Census Profile, 2016 Census
Alberta [Province] and British Columbia [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Alberta [Province]			British Columbia [Province]
	Data quality , Alberta [Province] Map : Alberta [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : British Columbia [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	4,067,175	...	...	4,648,055	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	3,645,257	...	...	4,400,057	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	11.6	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	1,654,129	...	...	2,063,417	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	1,527,678	...	...	1,881,969	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.4	...	...	5.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	640,330.46	...	...	922,503.01	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	4,067,175	2,039,410	2,027,765	4,648,055	2,278,245	2,369,815
0 to 14 years	779,155	399,570	379,580	691,390	355,400	335,985
0 to 4 years	266,515	136,520	129,995	220,625	113,355	107,275
5 to 9 years	270,715	138,990	131,725	236,900	122,070	114,830
10 to 14 years	241,920	124,060	117,860	233,860	119,975	113,885
15 to 64 years	2,787,805	1,408,150	1,379,655	3,107,680	1,527,280	1,580,400
15 to 19 years	240,035	123,625	116,410	258,980	133,000	125,985
20 to 24 years	261,830	133,990	127,840	287,560	147,615	139,945
25 to 29 years	310,940	156,715	154,225	303,000	151,585	151,415
30 to 34 years	333,175	167,555	165,620	313,750	155,035	158,715
35 to 39 years	305,505	153,655	151,850	293,590	143,070	150,520
40 to 44 years	281,205	142,545	138,660	295,045	141,930	153,115
45 to 49 years	269,030	135,855	133,180	322,365	155,325	167,040
50 to 54 years	284,310	142,205	142,100	354,375	172,065	182,310
55 to 59 years	275,540	138,565	136,970	354,925	171,210	183,715
60 to 64 years	226,230	113,440	112,790	324,095	156,450	167,645
65 years and over	500,215	231,690	268,530	848,985	395,560	453,425
65 to 69 years	173,680	85,500	88,180	287,520	139,490	148,035
70 to 74 years	117,035	56,430	60,610	201,785	97,675	104,110
75 to 79 years	83,955	39,105	44,845	145,225	68,715	76,510
80 to 84 years	62,165	27,590	34,575	105,255	48,645	56,610
85 years and over	63,385	23,065	40,320	109,190	41,035	68,155
85 to 89 years	39,965	16,050	23,915	67,510	27,930	39,575
90 to 94 years	18,025	5,755	12,275	31,815	10,615	21,205
95 to 99 years	4,735	1,145	3,595	8,545	2,215	6,330
100 years and over	650	115	535	1,325	275	1,050
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.2	19.6	18.7	14.9	15.6	14.2
15 to 64 years	68.5	69.0	68.0	66.9	67.0	66.7
65 years and over	12.3	11.4	13.2	18.3	17.4	19.1
85 years and over	1.6	1.1	2.0	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	37.8	37.2	38.4	42.3	41.5	43.1
Median age of the population	36.7	36.2	37.2	43.0	41.9	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	1,527,675	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Single-detached house	946,225	...	...	830,660	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	62,395	...	...	177,830	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	471,090	...	...	824,190	...	...
Semi-detached house	86,765	...	...	57,395	...	...
Row house	116,625	...	...	147,830	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	43,090	...	...	230,075	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	223,360	...	...	385,140	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,245	...	...	3,755	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	47,970	...	...	49,290	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	1,527,675	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 person	366,080	...	...	541,910	...	...
2 persons	524,415	...	...	663,770	...	...
3 persons	245,075	...	...	277,690	...	...
4 persons	233,770	...	...	243,125	...	...
5 or more persons	158,335	...	...	155,470	...	...
Number of persons in private households	3,978,145	...	...	4,560,240	...	...
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	3,288,020	1,639,835	1,648,185	3,956,665	1,922,840	2,033,825
Married or living common law	1,969,300	988,410	980,895	2,297,325	1,146,175	1,151,150
Married	1,648,945	828,155	820,790	1,925,345	959,690	965,645
Living common law	320,350	160,250	160,100	371,985	186,485	185,505
Not married and not living common law	1,318,720	651,430	667,290	1,659,335	776,660	882,675
Never married	905,700	505,310	400,390	1,076,085	582,975	493,110
Separated	76,150	34,000	42,150	105,700	45,225	60,475
Divorced	195,850	82,040	113,815	263,870	103,475	160,395
Widowed	141,020	30,080	110,940	213,685	44,990	168,700
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,114,585	...	...	1,311,340	...	...
2 persons	540,850	...	...	703,685	...	...
3 persons	235,245	...	...	275,965	...	...
4 persons	227,165	...	...	243,960	...	...
5 or more persons	111,330	...	...	87,730	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,114,585	...	...	1,311,345	...	...
Total couple families	953,325	...	...	1,113,405	...	...
Married couples	793,195	...	...	927,440	...	...
Common-law couples	160,130	...	...	185,960	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	161,260	...	...	197,940	...	...
Female parent	123,490	...	...	155,670	...	...
Male parent	37,770	...	...	42,265	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	953,325	...	...	1,113,400	...	...
Couples without children	443,665	...	...	577,790	...	...
Couples with children	509,655	...	...	535,610	...	...
1 child	190,010	...	...	221,065	...	...
2 children	213,910	...	...	230,705	...	...
3 or more children	105,735	...	...	83,840	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	161,260	...	...	197,940	...	...
1 child	97,180	...	...	125,890	...	...
2 children	45,235	...	...	54,900	...	...
3 or more children	18,845	...	...	17,145	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	678,535	356,875	321,655	882,895	418,495	464,405
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	1,527,675	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
One-census-family households	1,039,985	...	...	1,195,735	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	414,570	...	...	527,700	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	625,415	...	...	668,035	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	36,120	...	...	55,620	...	...
Non-census-family households	451,570	...	...	630,620	...	...
One-person households	366,080	...	...	541,915	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	85,490	...	...	88,705	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015
English only	3,698,765	1,869,670	1,829,095	4,127,770	2,050,130	2,077,645
French only	3,895	1,725	2,165	1,810	820	985
English and French	264,720	124,400	140,315	314,925	140,650	174,275
Neither English nor French	59,280	24,715	34,565	153,910	63,795	90,115
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,020
English	3,880,685	1,950,980	1,929,705	4,373,330	2,156,680	2,216,655
French	71,535	37,205	34,330	55,325	27,680	27,640
English and French	16,605	8,350	8,255	18,000	8,315	9,685
Neither English nor French	57,830	23,970	33,860	151,760	62,720	89,040
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	79,840	41,380	38,455	64,325	31,840	32,480
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015
Single responses	3,934,580	1,975,615	1,958,970	4,494,995	2,205,775	2,289,220
Official languages	3,063,640	1,552,475	1,511,165	3,227,535	1,614,375	1,613,160
English	2,991,485	1,515,025	1,476,460	3,170,110	1,585,760	1,584,355
French	72,150	37,450	34,705	57,425	28,615	28,810
Non-official languages	870,940	423,140	447,805	1,267,460	591,400	676,060
Aboriginal languages	23,835	11,290	12,550	8,435	3,940	4,490
Algonquian languages	18,295	8,665	9,630	1,050	445	605
Blackfoot	2,750	1,305	1,445	40	5	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	14,960	7,105	7,850	840	375	465
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	5	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	0	5	5	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	50	15	35	10	0	10
Plains Cree	720	280	435	150	60	85
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	50	20	35	25	15	10
Woods Cree	910	430	480	60	25	35
Cree, n.o.s.	13,220	6,355	6,865	585	270	320
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	15	15	10	5	10
Malecite	0	5	0	5	0	0
Mi'kmaq	35	20	15	10	5	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	550	235	315	155	55	105
Algonquin	5	0	5	5	5	0
Ojibway	525	230	300	135	50	90
Oji-Cree	15	5	15	10	0	10
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,865	865	1,000	2,310	1,045	1,260
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,855	860	990	2,295	1,045	1,250
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	110	55	55
Beaver	35	15	15	160	75	85
Carrier	15	0	15	1,005	460	550
Chilcotin	5	0	0	650	295	355
Dene	1,470	710	760	90	35	50
Dogrib (Tlicho)	40	10	30	5	0	0
Gwich'in	15	5	10	15	5	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	70	20	45	0	0	5
Sekani	0	0	0	85	40	45
Slavey-Hare languages	200	90	115	75	30	45
North Slavey (Hare)	10	5	10	5	0	0
South Slavey	155	70	80	20	5	15
Slavey, n.o.s.	35	15	25	50	25	30
Tahltan languages	5	0	5	105	45	50
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	15	10	5
Tahltan	0	0	0	90	40	50
Tutchone languages	5	0	0	5	0	5
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	15	5	10
Haida	0	0	0	70	30	40
Inuit languages	120	35	85	80	30	55
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	25	5	10	10	0	10
Inuktitut	60	20	45	50	20	30
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	35	10	30	20	10	10
Iroquoian languages	10	10	5	15	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	5	10	5	5
Oneida	0	5	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	5	0	0	100	55	50
Michif	80	45	35	35	20	10
Salish languages	15	5	10	2,270	1,115	1,155
Comox	0	0	0	80	45	40
Halkomelem	0	0	0	475	230	245
Lillooet	0	0	0	315	155	160
Okanagan	0	5	5	270	135	135
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	5	0	0	435	220	215
Squamish	5	0	0	35	20	20
Straits	0	0	0	80	40	40
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	330	150	185
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	250	130	120
Siouan languages	3,370	1,630	1,745	45	25	20
Dakota	350	165	185	30	15	20
Stoney	3,020	1,460	1,555	0	0	5
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	5	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	30	15	15
Tsimshian languages	15	5	5	1,460	715	740
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	875	435	445
Nisga'a	10	5	5	385	195	190
Tsimshian	0	0	0	195	90	110
Wakashan languages	5	5	5	795	365	435
Haisla	0	0	0	90	40	55
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	100	45	55
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	5	320	140	180
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	5	0	275	135	140
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	10	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	55	30	25	190	80	110
Non-Aboriginal languages	847,105	411,850	435,255	1,259,025	587,455	671,570
Afro-Asiatic languages	68,415	36,215	32,200	24,870	13,405	11,465
Berber languages	340	190	145	115	75	45
Kabyle	165	90	75	40	30	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	175	100	75	80	45	30
Cushitic languages	12,525	6,495	6,030	1,505	765	740
Bilen	315	185	130	5	0	0
Oromo	2,650	1,375	1,275	205	115	95
Somali	9,520	4,915	4,605	1,270	640	640
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	20	10	15
Semitic languages	55,425	29,450	25,980	23,195	12,540	10,655
Amharic	7,320	3,605	3,720	1,370	670	700
Arabic	40,540	21,840	18,705	17,480	9,595	7,890
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	400	210	190	650	315	330
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	145	80	65	440	245	200
Harari	260	135	120	20	5	15
Hebrew	960	505	460	2,065	1,125	940
Maltese	75	30	40	215	100	115
Tigrigna	5,415	2,880	2,535	805	395	405
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	305	155	145	150	80	65
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	130	80	50	55	30	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	25,295	11,760	13,535	28,740	13,170	15,575
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,925	910	1,010	1,560	710	850
Vietnamese	23,350	10,840	12,505	27,150	12,440	14,710
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	15	30	15	15
Austronesian languages	115,405	50,190	65,210	96,535	38,765	57,770
Bikol	425	205	225	375	165	215
Cebuano	5,135	2,155	2,980	4,065	1,565	2,505
Fijian	125	75	50	470	240	230
Hiligaynon	1,500	640	855	1,470	550	920
Ilocano	5,350	2,310	3,040	5,240	2,055	3,190
Malagasy	35	10	25	20	10	15
Malay	1,460	615	845	3,895	1,675	2,220
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	765	370	390	700	320	380
Pangasinan	290	115	175	295	130	170
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	99,035	43,120	55,920	78,770	31,550	47,220
Waray-Waray	305	145	160	215	85	135
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	980	430	550	1,015	435	580
Creole languages	1,895	990	910	840	440	400
Haitian Creole	95	45	50	35	20	15
Creole, n.o.s.	1,175	640	540	500	255	245
Creole languages, n.i.e.	625	305	325	305	155	145
Dravidian languages	13,490	7,075	6,415	7,500	3,995	3,510
Kannada	535	270	265	280	150	135
Malayalam	6,345	3,285	3,060	2,385	1,260	1,130
Tamil	4,430	2,360	2,070	3,615	1,875	1,740
Telugu	2,130	1,135	995	1,175	695	480
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	45	20	25
Hmong-Mien languages	105	55	45	140	75	70
Indo-European languages	442,685	220,330	222,355	588,175	286,135	302,035
Albanian	2,345	1,270	1,075	1,465	765	705
Armenian	500	250	245	1,195	600	600
Balto-Slavic languages	80,330	37,750	42,580	83,110	38,595	44,515
Baltic languages	1,010	475	535	1,070	485	585
Latvian	415	195	220	565	255	300
Lithuanian	600	285	315	505	225	280
Slavic languages	79,325	37,275	42,050	82,040	38,110	43,930
Belarusan	65	30	30	95	45	50
Bosnian	1,835	915	920	1,360	675	685
Bulgarian	1,545	790	755	2,025	955	1,070
Croatian	4,655	2,340	2,320	7,475	3,655	3,820
Czech	3,000	1,430	1,575	5,920	2,850	3,070
Macedonian	360	185	175	325	160	165
Polish	20,130	9,425	10,705	16,910	7,875	9,035
Russian	17,810	8,150	9,665	25,955	11,640	14,310
Serbian	4,020	2,035	1,985	7,045	3,600	3,450
Serbo-Croatian	970	480	485	1,395	670	725
Slovak	2,185	1,070	1,115	3,400	1,525	1,870
Slovene (Slovenian)	695	320	370	1,160	545	615
Ukrainian	21,835	9,985	11,850	8,630	3,730	4,900
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	215	120	100	345	175	170
Celtic languages	370	200	170	615	325	290
Scottish Gaelic	135	70	65	240	130	110
Welsh	175	85	80	280	145	135
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	95	50	45
Germanic languages	104,260	51,525	52,735	101,725	48,350	53,380
Afrikaans	3,010	1,475	1,535	3,260	1,655	1,610
Danish	2,380	1,245	1,135	4,665	2,280	2,385
Dutch	16,135	8,095	8,045	21,020	10,130	10,895
Frisian	360	200	160	295	145	145
German	80,050	39,435	40,615	66,885	31,525	35,360
Icelandic	115	55	60	275	135	145
Norwegian	815	370	445	2,005	970	1,035
Swedish	875	405	470	2,520	1,100	1,420
Vlaams (Flemish)	320	150	170	445	220	225
Yiddish	140	70	70	290	150	140
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	65	45	25
Greek	3,130	1,655	1,475	6,115	3,245	2,870
Indo-Iranian languages	166,805	85,250	81,560	297,800	147,830	149,970
Indo-Aryan languages	145,900	74,320	71,580	251,000	124,260	126,740
Bengali	7,000	3,630	3,370	3,180	1,665	1,510
Gujarati	13,140	6,785	6,355	6,895	3,290	3,605
Hindi	17,055	8,675	8,385	26,720	12,910	13,810
Kashmiri	105	60	50	65	35	25
Konkani	370	190	185	255	130	125
Marathi	1,510	775	730	620	325	295
Nepali	5,175	2,690	2,490	1,155	620	540
Oriya (Odia)	190	100	90	70	35	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	68,695	34,935	33,760	198,805	98,525	100,285
Sindhi	2,770	1,300	1,475	1,675	780	895
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,590	1,320	1,265	1,675	845	830
Urdu	27,295	13,865	13,430	9,885	5,090	4,795
Iranian languages	19,600	10,235	9,365	46,390	23,355	23,035
Kurdish	1,550	845	705	1,765	945	825
Pashto	2,560	1,320	1,235	1,155	615	535
Persian (Farsi)	15,490	8,070	7,425	43,470	21,795	21,675
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,310	695	615	410	220	195
Italic (Romance) languages	84,940	42,425	42,515	96,135	46,430	49,710
Catalan	75	30	45	160	85	75
Italian	11,375	5,760	5,615	22,680	11,445	11,230
Portuguese	9,050	4,380	4,670	17,450	8,240	9,210
Romanian	8,035	4,080	3,955	8,730	4,250	4,480
Spanish	56,370	28,160	28,205	47,010	22,335	24,675
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	105	65	40
Japanese	4,875	1,715	3,160	21,350	7,195	14,150
Kartvelian languages	230	130	105	85	50	35
Georgian	230	130	100	85	50	40
Korean	17,920	8,485	9,435	52,160	23,495	28,670
Mongolic languages	545	255	290	360	150	205
Mongolian	540	255	290	360	155	210
Niger-Congo languages	15,360	7,870	7,495	3,725	1,875	1,850
Akan (Twi)	1,755	915	835	495	275	220
Bamanankan	35	20	15	10	5	5
Edo	275	155	120	85	50	35
Ewe	245	145	100	85	45	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	230	120	100	45	25	20
Ga	145	80	65	45	20	25
Ganda	280	145	135	90	45	45
Igbo	1,165	625	540	245	145	105
Lingala	270	130	140	80	30	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	605	305	295	115	50	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	805	405	400	155	70	80
Shona	1,100	545	555	215	100	115
Swahili	2,380	1,160	1,215	805	400	405
Wolof	280	165	110	50	25	25
Yoruba	2,435	1,305	1,125	330	185	150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,370	1,640	1,735	885	410	480
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,720	1,395	1,330	340	175	165
Dinka	1,345	705	640	105	60	45
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,375	685	690	240	115	125
Sign languages	830	440	390	1,155	610	545
American Sign Language	335	165	165	470	230	240
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	5	0	5
Sign languages, n.i.e	495	275	225	690	380	305
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,450	57,740	64,705	410,920	187,725	223,190
Chinese languages	120,375	56,675	63,700	408,415	186,455	221,960
Cantonese	59,145	27,755	31,385	193,530	89,325	104,210
Hakka	990	465	530	2,325	1,010	1,315
Mandarin	50,660	23,940	26,720	186,325	84,370	101,955
Min Dong	115	50	65	230	105	120
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,060	1,375	1,695	11,210	4,995	6,215
Wu (Shanghainese)	630	305	330	4,540	1,995	2,545
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,725	2,770	2,955	10,050	4,570	5,480
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	205	85	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,075	1,065	1,005	2,500	1,265	1,230
Burmese	430	230	200	1,125	580	545
Karenic languages	795	415	380	815	395	425
Tibetan	575	295	275	330	175	160
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	275	130	140	230	120	110
Tai-Kadai languages	2,670	955	1,710	3,985	1,335	2,650
Lao	1,020	485	535	1,100	550	550
Thai	1,630	465	1,165	2,865	775	2,090
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	10	15	20	10	15
Turkic languages	4,050	2,250	1,800	4,140	2,295	1,845
Azerbaijani	365	215	155	530	290	235
Turkish	3,140	1,760	1,375	3,145	1,790	1,360
Uyghur	130	70	60	170	85	85
Uzbek	205	115	90	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	215	95	120	190	80	110
Uralic languages	7,470	3,600	3,870	13,490	6,285	7,205
Estonian	190	90	105	705	295	410
Finnish	810	330	480	3,760	1,555	2,200
Hungarian	6,470	3,185	3,285	9,025	4,435	4,590
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	690	415	280	500	280	225
Multiple responses	92,070	44,900	47,175	103,415	49,625	53,795
English and French	10,230	4,950	5,280	10,065	4,815	5,250
English and non-official language	77,520	37,815	39,705	89,135	42,820	46,315
French and non-official language	2,685	1,375	1,305	2,100	1,040	1,065
English, French and non-official language	1,640	760	880	2,115	950	1,165
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	4,026,655	2,020,510	2,006,145	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015
Single responses	3,837,615	1,928,230	1,909,385	4,365,875	2,145,020	2,220,855
Official languages	3,354,885	1,690,490	1,664,395	3,648,500	1,807,825	1,840,675
English	3,327,255	1,676,360	1,650,895	3,631,700	1,799,625	1,832,075
French	27,630	14,130	13,500	16,795	8,195	8,605
Non-official languages	482,725	237,740	244,990	717,375	337,200	380,180
Aboriginal languages	9,970	4,940	5,020	1,565	765	795
Algonquian languages	7,175	3,575	3,605	105	50	55
Blackfoot	1,110	555	555	0	5	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	5,875	2,925	2,945	85	40	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	20	10	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	125	60	60	15	10	10
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	0	5	0	0	0
Woods Cree	600	300	295	0	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	5,120	2,540	2,575	60	30	30
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	5	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	5	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	190	95	95	10	5	5
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	185	90	95	15	5	5
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	620	320	300	610	290	320
Northern Athabaskan languages	620	325	300	605	290	315
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Beaver	10	5	0	40	20	20
Carrier	0	0	0	245	110	130
Chilcotin	0	0	0	260	125	130
Dene	540	280	260	15	5	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	5	0	5	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	5	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	15	10	5
Slavey-Hare languages	60	35	30	10	5	5
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	55	30	25	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	5	5	10	5	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	5	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	10	5	5
Inuit languages	10	0	10	10	5	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	10	0	5
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	5
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	15	10	5
Michif	10	5	5	0	5	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	275	130	150
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	50	20	30
Lillooet	0	0	0	25	15	15
Okanagan	0	0	0	85	35	45
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	50	30	20
Squamish	0	0	0	5	5	0
Straits	0	0	0	25	10	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	10
Siouan languages	2,125	1,025	1,095	15	10	5
Dakota	175	85	85	10	10	5
Stoney	1,945	935	1,010	5	5	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	405	215	195
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	310	155	155
Nisga'a	0	0	0	70	45	25
Tsimshian	0	0	0	25	15	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	75	40	35
Haisla	0	0	0	20	10	15
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	5	5	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	25	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	30	15	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	25	15	10	45	15	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	472,760	232,800	239,965	715,815	336,435	379,380
Afro-Asiatic languages	43,770	22,535	21,235	13,990	7,065	6,920
Berber languages	200	105	95	45	25	20
Kabyle	90	45	40	20	10	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	105	60	45	25	15	10
Cushitic languages	9,220	4,750	4,470	770	355	415
Bilen	280	160	115	0	0	0
Oromo	2,075	1,060	1,015	90	50	45
Somali	6,850	3,520	3,325	665	300	360
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	15	5	10
Semitic languages	34,310	17,660	16,655	13,155	6,680	6,475
Amharic	4,915	2,390	2,530	600	275	320
Arabic	24,230	12,555	11,675	10,415	5,335	5,080
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	260	130	130	405	195	210
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	95	50	40	310	165	145
Harari	165	80	85	10	5	5
Hebrew	460	235	225	900	465	440
Maltese	15	10	10	15	5	10
Tigrigna	3,955	2,095	1,860	410	190	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	210	110	100	95	45	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	16,355	7,635	8,715	17,870	8,305	9,560
Khmer (Cambodian)	960	460	500	800	375	420
Vietnamese	15,380	7,175	8,205	17,055	7,920	9,130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	0	10	15	10	5
Austronesian languages	60,860	28,765	32,100	40,605	17,945	22,660
Bikol	70	40	35	75	30	35
Cebuano	2,110	1,015	1,090	1,305	585	715
Fijian	45	25	20	110	65	55
Hiligaynon	470	215	255	415	175	240
Ilocano	1,975	935	1,035	1,615	695	930
Malagasy	20	10	10	10	5	10
Malay	405	205	195	1,120	510	605
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	220	110	110	150	70	80
Pangasinan	45	20	30	55	25	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55,105	26,005	29,100	35,375	15,600	19,770
Waray-Waray	125	60	60	55	25	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	280	120	155	310	150	160
Creole languages	970	495	475	335	150	180
Haitian Creole	50	25	25	0	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	655	345	310	235	105	130
Creole languages, n.i.e.	270	125	140	95	50	45
Dravidian languages	8,460	4,335	4,125	3,940	1,995	1,940
Kannada	210	105	105	110	55	60
Malayalam	4,060	2,070	1,990	1,225	615	605
Tamil	2,915	1,515	1,395	2,055	1,025	1,030
Telugu	1,245	635	615	535	295	240
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	15	5	10
Hmong-Mien languages	70	35	35	55	25	30
Indo-European languages	230,270	115,280	114,995	282,090	137,135	144,955
Albanian	1,060	570	485	695	335	360
Armenian	215	115	105	545	240	305
Balto-Slavic languages	30,220	14,820	15,400	31,640	15,150	16,490
Baltic languages	410	210	200	210	90	115
Latvian	165	85	80	80	30	50
Lithuanian	250	125	120	125	60	65
Slavic languages	29,815	14,610	15,205	31,430	15,060	16,370
Belarusan	15	10	5	15	5	5
Bosnian	785	400	385	595	300	300
Bulgarian	825	415	405	1,035	485	550
Croatian	1,800	905	895	2,235	1,055	1,180
Czech	875	440	430	1,595	800	795
Macedonian	175	90	85	150	75	75
Polish	7,705	3,675	4,030	5,690	2,720	2,970
Russian	10,145	4,965	5,175	13,310	6,290	7,020
Serbian	2,100	1,045	1,055	3,695	1,870	1,825
Serbo-Croatian	315	160	155	500	235	265
Slovak	710	345	365	1,000	480	520
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	70	75	145	65	85
Ukrainian	4,180	2,060	2,110	1,430	665	765
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	40	20	20
Celtic languages	40	25	15	70	40	30
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	5	35	20	10
Welsh	15	5	5	25	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	5	5	5
Germanic languages	40,915	20,280	20,625	14,430	6,870	7,555
Afrikaans	1,705	835	875	1,475	715	760
Danish	150	75	75	305	145	160
Dutch	1,980	985	1,000	1,895	890	1,005
Frisian	60	30	30	10	5	5
German	36,295	18,010	18,290	10,085	4,795	5,295
Icelandic	30	15	15	75	35	35
Norwegian	60	20	35	140	60	80
Swedish	145	65	80	360	170	195
Vlaams (Flemish)	60	30	25	50	30	20
Yiddish	15	5	5	10	10	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	425	215	210	15	5	5
Greek	1,015	490	525	2,010	975	1,035
Indo-Iranian languages	111,975	56,535	55,445	194,590	95,380	99,215
Indo-Aryan languages	98,610	49,790	48,815	164,185	80,610	83,575
Bengali	4,530	2,300	2,225	1,815	895	920
Gujarati	8,025	4,085	3,935	2,970	1,320	1,645
Hindi	9,945	5,115	4,825	12,310	5,890	6,425
Kashmiri	50	20	25	10	5	5
Konkani	75	40	40	40	25	25
Marathi	845	440	405	270	140	130
Nepali	3,710	1,905	1,805	665	345	320
Oriya (Odia)	95	50	45	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	51,010	25,720	25,295	139,080	68,565	70,515
Sindhi	1,240	575	665	615	270	345
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,480	750	730	675	330	340
Urdu	17,600	8,795	8,810	5,705	2,825	2,880
Iranian languages	12,720	6,415	6,305	30,205	14,665	15,540
Kurdish	850	440	410	1,080	540	535
Pashto	1,640	845	795	700	350	350
Persian (Farsi)	10,230	5,135	5,100	28,420	13,765	14,660
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	650	325	325	200	100	100
Italic (Romance) languages	44,830	22,445	22,385	38,110	18,145	19,970
Catalan	35	10	20	65	35	35
Italian	2,840	1,275	1,560	5,200	2,245	2,955
Portuguese	3,905	1,875	2,030	6,725	3,140	3,580
Romanian	4,135	2,115	2,020	3,800	1,830	1,970
Spanish	33,910	17,160	16,755	22,310	10,900	11,410
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	20	5	10
Japanese	2,245	945	1,300	9,860	4,070	5,790
Kartvelian languages	160	85	70	30	15	10
Georgian	160	85	70	30	15	15
Korean	12,775	6,205	6,570	38,605	17,785	20,820
Mongolic languages	335	160	175	170	80	90
Mongolian	335	155	175	165	80	85
Niger-Congo languages	5,600	2,725	2,875	960	430	530
Akan (Twi)	845	415	430	150	80	65
Bamanankan	10	10	0	5	5	5
Edo	70	35	35	15	10	10
Ewe	80	45	35	20	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	105	55	45	20	5	10
Ga	40	20	20	5	5	0
Ganda	95	50	50	10	5	5
Igbo	265	125	145	40	20	15
Lingala	85	35	45	35	15	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	280	135	145	55	20	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	350	175	170	60	25	35
Shona	410	190	225	65	25	40
Swahili	1,090	530	565	200	90	115
Wolof	170	95	75	20	10	10
Yoruba	690	340	350	60	30	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,015	485	535	200	85	120
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,525	765	755	140	60	75
Dinka	800	420	380	55	30	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	725	350	375	85	30	55
Sign languages	1,095	630	465	1,535	850	685
American Sign Language	325	170	155	455	230	225
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	765	455	310	1,080	615	460
Sino-Tibetan languages	82,380	39,230	43,155	299,420	137,555	161,865
Chinese languages	80,880	38,455	42,420	297,675	136,670	161,000
Cantonese	38,275	17,810	20,460	137,075	62,545	74,525
Hakka	315	135	185	700	295	410
Mandarin	37,125	18,030	19,095	146,435	67,695	78,740
Min Dong	20	5	10	65	25	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,245	540	705	4,820	2,185	2,630
Wu (Shanghainese)	340	175	165	2,595	1,195	1,400
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,550	1,760	1,785	5,885	2,680	3,205
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	105	45	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,500	770	730	1,745	885	865
Burmese	280	145	130	720	375	350
Karenic languages	665	340	320	725	355	370
Tibetan	420	220	200	205	110	90
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	65	75	90	45	45
Tai-Kadai languages	1,130	505	625	1,380	595	785
Lao	465	215	245	460	225	235
Thai	655	285	370	920	370	545
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	10	10	5	5
Turkic languages	2,390	1,270	1,120	1,695	880	815
Azerbaijani	155	90	75	195	105	95
Turkish	1,945	1,030	915	1,310	685	630
Uyghur	80	45	40	95	50	50
Uzbek	135	70	65	45	25	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	35	25	40	20	25
Uralic languages	2,130	1,040	1,085	3,005	1,415	1,590
Estonian	25	10	15	95	40	55
Finnish	105	50	50	725	325	400
Hungarian	1,995	980	1,015	2,185	1,050	1,130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	240	140	95	145	70	75
Multiple responses	189,040	92,280	96,760	232,540	110,375	122,165
English and French	6,885	3,410	3,475	6,155	2,970	3,185
English and non-official language	178,070	86,895	91,170	222,670	105,750	116,920
French and non-official language	1,125	540	580	650	290	360
English, French and non-official language	2,965	1,430	1,530	3,065	1,365	1,700
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015
None	3,492,295	1,760,240	1,732,055	3,931,210	1,940,390	1,990,820
English	221,305	110,655	110,650	274,535	132,990	141,545
French	41,840	19,470	22,375	41,020	18,435	22,590
Non-official language	262,255	125,640	136,615	340,930	158,590	182,345
Aboriginal	17,430	8,325	9,105	7,985	3,765	4,215
Non-Aboriginal	244,825	117,315	127,510	332,945	154,820	178,125
English and French	1,535	775	760	1,195	545	650
English and non-official language	4,545	2,345	2,195	5,660	2,655	3,005
French and non-official language	2,795	1,340	1,455	3,765	1,745	2,020
English, French and non-official language	85	50	40	100	45	50
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,053,470	1,528,275	1,525,190	3,727,360	1,815,500	1,911,860
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,717	54,891	33,213	33,012	40,370	27,543
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,600
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,067	47,131	30,478	29,783	35,383	25,659
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,839,590	1,458,560	1,381,030	3,363,310	1,665,225	1,698,085
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,330	54,528	32,099	31,585	39,557	25,304
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	1,785,065	711,210	1,073,855	2,628,215	1,140,195	1,488,025
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,093	3,834	4,185	4,592	3,717	4,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,030	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,679	54,361	32,982	31,713	39,186	26,034
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,054,555	1,528,100	1,526,455	3,727,715	1,815,380	1,912,335
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	62,778	80,001	45,535	45,616	54,797	36,901
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,055,230	1,528,240	1,526,995	3,732,420	1,819,290	1,913,130
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	50,683	62,938	38,417	37,922	44,282	31,874
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,840,675	1,458,210	1,382,465	3,362,835	1,664,850	1,697,985
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	62,997	80,282	44,766	44,933	54,787	35,271
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	1,784,345	710,105	1,074,240	2,628,230	1,139,390	1,488,840
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,175	7,298	7,093	7,207	7,255	7,171
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,473,665	1,299,805	1,173,855	2,775,010	1,415,100	1,359,910
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	59,343	74,073	43,031	43,339	52,171	34,149
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,240	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,152,385	669,770	482,615	1,147,070	652,115	494,950
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	64,090	73,781	53,836	53,940	61,004	47,039
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	81,586	94,822	63,218	64,625	72,840	53,801
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	93.3	95.8	89.1	88.9	91.7	84.9
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	76.5	78.9	72.3	70.8	74.4	65.8
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	6.7	4.2	10.9	11.1	8.3	15.1
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Without total income	152,585	74,410	78,170	142,970	67,370	75,600
With total income	3,053,470	1,528,280	1,525,190	3,727,360	1,815,505	1,911,860
Percentage with total income	95.2	95.4	95.1	96.3	96.4	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	389,580	146,450	243,130	573,315	240,120	333,195
$10,000 to $19,999	385,235	147,125	238,110	653,915	262,225	391,685
$20,000 to $29,999	364,915	142,810	222,105	503,290	209,095	294,195
$30,000 to $39,999	305,680	131,185	174,490	424,330	188,860	235,470
$40,000 to $49,999	286,615	133,715	152,900	366,220	173,020	193,200
$50,000 to $59,999	247,830	124,720	123,115	286,310	148,095	138,215
$60,000 to $69,999	205,840	114,405	91,430	222,975	129,400	93,580
$70,000 to $79,999	165,640	99,645	65,995	171,625	103,795	67,830
$80,000 to $89,999	132,720	82,700	50,020	134,090	83,100	50,990
$90,000 to $99,999	114,010	70,655	43,350	96,825	62,825	34,005
$100,000 and over	455,410	334,865	120,550	294,475	214,980	79,500
$100,000 to $149,999	274,185	191,710	82,475	198,355	142,260	56,095
$150,000 and over	181,225	143,150	38,075	96,115	72,715	23,405
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,365	3,870,330	1,882,870	1,987,460
Without after-tax income	151,915	74,270	77,645	138,350	63,495	74,855
With after-tax income	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,605
Percentage with after-tax income	95.3	95.4	95.2	96.4	96.6	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	399,005	149,280	249,725	597,310	253,480	343,835
$10,000 to $19,999	402,780	154,330	248,450	686,510	280,490	406,015
$20,000 to $29,999	420,955	166,650	254,300	593,490	252,075	341,415
$30,000 to $39,999	377,590	169,665	207,925	495,200	226,080	269,120
$40,000 to $49,999	347,960	172,595	175,365	402,535	200,565	201,965
$50,000 to $59,999	276,970	153,985	122,985	293,450	167,870	125,585
$60,000 to $69,999	208,265	127,045	81,220	210,085	128,000	82,080
$70,000 to $79,999	160,580	100,970	59,610	151,775	95,230	56,545
$80,000 and over	460,030	333,895	126,140	301,635	215,590	86,045
$80,000 to $89,999	121,015	78,400	42,620	94,700	64,330	30,370
$90,000 to $99,999	82,020	57,375	24,645	59,050	42,050	17,000
$100,000 and over	257,000	198,120	58,875	147,885	109,215	38,670
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460
Without employment income	732,385	301,060	431,330	1,095,320	467,570	627,745
With employment income	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,035	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715
Percentage with employment income	77.2	81.2	73.1	71.7	75.2	68.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	273,835	122,830	151,005	441,080	204,275	236,810
$5,000 to $9,999	164,095	68,100	95,990	212,715	90,015	122,705
$10,000 to $19,999	274,105	113,680	160,430	371,875	160,350	211,525
$20,000 to $29,999	235,620	96,855	138,760	309,470	135,945	173,525
$30,000 to $39,999	227,450	100,650	126,805	282,045	126,870	155,180
$40,000 to $49,999	219,155	103,680	115,475	253,810	118,870	134,935
$50,000 to $59,999	195,145	99,285	95,860	203,885	107,605	96,280
$60,000 to $69,999	163,465	92,950	70,515	163,740	98,205	65,535
$70,000 to $79,999	135,150	83,240	51,910	132,340	82,120	50,220
$80,000 and over	585,640	420,365	165,280	404,040	291,050	112,990
$80,000 to $89,999	111,045	71,210	39,835	106,680	67,815	38,860
$90,000 to $99,999	99,785	62,305	37,480	76,470	51,990	24,480
$100,000 and over	374,815	286,855	87,960	220,890	171,245	49,645
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	93,835	...	...	69,995	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	80,300	...	...	61,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	366,080	...	...	541,915	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	47,948	...	...	35,701	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	41,502	...	...	31,899	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,161,600	...	...	1,340,055	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	111,435	...	...	88,466	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	94,830	...	...	77,108	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	1,527,675	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	125,522	...	...	90,354	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	101,361	...	...	75,209	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	365,000	...	...	541,925	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	64,341	...	...	46,696	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	52,116	...	...	39,091	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,162,675	...	...	1,340,045	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	144,729	...	...	108,010	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	116,821	...	...	89,816	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Under $5,000	21,660	...	...	43,415	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,555	...	...	27,140	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,070	...	...	55,745	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	33,045	...	...	77,565	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	51,505	...	...	78,695	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	38,615	...	...	72,985	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	42,580	...	...	78,080	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	46,630	...	...	78,395	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	46,520	...	...	76,775	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	46,825	...	...	75,860	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	95,425	...	...	143,475	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	95,340	...	...	132,845	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	92,345	...	...	122,350	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	88,775	...	...	111,350	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	84,570	...	...	99,420	...	...
$100,000 and over	712,215	...	...	607,855	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	184,595	...	...	198,140	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	142,910	...	...	138,420	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	181,960	...	...	149,210	...	...
$200,000 and over	202,745	...	...	122,080	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Under $5,000	23,395	...	...	46,350	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,860	...	...	27,605	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,600	...	...	56,780	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	34,540	...	...	80,315	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	55,010	...	...	89,795	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	44,170	...	...	88,035	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	50,280	...	...	93,640	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	55,645	...	...	92,220	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	57,695	...	...	91,635	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	59,195	...	...	88,520	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	119,200	...	...	165,685	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	116,250	...	...	150,650	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	112,675	...	...	136,430	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	106,235	...	...	118,520	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	95,600	...	...	101,185	...	...
$100,000 and over	565,335	...	...	454,595	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	192,795	...	...	187,490	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	132,240	...	...	111,260	...	...
$150,000 and over	240,305	...	...	155,845	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,099,900	...	...	1,276,275	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	109,997	...	...	88,451	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	93,588	...	...	77,002	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	407,300	...	...	519,030	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,283	...	...	80,788	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	86,043	...	...	70,464	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	511,375	...	...	536,175	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	133,186	...	...	111,736	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,951	...	...	96,176	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	146,045	...	...	179,945	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	62,909	...	...	51,056	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	57,079	...	...	46,668	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,101,485	...	...	1,275,865	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	144,493	...	...	108,241	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	116,343	...	...	89,792	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	408,625	...	...	518,295	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	137,805	...	...	100,772	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	110,236	...	...	83,021	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	512,615	...	...	536,580	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	169,354	...	...	131,213	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	135,623	...	...	108,407	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	145,115	...	...	179,615	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	80,406	...	...	63,004	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	68,470	...	...	54,655	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	577,475	308,835	268,640	768,855	373,390	395,465
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	42,598	47,903	37,344	31,255	33,342	29,674
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	37,648	41,340	33,785	28,320	29,815	27,221
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	573,385	306,195	267,190	766,660	371,595	395,060
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	56,856	63,468	49,280	41,666	44,615	38,892
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	46,559	50,990	41,481	35,191	37,100	33,395
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,650	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745
In the bottom half of the distribution	1,527,695	739,210	788,485	2,265,245	1,078,695	1,186,555
In the bottom decile	293,490	143,880	149,605	537,405	258,275	279,140
In the second decile	278,635	128,055	150,575	449,395	205,320	244,075
In the third decile	297,695	142,090	155,605	420,355	198,845	221,510
In the fourth decile	315,570	154,815	160,760	422,805	203,710	219,095
In the fifth decile	342,305	170,375	171,935	435,290	212,555	222,735
In the top half of the distribution	2,450,450	1,259,285	1,191,160	2,294,990	1,158,795	1,136,195
In the sixth decile	366,250	183,860	182,390	442,070	218,225	223,845
In the seventh decile	397,275	201,465	195,810	451,795	226,240	225,555
In the eighth decile	443,585	227,385	216,200	462,900	233,935	228,970
In the ninth decile	522,545	268,995	253,555	473,535	241,165	232,375
In the top decile	720,795	377,585	343,215	464,685	239,235	225,450
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	3,925,220	1,971,735	1,953,485	4,477,875	2,196,415	2,281,460
0 to 17 years	893,255	458,330	434,925	822,390	422,685	399,710
0 to 5 years	310,080	158,825	151,260	260,110	133,670	126,445
18 to 64 years	2,580,730	1,298,440	1,282,295	2,876,495	1,404,390	1,472,105
65 years and over	451,235	214,965	236,265	778,990	369,345	409,645
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,890	171,945	191,940	694,960	325,015	369,940
0 to 17 years	114,215	58,665	55,555	151,880	78,110	73,770
0 to 5 years	41,755	21,350	20,400	46,920	24,035	22,885
18 to 64 years	210,870	98,415	112,455	427,085	198,475	228,615
65 years and over	38,800	14,875	23,925	115,990	48,430	67,560
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.7	9.8	15.5	14.8	16.2
0 to 17 years (%)	12.8	12.8	12.8	18.5	18.5	18.5
0 to 5 years (%)	13.5	13.4	13.5	18.0	18.0	18.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.2	7.6	8.8	14.8	14.1	15.5
65 years and over (%)	8.6	6.9	10.1	14.9	13.1	16.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	273,515	134,180	139,335	491,645	236,430	255,215
0 to 17 years	76,930	39,385	37,550	99,330	50,890	48,450
0 to 5 years	28,190	14,420	13,770	29,250	14,930	14,315
18 to 64 years	181,805	88,715	93,095	345,345	165,740	179,605
65 years and over	14,780	6,085	8,695	46,965	19,805	27,165
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.0	6.8	7.1	11.0	10.8	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.6	8.6	8.6	12.1	12.0	12.1
0 to 5 years (%)	9.1	9.1	9.1	11.2	11.2	11.3
18 to 64 years (%)	7.0	6.8	7.3	12.0	11.8	12.2
65 years and over (%)	3.3	2.8	3.7	6.0	5.4	6.6
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745
Official languages	3,920,530	1,974,435	1,946,095	4,407,125	2,173,840	2,233,285
English	3,916,805	1,972,800	1,944,005	4,405,380	2,173,040	2,232,340
French	264,600	123,940	140,660	314,225	140,085	174,140
Non-official languages	1,082,425	527,770	554,655	1,546,550	727,200	819,355
Aboriginal languages	36,465	17,415	19,045	17,190	8,115	9,075
Algonquian languages	29,675	14,120	15,555	1,950	905	1,045
Blackfoot	5,575	2,665	2,905	35	0	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	23,465	11,155	12,310	1,600	795	805
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	25	0	15	15	0	10
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	90	20	70	10	0	10
Plains Cree	1,580	620	965	345	160	180
Southern East Cree	10	10	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	45	25	25	55	25	30
Woods Cree	1,135	525	610	80	45	40
Cree, n.o.s.	20,665	9,990	10,675	1,090	560	525
Eastern Algonquian languages	35	15	15	30	20	10
Malecite	0	0	0	10	10	0
Mi'kmaq	35	15	15	25	15	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	955	425	530	310	100	205
Algonquin	10	10	0	20	0	15
Ojibway	925	415	505	275	95	180
Oji-Cree	20	10	15	15	0	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	2,640	1,255	1,385	4,375	2,050	2,330
Northern Athabaskan languages	2,630	1,250	1,380	4,345	2,035	2,315
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	10	0	200	100	95
Beaver	85	50	35	255	130	130
Carrier	45	10	35	2,045	940	1,110
Chilcotin	20	15	10	1,130	525	605
Dene	2,010	975	1,035	130	55	80
Dogrib (Tlicho)	75	30	45	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	0	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	185	85	100
Slavey-Hare languages	285	140	145	125	60	75
North Slavey (Hare)	25	15	10	10	0	10
South Slavey	190	90	100	25	15	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	75	35	45	105	45	60
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	290	155	130
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	35	20	15
Tahltan	0	0	0	250	135	120
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	10	0	10
Northern Tutchone	10	0	10	0	0	10
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	30	15	10
Haida	10	0	10	455	195	255
Inuit languages	135	50	80	170	70	95
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	20	10	10
Inuktitut	60	20	35	120	50	70
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	35	15	25
Iroquoian languages	40	25	10	30	10	15
Cayuga	0	10	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	25	0	25	10	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	10	10	0	10	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	170	95	80
Michif	145	75	70	110	50	60
Salish languages	50	25	25	5,660	2,690	2,970
Comox	0	0	0	185	75	105
Halkomelem	10	0	0	1,045	470	570
Lillooet	0	0	0	790	405	385
Okanagan	15	10	10	805	360	445
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	10	0	10	1,280	630	650
Squamish	0	0	0	280	125	155
Straits	10	0	0	360	160	200
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	10	0	10	440	220	220
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	540	280	260
Siouan languages	4,050	2,005	2,045	55	20	35
Dakota	530	285	245	30	15	15
Stoney	3,650	1,790	1,855	10	10	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	15	10	10
Tlingit	10	0	0	60	40	20
Tsimshian languages	35	15	15	2,685	1,330	1,350
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	10	10	1,275	635	645
Nisga'a	15	0	0	1,035	535	500
Tsimshian	0	0	0	405	180	230
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	1,460	670	795
Haisla	0	0	0	175	65	105
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	120	50	70
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	10	10	0	590	275	315
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	560	265	295
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	240	105	135
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,046,245	510,495	535,750	1,529,635	719,190	810,440
Afro-Asiatic languages	96,210	50,675	45,535	35,115	18,585	16,530
Berber languages	540	335	205	145	95	45
Kabyle	225	125	90	65	40	25
Berber languages, n.i.e.	315	210	110	80	60	20
Cushitic languages	15,445	8,055	7,385	2,070	955	1,120
Bilen	370	235	135	20	10	15
Oromo	3,125	1,625	1,500	245	140	110
Somali	12,030	6,240	5,795	1,800	815	985
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40	10	0	10
Semitic languages	82,200	43,405	38,800	33,110	17,660	15,460
Amharic	10,870	5,595	5,275	2,095	1,050	1,045
Arabic	62,730	33,365	29,370	24,230	13,180	11,050
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	430	225	210	760	370	390
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	150	70	75	570	285	285
Harari	340	150	185	55	35	20
Hebrew	3,250	1,650	1,600	5,450	2,805	2,645
Maltese	145	85	55	315	155	155
Tigrigna	7,315	3,915	3,400	1,055	560	495
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	450	250	205	300	160	140
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	375	225	145	170	85	85
Austro-Asiatic languages	32,730	15,440	17,290	35,915	17,130	18,785
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,700	1,375	1,330	1,875	850	1,020
Vietnamese	30,150	14,130	16,015	34,140	16,295	17,840
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	55	30	25
Austronesian languages	145,745	63,615	82,130	125,425	51,215	74,210
Bikol	330	150	180	530	215	310
Cebuano	6,690	2,940	3,750	5,365	2,000	3,370
Fijian	340	195	145	1,095	655	440
Hiligaynon	1,760	745	1,020	1,685	710	975
Ilocano	7,370	3,160	4,215	6,450	2,480	3,970
Malagasy	80	40	40	25	15	10
Malay	3,040	1,435	1,610	7,495	3,480	4,010
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,185	565	625	855	365	495
Pangasinan	445	190	250	480	205	275
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	138,440	60,115	78,325	113,265	45,455	67,805
Waray-Waray	420	170	245	320	130	195
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	505	650	1,515	740	775
Creole languages	4,585	2,390	2,195	2,485	1,320	1,165
Haitian Creole	255	140	115	135	55	75
Creole, n.o.s.	2,675	1,425	1,250	1,310	730	585
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,680	840	850	1,055	540	515
Dravidian languages	18,190	9,660	8,525	10,390	5,485	4,905
Kannada	1,035	520	515	510	250	265
Malayalam	8,150	4,255	3,900	3,350	1,795	1,550
Tamil	7,195	3,900	3,295	5,445	2,830	2,610
Telugu	2,910	1,560	1,345	1,720	970	750
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	150	80	70	85	30	55
Hmong-Mien languages	115	55	55	165	85	80
Indo-European languages	550,490	274,510	275,980	764,815	371,760	393,060
Albanian	2,880	1,550	1,325	1,640	840	795
Armenian	530	255	275	1,680	845	835
Balto-Slavic languages	93,150	44,750	48,395	94,050	44,710	49,340
Baltic languages	1,360	660	705	1,030	515	520
Latvian	590	300	290	555	290	265
Lithuanian	775	360	415	475	220	250
Slavic languages	92,300	44,340	47,960	93,235	44,305	48,940
Belarusan	200	95	105	245	115	125
Bosnian	2,880	1,450	1,435	2,075	1,020	1,050
Bulgarian	1,795	945	850	2,430	1,105	1,325
Croatian	6,280	3,260	3,025	10,685	5,255	5,430
Czech	3,590	1,650	1,940	7,480	3,665	3,815
Macedonian	535	270	265	400	220	185
Polish	23,650	11,455	12,195	19,175	8,980	10,190
Russian	27,375	13,195	14,175	33,990	15,850	18,135
Serbian	5,355	2,630	2,730	9,110	4,625	4,485
Serbo-Croatian	1,095	550	540	1,525	770	750
Slovak	2,780	1,495	1,285	4,270	2,045	2,225
Slovene (Slovenian)	735	360	375	1,375	610	760
Ukrainian	26,600	11,980	14,620	10,740	4,835	5,905
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	250	120	130	420	215	205
Celtic languages	1,180	615	560	1,855	990	865
Scottish Gaelic	440	215	225	660	395	265
Welsh	315	180	130	345	145	195
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	450	220	225	860	450	410
Germanic languages	112,670	56,325	56,345	136,685	65,350	71,335
Afrikaans	5,165	2,655	2,515	7,670	3,875	3,800
Danish	2,800	1,360	1,440	5,510	2,490	3,020
Dutch	19,480	9,595	9,890	24,060	11,520	12,550
Frisian	475	275	205	465	230	240
German	83,010	41,905	41,105	95,005	45,840	49,165
Icelandic	160	70	95	405	210	195
Norwegian	1,450	635	810	2,845	1,425	1,415
Swedish	1,635	800	835	4,825	2,125	2,695
Vlaams (Flemish)	380	170	215	545	270	275
Yiddish	250	130	115	505	225	280
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	2,115	1,095	1,015	155	95	60
Greek	4,935	2,535	2,400	9,095	4,725	4,370
Indo-Iranian languages	206,725	106,045	100,675	363,205	181,340	181,865
Indo-Aryan languages	186,005	95,045	90,960	311,955	155,465	156,490
Bengali	8,530	4,385	4,140	3,670	1,885	1,785
Gujarati	18,005	8,945	9,055	11,500	5,455	6,050
Hindi	61,290	31,900	29,385	81,330	39,950	41,380
Kashmiri	125	80	45	60	30	25
Konkani	625	300	320	415	215	200
Marathi	2,575	1,385	1,195	1,475	780	695
Nepali	5,510	3,000	2,510	1,485	725	760
Oriya (Odia)	255	135	120	70	40	30
Punjabi (Panjabi)	90,485	46,350	44,135	244,485	122,450	122,035
Sindhi	4,595	2,065	2,530	3,300	1,415	1,885
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,800	1,925	1,875	2,430	1,265	1,170
Urdu	41,235	21,245	20,000	16,750	8,840	7,915
Iranian languages	22,140	11,665	10,475	52,300	26,435	25,870
Kurdish	1,930	1,100	825	2,225	1,185	1,040
Pashto	3,330	1,795	1,530	1,660	940	725
Persian (Farsi)	17,600	9,220	8,375	49,835	25,135	24,690
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,760	960	805	935	490	450
Italic (Romance) languages	142,340	69,885	72,450	177,685	83,505	94,185
Catalan	170	95	80	395	210	180
Italian	19,900	9,875	10,020	37,475	18,075	19,400
Portuguese	12,670	6,255	6,415	23,260	11,060	12,200
Romanian	9,915	5,185	4,735	10,045	4,945	5,105
Spanish	104,445	50,960	53,490	115,115	53,215	61,900
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	250	130	125	380	245	140
Japanese	9,215	4,115	5,100	36,990	15,955	21,040
Kartvelian languages	225	130	100	115	55	60
Georgian	230	130	100	115	55	55
Korean	19,950	9,405	10,545	57,490	26,310	31,180
Mongolic languages	800	375	430	370	170	200
Mongolian	800	370	430	370	165	195
Niger-Congo languages	29,430	14,980	14,450	8,025	4,130	3,895
Akan (Twi)	2,925	1,505	1,420	630	350	280
Bamanankan	60	30	30	30	20	15
Edo	620	325	290	145	80	60
Ewe	335	170	165	135	90	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	300	165	135	105	30	70
Ga	345	190	155	150	95	50
Ganda	610	305	305	165	80	85
Igbo	2,550	1,345	1,210	425	240	185
Lingala	1,240	640	605	280	125	150
Rundi (Kirundi)	830	420	410	125	45	75
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,155	605	550	290	125	165
Shona	1,810	850	960	415	220	195
Swahili	6,700	3,470	3,235	3,365	1,785	1,575
Wolof	600	365	235	50	25	30
Yoruba	5,930	3,035	2,890	885	455	435
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,585	3,265	3,320	1,835	840	1,000
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,070	1,495	1,575	405	210	200
Dinka	1,655	825	825	85	50	35
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,425	675	750	325	155	165
Sign languages	5,910	2,350	3,555	7,545	2,865	4,680
American Sign Language	3,085	1,130	1,955	3,860	1,280	2,575
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	10	10	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,855	1,230	1,625	3,780	1,615	2,160
Sino-Tibetan languages	141,860	67,945	73,915	457,595	211,220	246,375
Chinese languages	139,385	66,700	72,685	454,885	209,850	245,030
Cantonese	74,770	35,490	39,280	234,445	108,485	125,960
Hakka	1,180	515	660	2,715	1,290	1,430
Mandarin	70,510	33,310	37,195	265,635	119,995	145,640
Min Dong	85	50	40	130	55	75
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,140	1,765	2,380	16,410	7,230	9,185
Wu (Shanghainese)	855	380	470	5,600	2,445	3,155
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,335	3,160	3,175	10,380	4,725	5,650
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	25	35	200	75	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,590	1,290	1,300	3,000	1,500	1,505
Burmese	605	305	295	1,490	730	755
Karenic languages	805	415	390	955	485	465
Tibetan	860	430	430	375	205	165
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	445	215	235	330	150	180
Tai-Kadai languages	3,705	1,510	2,195	5,635	2,190	3,450
Lao	1,520	730	795	1,630	735	890
Thai	2,400	850	1,545	4,275	1,535	2,740
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	10	10	0
Turkic languages	5,795	3,180	2,625	6,785	3,685	3,095
Azerbaijani	630	325	300	945	510	435
Turkish	4,255	2,420	1,835	5,585	3,025	2,555
Uyghur	290	135	155	115	60	55
Uzbek	425	200	225	170	95	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	355	170	180	275	140	130
Uralic languages	8,895	4,315	4,575	15,280	7,095	8,185
Estonian	185	85	105	780	350	425
Finnish	1,045	455	590	4,030	1,640	2,385
Hungarian	7,660	3,770	3,890	10,495	5,100	5,395
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,820	1,025	790	1,045	575	470
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645	4,560,235	2,237,485	2,322,750
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	3,622,740	1,825,135	1,797,600	4,138,300	2,038,285	2,100,015
Canadian citizens aged under 18	854,815	439,065	415,755	790,485	406,970	383,510
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	2,767,920	1,386,070	1,381,850	3,347,820	1,631,310	1,716,505
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	355,410	173,365	182,045	421,935	199,205	222,735
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	3,062,775	1,550,445	1,512,335	3,167,155	1,584,305	1,582,855
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	845,220	412,320	432,895	1,292,675	603,800	688,875
Before 1981	163,460	81,620	81,840	356,155	171,330	184,825
1981 to 1990	86,350	41,690	44,660	152,220	70,475	81,750
1991 to 2000	131,560	62,930	68,630	287,505	132,190	155,315
2001 to 2010	256,055	125,235	130,820	321,240	147,250	173,985
2001 to 2005	109,145	53,425	55,720	147,735	67,425	80,305
2006 to 2010	146,910	71,810	75,100	173,505	79,825	93,680
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	207,790	100,845	106,945	175,555	82,555	92,995
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	70,155	35,735	34,420	100,405	49,385	51,020
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	845,220	412,320	432,895	1,292,670	603,800	688,875
Under 5 years	82,175	42,200	39,975	112,665	56,495	56,175
5 to 14 years	149,815	77,820	71,995	212,710	108,975	103,730
15 to 24 years	168,965	78,215	90,755	279,495	126,690	152,805
25 to 44 years	372,805	180,265	192,535	537,500	242,185	295,310
45 years and over	71,450	33,820	37,630	150,305	69,455	80,845
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	845,215	412,325	432,895	1,292,675	603,800	688,875
Americas	103,540	49,345	54,190	110,850	50,515	60,330
Brazil	2,545	1,100	1,440	3,800	1,545	2,260
Colombia	9,535	4,570	4,960	3,915	1,720	2,195
El Salvador	7,255	3,725	3,530	5,425	2,710	2,715
Guyana	2,555	1,200	1,355	1,305	600	710
Haiti	1,270	675	600	570	250	315
Jamaica	6,845	3,170	3,680	3,505	1,770	1,735
Mexico	15,665	7,860	7,805	10,375	4,425	5,945
Peru	1,920	780	1,140	3,265	1,330	1,930
Trinidad and Tobago	3,415	1,670	1,750	2,620	1,205	1,415
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	30,460	13,675	16,785	57,780	26,425	31,355
Other places of birth in Americas	22,075	10,925	11,150	18,295	8,530	9,765
Europe	189,770	95,355	94,415	319,885	156,975	162,915
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,555	2,325	2,230	4,570	2,230	2,345
Croatia	3,080	1,615	1,465	5,780	2,945	2,830
France	2,535	1,215	1,320	5,700	2,895	2,805
Germany	19,205	9,485	9,715	35,045	16,835	18,210
Greece	2,005	1,115	890	3,630	1,965	1,670
Hungary	3,665	1,880	1,785	6,175	3,145	3,030
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	3,935	2,100	1,835	5,890	3,090	2,795
Italy	8,110	4,370	3,745	15,405	8,050	7,355
Netherlands	14,035	7,420	6,610	18,225	9,365	8,855
Poland	16,925	8,045	8,880	15,115	6,965	8,145
Portugal	4,050	1,985	2,070	8,215	4,125	4,090
Romania	7,725	3,930	3,795	8,995	4,400	4,595
Russian Federation	7,260	3,135	4,125	10,920	4,700	6,215
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	2,255	1,080	1,170	4,480	2,225	2,260
Ukraine	8,150	3,700	4,455	7,500	3,520	3,980
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	59,215	30,280	28,935	123,810	60,975	62,835
Other places of birth in Europe	23,060	11,670	11,390	40,425	19,545	20,880
Africa	89,740	46,705	43,030	42,805	21,500	21,310
Algeria	1,340	715	625	485	310	175
Egypt	5,320	2,940	2,375	2,705	1,480	1,225
Ethiopia	10,570	5,355	5,215	2,070	1,015	1,060
Kenya	5,120	2,555	2,565	4,705	2,175	2,535
Morocco	1,695	1,005	695	985	535	455
Nigeria	12,405	6,520	5,880	1,740	925	815
Somalia	7,060	3,665	3,395	1,080	515	570
South Africa, Republic of	7,355	3,670	3,685	13,375	6,700	6,675
Other places of birth in Africa	38,865	20,275	18,590	15,645	7,840	7,800
Asia	452,225	215,955	236,265	788,055	359,835	428,220
Afghanistan	5,190	2,765	2,430	5,040	2,550	2,490
Bangladesh	5,085	2,590	2,500	2,125	1,080	1,040
China^{Census data footnote 59}	57,690	26,510	31,185	199,990	89,145	110,845
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	19,110	9,265	9,850	74,210	34,120	40,090
India	91,660	46,625	45,035	162,650	79,395	83,245
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	8,910	4,655	4,250	37,160	18,890	18,270
Iraq	5,935	3,205	2,730	5,550	2,855	2,690
Japan	3,065	905	2,160	13,365	3,840	9,520
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	13,850	6,530	7,320	41,515	18,870	22,645
Lebanon	10,395	5,640	4,750	2,235	1,290	950
Pakistan	28,075	14,630	13,445	10,665	5,470	5,190
Philippines	123,830	54,075	69,755	112,100	45,890	66,210
Sri Lanka	4,835	2,475	2,365	4,585	2,360	2,230
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	4,800	2,515	2,280	2,845	1,450	1,400
Taiwan	3,455	1,460	2,000	38,900	17,450	21,450
Viet Nam	27,080	12,645	14,435	27,875	12,970	14,905
Other places of birth in Asia	39,250	19,485	19,765	47,255	22,215	25,045
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	9,940	4,950	4,990	31,075	14,975	16,100
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	207,790	100,845	106,945	175,555	82,555	92,995
Americas	20,060	9,660	10,400	14,550	7,160	7,385
Brazil	860	370	490	1,145	525	615
Colombia	2,295	1,020	1,275	580	250	325
Cuba	465	215	255	140	60	80
Haiti	385	240	150	35	35	10
Jamaica	1,660	765	895	625	355	265
Mexico	4,405	2,250	2,150	2,885	1,420	1,460
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	4,645	2,130	2,515	6,485	3,290	3,190
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,570	745	820	270	115	155
Other places of birth in Americas	3,785	1,930	1,855	2,380	1,105	1,275
Europe	20,870	10,830	10,045	19,735	10,260	9,475
France	425	240	180	970	510	460
Germany	1,370	710	655	1,450	775	675
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,355	835	520	1,430	900	530
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	715	365	350	245	120	125
Romania	1,100	545	555	690	310	380
Russian Federation	1,235	430	805	1,735	620	1,110
Ukraine	2,340	1,060	1,280	1,230	495	735
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	6,225	3,570	2,650	6,540	3,840	2,695
Other places of birth in Europe	6,100	3,065	3,040	5,455	2,685	2,765
Africa	27,770	14,165	13,610	6,200	3,150	3,050
Algeria	255	115	135	65	40	20
Cameroon	1,055	515	545	65	25	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	805	365	440	150	80	75
Côte d'Ivoire	420	210	210	20	10	10
Egypt	1,940	1,045	895	625	340	290
Eritrea	2,390	1,335	1,055	320	175	145
Ethiopia	3,445	1,670	1,780	305	170	140
Morocco	515	265	250	205	115	95
Nigeria	6,110	3,200	2,910	645	325	315
Somalia	2,120	1,110	1,010	355	145	215
South Africa, Republic of	1,590	800	785	1,625	815	810
Tunisia	255	135	125	80	30	45
Other places of birth in Africa	6,870	3,400	3,470	1,745	890	860
Asia	137,110	65,055	72,050	131,880	60,140	71,735
Afghanistan	810	435	375	870	455	415
Bangladesh	1,355	635	715	470	230	245
China^{Census data footnote 59}	10,525	4,700	5,825	38,105	16,965	21,140
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	750	305	450	1,800	770	1,030
India	28,820	14,915	13,900	27,460	13,780	13,680
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	3,265	1,665	1,600	8,645	4,315	4,330
Iraq	2,010	1,045	960	1,910	940	965
Israel	480	250	230	365	205	160
Japan	665	195	475	2,285	570	1,715
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	3,840	1,710	2,125	8,025	3,430	4,595
Lebanon	1,470	755	710	265	155	110
Nepal	2,615	1,380	1,240	310	115	195
Pakistan	6,910	3,420	3,490	1,965	990	975
Philippines	59,390	26,960	32,435	26,680	11,615	15,065
Saudi Arabia	820	435	385	400	180	215
Sri Lanka	1,345	650	695	535	265	265
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	3,340	1,705	1,630	2,185	1,095	1,085
Taiwan	505	165	340	2,505	970	1,530
Turkey	390	215	180	395	220	170
United Arab Emirates	810	430	375	385	195	195
Viet Nam	2,040	795	1,240	1,780	685	1,090
Other places of birth in Asia	4,965	2,285	2,680	4,545	1,980	2,560
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	1,980	1,135	845	3,185	1,845	1,340
Australia	1,065	600	465	1,920	1,130	790
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	915	535	375	1,265	715	550
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	938,500	460,015	478,480	1,426,450	670,440	756,010
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	742,455	374,065	368,390	1,043,860	523,340	520,520
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	2,297,195	1,164,420	1,132,775	2,089,925	1,043,705	1,046,225
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	694,945	337,380	357,565	955,955	442,040	513,915
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	387,275	195,845	191,430	537,875	258,560	279,315
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	154,700	96,855	57,850	209,685	123,645	86,040
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	232,570	98,990	133,575	328,185	134,915	193,275
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	198,575	81,650	116,920	323,440	133,775	189,670
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	103,785	57,130	46,650	82,360	44,250	38,110
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	5,320	2,745	2,570	12,285	5,455	6,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	258,640	125,445	133,195	270,585	130,265	140,320
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	253,460	123,115	130,340	263,540	127,115	136,425
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	136,585	65,755	70,835	172,520	83,645	88,880
Métis	114,370	56,170	58,200	89,405	42,715	46,690
Inuk (Inuit)	2,500	1,195	1,305	1,610	760	855
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	2,905	1,350	1,555	4,350	2,090	2,260
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	2,280	975	1,300	2,695	1,060	1,635
Non-Aboriginal identity	3,719,505	1,873,055	1,846,450	4,289,655	2,107,225	2,182,430
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645	4,560,240	2,237,485	2,322,750
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	123,235	59,065	64,170	135,835	65,560	70,280
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	3,854,915	1,939,430	1,915,475	4,424,400	2,171,930	2,252,470
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	103,600	50,680	52,915	91,710	45,690	46,020
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	99,940	48,860	51,070	90,390	45,100	45,295
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	81,685	39,815	41,870	79,875	39,685	40,190
Métis single ancestry	17,515	8,690	8,820	10,080	5,215	4,865
Inuit single ancestry	735	355	380	430	200	235
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	3,665	1,820	1,845	1,325	595	725
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	3,490	1,725	1,765	1,175	535	635
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	105	55	50	100	50	50
Métis and Inuit ancestries	50	35	15	45	10	45
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	0	15	0	0	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	200,215	97,055	103,160	211,100	100,835	110,260
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	189,830	92,295	97,530	201,895	96,650	105,245
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	104,875	50,595	54,280	130,020	62,170	67,850
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	82,585	40,530	42,060	70,180	33,595	36,585
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,365	1,170	1,195	1,700	890	815
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	10,385	4,760	5,625	9,200	4,185	5,015
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	9,760	4,465	5,295	8,865	4,050	4,810
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	310	155	155	165	75	90
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	270	110	160	125	35	90
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	40	25	20	45	20	20
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	3,674,330	1,850,760	1,823,570	4,257,430	2,090,960	2,166,465
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	933,165	461,460	471,705	1,381,235	658,260	722,975
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	230,930	118,535	112,390	365,705	183,650	182,055
Chinese	158,200	77,035	81,165	508,480	237,805	270,670
Black	129,390	66,960	62,440	43,500	22,455	21,045
Filipino	166,195	74,770	91,425	145,025	62,505	82,520
Latin American	55,090	27,560	27,525	44,115	20,600	23,515
Arab	56,700	30,245	26,450	19,840	10,865	8,980
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	43,985	21,025	22,960	54,920	25,975	28,950
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	20,980	11,010	9,965	48,695	24,880	23,810
Korean	21,275	10,130	11,145	60,495	27,915	32,580
Japanese	12,165	5,495	6,670	41,230	17,435	23,800
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	9,900	4,700	5,205	8,760	4,280	4,485
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	28,360	13,985	14,375	40,465	19,900	20,565
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	3,044,980	1,537,040	1,507,940	3,179,005	1,579,230	1,599,775
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,645	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750
North American Aboriginal origins	303,815	147,735	156,075	302,810	146,530	156,280
First Nations (North American Indian)	200,290	96,845	103,445	220,245	106,595	113,650
Inuit	3,900	1,915	1,985	2,615	1,280	1,340
Métis	113,735	55,590	58,150	90,515	43,460	47,050
Other North American origins	955,040	486,735	468,305	922,690	460,355	462,335
Acadian	5,545	2,970	2,570	3,940	1,960	1,980
American	72,355	35,480	36,875	78,170	37,765	40,405
Canadian	902,315	460,335	441,975	866,530	432,975	433,560
New Brunswicker	50	35	15	60	45	15
Newfoundlander	1,985	1,135	850	1,875	995	880
Nova Scotian	190	115	70	185	95	85
Ontarian	110	65	45	130	55	75
Québécois	1,380	750	630	1,830	945	880
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	415	210	205	405	175	230
European origins	2,580,720	1,292,280	1,288,440	2,857,080	1,408,510	1,448,575
British Isles origins	1,581,265	787,205	794,060	1,926,040	945,580	980,460
Channel Islander	225	115	115	455	230	220
Cornish	210	90	115	610	340	265
English	899,440	444,010	455,440	1,203,540	585,700	617,845
Irish	596,750	288,710	308,040	675,135	318,455	356,675
Manx	945	450	495	1,810	835	975
Scottish	704,205	347,740	356,460	860,775	417,080	443,700
Welsh	80,455	38,715	41,740	113,905	54,260	59,645
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	90,865	44,055	46,815	122,700	59,225	63,475
French origins	411,560	201,160	210,395	388,815	184,705	204,110
Alsatian	200	120	80	210	95	115
Breton	60	25	35	110	45	65
Corsican	125	65	70	105	40	65
French	411,315	201,030	210,290	388,580	184,595	203,980
Western European origins (except French origins)	915,185	455,115	460,065	839,860	411,165	428,695
Austrian	39,530	19,225	20,305	48,510	23,030	25,485
Bavarian	110	60	55	225	105	120
Belgian	21,210	10,320	10,890	19,980	9,615	10,360
Dutch	195,720	97,735	97,990	213,670	105,040	108,630
Flemish	2,005	870	1,140	2,215	1,145	1,075
Frisian	685	380	305	850	425	425
German	712,955	353,755	359,195	603,265	294,860	308,410
Luxembourger	680	355	320	695	340	355
Swiss	24,310	11,905	12,410	31,390	15,510	15,880
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	830	390	440	905	425	485
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	329,990	159,695	170,295	346,525	166,100	180,425
Danish	60,380	29,240	31,135	58,205	27,985	30,220
Finnish	17,755	8,780	8,975	34,150	16,285	17,870
Icelandic	20,225	10,050	10,175	26,410	12,860	13,545
Norwegian	156,595	75,160	81,430	138,430	66,870	71,565
Swedish	97,840	46,445	51,385	110,030	51,000	59,030
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	13,515	7,005	6,505	15,080	7,610	7,470
Eastern European origins	685,270	336,430	348,845	569,260	275,900	293,360
Bulgarian	2,935	1,510	1,425	4,015	1,875	2,140
Byelorussian	2,200	1,165	1,035	2,760	1,400	1,365
Czech	20,865	10,405	10,460	23,375	11,500	11,875
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	10,055	4,800	5,255	7,970	3,795	4,175
Estonian	2,715	1,240	1,470	4,840	2,250	2,590
Hungarian	56,270	27,385	28,885	56,535	27,450	29,090
Latvian	3,245	1,585	1,660	4,935	2,565	2,370
Lithuanian	6,090	2,915	3,175	7,225	3,465	3,755
Moldovan	1,585	790	790	1,085	510	580
Polish	186,510	91,115	95,395	149,635	71,605	78,030
Romanian	34,230	16,520	17,710	31,250	15,125	16,125
Russian	107,800	51,840	55,960	131,060	62,880	68,180
Slovak	11,010	5,495	5,515	11,220	5,440	5,780
Ukrainian	369,090	181,600	187,490	229,205	111,285	117,915
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	1,910	1,015	895	3,555	1,645	1,915
Southern European origins	215,725	107,495	108,230	334,740	164,780	169,960
Albanian	2,935	1,555	1,385	1,925	975	950
Bosnian	3,870	1,985	1,890	3,290	1,635	1,655
Catalan	85	55	25	120	85	30
Croatian	14,220	7,535	6,690	23,845	12,180	11,660
Cypriot	160	90	70	440	230	205
Greek	15,025	7,790	7,235	24,460	12,410	12,050
Italian	101,265	50,975	50,285	166,095	83,095	83,000
Kosovar	420	210	210	280	135	145
Macedonian	1,015	485	535	1,205	620	580
Maltese	1,560	845	715	2,645	1,350	1,295
Montenegrin	290	185	105	710	360	350
Portuguese	22,385	11,395	10,985	41,770	20,620	21,145
Serbian	7,755	3,875	3,875	12,895	6,625	6,270
Sicilian	330	160	170	545	295	255
Slovenian	3,885	2,010	1,875	5,555	2,725	2,825
Spanish	48,055	22,225	25,835	64,470	29,245	35,225
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	5,120	2,495	2,625	7,080	3,360	3,725
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	245	120	125	395	200	195
Other European origins	22,805	11,700	11,105	34,700	17,800	16,900
Basque	425	210	215	840	470	375
Jewish	9,780	4,890	4,885	17,580	8,950	8,635
Roma (Gypsy)	465	220	245	805	320	485
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	995	505	490	965	520	450
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	11,255	5,940	5,310	14,715	7,635	7,080
Caribbean origins	36,120	18,050	18,070	25,010	12,350	12,660
Antiguan	455	265	190	220	115	105
Bahamian	310	180	130	255	140	110
Barbadian	2,065	980	1,080	1,870	945	930
Bermudan	210	120	90	335	155	175
Carib	135	45	85	70	50	25
Cuban	2,175	1,110	1,060	1,320	615	700
Dominican	930	530	395	735	330	410
Grenadian	595	300	295	380	195	185
Guadeloupean	0	0	0	15	0	15
Haitian	2,235	1,210	1,025	1,140	530	615
Jamaican	17,325	8,540	8,785	10,545	5,425	5,120
Kittitian/Nevisian	95	65	30	130	70	55
Martinican	10	0	0	25	0	20
Montserratan	30	10	25	25	15	10
Puerto Rican	460	225	240	570	260	310
St. Lucian	595	295	300	190	85	110
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,180	2,685	2,490	4,170	2,085	2,085
Vincentian/Grenadinian	535	215	325	415	180	230
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	2,670	1,275	1,395	2,120	930	1,190
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	2,305	1,110	1,200	1,920	945	975
Latin, Central and South American origins	78,405	39,030	39,375	69,920	33,580	36,335
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	1,980	965	1,015	2,625	1,350	1,275
Arawak	105	30	70	90	45	45
Argentinian	1,385	705	680	2,025	910	1,120
Belizean	445	250	190	125	60	65
Bolivian	590	305	285	375	145	230
Brazilian	3,030	1,330	1,700	5,455	2,465	2,990
Chilean	8,105	4,115	3,990	5,700	2,740	2,955
Colombian	12,585	6,060	6,525	5,860	2,805	3,055
Costa Rican	575	270	305	810	385	425
Ecuadorian	890	405	485	1,040	490	550
Guatemalan	2,395	1,270	1,120	2,575	1,310	1,265
Guyanese	3,095	1,545	1,555	1,925	995	935
Hispanic	1,785	905	885	1,535	720	810
Honduran	760	405	355	1,445	750	695
Maya	580	310	275	930	475	455
Mexican	22,475	11,430	11,045	23,055	11,025	12,035
Nicaraguan	1,675	825	855	1,520	735	785
Panamanian	320	150	170	325	140	185
Paraguayan	340	155	190	895	475	420
Peruvian	2,740	1,245	1,495	3,905	1,775	2,135
Salvadorean	8,810	4,545	4,270	6,815	3,390	3,425
Uruguayan	315	180	135	410	205	205
Venezuelan	4,690	2,295	2,390	1,900	915	980
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	3,430	1,735	1,695	3,310	1,605	1,705
African origins	136,510	70,620	65,885	59,985	30,635	29,345
Central and West African origins	33,170	17,430	15,735	7,075	3,810	3,265
Akan	130	80	50	40	30	10
Angolan	295	155	140	90	55	35
Ashanti	130	70	55	85	30	50
Beninese	200	90	105	35	20	15
Burkinabe	100	50	50	45	30	15
Cameroonian	2,040	1,010	1,035	150	85	70
Chadian	75	55	20	70	50	25
Congolese	4,095	2,100	1,990	810	405	400
Edo	555	320	235	85	55	30
Ewe	125	70	55	55	25	30
Gabonese	25	10	20	10	0	10
Gambian	110	60	50	25	10	15
Ghanaian	4,470	2,365	2,100	1,600	865	730
Guinean	455	235	215	130	45	80
Ibo	1,760	935	825	280	160	115
Ivorian	655	355	295	100	55	50
Liberian	1,040	495	540	250	95	150
Malian	70	45	25	80	55	25
Malinké	95	55	45	10	0	0
Nigerian	13,010	6,815	6,200	2,615	1,430	1,185
Peulh	105	70	35	20	0	15
Senegalese	575	370	205	95	75	25
Sierra Leonean	740	395	345	130	60	65
Togolese	150	70	80	100	70	40
Wolof	70	45	25	0	0	0
Yoruba	2,990	1,600	1,385	255	135	125
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	1,865	985	875	620	305	315
North African origins	23,235	12,305	10,935	9,840	5,210	4,630
Algerian	1,620	805	815	770	465	305
Berber	685	415	270	210	130	80
Coptic	225	115	110	150	90	65
Dinka	565	320	250	45	25	15
Egyptian	8,525	4,515	4,010	4,520	2,340	2,180
Libyan	1,300	665	635	420	275	140
Maure	95	70	25	150	60	90
Moroccan	2,510	1,380	1,130	2,005	1,105	895
Sudanese	7,070	3,695	3,375	1,225	535	695
Tunisian	940	480	455	500	290	215
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	575	315	260	215	115	105
Southern and East African origins	56,560	29,285	27,275	24,800	12,345	12,450
Afrikaner	315	155	160	705	355	355
Amhara	450	240	215	115	60	50
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	700	395	310	255	140	120
Burundian	975	555	420	215	95	120
Djiboutian	170	90	75	0	0	0
Eritrean	7,960	4,250	3,715	1,055	550	505
Ethiopian	13,225	6,710	6,510	2,550	1,280	1,270
Harari	165	85	80	0	0	0
Kenyan	2,175	1,035	1,140	1,615	775	845
Malagasy	125	55	70	105	65	40
Mauritian	550	310	235	975	520	450
Oromo	1,355	765	595	140	75	65
Rwandan	1,420	745	675	420	225	195
Seychellois	35	25	10	25	15	15
Somali	14,100	7,315	6,790	2,295	1,115	1,180
South African	6,635	3,310	3,320	11,060	5,510	5,550
Tanzanian	1,030	525	505	490	220	275
Tigrian	700	380	320	205	110	95
Ugandan	1,155	645	510	775	390	380
Zambian	265	155	110	210	95	110
Zimbabwean	2,590	1,300	1,285	855	445	405
Zulu	295	135	160	75	25	45
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	3,875	2,010	1,870	1,840	910	930
Other African origins	26,150	12,995	13,155	19,215	9,745	9,465
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	2,525	1,220	1,305	2,660	1,315	1,340
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	23,960	11,950	12,010	16,740	8,515	8,225
Asian origins	756,335	370,390	385,945	1,312,445	624,270	688,175
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	97,355	51,035	46,315	99,560	51,315	48,245
Afghan	8,540	4,545	3,995	7,895	4,005	3,885
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	10,470	5,690	4,780	5,660	3,125	2,540
Armenian	1,780	865	910	3,715	1,905	1,815
Assyrian	560	300	255	545	295	250
Azerbaijani	615	280	335	990	570	425
Georgian	400	230	165	740	380	355
Hazara	365	190	170	55	30	20
Iranian	13,925	7,220	6,705	47,985	24,290	23,695
Iraqi	6,165	3,250	2,915	5,575	2,860	2,715
Israeli	1,565	830	740	2,655	1,370	1,285
Jordanian	1,325	670	655	785	425	355
Kazakh	565	260	310	385	205	175
Kurd	2,040	1,160	880	2,120	1,165	950
Kuwaiti	185	110	80	125	85	40
Kyrgyz	200	110	90	175	90	85
Lebanese	32,365	16,835	15,525	7,980	4,175	3,805
Palestinian	4,880	2,675	2,210	2,625	1,410	1,210
Pashtun	645	305	345	360	200	160
Saudi Arabian	390	205	180	975	615	360
Syrian	7,215	3,605	3,610	3,955	1,905	2,055
Tajik	265	160	105	260	135	125
Tatar	530	215	315	790	365	425
Turk	5,745	3,155	2,595	6,355	3,485	2,865
Turkmen	105	55	50	120	70	55
Uighur	270	125	140	130	65	60
Uzbek	485	225	260	270	150	120
Yemeni	930	440	485	300	185	115
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,445	1,305	1,140	2,635	1,340	1,295
South Asian origins	231,550	118,855	112,695	363,885	182,650	181,235
Bangladeshi	4,155	2,085	2,070	1,840	925	920
Bengali	1,660	870	790	850	405	445
Bhutanese	815	410	400	120	65	55
East Indian	174,510	89,140	85,370	309,315	154,795	154,520
Goan	495	265	225	485	245	240
Gujarati	855	445	410	700	335	365
Kashmiri	720	355	365	185	100	85
Nepali	4,600	2,490	2,110	1,495	690	805
Pakistani	29,265	15,075	14,190	12,585	6,565	6,015
Punjabi	15,645	8,230	7,420	38,725	19,700	19,025
Sinhalese	750	400	355	620	325	300
Sri Lankan	5,585	2,885	2,695	5,710	2,970	2,740
Tamil	1,050	565	485	1,235	670	560
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	4,845	2,500	2,335	8,245	4,070	4,170
East and Southeast Asian origins	431,135	202,400	228,735	855,345	393,475	461,875
Burmese	1,270	650	615	2,310	1,135	1,175
Cambodian (Khmer)	4,260	2,245	2,015	3,235	1,580	1,655
Chinese	188,280	90,735	97,545	540,155	253,065	287,090
Filipino	175,130	79,150	95,975	158,215	68,710	89,505
Hmong	0	0	0	130	70	60
Indonesian	3,005	1,425	1,575	6,625	3,115	3,510
Japanese	16,595	7,510	9,085	51,150	22,200	28,945
Karen	740	390	345	895	450	445
Korean	22,410	10,655	11,755	63,300	29,330	33,975
Laotian	2,050	1,020	1,030	2,530	1,275	1,255
Malaysian	2,970	1,340	1,630	5,060	2,260	2,800
Mongolian	1,565	725	835	1,495	740	760
Singaporean	370	180	190	1,055	490	560
Taiwanese	1,995	855	1,140	21,455	9,810	11,650
Thai	2,735	980	1,750	5,065	1,870	3,195
Tibetan	965	500	465	550	290	260
Vietnamese	36,780	17,720	19,060	41,435	20,205	21,230
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	735	385	345	785	310	470
Other Asian origins	3,115	1,580	1,530	2,500	1,250	1,250
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	3,115	1,585	1,530	2,500	1,250	1,255
Oceania origins	15,500	7,825	7,680	41,125	20,605	20,520
Australian	7,785	3,975	3,810	16,240	8,385	7,855
New Zealander	2,905	1,535	1,370	6,565	3,405	3,155
Pacific Islands origins	5,150	2,510	2,635	19,135	9,240	9,890
Fijian	3,325	1,580	1,745	14,145	6,895	7,250
Hawaiian	425	190	235	2,200	970	1,235
Maori	640	325	320	1,120	595	530
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	205	105	95	600	275	325
Samoan	280	180	100	485	255	230
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	375	195	180	905	440	465
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Owner	1,105,795	...	...	1,279,020	...	...
Renter	412,150	...	...	599,360	...	...
Band housing	9,730	...	...	3,590	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	1,527,675	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Condominium	256,015	...	...	416,770	...	...
Not condominium	1,271,660	...	...	1,465,200	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
No bedrooms	5,440	...	...	22,705	...	...
1 bedroom	139,820	...	...	311,035	...	...
2 bedrooms	322,370	...	...	514,015	...	...
3 bedrooms	540,505	...	...	513,135	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	519,545	...	...	521,075	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	358,650	...	...	642,910	...	...
5 rooms	238,870	...	...	274,780	...	...
6 rooms	224,335	...	...	235,845	...	...
7 rooms	201,560	...	...	199,715	...	...
8 or more rooms	504,270	...	...	528,720	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	1,527,675	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,494,875	...	...	1,839,850	...	...
More than 1 person per room	32,805	...	...	42,120	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	1,527,675	...	...	1,881,965	...	...
Suitable	1,458,550	...	...	1,781,905	...	...
Not suitable	69,125	...	...	100,060	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1960 or before	177,780	...	...	267,560	...	...
1961 to 1980	439,505	...	...	559,485	...	...
1981 to 1990	193,360	...	...	289,565	...	...
1991 to 2000	216,410	...	...	331,865	...	...
2001 to 2005	157,420	...	...	125,335	...	...
2006 to 2010	180,645	...	...	171,945	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	162,560	...	...	136,210	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	1,440,440	...	...	1,763,105	...	...
Major repairs needed	87,240	...	...	118,865	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
1 household maintainer	873,125	...	...	1,091,500	...	...
2 household maintainers	605,830	...	...	725,675	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	48,725	...	...	64,790	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	1,527,680	...	...	1,881,970	...	...
15 to 24 years	53,955	...	...	58,620	...	...
25 to 34 years	281,820	...	...	253,950	...	...
35 to 44 years	307,930	...	...	304,185	...	...
45 to 54 years	310,435	...	...	378,545	...	...
55 to 64 years	288,480	...	...	390,185	...	...
65 to 74 years	169,505	...	...	288,165	...	...
75 to 84 years	86,970	...	...	152,225	...	...
85 years and over	28,585	...	...	56,085	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	1,479,270	...	...	1,832,420	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,170,780	...	...	1,320,210	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	308,485	...	...	512,210	...	...
30% to less than 100%	268,795	...	...	420,705	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,075,465	...	...	1,242,600	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	65.2	...	...	58.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	15.1	...	...	20.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,481	...	...	1,149	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,531	...	...	1,387	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	400,104	...	...	500,874	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	449,790	...	...	720,689	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	410,225	...	...	592,825	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	10.4	...	...	12.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	36.0	...	...	43.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,243	...	...	1,036	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,279	...	...	1,149	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
No certificate, diploma or degree	540,665	284,020	256,640	601,640	305,320	296,315
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	895,885	440,665	455,220	1,138,565	549,580	588,985
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,769,500	878,130	891,375	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,310
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	309,465	242,160	67,305	338,980	250,270	88,720
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	94,735	56,255	38,480	142,935	83,055	59,880
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	214,730	185,905	28,825	196,045	167,210	28,840
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	615,480	250,590	364,895	700,945	280,300	420,645
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	94,620	36,875	57,750	138,010	54,420	83,585
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	749,930	348,510	401,425	952,240	442,880	509,360
Bachelor's degree	530,085	235,610	294,470	622,670	281,020	341,655
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	39,955	18,075	21,880	69,005	28,575	40,430
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	21,850	11,810	10,045	29,110	16,690	12,420
Master's degree	133,265	67,215	66,055	195,825	94,360	101,465
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	24,770	15,805	8,965	35,625	22,240	13,390
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,940
No certificate, diploma or degree	244,755	136,085	108,675	244,000	134,410	109,585
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	569,435	283,290	286,145	671,010	330,835	340,175
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,443,635	711,655	731,975	1,617,965	761,790	856,175
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	238,220	189,180	49,035	231,445	172,290	59,155
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	69,415	42,445	26,970	97,350	56,920	40,435
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	168,805	146,740	22,065	134,095	115,370	18,725
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	496,375	203,350	293,020	528,805	210,880	317,925
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	73,315	29,315	44,005	99,695	39,205	60,490
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	635,730	289,810	345,920	758,015	339,415	418,605
Bachelor's degree	448,235	197,045	251,195	497,845	219,005	278,840
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	32,095	14,155	17,940	52,955	20,995	31,965
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	18,855	9,505	9,350	22,440	11,665	10,775
Master's degree	116,975	57,230	59,740	159,740	73,335	86,405
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	19,570	11,875	7,695	25,030	14,420	10,615
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,436,545	724,680	711,865	1,740,205	854,900	885,300
Education	121,930	29,000	92,930	144,100	34,915	109,185
13. Education	121,930	29,000	92,930	144,100	34,910	109,185
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	49,660	20,960	28,705	98,735	44,465	54,275
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,130	6,305	2,820	16,970	12,880	4,090
50. Visual and performing arts	40,535	14,650	25,885	81,765	31,580	50,185
Humanities	69,305	27,480	41,830	124,600	49,025	75,575
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	6,790	1,620	5,170	15,235	3,675	11,555
23. English language and literature/letters	15,110	4,270	10,840	34,710	10,845	23,865
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	20,660	7,275	13,390	35,720	13,670	22,050
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	225	105	125	585	210	375
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,890	2,750	2,140	6,710	4,050	2,660
39. Theology and religious vocations	11,435	6,560	4,865	12,275	7,400	4,880
54. History	8,600	4,560	4,045	15,780	8,475	7,300
55. French language and literature/letters	1,595	345	1,250	3,580	705	2,880
Social and behavioural sciences and law	159,735	51,705	108,030	245,990	87,960	158,025
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,345	470	1,875	4,120	1,060	3,060
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	17,180	6,320	10,865	23,180	8,505	14,680
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	28,750	2,185	26,570	38,070	3,285	34,785
22. Legal professions and studies	29,000	9,355	19,645	38,505	13,545	24,955
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	2,190	605	1,580	4,325	1,345	2,985
42. Psychology	27,275	6,765	20,515	43,230	12,480	30,750
45. Social sciences	52,985	26,000	26,985	94,560	47,755	46,810
Business, management and public administration	361,530	133,045	228,485	426,460	166,470	259,990
30.16 Accounting and computer science	670	155	520	775	215	560
44. Public administration and social service professions	21,565	4,015	17,555	26,520	5,960	20,565
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	339,295	128,885	210,410	399,160	160,295	238,865
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,850	38,330	34,525	86,425	46,070	40,355
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	25,850	10,955	14,895	36,760	16,800	19,960
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,410	7,270	8,145	19,025	9,400	9,620
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	555	170	385	835	225	610
40. Physical sciences	26,130	17,875	8,255	26,370	18,395	7,975
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,900	2,055	2,845	3,440	1,255	2,185
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	60,830	37,710	23,120	80,070	51,490	28,575
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	48,975	32,855	16,125	62,795	43,900	18,890
25. Library science	4,295	515	3,780	5,560	755	4,805
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,050	4,020	3,035	10,875	6,295	4,580
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	515	330	185	835	540	300
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	463,185	415,665	47,520	427,670	388,335	39,340
04. Architecture and related services	11,325	7,140	4,190	15,490	9,985	5,505
14. Engineering	110,345	89,275	21,070	98,455	81,055	17,395
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	84,800	72,145	12,655	68,500	60,490	8,010
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	60	10	50	90	25	65
46. Construction trades	100,370	96,810	3,560	100,765	97,615	3,150
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	103,880	100,100	3,785	97,720	94,520	3,200
48. Precision production	52,400	50,195	2,205	46,660	44,650	2,015
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	44,270	27,245	17,025	50,210	31,680	18,525
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	28,440	17,860	10,580	24,950	13,670	11,275
03. Natural resources and conservation	15,830	9,390	6,445	25,260	18,010	7,250
Health and related fields	270,920	51,220	219,700	322,715	65,735	256,975
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	19,300	9,110	10,195	23,740	11,920	11,820
51. Health professions and related programs	245,265	38,460	206,810	290,645	48,985	241,655
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	6,350	3,650	2,695	8,330	4,835	3,495
Personal, protective and transportation services	95,140	45,720	49,415	122,855	61,605	61,250
12. Personal and culinary services	57,285	14,985	42,305	79,740	24,860	54,885
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250	230	20	320	290	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	740	655	85	1,235	1,120	115
43. Security and protective services	16,985	11,590	5,400	13,935	10,390	3,545
49. Transportation and materials moving	19,880	18,270	1,610	27,620	24,945	2,680
Other	150	60	95	355	115	240
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	145	60	95	350	115	240
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	2,257,820	1,131,025	1,126,795	2,532,980	1,227,040	1,305,935
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	814,190	419,370	394,820	915,015	465,250	449,765
Education	91,020	19,920	71,105	96,005	21,035	74,970
13. Education	91,025	19,920	71,100	96,010	21,035	74,975
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	40,255	16,670	23,585	77,655	34,430	43,225
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,095	4,810	2,285	12,710	9,580	3,130
50. Visual and performing arts	33,155	11,860	21,300	64,940	24,845	40,090
Humanities	55,985	21,840	34,145	93,605	35,490	58,115
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	5,690	1,310	4,380	11,710	2,510	9,195
23. English language and literature/letters	12,345	3,425	8,920	25,665	7,810	17,850
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	17,320	6,020	11,300	28,260	10,505	17,750
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	200	95	100	425	170	255
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,930	2,205	1,725	4,970	2,960	2,010
39. Theology and religious vocations	8,500	4,960	3,545	8,330	4,945	3,385
54. History	6,855	3,565	3,285	11,805	6,140	5,665
55. French language and literature/letters	1,140	245	895	2,445	455	2,000
Social and behavioural sciences and law	135,545	42,855	92,685	196,450	67,000	129,450
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,025	425	1,600	3,460	845	2,615
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	14,880	5,360	9,520	19,685	6,940	12,750
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	23,730	1,770	21,960	29,855	2,505	27,350
22. Legal professions and studies	25,095	7,395	17,705	31,190	9,665	21,525
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	1,790	530	1,255	3,540	1,110	2,425
42. Psychology	22,460	5,290	17,170	33,055	8,845	24,210
45. Social sciences	45,565	22,095	23,465	75,665	37,095	38,575
Business, management and public administration	301,995	110,825	191,170	335,220	128,975	206,245
30.16 Accounting and computer science	560	135	420	540	170	365
44. Public administration and social service professions	18,035	3,130	14,910	20,695	4,240	16,455
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	283,400	107,560	175,840	313,985	124,565	189,425
Physical and life sciences and technologies	58,120	29,655	28,465	63,705	32,325	31,385
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	20,925	8,620	12,310	28,505	12,595	15,915
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,175	5,740	6,435	13,825	6,570	7,260
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	460	155	305	645	160	485
40. Physical sciences	20,785	13,645	7,140	18,525	12,250	6,270
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,775	1,500	2,270	2,210	750	1,460
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	53,975	33,590	20,385	68,660	44,820	23,840
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	44,735	29,980	14,750	56,390	39,660	16,725
25. Library science	3,400	440	2,965	3,830	545	3,290
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,420	2,915	2,500	7,760	4,185	3,570
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	420	255	165	680	430	250
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	376,875	335,210	41,670	310,855	277,375	33,475
04. Architecture and related services	9,335	5,630	3,710	12,110	7,240	4,875
14. Engineering	95,005	75,840	19,170	76,935	61,380	15,560
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	69,300	58,610	10,690	48,690	42,285	6,405
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	55	10	50	65	20	45
46. Construction trades	80,455	77,430	3,020	72,800	70,225	2,570
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	81,470	78,290	3,180	69,025	66,545	2,480
48. Precision production	41,255	39,405	1,850	31,225	29,690	1,535
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	35,820	21,060	14,760	39,360	23,810	15,555
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	21,990	12,970	9,025	18,965	9,875	9,090
03. Natural resources and conservation	13,825	8,090	5,740	20,395	13,930	6,470
Health and related fields	217,640	42,225	175,410	244,975	50,520	194,460
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	15,955	7,530	8,425	18,900	9,380	9,520
51. Health professions and related programs	196,250	31,775	164,475	219,800	37,800	182,000
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	5,435	2,925	2,505	6,285	3,340	2,940
Personal, protective and transportation services	76,300	37,755	38,540	91,185	45,925	45,265
12. Personal and culinary services	44,755	12,085	32,670	58,820	18,880	39,945
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	190	170	20	195	165	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	460	410	50	570	505	65
43. Security and protective services	14,100	9,595	4,505	11,175	8,110	3,060
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,795	15,490	1,305	20,430	18,265	2,165
Other	115	55	60	275	85	185
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	110	55	60	270	85	185
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,436,545	724,685	711,865	1,740,205	854,900	885,300
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,769,505	878,130	891,370	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,305
Location of study inside Canada	1,424,855	709,950	714,905	1,625,550	785,340	840,205
Same as province or territory of residence	1,064,560	530,135	534,430	1,243,905	593,275	650,635
Different than province or territory of residence	360,290	179,815	180,475	381,645	192,070	189,575
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	344,645	168,180	176,465	504,630	242,530	262,100
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	45,690	25,545	20,145	74,030	40,425	33,610
Philippines	68,760	26,480	42,280	56,845	20,455	36,395
India	41,560	21,025	20,535	44,115	22,045	22,065
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	28,630	16,255	12,370	58,825	31,920	26,910
China^{Census data footnote 162}	18,850	8,805	10,050	61,840	27,630	34,210
France	2,150	1,275	875	4,385	2,360	2,025
Other	139,010	68,800	70,210	204,580	97,700	106,885
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,935
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	814,190	419,375	394,820	915,015	465,250	449,765
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,443,630	711,655	731,980	1,617,960	761,790	856,170
Location of study inside Canada	1,150,780	572,180	578,595	1,239,640	589,155	650,490
Same as province or territory of residence	857,370	426,365	431,010	970,485	454,780	515,700
Different than province or territory of residence	293,410	145,820	147,590	269,155	134,375	134,785
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	292,850	139,470	153,380	378,325	172,640	205,685
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	34,655	18,640	16,015	50,095	26,175	23,920
Philippines	64,000	24,435	39,565	48,935	17,385	31,555
India	37,240	18,505	18,740	36,800	17,455	19,345
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	20,065	11,390	8,675	32,890	17,360	15,530
China^{Census data footnote 162}	16,600	7,630	8,965	53,570	23,445	30,125
France	1,870	1,105	765	3,505	1,885	1,615
Other	118,425	57,770	60,655	152,530	68,935	83,595
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,610
In the labour force	2,302,945	1,238,280	1,064,655	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Employed	2,096,105	1,114,360	981,745	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240
Unemployed	206,835	123,925	82,910	165,975	91,385	74,590
Not in the labour force	903,105	364,525	538,580	1,398,710	596,935	801,775
Participation rate	71.8	77.3	66.4	63.9	68.3	59.7
Employment rate	65.4	69.5	61.2	59.6	63.4	55.9
Unemployment rate	9.0	10.0	7.8	6.7	7.1	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	806,150	318,845	487,310	1,290,235	547,350	742,885
Worked	2,399,895	1,283,965	1,115,930	2,580,140	1,335,420	1,244,720
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,193,860	698,530	495,330	1,183,405	675,950	507,460
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,206,035	585,430	620,595	1,396,735	659,470	737,260
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	43.1	41.7	41.8	42.4	41.1
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	2,302,940	1,238,285	1,064,660	2,471,670	1,285,840	1,185,835
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	40,005	18,650	21,360	43,805	21,245	22,555
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,275
Employee	1,984,225	1,042,630	941,595	2,084,470	1,054,630	1,029,840
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	278,710	177,010	101,705	343,395	209,955	133,430
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	40,010	18,645	21,360	43,805	21,245	22,560
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,270
0 Management occupations	261,505	167,260	94,245	275,000	168,820	106,180
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	353,965	95,685	258,280	368,940	106,205	262,740
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	175,025	136,240	38,795	161,520	127,060	34,460
3 Health occupations	150,415	28,130	122,290	162,865	35,775	127,095
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	228,325	74,105	154,220	269,255	87,765	181,485
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	50,170	19,960	30,210	93,100	44,855	48,245
6 Sales and service occupations	491,495	204,245	287,255	595,225	251,490	343,735
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	406,495	376,375	30,120	360,970	339,660	21,315
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	72,465	59,465	13,000	64,235	47,530	16,700
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	73,070	58,170	14,895	76,745	55,430	21,315
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	40,005	18,650	21,360	43,805	21,250	22,555
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	2,262,935	1,219,630	1,043,305	2,427,865	1,264,590	1,163,270
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	64,035	43,045	20,990	65,205	42,840	22,360
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	142,490	109,105	33,390	25,920	21,810	4,115
22 Utilities	21,940	15,345	6,595	12,445	8,915	3,535
23 Construction	236,370	201,640	34,730	199,985	175,195	24,790
31-33 Manufacturing	127,535	96,045	31,490	157,560	113,945	43,615
41 Wholesale trade	80,610	56,840	23,775	82,105	55,530	26,580
44-45 Retail trade	249,880	115,065	134,810	283,135	129,985	153,150
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	115,295	83,675	31,620	128,400	98,580	29,815
51 Information and cultural industries	33,045	18,625	14,420	67,225	41,065	26,155
52 Finance and insurance	69,225	25,230	43,995	93,805	38,430	55,380
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,520	23,075	18,450	54,995	29,515	25,475
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	167,800	94,565	73,240	196,670	107,680	88,990
55 Management of companies and enterprises	5,560	2,760	2,795	4,320	1,975	2,345
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	87,350	49,595	37,760	109,095	62,325	46,775
61 Educational services	147,270	44,160	103,110	173,820	56,455	117,365
62 Health care and social assistance	245,875	41,235	204,645	270,855	52,320	218,530
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	44,880	21,550	23,335	57,940	29,050	28,895
72 Accommodation and food services	153,790	62,220	91,570	207,045	86,555	120,490
81 Other services (except public administration)	105,865	50,455	55,405	112,335	47,960	64,375
91 Public administration	122,595	65,420	57,175	125,000	64,450	60,545
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	2,096,110	1,114,360	981,745	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240
Worked at home	162,465	77,935	84,530	196,510	95,515	100,990
Worked outside Canada	6,270	4,715	1,555	16,040	11,285	4,760
No fixed workplace address	307,065	236,995	70,070	326,180	243,130	83,050
Worked at usual place	1,620,310	794,720	825,595	1,766,965	844,520	922,440
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	1,620,310	794,720	825,595	1,766,965	844,520	922,440
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,186,170	554,850	631,330	864,410	382,105	482,305
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	358,010	190,730	167,280	807,840	405,435	402,400
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	64,360	41,925	22,435	81,750	47,820	33,930
Commute to a different province or territory	11,770	7,210	4,560	12,965	9,160	3,805
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665	2,093,145	1,087,655	1,005,490
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,497,440	832,890	664,545	1,475,585	803,485	672,095
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	99,635	40,215	59,420	114,580	49,075	65,500
Public transit	194,560	88,325	106,235	274,205	117,830	156,375
Walked	85,805	38,030	47,775	142,310	62,395	79,920
Bicycle	21,925	14,685	7,240	51,350	32,665	18,680
Other method	28,015	17,560	10,455	35,115	22,195	12,915
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490
Less than 15 minutes	519,085	237,105	281,980	601,950	276,005	325,950
15 to 29 minutes	706,940	377,165	329,780	689,520	353,590	335,925
30 to 44 minutes	422,070	243,905	178,165	425,680	237,995	187,685
45 to 59 minutes	148,620	86,485	62,135	184,690	104,220	80,465
60 minutes and over	130,665	87,060	43,605	191,305	115,840	75,470
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	145,660	107,460	38,200	142,370	101,315	41,050
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	395,425	254,225	141,200	342,500	214,795	127,700
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	567,530	297,825	269,705	526,485	271,110	255,375
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	347,270	147,425	199,845	470,210	202,910	267,295
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	188,660	77,175	111,490	292,185	125,470	166,715
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	282,820	147,600	135,225	319,400	172,045	147,355
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,090	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120
Single responses	2,446,600	1,304,240	1,142,360	2,622,495	1,354,780	1,267,710
Official languages	2,425,545	1,292,940	1,132,610	2,537,990	1,309,980	1,228,015
English	2,418,990	1,290,870	1,128,120	2,531,850	1,308,325	1,223,530
French	6,560	2,070	4,490	6,140	1,660	4,485
Non-official languages	21,055	11,305	9,750	84,500	44,805	39,705
Aboriginal languages	1,000	550	450	260	75	180
Algonquian languages	670	355	315	15	0	10
Blackfoot	75	50	30	0	0	10
Cree-Montagnais languages	565	295	270	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plains Cree	10	10	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	30	10	20	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	535	280	255	10	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	15	10	0	0	0
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	25	15	10	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	75	45	30	45	15	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	75	40	35	45	15	30
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	20	0	15
Chilcotin	0	0	0	20	10	10
Dene	60	35	25	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	10	10	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	10	10	10	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	10	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	10
Inuit languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	110	30	85
Comox	0	0	0	10	0	10
Halkomelem	0	0	0	15	0	15
Lillooet	0	0	0	15	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	20	0	20
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	30	10	25
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	15	0	10
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	255	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	15	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	140	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	25	10	20
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	15	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	10	10
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Haisla	0	0	0	10	0	10
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	15	10	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	20,050	10,755	9,300	84,245	44,730	39,520
Afro-Asiatic languages	940	575	360	440	295	145
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	100	45	55	0	0	10
Bilen	10	0	10	0	0	0
Oromo	25	15	15	0	0	0
Somali	60	25	35	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	840	530	305	435	295	135
Amharic	85	50	35	15	15	0
Arabic	610	415	195	320	235	85
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	25	20	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	50	15	35	75	30	50
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	40	15	25	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	515	790	2,505	1,165	1,345
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	0	45	30	20
Vietnamese	1,290	505	780	2,460	1,140	1,325
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	850	420	430	825	385	440
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	15	0	10	20	0	20
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0	0	0
Ilocano	30	10	20	30	15	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	10	10	10	65	35	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	785	405	380	695	320	375
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	20	15	10
Creole languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	55	25	35	30	15	20
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	15	10	0	0	0	0
Tamil	35	15	15	30	10	15
Telugu	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	8,280	4,855	3,425	23,765	13,305	10,460
Albanian	30	20	10	15	15	0
Armenian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	690	335	355	950	440	510
Baltic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Latvian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	10	0	0
Slavic languages	695	335	360	935	435	500
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	15	15	0	15	0	10
Bulgarian	10	0	10	10	0	10
Croatian	15	10	15	30	10	25
Czech	0	0	0	40	20	10
Macedonian	10	10	0	0	0	10
Polish	220	135	85	115	50	70
Russian	275	120	160	565	255	315
Serbian	25	0	20	95	55	40
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovak	25	0	20	15	10	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	100	40	55	40	25	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	10	10	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,535	1,700	840	805	465	335
Afrikaans	30	10	20	15	10	0
Danish	10	0	10	15	15	0
Dutch	145	80	65	120	70	45
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	2,160	1,455	700	590	330	260
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	10	15	10	10
Swedish	15	10	10	25	20	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0	10	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	165	135	30	0	0	0
Greek	20	15	0	55	25	30
Indo-Iranian languages	3,215	1,870	1,350	19,805	11,280	8,535
Indo-Aryan languages	3,010	1,735	1,275	18,715	10,560	8,160
Bengali	25	10	15	15	15	0
Gujarati	75	15	60	35	15	25
Hindi	210	110	100	300	185	110
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	40	20	15	20	10	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,480	1,510	970	18,295	10,310	7,985
Sindhi	10	0	10	0	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0	0	0	0
Urdu	155	50	100	45	25	25
Iranian languages	200	130	70	1,085	720	365
Kurdish	15	10	0	25	25	0
Pashto	15	15	0	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	175	105	70	1,060	700	360
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,780	920	860	2,140	1,085	1,060
Catalan	0	0	0	10	10	0
Italian	30	10	15	110	50	60
Portuguese	140	70	70	515	255	260
Romanian	50	30	20	70	45	25
Spanish	1,560	800	760	1,435	725	710
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Japanese	195	75	125	1,730	650	1,080
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0	10	10	0
Korean	785	350	435	5,585	3,005	2,585
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	10	10	0
Niger-Congo languages	35	10	30	10	15	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	30	10	25	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	230	120	115	280	90	190
American Sign Language	125	40	85	215	45	165
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	105	80	30	70	45	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,080	3,665	3,420	48,735	25,645	23,085
Chinese languages	7,035	3,635	3,400	48,645	25,595	23,055
Cantonese	4,545	2,340	2,205	23,555	12,020	11,535
Hakka	15	0	10	15	0	10
Mandarin	2,170	1,125	1,045	23,835	12,935	10,900
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	10	15	210	120	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	50	25	20
Chinese, n.o.s.	275	155	125	985	485	500
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	30	20	85	50	30
Burmese	10	10	10	25	15	15
Karenic languages	25	15	10	55	35	15
Tibetan	0	0	10	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	60	65	170	65	110
Lao	0	0	0	10	0	10
Thai	130	60	65	165	65	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	80	35	45	65	50	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	10	0
Turkish	65	30	30	55	40	15
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	10	0
Uzbek	10	0	10	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Uralic languages	70	45	25	45	20	25
Estonian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Finnish	10	10	0	25	10	15
Hungarian	65	40	25	25	10	15
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	35	20	20
Multiple responses	20,810	10,080	10,735	48,205	23,795	24,410
English and French	4,525	2,050	2,475	4,210	1,865	2,345
English and non-official language	15,935	7,860	8,075	43,480	21,760	21,720
French and non-official language	55	25	30	55	30	25
English, French and non-official language	295	140	155	465	145	320
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,095	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120
None	2,370,575	1,264,955	1,105,620	2,498,070	1,293,650	1,204,420
English	13,805	6,540	7,270	36,505	18,270	18,235
French	23,920	11,380	12,545	22,465	10,170	12,300
Non-official language	57,640	30,700	26,935	110,375	54,925	55,455
Aboriginal	5,045	2,370	2,680	1,860	630	1,225
Non-Aboriginal	52,590	28,335	24,260	108,515	54,295	54,225
English and French	30	15	15	60	40	15
English and non-official language	215	105	110	1,155	545	610
French and non-official language	1,220	625	595	2,070	980	1,090
English, French and non-official language	0	10	0	10	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	3,925,440	1,971,515	1,953,920	4,516,810	2,215,515	2,301,295
Non-movers	3,318,340	1,667,060	1,651,280	3,811,375	1,868,420	1,942,945
Movers	607,095	304,450	302,640	705,440	347,095	358,345
Non-migrants	394,230	199,640	194,590	386,620	189,765	196,855
Migrants	212,865	104,815	108,050	318,825	157,335	161,490
Internal migrants	166,390	82,335	84,055	249,960	123,425	126,540
Intraprovincial migrants	120,105	59,845	60,260	188,225	92,150	96,070
Interprovincial migrants	46,280	22,490	23,795	61,740	31,275	30,465
External migrants	46,475	22,480	23,995	68,860	33,910	34,950
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	3,714,635	1,863,450	1,851,190	4,339,960	2,124,780	2,215,180
Non-movers	2,052,580	1,028,510	1,024,070	2,490,535	1,220,635	1,269,905
Movers	1,662,055	834,935	827,120	1,849,425	904,145	945,275
Non-migrants	899,165	454,700	444,465	940,895	460,185	480,710
Migrants	762,890	380,235	382,655	908,535	443,965	464,570
Internal migrants	559,860	280,255	279,610	672,805	329,700	343,105
Intraprovincial migrants	333,775	165,900	167,875	503,685	245,895	257,795
Interprovincial migrants	226,090	114,355	111,730	169,115	83,805	85,310
External migrants	203,025	99,980	103,045	235,730	114,265	121,465

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 44 referrer

Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Return to footnote 46 referrer

Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Return to footnote 47 referrer

Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 53 referrer

Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Alberta [Province] and British Columbia [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 3, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Alberta [Province] and British Columbia [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Alberta [Province] and British Columbia [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Alberta [Province] and British Columbia [Province]