	895	475	420
Peruvian	19,735	9,240	10,495	3,905	1,775	2,135
Salvadorean	19,200	9,535	9,665	6,815	3,390	3,425
Uruguayan	1,755	815	940	410	205	205
Venezuelan	7,475	3,430	4,045	1,900	915	980
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	5,845	2,965	2,880	3,310	1,605	1,705
African origins	382,665	196,910	185,755	59,985	30,635	29,345
Central and West African origins	86,695	44,720	41,975	7,075	3,810	3,265
Akan	630	325	310	40	30	10
Angolan	875	425	450	90	55	35
Ashanti	120	90	35	85	30	50
Beninese	4,125	2,220	1,915	35	20	15
Burkinabe	2,465	1,325	1,145	45	30	15
Cameroonian	17,095	8,635	8,465	150	85	70
Chadian	1,045	525	520	70	50	25
Congolese	20,210	9,960	10,250	810	405	400
Edo	110	60	45	85	55	30
Ewe	460	265	200	55	25	30
Gabonese	1,165	545	620	10	0	10
Gambian	150	95	55	25	10	15
Ghanaian	3,235	1,660	1,575	1,600	865	730
Guinean	5,255	2,765	2,485	130	45	80
Ibo	185	95	95	280	160	115
Ivorian	8,545	4,350	4,200	100	55	50
Liberian	150	60	90	250	95	150
Malian	3,535	1,755	1,775	80	55	25
Malinké	635	340	295	10	0	0
Nigerian	2,820	1,510	1,310	2,615	1,430	1,185
Peulh	2,110	1,080	1,030	20	0	15
Senegalese	8,250	4,420	3,835	95	75	25
Sierra Leonean	110	55	55	130	60	65
Togolese	4,080	2,210	1,870	100	70	40
Wolof	660	390	270	0	0	0
Yoruba	460	225	235	255	135	125
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	6,955	3,690	3,275	620	305	315
North African origins	225,125	117,725	107,410	9,840	5,210	4,630
Algerian	60,375	31,185	29,190	770	465	305
Berber	33,825	17,840	15,985	210	130	80
Coptic	685	385	305	150	90	65
Dinka	15	10	10	45	25	15
Egyptian	29,400	15,295	14,100	4,520	2,340	2,180
Libyan	1,075	590	485	420	275	140
Maure	530	290	240	150	60	90
Moroccan	85,940	44,520	41,420	2,005	1,105	895
Sudanese	370	220	150	1,225	535	695
Tunisian	21,475	11,775	9,695	500	290	215
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	3,340	1,845	1,490	215	115	105
Southern and East African origins	28,925	14,225	14,705	24,800	12,345	12,450
Afrikaner	115	75	40	705	355	355
Amhara	65	30	35	115	60	50
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	1,905	1,040	870	255	140	120
Burundian	6,015	2,945	3,070	215	95	120
Djiboutian	450	205	245	0	0	0
Eritrean	580	290	290	1,055	550	505
Ethiopian	1,575	785	785	2,550	1,280	1,270
Harari	20	10	10	0	0	0
Kenyan	530	270	260	1,615	775	845
Malagasy	3,735	1,815	1,920	105	65	40
Mauritian	3,695	1,735	1,960	975	520	450
Oromo	20	15	10	140	75	65
Rwandan	5,130	2,445	2,685	420	225	195
Seychellois	775	345	425	25	15	15
Somali	1,785	865	915	2,295	1,115	1,180
South African	900	490	420	11,060	5,510	5,550
Tanzanian	325	190	140	490	220	275
Tigrian	95	35	55	205	110	95
Ugandan	290	135	160	775	390	380
Zambian	45	20	25	210	95	110
Zimbabwean	300	150	145	855	445	405
Zulu	70	35	35	75	25	45
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	1,790	915	875	1,840	910	930
Other African origins	46,805	22,845	23,965	19,215	9,745	9,465
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	3,800	1,845	1,950	2,660	1,315	1,340
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	43,785	21,415	22,370	16,740	8,515	8,225
Asian origins	563,150	275,170	287,980	1,312,445	624,270	688,175
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	240,795	123,985	116,810	99,560	51,315	48,245
Afghan	10,945	5,550	5,395	7,895	4,005	3,885
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	44,875	23,680	21,195	5,660	3,125	2,540
Armenian	27,380	13,515	13,865	3,715	1,905	1,815
Assyrian	370	205	165	545	295	250
Azerbaijani	555	295	255	990	570	425
Georgian	635	295	345	740	380	355
Hazara	385	190	200	55	30	20
Iranian	25,530	12,845	12,685	47,985	24,290	23,695
Iraqi	5,520	2,780	2,740	5,575	2,860	2,715
Israeli	6,060	3,235	2,830	2,655	1,370	1,285
Jordanian	1,610	840	770	785	425	355
Kazakh	620	295	325	385	205	175
Kurd	2,135	1,180	960	2,120	1,165	950
Kuwaiti	95	50	50	125	85	40
Kyrgyz	260	140	120	175	90	85
Lebanese	78,140	40,695	37,450	7,980	4,175	3,805
Palestinian	6,865	3,520	3,345	2,625	1,410	1,210
Pashtun	515	280	235	360	200	160
Saudi Arabian	645	390	255	975	615	360
Syrian	27,465	13,845	13,620	3,955	1,905	2,055
Tajik	390	180	210	260	135	125
Tatar	910	430	485	790	365	425
Turk	15,060	7,520	7,545	6,355	3,485	2,865
Turkmen	65	45	25	120	70	55
Uighur	375	185	190	130	65	60
Uzbek	465	210	255	270	150	120
Yemeni	805	450	355	300	185	115
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,465	1,385	1,075	2,635	1,340	1,295
South Asian origins	95,670	48,925	46,745	363,885	182,650	181,235
Bangladeshi	7,075	3,625	3,450	1,840	925	920
Bengali	4,125	2,035	2,090	850	405	445
Bhutanese	420	205	215	120	65	55
East Indian	51,650	26,505	25,140	309,315	154,795	154,520
Goan	210	105	110	485	245	240
Gujarati	420	205	215	700	335	365
Kashmiri	260	155	105	185	100	85
Nepali	930	460	470	1,495	690	805
Pakistani	13,535	7,000	6,535	12,585	6,565	6,015
Punjabi	2,970	1,675	1,295	38,725	19,700	19,025
Sinhalese	310	135	175	620	325	300
Sri Lankan	14,750	7,300	7,450	5,710	2,970	2,740
Tamil	3,100	1,610	1,495	1,235	670	560
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	2,135	1,190	945	8,245	4,070	4,170
East and Southeast Asian origins	229,985	103,805	126,180	855,345	393,475	461,875
Burmese	530	270	255	2,310	1,135	1,175
Cambodian (Khmer)	15,345	7,360	7,985	3,235	1,580	1,655
Chinese	121,445	54,595	66,850	540,155	253,065	287,090
Filipino	37,910	15,590	22,320	158,215	68,710	89,505
Hmong	35	10	20	130	70	60
Indonesian	1,320	570	755	6,625	3,115	3,510
Japanese	6,495	2,615	3,875	51,150	22,200	28,945
Karen	95	55	40	895	450	445
Korean	8,740	4,155	4,580	63,300	29,330	33,975
Laotian	7,625	3,860	3,770	2,530	1,275	1,255
Malaysian	645	300	340	5,060	2,260	2,800
Mongolian	960	470	485	1,495	740	760
Singaporean	105	65	40	1,055	490	560
Taiwanese	2,205	940	1,265	21,455	9,810	11,650
Thai	2,695	1,065	1,635	5,065	1,870	3,195
Tibetan	80	45	30	550	290	260
Vietnamese	43,080	20,790	22,290	41,435	20,205	21,230
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	275	125	155	785	310	470
Other Asian origins	1,765	905	865	2,500	1,250	1,250
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	1,770	905	860	2,500	1,250	1,255
Oceania origins	3,250	1,730	1,515	41,125	20,605	20,520
Australian	2,055	1,125	935	16,240	8,385	7,855
New Zealander	490	245	245	6,565	3,405	3,155
Pacific Islands origins	785	410	380	19,135	9,240	9,890
Fijian	70	25	40	14,145	6,895	7,250
Hawaiian	60	40	20	2,200	970	1,235
Maori	90	55	35	1,120	595	530
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	290	145	145	600	275	325
Samoan	15	15	0	485	255	230
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	295	155	145	905	440	465
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Owner	2,163,735	...	...	1,279,020	...	...
Renter	1,362,010	...	...	599,360	...	...
Band housing	5,915	...	...	3,590	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	3,531,660	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Condominium	413,325	...	...	416,770	...	...
Not condominium	3,118,340	...	...	1,465,200	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
No bedrooms	23,725	...	...	22,705	...	...
1 bedroom	573,370	...	...	311,035	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,100,310	...	...	514,015	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,157,300	...	...	513,135	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	676,955	...	...	521,075	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,258,215	...	...	642,910	...	...
5 rooms	620,935	...	...	274,780	...	...
6 rooms	432,090	...	...	235,845	...	...
7 rooms	403,255	...	...	199,715	...	...
8 or more rooms	817,165	...	...	528,720	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
One person or fewer per room	3,492,135	...	...	1,839,850	...	...
More than 1 person per room	39,530	...	...	42,120	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	3,531,660	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Suitable	3,398,910	...	...	1,781,905	...	...
Not suitable	132,755	...	...	100,060	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	3,531,660	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1960 or before	894,495	...	...	267,560	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,116,760	...	...	559,485	...	...
1981 to 1990	503,495	...	...	289,565	...	...
1991 to 2000	369,020	...	...	331,865	...	...
2001 to 2005	196,830	...	...	125,335	...	...
2006 to 2010	241,545	...	...	171,945	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	209,515	...	...	136,210	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	3,304,625	...	...	1,763,105	...	...
Major repairs needed	227,040	...	...	118,865	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 household maintainer	2,221,970	...	...	1,091,500	...	...
2 household maintainers	1,264,195	...	...	725,675	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	45,500	...	...	64,790	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	3,531,665	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
15 to 24 years	119,495	...	...	58,620	...	...
25 to 34 years	498,070	...	...	253,950	...	...
35 to 44 years	603,840	...	...	304,185	...	...
45 to 54 years	682,290	...	...	378,545	...	...
55 to 64 years	731,390	...	...	390,185	...	...
65 to 74 years	541,630	...	...	288,165	...	...
75 to 84 years	270,280	...	...	152,225	...	...
85 years and over	84,680	...	...	56,085	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	3,496,460	...	...	1,832,420	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	2,763,105	...	...	1,320,210	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	733,355	...	...	512,210	...	...
30% to less than 100%	647,975	...	...	420,705	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,141,690	...	...	1,242,600	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	61.9	...	...	58.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	12.9	...	...	20.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	983	...	...	1,149	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,085	...	...	1,387	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	250,302	...	...	500,874	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	290,484	...	...	720,689	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,358,265	...	...	592,825	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	9.3	...	...	12.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	33.7	...	...	43.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	720	...	...	1,036	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	775	...	...	1,149	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,323,070	674,955	648,115	601,640	305,320	296,315
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,426,980	674,820	752,155	1,138,565	549,580	588,985
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,310
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,120,730	681,515	439,215	338,980	250,270	88,720
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	806,585	435,090	371,495	142,935	83,055	59,880
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	314,145	246,425	67,720	196,045	167,210	28,840
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	1,165,515	506,775	658,740	700,945	280,300	420,645
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	236,255	93,680	142,575	138,010	54,420	83,585
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,361,730	628,290	733,440	952,240	442,880	509,360
Bachelor's degree	872,060	384,275	487,790	622,670	281,020	341,655
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	118,955	54,255	64,695	69,005	28,575	40,430
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	39,045	19,865	19,185	29,110	16,690	12,420
Master's degree	281,215	139,280	141,935	195,825	94,360	101,465
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	50,455	30,615	19,840	35,625	22,240	13,390
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,940
No certificate, diploma or degree	580,635	323,880	256,750	244,000	134,410	109,585
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	808,955	396,620	412,330	671,010	330,835	340,175
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040	1,617,965	761,790	856,175
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	866,595	513,575	353,015	231,445	172,290	59,155
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	631,795	330,140	301,655	97,350	56,920	40,435
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	234,800	183,440	51,360	134,095	115,370	18,725
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	832,430	367,185	465,245	528,805	210,880	317,925
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	167,025	67,530	99,495	99,695	39,205	60,490
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,116,300	499,010	617,290	758,015	339,415	418,605
Bachelor's degree	712,935	308,760	404,175	497,845	219,005	278,840
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	94,240	40,085	54,160	52,955	20,995	31,965
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	30,775	13,505	17,270	22,440	11,665	10,775
Master's degree	238,300	113,895	124,410	159,740	73,335	86,405
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	40,050	22,780	17,270	25,030	14,420	10,615
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270	1,740,205	854,900	885,300
Education	273,320	62,470	210,845	144,100	34,915	109,185
13. Education	273,320	62,470	210,845	144,100	34,910	109,185
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	156,720	71,485	85,240	98,735	44,465	54,275
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	25,380	18,280	7,100	16,970	12,880	4,090
50. Visual and performing arts	131,340	53,200	78,140	81,765	31,580	50,185
Humanities	215,735	86,065	129,675	124,600	49,025	75,575
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	32,180	7,165	25,020	15,235	3,675	11,555
23. English language and literature/letters	12,900	4,060	8,835	34,710	10,845	23,865
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	103,120	42,685	60,435	35,720	13,670	22,050
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	880	395	485	585	210	375
38. Philosophy and religious studies	10,400	6,650	3,755	6,710	4,050	2,660
39. Theology and religious vocations	10,125	6,200	3,930	12,275	7,400	4,880
54. History	17,055	9,990	7,065	15,780	8,475	7,300
55. French language and literature/letters	29,070	8,920	20,155	3,580	705	2,880
Social and behavioural sciences and law	380,995	125,025	255,975	245,990	87,960	158,025
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,315	1,165	3,150	4,120	1,060	3,060
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	48,530	16,690	31,845	23,180	8,505	14,680
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	77,470	6,070	71,400	38,070	3,285	34,785
22. Legal professions and studies	67,185	25,785	41,395	38,505	13,545	24,955
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	9,905	2,035	7,870	4,325	1,345	2,985
42. Psychology	57,335	14,030	43,305	43,230	12,480	30,750
45. Social sciences	116,255	59,245	57,015	94,560	47,755	46,810
Business, management and public administration	879,190	321,450	557,740	426,460	166,470	259,990
30.16 Accounting and computer science	815	300	520	775	215	560
44. Public administration and social service professions	47,715	10,490	37,225	26,520	5,960	20,565
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	830,660	310,665	519,990	399,160	160,295	238,865
Physical and life sciences and technologies	140,990	76,780	64,215	86,425	46,070	40,355
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	49,705	20,900	28,805	36,760	16,800	19,960
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	23,210	13,865	9,350	19,025	9,400	9,620
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	21,890	10,810	11,080	835	225	610
40. Physical sciences	39,060	27,545	11,515	26,370	18,395	7,975
41. Science technologies/technicians	7,120	3,660	3,465	3,440	1,255	2,185
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	152,105	104,850	47,255	80,070	51,490	28,575
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	125,480	92,730	32,750	62,795	43,900	18,890
25. Library science	11,110	2,145	8,965	5,560	755	4,805
27. Mathematics and statistics	13,415	8,365	5,045	10,875	6,295	4,580
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,100	1,605	495	835	540	300
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	828,400	758,350	70,055	427,670	388,335	39,340
04. Architecture and related services	29,015	17,055	11,960	15,490	9,985	5,505
14. Engineering	150,450	124,585	25,865	98,455	81,055	17,395
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	150,640	135,445	15,195	68,500	60,490	8,010
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	60	20	40	90	25	65
46. Construction trades	185,385	179,995	5,390	100,765	97,615	3,150
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	184,280	178,510	5,770	97,720	94,520	3,200
48. Precision production	128,580	122,750	5,830	46,660	44,650	2,015
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	85,485	56,900	28,585	50,210	31,680	18,525
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	51,770	30,870	20,900	24,950	13,670	11,275
03. Natural resources and conservation	33,715	26,025	7,690	25,260	18,010	7,250
Health and related fields	480,230	95,450	384,780	322,715	65,735	256,975
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	27,955	14,675	13,280	23,740	11,920	11,820
51. Health professions and related programs	441,105	74,630	366,470	290,645	48,985	241,655
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	11,160	6,140	5,020	8,330	4,835	3,495
Personal, protective and transportation services	290,005	151,070	138,935	122,855	61,605	61,250
12. Personal and culinary services	164,595	43,720	120,875	79,740	24,860	54,885
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	290	270	20	320	290	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,345	1,245	100	1,235	1,120	115
43. Security and protective services	54,625	42,415	12,210	13,935	10,390	3,545
49. Transportation and materials moving	69,160	63,425	5,740	27,620	24,945	2,680
Other	1,055	375	680	355	115	240
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	1,055	375	675	350	115	240
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130	2,532,980	1,227,040	1,305,935
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,389,585	720,500	669,085	915,015	465,250	449,765
Education	180,615	37,990	142,625	96,005	21,035	74,970
13. Education	180,615	37,990	142,625	96,010	21,035	74,975
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	122,045	55,575	66,475	77,655	34,430	43,225
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	19,510	13,740	5,770	12,710	9,580	3,130
50. Visual and performing arts	102,535	41,830	60,705	64,940	24,845	40,090
Humanities	138,330	54,580	83,750	93,605	35,490	58,115
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	25,220	5,455	19,765	11,710	2,510	9,195
23. English language and literature/letters	9,585	2,990	6,595	25,665	7,810	17,850
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	57,730	25,305	32,430	28,260	10,505	17,750
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	600	255	350	425	170	255
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,980	4,415	2,570	4,970	2,960	2,010
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,415	3,380	2,035	8,330	4,945	3,385
54. History	12,235	7,140	5,095	11,805	6,140	5,665
55. French language and literature/letters	20,555	5,640	14,915	2,445	455	2,000
Social and behavioural sciences and law	301,550	95,120	206,430	196,450	67,000	129,450
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,550	925	2,620	3,460	845	2,615
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	40,275	13,900	26,370	19,685	6,940	12,750
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	63,120	4,295	58,825	29,855	2,505	27,350
22. Legal professions and studies	53,620	18,830	34,790	31,190	9,665	21,525
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	6,840	1,420	5,420	3,540	1,110	2,425
42. Psychology	44,540	10,255	34,285	33,055	8,845	24,210
45. Social sciences	89,610	45,495	44,110	75,665	37,095	38,575
Business, management and public administration	706,400	248,920	457,480	335,220	128,975	206,245
30.16 Accounting and computer science	615	215	400	540	170	365
44. Public administration and social service professions	38,320	7,835	30,485	20,695	4,240	16,455
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	667,470	240,870	426,600	313,985	124,565	189,425
Physical and life sciences and technologies	92,480	49,390	43,090	63,705	32,325	31,385
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	40,895	16,635	24,260	28,505	12,595	15,915
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,450	7,435	5,015	13,825	6,570	7,260
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	4,175	2,385	1,785	645	160	485
40. Physical sciences	29,705	20,255	9,445	18,525	12,250	6,270
41. Science technologies/technicians	5,255	2,675	2,580	2,210	750	1,460
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	132,750	91,865	40,885	68,660	44,820	23,840
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	112,715	83,240	29,470	56,390	39,660	16,725
25. Library science	8,720	1,665	7,055	3,830	545	3,290
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,725	5,815	3,915	7,760	4,185	3,570
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	1,585	1,150	440	680	430	250
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	639,185	577,845	61,335	310,855	277,375	33,475
04. Architecture and related services	24,260	13,870	10,385	12,110	7,240	4,875
14. Engineering	126,835	103,165	23,665	76,935	61,380	15,560
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	116,595	103,710	12,885	48,690	42,285	6,405
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	15	30	65	20	45
46. Construction trades	134,865	130,350	4,510	72,800	70,225	2,570
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	139,935	135,155	4,780	69,025	66,545	2,480
48. Precision production	96,655	91,580	5,075	31,225	29,690	1,535
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	69,865	45,215	24,655	39,360	23,810	15,555
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	41,755	23,965	17,795	18,965	9,875	9,090
03. Natural resources and conservation	28,110	21,250	6,860	20,395	13,930	6,470
Health and related fields	368,600	72,245	296,355	244,975	50,520	194,460
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	22,660	11,635	11,030	18,900	9,380	9,520
51. Health professions and related programs	337,320	56,510	280,810	219,800	37,800	182,000
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	8,620	4,110	4,510	6,285	3,340	2,940
Personal, protective and transportation services	229,640	118,260	111,375	91,185	45,925	45,265
12. Personal and culinary services	129,245	32,830	96,410	58,820	18,880	39,945
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	225	200	25	195	165	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	875	795	80	570	505	65
43. Security and protective services	42,550	32,575	9,975	11,175	8,110	3,060
49. Transportation and materials moving	56,750	51,860	4,890	20,430	18,265	2,165
Other	890	300	595	275	85	185
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	890	300	595	270	85	185
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270	1,740,205	854,900	885,300
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,305
Location of study inside Canada	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880	1,625,550	785,340	840,205
Same as province or territory of residence	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270	1,243,905	593,275	650,635
Different than province or territory of residence	142,415	73,800	68,610	381,645	192,070	189,575
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	374,620	193,530	181,090	504,630	242,530	262,100
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	28,320	16,915	11,410	74,030	40,425	33,610
Philippines	12,515	3,600	8,920	56,845	20,455	36,395
India	6,805	3,660	3,150	44,115	22,045	22,065
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	11,250	6,535	4,715	58,825	31,920	26,910
China^{Census data footnote 162}	17,155	7,755	9,395	61,840	27,630	34,210
France	69,665	39,885	29,780	4,385	2,360	2,025
Other	228,905	115,185	113,725	204,580	97,700	106,885
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,935
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,389,590	720,505	669,085	915,015	465,250	449,765
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045	1,617,960	761,790	856,170
Location of study inside Canada	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780	1,239,640	589,155	650,490
Same as province or territory of residence	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280	970,485	454,780	515,700
Different than province or territory of residence	108,630	55,125	53,500	269,155	134,375	134,785
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	306,115	153,850	152,265	378,325	172,640	205,685
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	19,655	11,145	8,505	50,095	26,175	23,920
Philippines	10,545	2,935	7,610	48,935	17,385	31,555
India	4,865	2,465	2,400	36,800	17,455	19,345
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	7,390	4,245	3,145	32,890	17,360	15,530
China^{Census data footnote 162}	15,420	6,865	8,550	53,570	23,445	30,125
France	57,315	32,115	25,205	3,505	1,885	1,615
Other	190,930	94,085	96,850	152,530	68,935	83,595
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,610
In the labour force	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Employed	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240
Unemployed	306,170	177,630	128,540	165,975	91,385	74,590
Not in the labour force	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480	1,398,710	596,935	801,775
Participation rate	64.1	67.9	60.5	63.9	68.3	59.7
Employment rate	59.5	62.5	56.7	59.6	63.4	55.9
Unemployment rate	7.2	8.0	6.3	6.7	7.1	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655	1,290,235	547,350	742,885
Worked	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585	2,580,140	1,335,420	1,244,720
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215	1,183,405	675,950	507,460
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375	1,396,735	659,470	737,260
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	42.7	42.3	41.8	42.4	41.1
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	2,471,670	1,285,840	1,185,835
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,485	51,640	49,850	43,805	21,245	22,555
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,275
Employee	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185	2,084,470	1,054,630	1,029,840
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	489,090	299,355	189,730	343,395	209,955	133,430
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,490	51,640	49,850	43,805	21,245	22,560
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,270
0 Management occupations	418,450	263,585	154,875	275,000	168,820	106,180
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	677,390	210,525	466,865	368,940	106,205	262,740
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	286,270	222,375	63,895	161,520	127,060	34,460
3 Health occupations	295,765	57,160	238,610	162,865	35,775	127,095
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	502,945	147,145	355,795	269,255	87,765	181,485
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	135,730	64,370	71,365	93,100	44,855	48,245
6 Sales and service occupations	988,610	449,820	538,790	595,225	251,490	343,735
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	574,675	544,100	30,570	360,970	339,660	21,315
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	67,290	55,610	11,685	64,235	47,530	16,700
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	206,875	148,405	58,475	76,745	55,430	21,315
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,490	51,635	49,850	43,805	21,250	22,555
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915	2,427,865	1,264,590	1,163,270
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	84,060	60,460	23,595	65,205	42,840	22,360
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	20,920	18,175	2,745	25,920	21,810	4,115
22 Utilities	28,410	20,650	7,755	12,445	8,915	3,535
23 Construction	254,055	223,770	30,285	199,985	175,195	24,790
31-33 Manufacturing	458,315	332,080	126,240	157,560	113,945	43,615
41 Wholesale trade	157,365	104,885	52,475	82,105	55,530	26,580
44-45 Retail trade	508,170	239,625	268,545	283,135	129,985	153,150
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	187,550	142,550	45,000	128,400	98,580	29,815
51 Information and cultural industries	100,775	59,705	41,070	67,225	41,065	26,155
52 Finance and insurance	165,140	66,175	98,965	93,805	38,430	55,380
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	61,380	36,505	24,875	54,995	29,515	25,475
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	288,715	161,030	127,685	196,670	107,680	88,990
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,305	1,270	2,035	4,320	1,975	2,345
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	176,185	108,280	67,905	109,095	62,325	46,775
61 Educational services	306,575	96,170	210,405	173,820	56,455	117,365
62 Health care and social assistance	532,680	99,380	433,295	270,855	52,320	218,530
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	84,130	44,235	39,895	57,940	29,050	28,895
72 Accommodation and food services	278,500	123,235	155,265	207,045	86,555	120,490
81 Other services (except public administration)	193,700	89,455	104,245	112,335	47,960	64,375
91 Public administration	264,085	135,455	128,630	125,000	64,450	60,545
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240
Worked at home	266,285	134,325	131,960	196,510	95,515	100,990
Worked outside Canada	10,600	7,580	3,020	16,040	11,285	4,760
No fixed workplace address	351,595	265,405	86,185	326,180	243,130	83,050
Worked at usual place	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050	1,766,965	844,520	922,440
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050	1,766,965	844,520	922,440
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,732,155	810,895	921,260	864,410	382,105	482,305
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	485,450	234,700	250,750	807,840	405,435	402,400
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,037,125	549,095	488,030	81,750	47,820	33,930
Commute to a different province or territory	66,125	35,110	31,015	12,965	9,160	3,805
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240	2,093,145	1,087,655	1,005,490
Car, truck, van - as a driver	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625	1,475,585	803,485	672,095
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	133,760	51,045	82,715	114,580	49,075	65,500
Public transit	503,285	217,465	285,820	274,205	117,830	156,375
Walked	205,350	93,595	111,760	142,310	62,395	79,920
Bicycle	54,625	36,470	18,155	51,350	32,665	18,680
Other method	36,010	20,845	15,170	35,115	22,195	12,915
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490
Less than 15 minutes	1,035,455	493,225	542,235	601,950	276,005	325,950
15 to 29 minutes	1,200,455	617,010	583,445	689,520	353,590	335,925
30 to 44 minutes	777,955	425,640	352,310	425,680	237,995	187,685
45 to 59 minutes	343,540	184,440	159,100	184,690	104,220	80,465
60 minutes and over	315,035	174,875	140,160	191,305	115,840	75,470
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	256,150	192,835	63,315	142,370	101,315	41,050
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	675,585	420,120	255,465	342,500	214,795	127,700
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	1,133,510	527,925	605,580	526,485	271,110	255,375
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	714,935	296,300	418,630	470,210	202,910	267,295
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	349,845	148,715	201,125	292,185	125,470	166,715
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	542,425	309,295	233,125	319,400	172,045	147,355
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120
Single responses	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385	2,622,495	1,354,780	1,267,710
Official languages	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420	2,537,990	1,309,980	1,228,015
English	541,720	294,935	246,780	2,531,850	1,308,325	1,223,530
French	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640	6,140	1,660	4,485
Non-official languages	34,160	17,190	16,970	84,500	44,805	39,705
Aboriginal languages	12,670	6,180	6,490	260	75	180
Algonquian languages	8,350	4,095	4,260	15	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	10
Cree-Montagnais languages	8,285	4,060	4,220	10	0	10
Atikamekw	1,100	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	1,800	840	960	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	210	105	100	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	35	20	15	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5,145	2,515	2,630	10	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	20	10	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	15	25	0	0	0
Algonquin	45	20	30	0	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	45	15	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	45	15	30
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	20	0	15
Chilcotin	0	0	0	20	10	10
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	10	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	10
Inuit languages	4,305	2,080	2,220	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	4,290	2,075	2,215	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	15	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	15	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	110	30	85
Comox	0	0	0	10	0	10
Halkomelem	0	0	0	15	0	15
Lillooet	0	0	0	15	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	20	0	20
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	30	10	25
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	15	0	10
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	25	10	20
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	15	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	10	10
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Haisla	0	0	0	10	0	10
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	10	15	10	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	21,490	11,005	10,480	84,245	44,730	39,520
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,895	1,125	775	440	295	145
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	15	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0	0	10
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,860	1,110	745	435	295	135
Amharic	0	0	0	15	15	0
Arabic	1,715	1,045	665	320	235	85
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	25	20	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	140	70	70	75	30	50
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,725	850	870	2,505	1,165	1,345
Khmer (Cambodian)	315	140	175	45	30	20
Vietnamese	1,410	710	695	2,460	1,140	1,325
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	135	65	70	825	385	440
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	20	0	20
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	0	0	30	15	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	65	35	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	50	60	695	320	375
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Creole languages	275	90	190	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	10	0	10	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	265	90	175	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	150	75	75	30	15	20
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tamil	145	75	70	30	10	15
Telugu	0	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,165	5,255	4,910	23,765	13,305	10,460
Albanian	30	20	10	15	15	0
Armenian	275	130	145	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,130	500	635	950	440	510
Baltic languages	15	0	10	10	10	0
Latvian	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	10	0	10	0	0
Slavic languages	1,115	495	625	935	435	500
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	10	0	0	15	0	10
Bulgarian	55	20	30	10	0	10
Croatian	10	0	10	30	10	25
Czech	10	0	10	40	20	10
Macedonian	0	0	0	0	0	10
Polish	170	65	105	115	50	70
Russian	735	340	395	565	255	315
Serbian	10	15	0	95	55	40
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0	15	10	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	110	35	75	40	25	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	10	10	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,285	575	715	805	465	335
Afrikaans	0	0	0	15	10	0
Danish	15	10	0	15	15	0
Dutch	25	10	15	120	70	45
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	370	170	195	590	330	260
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	15	10	10
Swedish	15	10	10	25	20	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yiddish	860	375	485	10	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Greek	525	260	270	55	25	30
Indo-Iranian languages	1,385	780	600	19,805	11,280	8,535
Indo-Aryan languages	680	390	295	18,715	10,560	8,160
Bengali	110	70	35	15	15	0
Gujarati	20	0	10	35	15	25
Hindi	35	20	15	300	185	110
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	20	0	10	20	10	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	415	225	190	18,295	10,310	7,985
Sindhi	0	0	0	0	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Urdu	85	50	35	45	25	25
Iranian languages	700	395	305	1,085	720	365
Kurdish	15	0	15	25	25	0
Pashto	10	0	15	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	675	385	285	1,060	700	360
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,525	2,990	2,540	2,140	1,085	1,060
Catalan	15	0	15	10	10	0
Italian	590	315	275	110	50	60
Portuguese	635	365	270	515	255	260
Romanian	320	140	175	70	45	25
Spanish	3,975	2,165	1,810	1,435	725	710
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	0
Japanese	235	80	150	1,730	650	1,080
Kartvelian languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Georgian	10	0	0	10	10	0
Korean	300	150	150	5,585	3,005	2,585
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	10	10	0
Niger-Congo languages	45	25	20	10	15	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Bamanankan	0	10	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	25	20	0	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	205	60	140	280	90	190
American Sign Language	0	0	0	215	45	165
Quebec Sign Language	125	20	110	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	70	45	30	70	45	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,070	3,125	2,945	48,735	25,645	23,085
Chinese languages	6,075	3,130	2,950	48,645	25,595	23,055
Cantonese	2,655	1,325	1,330	23,555	12,020	11,535
Hakka	0	0	0	15	0	10
Mandarin	3,100	1,630	1,465	23,835	12,935	10,900
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	40	30	210	120	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	50	25	20
Chinese, n.o.s.	235	130	110	985	485	500
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	85	50	30
Burmese	0	0	0	25	15	15
Karenic languages	0	0	0	55	35	15
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	40	75	170	65	110
Lao	55	25	30	10	0	10
Thai	55	10	40	165	65	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	110	60	50	65	50	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	10	0
Turkish	110	55	55	55	40	15
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	10	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	40	10	40	45	20	25
Estonian	10	0	0	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0	25	10	15
Hungarian	35	0	35	25	10	15
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	35	20	20
Multiple responses	341,900	182,635	159,265	48,205	23,795	24,410
English and French	315,620	169,365	146,255	4,210	1,865	2,345
English and non-official language	6,545	3,655	2,890	43,480	21,760	21,720
French and non-official language	7,525	3,460	4,065	55	30	25
English, French and non-official language	12,205	6,160	6,055	465	145	320
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120
None	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690	2,498,070	1,293,650	1,204,420
English	1,031,380	555,940	475,440	36,505	18,270	18,235
French	317,490	169,785	147,705	22,465	10,170	12,300
Non-official language	49,850	25,900	23,950	110,375	54,925	55,455
Aboriginal	4,985	2,285	2,705	1,860	630	1,225
Non-Aboriginal	44,865	23,620	21,245	108,515	54,295	54,225
English and French	2,185	1,040	1,140	60	40	15
English and non-official language	14,910	7,255	7,655	1,155	545	610
French and non-official language	6,855	3,795	3,055	2,070	980	1,090
English, French and non-official language	65	50	20	10	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575	4,516,810	2,215,515	2,301,295
Non-movers	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195	3,811,375	1,868,420	1,942,945
Movers	914,800	450,420	464,380	705,440	347,095	358,345
Non-migrants	547,410	269,850	277,560	386,620	189,765	196,855
Migrants	367,385	180,565	186,820	318,825	157,335	161,490
Internal migrants	305,465	149,335	156,135	249,960	123,425	126,540
Intraprovincial migrants	284,280	137,945	146,330	188,225	92,150	96,070
Interprovincial migrants	21,190	11,385	9,805	61,740	31,275	30,465
External migrants	61,920	31,235	30,685	68,860	33,910	34,950
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805	4,339,960	2,124,780	2,215,180
Non-movers	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065	2,490,535	1,220,635	1,269,905
Movers	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740	1,849,425	904,145	945,275
Non-migrants	1,507,665	741,220	766,440	940,895	460,185	480,710
Migrants	1,187,425	584,125	603,295	908,535	443,965	464,570
Internal migrants	949,170	464,830	484,340	672,805	329,700	343,105
Intraprovincial migrants	893,800	436,525	457,270	503,685	245,895	257,795
Interprovincial migrants	55,370	28,300	27,070	169,115	83,805	85,310
External migrants	238,250	119,295	118,960	235,730	114,265	121,465

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 44 referrer

Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 45 referrer

Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Return to footnote 46 referrer

Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Return to footnote 47 referrer

Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 48 referrer

Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Quebec [Province] and British Columbia [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 30, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and British Columbia [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Quebec [Province] and British Columbia [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and British Columbia [Province]