Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and Nova Scotia [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Quebec [Province]			Nova Scotia [Province]
	Data quality , Quebec [Province] Map : Quebec [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : Nova Scotia [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	8,164,361	...	...	923,598	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	7,903,001	...	...	921,727	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	3.3	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	3,858,943	...	...	458,568	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	3,531,663	...	...	401,990	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.0	...	...	17.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,356,625.27	...	...	52,942.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605	923,600	446,885	476,715
0 to 14 years	1,333,260	682,535	650,720	133,825	68,370	65,455
0 to 4 years	444,930	227,965	216,970	42,005	21,365	20,640
5 to 9 years	469,165	240,225	228,940	45,980	23,650	22,330
10 to 14 years	419,160	214,345	204,815	45,845	23,350	22,490
15 to 64 years	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280	605,950	295,100	310,845
15 to 19 years	429,825	219,070	210,755	51,255	26,240	25,015
20 to 24 years	500,100	252,600	247,500	56,160	28,150	28,010
25 to 29 years	495,410	248,030	247,380	53,725	26,790	26,940
30 to 34 years	515,505	256,440	259,070	51,730	25,130	26,600
35 to 39 years	550,540	274,595	275,945	52,010	24,560	27,450
40 to 44 years	506,525	254,100	252,425	57,050	27,245	29,805
45 to 49 years	519,425	260,410	259,015	61,890	29,720	32,170
50 to 54 years	619,435	309,070	310,370	75,675	36,615	39,065
55 to 59 years	636,475	314,190	322,285	76,505	36,925	39,580
60 to 64 years	562,670	276,140	286,535	69,960	33,735	36,225
65 years and over	1,495,195	669,590	825,605	183,820	83,415	100,405
65 to 69 years	488,175	236,395	251,775	63,710	30,810	32,905
70 to 74 years	373,590	176,905	196,690	45,005	21,520	23,485
75 to 79 years	256,905	116,020	140,890	31,545	14,520	17,030
80 to 84 years	187,835	78,390	109,450	21,915	9,425	12,495
85 years and over	188,685	61,885	126,805	21,645	7,140	14,505
85 to 89 years	120,635	43,795	76,840	13,205	4,845	8,360
90 to 94 years	53,165	15,155	38,015	6,320	1,830	4,485
95 to 99 years	13,035	2,685	10,350	1,855	415	1,430
100 years and over	1,850	255	1,600	270	45	225
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.0	15.7	14.5	15.3	13.7
15 to 64 years	65.4	66.3	64.4	65.6	66.0	65.2
65 years and over	18.3	16.7	19.9	19.9	18.7	21.1
85 years and over	2.3	1.5	3.1	2.3	1.6	3.0
Average age of the population	41.9	40.9	42.9	43.5	42.5	44.4
Median age of the population	42.5	41.4	43.6	45.5	44.5	46.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	3,531,660	...	...	401,990	...	...
Single-detached house	1,602,680	...	...	263,470	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	187,800	...	...	21,350	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	1,717,680	...	...	102,300	...	...
Semi-detached house	188,245	...	...	20,465	...	...
Row house	93,350	...	...	10,215	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	265,195	...	...	12,435	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,154,955	...	...	58,405	...	...
Other single-attached house	15,940	...	...	780	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	23,505	...	...	14,870	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
1 person	1,175,230	...	...	118,670	...	...
2 persons	1,227,765	...	...	156,825	...	...
3 persons	489,460	...	...	60,250	...	...
4 persons	426,250	...	...	44,970	...	...
5 or more persons	212,960	...	...	21,275	...	...
Number of persons in private households	7,965,455	...	...	908,340	...	...
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885	789,770	378,515	411,255
Married or living common law	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395	454,970	227,220	227,750
Married	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260	369,695	184,705	184,990
Living common law	1,501,160	752,025	749,135	85,275	42,515	42,760
Not married and not living common law	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490	334,800	151,295	183,505
Never married	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280	209,455	110,175	99,280
Separated	103,625	46,390	57,240	24,105	10,450	13,655
Divorced	483,195	194,430	288,760	48,835	19,715	29,115
Widowed	389,555	84,345	305,210	52,405	10,955	41,455
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	2,257,560	...	...	270,965	...	...
2 persons	1,204,955	...	...	157,600	...	...
3 persons	466,310	...	...	56,625	...	...
4 persons	412,160	...	...	41,095	...	...
5 or more persons	174,140	...	...	15,645	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	2,257,560	...	...	270,965	...	...
Total couple families	1,878,095	...	...	224,065	...	...
Married couples	1,128,355	...	...	181,435	...	...
Common-law couples	749,740	...	...	42,630	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	379,460	...	...	46,900	...	...
Female parent	284,900	...	...	37,595	...	...
Male parent	94,565	...	...	9,305	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,878,095	...	...	224,065	...	...
Couples without children	970,260	...	...	128,125	...	...
Couples with children	907,840	...	...	95,940	...	...
1 child	356,640	...	...	43,810	...	...
2 children	384,875	...	...	37,595	...	...
3 or more children	166,315	...	...	14,535	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	379,465	...	...	46,900	...	...
1 child	234,695	...	...	29,480	...	...
2 children	109,670	...	...	12,810	...	...
3 or more children	35,100	...	...	4,610	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,579,070	775,765	803,305	175,575	81,140	94,435
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	3,531,660	...	...	401,990	...	...
One-census-family households	2,197,340	...	...	260,280	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	947,305	...	...	124,000	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	1,250,040	...	...	136,280	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	29,595	...	...	5,285	...	...
Non-census-family households	1,304,725	...	...	136,425	...	...
One-person households	1,175,230	...	...	118,675	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	129,500	...	...	17,750	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285	912,300	442,470	469,830
English only	372,445	187,595	184,860	813,480	398,950	414,530
French only	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095	705	305	400
English and French	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275	95,380	41,925	53,460
Neither English nor French	75,065	31,000	44,060	2,735	1,295	1,440
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285	912,295	442,470	469,830
English	964,120	482,985	481,135	879,465	426,535	452,930
French	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560	28,490	13,890	14,600
English and French	278,710	144,060	134,655	1,760	825	930
Neither English nor French	72,775	29,845	42,930	2,585	1,215	1,365
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	1,103,480	555,015	548,465	29,370	14,300	15,070
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	13.7	14.0	13.4	3.2	3.2	3.2
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285	912,295	442,470	469,830
Single responses	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975	904,240	438,550	465,690
Official languages	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845	859,690	416,245	443,445
English	601,155	301,860	299,300	830,220	401,980	428,240
French	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550	29,465	14,265	15,205
Non-official languages	1,060,830	517,700	543,125	44,550	22,305	22,245
Aboriginal languages	45,570	22,530	23,040	4,290	2,020	2,270
Algonquian languages	33,140	16,365	16,770	4,210	1,985	2,225
Blackfoot	5	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	31,430	15,575	15,855	15	10	5
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,715	4,155	4,555	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	5	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	590	285	305	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	135	55	80	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5	0	5	5	0	0
Southern East Cree	35	15	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	5	5	0
Woods Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15,790	7,920	7,875	5	5	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	485	225	260	4,190	1,975	2,215
Malecite	0	0	0	10	5	5
Mi'kmaq	485	220	260	4,185	1,970	2,215
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,215	565	645	10	5	5
Algonquin	1,185	555	630	0	0	0
Ojibway	20	10	15	10	0	10
Oji-Cree	5	0	5	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	5	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	5	5	5
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	5	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	5	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	11,970	5,955	6,015	60	30	35
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Inuktitut	11,895	5,925	5,970	55	30	30
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	75	25	45	10	0	5
Iroquoian languages	375	165	210	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	365	160	210	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	5	5	0	5	0	0
Salish languages	5	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	65	30	35	5	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,015,260	495,175	520,090	40,260	20,285	19,975
Afro-Asiatic languages	197,535	104,185	93,355	7,760	4,275	3,480
Berber languages	20,845	11,125	9,720	10	10	0
Kabyle	12,470	6,625	5,840	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,375	4,500	3,875	5	5	0
Cushitic languages	1,125	545	580	130	65	65
Bilen	10	10	5	5	0	0
Oromo	15	10	5	60	30	25
Somali	1,075	515	560	50	20	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	15	5	5
Semitic languages	175,215	92,310	82,900	7,615	4,205	3,415
Amharic	745	340	405	115	50	65
Arabic	169,890	89,590	80,300	7,110	3,950	3,165
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	80	70	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	0	0	5
Harari	0	5	5	0	0	0
Hebrew	3,885	2,040	1,845	210	115	95
Maltese	25	10	15	15	10	5
Tigrigna	385	185	205	140	65	80
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50	10	5	10
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	200	155	5	0	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,305	17,030	19,275	505	245	260
Khmer (Cambodian)	8,855	4,105	4,750	5	5	5
Vietnamese	27,425	12,920	14,505	490	240	250
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	15	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	21,635	7,800	13,835	2,235	940	1,300
Bikol	115	35	80	5	5	5
Cebuano	885	270	610	150	60	90
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	410	125	275	25	10	15
Ilocano	2,060	745	1,315	55	15	40
Malagasy	1,250	590	660	0	5	0
Malay	705	265	440	55	25	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	205	90	110	15	5	5
Pangasinan	95	40	50	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15,545	5,480	10,065	1,905	810	1,090
Waray-Waray	50	10	40	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	320	140	180	20	10	15
Creole languages	56,990	25,220	31,770	95	60	35
Haitian Creole	2,220	1,055	1,170	5	5	0
Creole, n.o.s.	53,785	23,675	30,110	35	20	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	980	490	490	55	35	20
Dravidian languages	14,865	7,435	7,430	1,010	595	420
Kannada	240	130	110	40	20	15
Malayalam	440	235	205	365	205	165
Tamil	13,600	6,715	6,880	315	185	130
Telugu	570	345	230	285	180	110
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	553,045	269,625	283,420	18,590	9,320	9,270
Albanian	2,795	1,420	1,370	275	130	140
Armenian	16,430	7,970	8,460	35	30	10
Balto-Slavic languages	68,155	30,960	37,195	3,470	1,645	1,830
Baltic languages	850	335	515	100	35	60
Latvian	290	120	175	50	20	30
Lithuanian	555	215	340	45	15	30
Slavic languages	67,310	30,630	36,675	3,375	1,610	1,765
Belarusan	80	45	35	5	5	5
Bosnian	1,620	805	815	120	60	65
Bulgarian	6,985	3,385	3,600	55	25	30
Croatian	2,330	1,165	1,170	225	105	115
Czech	1,465	690	775	205	105	100
Macedonian	205	105	95	20	10	15
Polish	13,935	6,065	7,865	795	365	435
Russian	28,565	12,715	15,850	1,285	615	670
Serbian	3,140	1,590	1,545	115	60	65
Serbo-Croatian	1,805	865	940	80	40	40
Slovak	1,040	455	585	100	45	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	755	350	405	35	15	15
Ukrainian	5,210	2,285	2,920	320	155	170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	175	90	85	5	5	5
Celtic languages	155	95	60	185	80	100
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	10	145	65	85
Welsh	40	20	20	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	90	55	30	10	5	5
Germanic languages	27,540	13,280	14,260	5,700	2,800	2,900
Afrikaans	125	60	65	120	55	60
Danish	395	190	200	160	105	60
Dutch	2,825	1,395	1,430	1,620	815	805
Frisian	10	10	0	35	20	15
German	13,670	6,340	7,330	3,435	1,645	1,790
Icelandic	65	30	35	45	20	20
Norwegian	200	100	100	110	60	50
Swedish	555	255	300	110	45	65
Vlaams (Flemish)	540	240	300	25	10	10
Yiddish	8,985	4,560	4,420	20	10	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	175	100	75	20	5	15
Greek	38,635	19,435	19,205	760	390	365
Indo-Iranian languages	76,040	39,205	36,835	4,835	2,650	2,190
Indo-Aryan languages	45,845	23,875	21,970	3,385	1,895	1,490
Bengali	10,995	5,620	5,380	475	290	185
Gujarati	6,070	2,980	3,090	195	125	70
Hindi	3,030	1,635	1,390	745	445	300
Kashmiri	20	15	5	10	5	5
Konkani	110	60	55	5	5	5
Marathi	255	145	110	70	35	35
Nepali	1,505	740	765	530	255	275
Oriya (Odia)	35	20	15	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,380	6,720	5,660	585	310	270
Sindhi	330	160	165	20	10	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	645	310	330	165	85	85
Urdu	10,470	5,460	5,010	575	330	245
Iranian languages	29,760	15,105	14,655	1,425	740	690
Kurdish	985	550	430	115	65	50
Pashto	1,285	680	610	80	45	35
Persian (Farsi)	27,490	13,875	13,615	1,230	630	605
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	440	225	210	25	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages	323,290	157,260	166,030	3,335	1,605	1,730
Catalan	320	170	150	10	5	5
Italian	104,600	51,705	52,895	745	400	340
Portuguese	36,770	17,735	19,035	520	245	270
Romanian	35,840	17,170	18,665	225	110	120
Spanish	145,635	70,405	75,235	1,830	840	985
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	125	75	50	0	5	0
Japanese	2,525	775	1,750	360	100	260
Kartvelian languages	170	80	85	0	0	0
Georgian	170	80	90	5	0	0
Korean	5,160	2,270	2,890	1,095	475	620
Mongolic languages	190	75	115	5	5	5
Mongolian	195	80	115	0	5	0
Niger-Congo languages	28,355	14,360	13,995	630	325	305
Akan (Twi)	1,050	520	525	40	25	25
Bamanankan	1,200	655	545	15	5	5
Edo	75	45	30	5	0	5
Ewe	730	400	325	40	25	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,055	1,080	970	5	5	0
Ga	80	40	40	10	5	5
Ganda	35	15	20	20	5	15
Igbo	120	70	50	45	20	20
Lingala	2,465	1,185	1,285	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,345	1,600	1,745	20	10	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,500	1,115	1,380	50	15	30
Shona	85	45	40	30	15	15
Swahili	3,010	1,460	1,545	135	65	70
Wolof	3,230	1,745	1,485	10	10	0
Yoruba	255	155	100	65	35	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	8,135	4,235	3,895	140	75	70
Nilo-Saharan languages	345	180	165	75	40	40
Dinka	5	5	0	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	335	170	165	55	25	25
Sign languages	1,330	700	630	190	90	100
American Sign Language	65	35	30	85	40	50
Quebec Sign Language	670	330	340	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	595	340	255	105	50	55
Sino-Tibetan languages	76,840	35,775	41,065	6,665	3,335	3,330
Chinese languages	76,490	35,600	40,895	6,635	3,320	3,315
Cantonese	24,375	11,505	12,875	1,145	535	610
Hakka	470	215	260	20	5	15
Mandarin	43,700	20,175	23,525	4,640	2,325	2,315
Min Dong	20	10	15	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,225	1,480	1,745	120	50	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,075	465	605	50	30	20
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,535	1,710	1,825	645	365	280
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	40	45	15	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	345	175	170	30	15	20
Burmese	80	30	50	15	5	10
Karenic languages	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tibetan	110	65	50	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	4,895	2,185	2,710	155	55	100
Lao	4,115	1,995	2,120	10	0	5
Thai	765	180	585	150	50	100
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	10	0	0	0
Turkic languages	7,980	4,095	3,880	445	240	205
Azerbaijani	290	160	130	10	10	5
Turkish	7,155	3,685	3,470	305	165	140
Uyghur	205	100	105	5	5	5
Uzbek	145	70	75	110	60	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	185	80	105	10	10	0
Uralic languages	6,400	2,985	3,410	415	180	235
Estonian	195	75	120	40	20	25
Finnish	360	125	240	95	30	60
Hungarian	5,835	2,790	3,045	275	130	150
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	685	385	300	25	10	15
Multiple responses	184,905	92,600	92,310	8,060	3,920	4,140
English and French	72,395	36,695	35,695	3,445	1,600	1,850
English and non-official language	27,485	13,545	13,945	4,180	2,110	2,070
French and non-official language	67,075	33,110	33,970	225	115	105
English, French and non-official language	17,950	9,245	8,705	210	90	120
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285	912,300	442,470	469,830
Single responses	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425	900,755	436,755	464,000
Official languages	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685	878,015	425,220	452,795
English	782,185	391,125	391,060	863,550	418,315	445,240
French	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625	14,460	6,910	7,560
Non-official languages	585,890	283,150	302,735	22,740	11,540	11,205
Aboriginal languages	40,190	20,205	19,980	2,570	1,285	1,295
Algonquian languages	28,695	14,385	14,310	2,565	1,280	1,285
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	28,110	14,105	14,005	0	0	0
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	7,375	3,590	3,790	0	0	0
Moose Cree	5	5	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	590	295	290	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	60	30	30	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	15	5	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	5	5	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	5	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	14,590	7,355	7,235	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	220	115	110	2,560	1,280	1,280
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	220	110	105	2,560	1,275	1,280
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	370	170	200	0	0	0
Algonquin	360	165	195	0	0	0
Ojibway	5	5	0	5	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	11,375	5,770	5,615	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	5	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	11,350	5,750	5,600	5	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	5	0	0
Iroquoian languages	70	35	35	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	70	35	30	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	5	0	5
Salish languages	5	5	5	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	35	10	25	5	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	545,695	262,940	282,755	20,170	10,255	9,915
Afro-Asiatic languages	91,660	46,550	45,110	4,630	2,450	2,180
Berber languages	7,495	3,895	3,605	0	0	0
Kabyle	5,105	2,660	2,450	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,390	1,235	1,150	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	535	240	295	85	40	45
Bilen	5	0	5	5	0	5
Oromo	5	0	0	45	20	25
Somali	520	230	290	25	10	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	10	10	5
Semitic languages	83,520	42,365	41,160	4,540	2,405	2,130
Amharic	340	150	185	55	25	30
Arabic	81,105	41,150	39,955	4,260	2,270	1,990
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	95	50	45	0	5	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	0	0	0
Harari	5	0	5	5	0	0
Hebrew	1,705	880	825	125	70	55
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	205	95	105	95	40	55
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,980	11,675	13,305	330	160	165
Khmer (Cambodian)	5,180	2,370	2,805	0	0	0
Vietnamese	19,790	9,295	10,495	330	165	170
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	10	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	9,715	3,960	5,750	1,140	550	585
Bikol	15	5	10	0	0	0
Cebuano	230	100	125	55	20	35
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	130	55	75	5	5	5
Ilocano	740	305	435	15	5	5
Malagasy	360	185	170	0	0	0
Malay	175	85	95	0	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	30	30	0	0	0
Pangasinan	10	5	10	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,905	3,150	4,760	1,065	520	545
Waray-Waray	15	10	10	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	0	0	0
Creole languages	20,705	8,780	11,925	35	20	20
Haitian Creole	855	380	475	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	19,405	8,200	11,210	15	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	440	200	240	25	10	15
Dravidian languages	11,400	5,595	5,805	425	240	185
Kannada	150	85	65	15	5	10
Malayalam	200	100	100	140	75	60
Tamil	10,720	5,215	5,500	140	80	60
Telugu	330	190	135	125	80	50
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	15	5	5	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	303,215	146,100	157,115	7,410	3,715	3,690
Albanian	1,615	795	820	110	60	55
Armenian	11,990	5,680	6,310	15	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	40,405	19,085	21,325	1,405	680	720
Baltic languages	190	80	105	30	10	15
Latvian	75	40	40	10	5	10
Lithuanian	115	40	70	15	5	10
Slavic languages	40,220	19,000	21,220	1,375	675	700
Belarusan	25	15	15	0	0	0
Bosnian	965	475	495	65	30	30
Bulgarian	5,125	2,495	2,630	25	15	10
Croatian	1,015	475	545	65	25	40
Czech	460	220	240	45	25	20
Macedonian	130	65	65	0	0	0
Polish	5,970	2,695	3,270	235	105	125
Russian	20,680	9,775	10,900	785	385	390
Serbian	2,010	1,020	990	60	25	35
Serbo-Croatian	960	470	490	30	15	10
Slovak	245	120	130	20	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	225	95	135	0	0	0
Ukrainian	2,365	1,060	1,300	55	30	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	5	5	0
Celtic languages	30	20	10	60	35	30
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	60	35	30
Welsh	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	5	0	0
Germanic languages	9,890	4,980	4,905	1,490	725	760
Afrikaans	15	10	10	30	15	15
Danish	50	25	25	15	0	15
Dutch	375	170	205	135	70	70
Frisian	0	0	0	5	0	0
German	2,550	1,190	1,365	1,225	600	625
Icelandic	30	15	20	30	10	15
Norwegian	20	5	10	20	5	10
Swedish	105	50	60	15	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	35	40	5	5	5
Yiddish	6,665	3,485	3,180	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	15	5	10
Greek	18,545	8,865	9,680	270	135	130
Indo-Iranian languages	53,555	26,845	26,710	2,815	1,475	1,335
Indo-Aryan languages	31,575	15,985	15,585	1,850	995	860
Bengali	8,180	4,055	4,125	250	135	115
Gujarati	3,840	1,860	1,985	100	60	35
Hindi	1,535	790	745	310	190	120
Kashmiri	5	0	0	5	5	0
Konkani	30	15	15	0	0	0
Marathi	80	40	40	30	15	15
Nepali	1,355	655	700	475	235	240
Oriya (Odia)	15	10	5	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,840	4,690	4,155	250	125	125
Sindhi	135	65	75	5	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	365	185	180	95	45	50
Urdu	7,180	3,620	3,565	340	175	165
Iranian languages	21,745	10,740	11,010	960	475	480
Kurdish	510	280	235	85	50	40
Pashto	925	460	465	45	20	20
Persian (Farsi)	20,310	10,005	10,305	825	405	420
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	235	120	120	0	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	167,190	79,835	87,355	1,240	595	645
Catalan	110	50	60	5	0	0
Italian	32,935	14,595	18,340	165	70	85
Portuguese	17,260	8,250	9,005	195	90	105
Romanian	24,520	12,000	12,525	70	35	35
Spanish	92,330	44,920	47,415	810	390	420
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	5	0	0
Japanese	1,050	425	620	110	35	70
Kartvelian languages	70	35	35	0	0	0
Georgian	70	40	35	0	0	0
Korean	3,540	1,630	1,910	710	330	385
Mongolic languages	145	70	75	0	0	0
Mongolian	145	70	75	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	7,250	3,450	3,800	165	80	85
Akan (Twi)	445	215	235	10	0	10
Bamanankan	265	135	125	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5	0	0	0
Ewe	140	60	80	15	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	530	255	280	0	0	0
Ga	15	5	10	5	0	0
Ganda	5	5	5	5	0	5
Igbo	15	10	10	15	5	5
Lingala	625	270	355	0	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,110	510	600	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	530	225	305	15	10	10
Shona	20	10	10	0	0	0
Swahili	1,100	535	565	60	30	35
Wolof	1,035	555	480	0	0	0
Yoruba	55	25	25	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,350	635	710	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	135	70	65	35	20	20
Dinka	0	0	0	10	5	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65	25	10	15
Sign languages	1,770	1,000	775	285	145	140
American Sign Language	90	35	50	110	55	60
Quebec Sign Language	700	360	340	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	985	600	385	175	90	80
Sino-Tibetan languages	60,370	28,925	31,450	4,550	2,345	2,200
Chinese languages	60,155	28,805	31,345	4,545	2,345	2,200
Cantonese	17,845	8,470	9,375	640	335	310
Hakka	155	75	80	5	0	0
Mandarin	37,075	17,870	19,200	3,410	1,740	1,675
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,830	830	1,000	45	25	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	780	355	420	25	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,435	1,190	1,240	415	235	180
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	215	115	100	5	0	5
Burmese	35	15	20	0	0	0
Karenic languages	65	40	30	0	0	0
Tibetan	70	45	30	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	2,375	1,145	1,230	55	20	35
Lao	2,150	1,055	1,100	0	0	0
Thai	225	90	135	55	15	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	5,120	2,540	2,575	215	110	105
Azerbaijani	100	50	55	5	5	0
Turkish	4,715	2,340	2,370	140	70	75
Uyghur	140	75	70	0	0	0
Uzbek	105	50	55	70	40	30
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0	5	0
Uralic languages	2,025	895	1,130	75	35	40
Estonian	30	10	20	5	5	5
Finnish	50	20	30	15	10	5
Hungarian	1,945	860	1,085	55	25	30
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	150	90	60	5	0	0
Multiple responses	322,820	157,960	164,860	11,540	5,715	5,825
English and French	86,715	43,820	42,890	2,180	995	1,185
English and non-official language	54,400	26,255	28,140	8,970	4,515	4,450
French and non-official language	139,385	66,610	72,775	75	40	30
English, French and non-official language	42,320	21,270	21,045	315	155	160
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285	912,295	442,470	469,825
None	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900	861,780	418,525	443,260
English	513,410	263,670	249,735	17,005	8,480	8,525
French	320,370	158,340	162,030	16,390	7,210	9,175
Non-official language	317,790	154,450	163,340	16,275	7,850	8,420
Aboriginal	5,700	2,645	3,060	2,135	930	1,205
Non-Aboriginal	312,085	151,810	160,280	14,135	6,920	7,220
English and French	36,235	18,285	17,955	150	70	80
English and non-official language	28,630	14,075	14,555	220	105	115
French and non-official language	23,470	11,365	12,095	470	230	245
English, French and non-official language	1,420	740	680	5	5	0
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145	774,750	372,455	402,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020	744,260	358,055	386,205
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,975	37,842	28,522	31,813	38,379	26,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400	744,545	358,085	386,455
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,535	33,110	26,119	28,627	33,642	24,590
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220	648,960	320,380	328,580
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,067	35,597	25,012	29,938	36,363	24,497
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445	554,985	243,860	311,130
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,307	5,851	8,246	7,438	8,175	6,961
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370	523,020	264,375	258,645
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,263	35,627	27,219	29,979	35,676	25,405
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	774,750	372,455	402,295
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595	744,275	357,820	386,455
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,546	49,087	36,203	41,479	49,413	34,132
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890	744,560	357,855	386,710
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,887	39,292	30,616	34,175	39,776	28,993
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485	648,910	320,370	328,540
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,505	47,810	33,079	40,299	48,457	32,345
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050	555,740	243,445	312,295
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	8,590	7,846	9,229	8,495	8,859	8,211
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120	523,020	264,475	258,545
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,382	45,974	34,313	39,522	46,606	32,275
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240	774,750	372,455	402,295
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025	245,425	131,095	114,325
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	47,111	51,622	42,433	47,665	53,785	42,236
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	56,564	62,750	49,085	56,820	63,886	48,717
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	84.4	88.3	79.1	84.6	87.7	80.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	68.4	71.4	64.6	66.9	69.7	63.3
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	15.6	11.7	20.9	15.4	12.3	19.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140	774,750	372,455	402,295
Without total income	216,685	99,555	117,125	30,485	14,395	16,090
With total income	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020	744,265	358,060	386,205
Percentage with total income	96.7	96.9	96.5	96.1	96.1	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	789,595	351,935	437,660	104,125	43,575	60,545
$10,000 to $19,999	1,188,135	476,630	711,500	134,355	50,310	84,050
$20,000 to $29,999	976,210	428,390	547,830	114,855	47,195	67,660
$30,000 to $39,999	852,735	414,105	438,625	98,325	45,040	53,280
$40,000 to $49,999	747,995	378,215	369,780	79,435	39,605	39,830
$50,000 to $59,999	540,265	292,110	248,150	57,255	32,255	25,000
$60,000 to $69,999	375,935	214,805	161,130	41,715	25,830	15,885
$70,000 to $79,999	286,025	164,240	121,790	33,195	19,945	13,250
$80,000 to $89,999	189,350	113,715	75,635	25,500	14,900	10,605
$90,000 to $99,999	122,750	80,090	42,660	15,530	10,095	5,435
$100,000 and over	348,620	246,360	102,255	39,965	29,300	10,665
$100,000 to $149,999	236,515	164,145	72,370	28,130	20,205	7,925
$150,000 and over	112,105	82,215	29,885	11,835	9,095	2,745
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140	774,750	372,455	402,295
Without after-tax income	215,120	99,375	115,750	30,205	14,370	15,840
With after-tax income	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395	744,540	358,085	386,455
Percentage with after-tax income	96.8	97.0	96.6	96.1	96.1	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	822,725	359,045	463,675	108,630	44,435	64,195
$10,000 to $19,999	1,246,480	505,165	741,315	142,975	54,160	88,815
$20,000 to $29,999	1,192,885	541,080	651,810	138,435	58,900	79,535
$30,000 to $39,999	1,096,510	553,200	543,315	119,130	56,990	62,145
$40,000 to $49,999	793,150	425,040	368,115	84,245	46,675	37,565
$50,000 to $59,999	498,475	283,130	215,345	56,235	34,590	21,645
$60,000 to $69,999	309,415	180,470	128,945	39,320	23,195	16,125
$70,000 to $79,999	167,895	108,500	59,395	21,210	13,950	7,260
$80,000 and over	291,635	205,155	86,485	34,360	25,185	9,170
$80,000 to $89,999	95,010	64,670	30,335	11,615	8,185	3,430
$90,000 to $99,999	55,980	39,080	16,905	6,825	4,950	1,875
$100,000 and over	140,645	101,405	39,240	15,915	12,050	3,860
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145	774,745	372,455	402,295
Without employment income	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775	251,730	108,080	143,650
With employment income	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375	523,020	264,370	258,640
Percentage with employment income	69.8	73.9	65.8	67.5	71.0	64.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	606,300	311,780	294,520	72,940	34,125	38,820
$5,000 to $9,999	367,030	162,150	204,885	45,820	19,475	26,350
$10,000 to $19,999	681,920	305,995	375,920	76,685	33,555	43,130
$20,000 to $29,999	586,140	269,950	316,195	66,155	29,385	36,770
$30,000 to $39,999	565,425	277,135	288,285	60,485	27,455	33,035
$40,000 to $49,999	476,665	247,105	229,560	49,395	24,470	24,925
$50,000 to $59,999	359,180	203,580	155,600	37,685	21,735	15,955
$60,000 to $69,999	266,650	156,255	110,395	28,695	17,955	10,740
$70,000 to $79,999	224,040	129,890	94,150	24,970	14,750	10,220
$80,000 and over	494,440	344,585	149,855	60,175	41,470	18,705
$80,000 to $89,999	139,830	90,295	49,540	20,175	11,645	8,535
$90,000 to $99,999	93,860	64,160	29,700	11,685	7,975	3,715
$100,000 and over	260,745	190,125	70,620	28,310	21,850	6,460
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	59,822	...	...	60,764	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	52,207	...	...	53,129	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	1,175,230	...	...	118,670	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,574	...	...	30,377	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	28,469	...	...	27,511	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	2,356,430	...	...	283,320	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	78,645	...	...	77,136	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	67,665	...	...	66,538	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	77,306	...	...	76,797	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	63,404	...	...	63,299	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,174,695	...	...	118,705	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	40,042	...	...	39,601	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	33,262	...	...	32,962	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	2,356,970	...	...	283,285	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	95,878	...	...	92,383	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	78,426	...	...	76,011	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
Under $5,000	47,170	...	...	6,830	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	56,315	...	...	7,755	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	119,570	...	...	12,330	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	180,865	...	...	20,155	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	179,690	...	...	20,210	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	154,150	...	...	18,700	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	185,000	...	...	21,645	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	184,435	...	...	19,995	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	179,855	...	...	19,285	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	170,445	...	...	18,235	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	313,600	...	...	33,450	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	273,620	...	...	30,470	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	241,940	...	...	27,755	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	208,620	...	...	24,340	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	176,355	...	...	20,240	...	...
$100,000 and over	860,030	...	...	100,600	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	327,435	...	...	38,090	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	204,105	...	...	24,330	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	192,155	...	...	23,445	...	...
$200,000 and over	136,335	...	...	14,730	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,531,660	...	...	401,990	...	...
Under $5,000	50,445	...	...	7,145	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	57,335	...	...	7,885	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	120,860	...	...	12,545	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	190,300	...	...	21,370	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	202,905	...	...	23,030	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	187,365	...	...	22,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	231,765	...	...	25,495	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	225,695	...	...	23,945	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	211,990	...	...	22,630	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	202,760	...	...	21,635	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	363,775	...	...	40,585	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	309,825	...	...	35,920	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	256,150	...	...	29,795	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	208,765	...	...	24,160	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	166,295	...	...	19,275	...	...
$100,000 and over	545,440	...	...	64,210	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	269,170	...	...	31,985	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	130,225	...	...	15,940	...	...
$150,000 and over	146,045	...	...	16,280	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	2,261,890	...	...	269,560	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,378	...	...	77,529	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	68,152	...	...	66,728	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	930,195	...	...	121,200	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,075	...	...	71,495	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	60,224	...	...	61,883	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	911,980	...	...	97,460	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	105,246	...	...	104,981	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	88,844	...	...	88,099	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	3.9	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	364,085	...	...	43,560	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,708	...	...	45,597	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	47,805	...	...	42,309	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	2,262,045	...	...	269,510	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	96,863	...	...	93,027	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,060	...	...	76,371	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	929,645	...	...	121,285	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	86,304	...	...	85,511	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,167	...	...	70,143	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	912,560	...	...	97,490	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	122,835	...	...	119,890	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,279	...	...	97,021	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	363,610	...	...	43,470	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	61,753	...	...	54,587	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,052	...	...	47,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	1,433,210	711,180	722,030	157,715	73,825	83,890
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,195	31,526	27,210	28,180	30,235	26,673
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	26,706	28,214	25,434	25,848	27,176	24,859
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	1,430,625	708,225	722,405	157,410	73,440	83,970
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	37,684	39,840	35,571	36,847	38,945	35,012
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	31,513	32,729	30,321	30,893	31,946	29,973
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970	908,340	440,700	467,640
In the bottom half of the distribution	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115	519,830	244,725	275,105
In the bottom decile	747,785	368,385	379,395	105,810	49,730	56,080
In the second decile	898,605	408,705	489,900	112,825	49,900	62,920
In the third decile	997,185	481,975	515,210	102,515	48,345	54,175
In the fourth decile	996,230	490,275	505,960	100,645	48,515	52,130
In the fifth decile	938,080	467,425	470,655	98,030	48,235	49,800
In the top half of the distribution	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855	388,510	195,975	192,540
In the sixth decile	881,640	444,865	436,775	94,350	47,240	47,110
In the seventh decile	806,685	409,470	397,220	89,765	45,260	44,505
In the eighth decile	700,450	357,000	343,455	83,140	41,815	41,330
In the ninth decile	557,160	286,195	270,960	69,850	35,450	34,400
In the top decile	441,630	227,185	214,445	51,410	26,210	25,195
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945	898,345	435,895	462,450
0 to 17 years	1,564,410	800,455	763,960	159,820	81,670	78,150
0 to 5 years	532,410	272,790	259,625	49,595	25,280	24,310
18 to 64 years	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980	565,395	274,120	291,275
65 years and over	1,335,220	620,210	715,010	173,125	80,100	93,025
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	1,160,190	542,405	617,785	154,955	70,415	84,540
0 to 17 years	222,955	114,410	108,540	35,525	18,145	17,380
0 to 5 years	75,270	38,595	36,670	12,740	6,470	6,275
18 to 64 years	688,130	334,825	353,305	88,355	40,375	47,985
65 years and over	249,110	93,170	155,930	31,075	11,890	19,185
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.6	13.8	15.4	17.2	16.2	18.3
0 to 17 years (%)	14.3	14.3	14.2	22.2	22.2	22.2
0 to 5 years (%)	14.1	14.1	14.1	25.7	25.6	25.8
18 to 64 years (%)	13.7	13.4	14.0	15.6	14.7	16.5
65 years and over (%)	18.7	15.0	21.8	17.9	14.8	20.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	731,340	358,085	373,260	70,745	34,290	36,460
0 to 17 years	129,325	66,400	62,925	15,285	7,805	7,485
0 to 5 years	44,375	22,705	21,675	5,645	2,870	2,775
18 to 64 years	514,540	261,485	253,060	52,220	25,185	27,030
65 years and over	87,475	30,205	57,270	3,240	1,295	1,945
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	7.9	7.9	7.9
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.2	9.6	9.6	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	11.4	11.4	11.4
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	10.5	10.0	9.2	9.2	9.3
65 years and over (%)	6.6	4.9	8.0	1.9	1.6	2.1
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	908,340	440,730	467,605
Official languages	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890	905,700	439,525	466,180
English	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225	905,020	439,215	465,805
French	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200	95,740	42,150	53,585
Non-official languages	1,610,980	776,265	834,720	64,100	31,380	32,725
Aboriginal languages	50,890	25,190	25,700	5,645	2,685	2,960
Algonquian languages	37,515	18,545	18,965	5,575	2,635	2,935
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	34,415	17,050	17,370	20	15	10
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	9,850	4,735	5,115	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	10	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	775	385	385	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	260	130	130	0	0	0
Plains Cree	10	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	35	25	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	0	10	10	0	0
Woods Cree	10	10	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	17,175	8,600	8,575	10	10	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	885	460	420	5,550	2,625	2,920
Malecite	10	0	0	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	880	460	425	5,540	2,625	2,920
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	2,340	1,105	1,235	10	0	10
Algonquin	2,240	1,055	1,185	0	0	0
Ojibway	105	50	50	10	0	10
Oji-Cree	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	15	15	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	15	10	10	10	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	10	0	10	0	10	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	0	0	0	10
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	10	10	0	0	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	10	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	12,595	6,270	6,330	35	25	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	12,485	6,210	6,270	30	15	10
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60	0	10	0
Iroquoian languages	740	360	375	10	10	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	690	350	335	10	10	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	30	15	10	10	0	10
Salish languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	10	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	90	40	55	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,560,375	751,215	809,160	58,490	28,715	29,770
Afro-Asiatic languages	301,035	157,545	143,490	10,730	5,745	4,985
Berber languages	27,595	14,650	12,945	25	15	15
Kabyle	16,170	8,580	7,590	25	15	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	11,580	6,150	5,425	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	1,550	745	805	155	65	95
Bilen	35	20	10	20	15	10
Oromo	45	30	10	40	15	20
Somali	1,460	680	780	75	25	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	20	10	10
Semitic languages	286,625	149,970	136,660	10,635	5,715	4,925
Amharic	1,145	540	600	260	135	120
Arabic	267,965	140,280	127,685	9,685	5,185	4,500
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	195	95	95	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	18,035	9,490	8,540	630	370	260
Maltese	40	10	25	25	0	25
Tigrigna	420	195	225	140	65	70
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	40	20	20
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	810	430	380	15	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	46,050	21,955	24,095	575	260	310
Khmer (Cambodian)	11,840	5,620	6,220	15	0	10
Vietnamese	34,580	16,520	18,060	555	255	300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	31,230	11,820	19,410	3,035	1,275	1,760
Bikol	105	45	60	10	0	10
Cebuano	1,105	360	750	185	80	100
Fijian	15	0	10	10	0	0
Hiligaynon	540	195	350	45	20	30
Ilocano	2,500	890	1,610	70	20	55
Malagasy	1,980	940	1,040	10	0	0
Malay	1,210	525	690	80	25	60
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	195	95	100	10	10	0
Pangasinan	60	20	40	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	26,705	9,785	16,915	2,835	1,195	1,635
Waray-Waray	55	10	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	540	270	275	35	15	20
Creole languages	115,445	51,970	63,475	360	185	175
Haitian Creole	4,910	2,285	2,620	35	20	15
Creole, n.o.s.	108,315	48,615	59,705	120	60	65
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,835	1,390	1,445	210	115	100
Dravidian languages	18,710	9,495	9,210	1,365	785	580
Kannada	415	210	205	75	45	35
Malayalam	510	285	220	560	310	250
Tamil	17,245	8,680	8,565	450	260	190
Telugu	930	540	390	350	215	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	25	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	912,945	435,785	477,155	30,820	15,070	15,755
Albanian	3,375	1,730	1,645	405	185	215
Armenian	20,290	9,790	10,500	80	45	30
Balto-Slavic languages	88,425	41,725	46,700	4,095	1,935	2,160
Baltic languages	1,080	500	585	110	35	80
Latvian	335	150	185	50	15	35
Lithuanian	755	350	410	55	15	40
Slavic languages	87,520	41,315	46,205	4,010	1,910	2,105
Belarusan	365	150	215	10	0	10
Bosnian	1,975	990	985	145	60	80
Bulgarian	7,345	3,595	3,750	75	35	35
Croatian	3,580	1,760	1,820	275	105	165
Czech	2,070	975	1,095	210	95	110
Macedonian	285	140	145	90	55	30
Polish	17,760	8,090	9,665	900	410	490
Russian	46,665	22,265	24,400	1,945	970	970
Serbian	4,050	1,980	2,070	180	85	95
Serbo-Croatian	2,385	1,140	1,245	115	70	50
Slovak	1,520	705	820	145	70	75
Slovene (Slovenian)	970	490	480	35	10	20
Ukrainian	9,015	3,885	5,135	425	180	245
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	150	75	75	0	0	0
Celtic languages	495	305	195	1,070	495	580
Scottish Gaelic	155	95	65	910	400	505
Welsh	85	45	40	35	25	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	265	175	95	155	80	75
Germanic languages	63,370	31,835	31,530	9,225	4,490	4,740
Afrikaans	415	260	150	320	140	175
Danish	835	410	420	235	125	110
Dutch	5,060	2,665	2,395	2,105	935	1,165
Frisian	15	10	0	60	30	30
German	43,475	21,950	21,530	6,335	3,180	3,155
Icelandic	140	80	60	100	40	60
Norwegian	510	255	255	150	105	40
Swedish	1,580	785	795	245	115	130
Vlaams (Flemish)	760	265	495	20	10	15
Yiddish	12,375	6,225	6,155	30	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	270	125	140	125	45	85
Greek	51,060	25,520	25,540	1,315	670	645
Indo-Iranian languages	93,655	48,040	45,615	6,535	3,635	2,900
Indo-Aryan languages	59,570	30,870	28,700	4,935	2,790	2,140
Bengali	12,870	6,610	6,260	625	350	275
Gujarati	7,950	3,860	4,090	240	150	90
Hindi	15,570	8,285	7,280	2,270	1,300	975
Kashmiri	45	35	15	15	0	10
Konkani	150	70	75	15	15	0
Marathi	475	240	230	135	85	45
Nepali	1,445	725	720	620	315	305
Oriya (Odia)	55	35	20	20	10	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	17,860	9,690	8,165	1,010	570	445
Sindhi	500	240	255	10	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,335	625	710	245	125	120
Urdu	16,545	8,655	7,890	1,090	660	425
Iranian languages	35,420	17,830	17,585	1,625	865	755
Kurdish	1,255	665	590	185	110	75
Pashto	1,825	1,005	825	85	55	30
Persian (Farsi)	32,965	16,560	16,405	1,385	725	660
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	845	425	420	75	40	35
Italic (Romance) languages	627,545	293,620	333,920	9,365	4,270	5,100
Catalan	890	525	365	15	10	10
Italian	173,710	84,430	89,275	1,665	845	820
Portuguese	55,100	27,620	27,475	910	480	430
Romanian	42,655	20,550	22,110	240	140	105
Spanish	390,355	177,610	212,745	6,990	3,020	3,970
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	490	345	145	70	55	20
Japanese	7,040	3,340	3,695	865	335	530
Kartvelian languages	220	110	110	0	0	0
Georgian	215	105	110	0	10	0
Korean	6,260	2,825	3,430	1,530	685	850
Mongolic languages	270	135	130	10	0	10
Mongolian	265	135	130	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	52,840	26,665	26,175	1,340	715	620
Akan (Twi)	1,800	945	855	65	40	30
Bamanankan	2,385	1,240	1,145	10	10	10
Edo	190	95	95	10	10	0
Ewe	1,410	865	545	80	50	30
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	3,400	1,785	1,620	10	10	0
Ga	315	155	160	30	15	20
Ganda	90	40	55	60	15	40
Igbo	275	190	90	70	45	30
Lingala	9,630	4,430	5,200	30	15	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,490	2,210	2,285	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,535	1,640	1,895	130	65	65
Shona	150	75	80	65	40	35
Swahili	8,015	4,080	3,935	370	200	175
Wolof	6,555	3,545	3,015	35	15	20
Yoruba	885	485	395	250	125	125
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	17,720	9,125	8,595	300	175	130
Nilo-Saharan languages	695	345	350	50	30	20
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	695	345	350	45	30	10
Sign languages	7,775	3,095	4,675	1,605	555	1,045
American Sign Language	675	245	435	795	235	555
Quebec Sign Language	4,405	1,590	2,815	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,960	1,350	1,605	815	325	495
Sino-Tibetan languages	90,460	42,695	47,770	7,135	3,615	3,515
Chinese languages	90,060	42,480	47,580	7,115	3,610	3,500
Cantonese	31,885	14,900	16,980	1,555	730	820
Hakka	545	240	310	45	25	25
Mandarin	59,240	27,560	31,685	5,435	2,720	2,710
Min Dong	15	10	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,215	1,860	2,350	195	75	120
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,230	535	690	60	35	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	4,800	2,380	2,425	575	340	245
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	430	235	195	20	10	15
Burmese	140	75	60	0	0	0
Karenic languages	105	55	45	0	0	0
Tibetan	65	50	10	20	10	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	65	80	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	7,280	3,400	3,880	240	110	130
Lao	5,785	2,850	2,935	20	0	10
Thai	2,255	875	1,375	220	100	120
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Turkic languages	12,475	6,265	6,210	620	320	300
Azerbaijani	510	275	235	20	20	0
Turkish	11,415	5,755	5,665	480	225	255
Uyghur	230	110	120	15	0	10
Uzbek	230	105	125	105	60	40
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	235	115	120	10	10	0
Uralic languages	7,870	3,710	4,160	430	200	230
Estonian	150	55	95	50	25	20
Finnish	500	195	305	120	55	70
Hungarian	7,215	3,450	3,765	255	115	140
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,140	1,170	970	75	40	35
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	908,340	440,735	467,605
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350	878,415	425,340	453,070
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,521,230	779,620	741,610	159,440	81,575	77,870
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740	718,970	343,770	375,200
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	379,910	188,245	191,665	29,930	15,395	14,535
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	908,340	440,730	467,605
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735	842,760	407,740	435,015
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	1,091,310	530,325	560,980	55,675	27,270	28,405
Before 1981	238,655	117,080	121,575	19,200	9,335	9,865
1981 to 1990	127,340	63,150	64,190	4,800	2,330	2,470
1991 to 2000	187,860	89,210	98,650	6,705	3,140	3,560
2001 to 2010	322,280	155,785	166,495	13,185	6,540	6,645
2001 to 2005	140,170	67,835	72,335	5,105	2,500	2,600
2006 to 2010	182,115	87,945	94,165	8,080	4,035	4,045
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	215,170	105,105	110,065	11,790	5,925	5,865
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	86,065	45,765	40,295	9,900	5,720	4,185
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	1,091,305	530,325	560,980	55,675	27,270	28,410
Under 5 years	112,930	54,600	58,330	7,280	3,495	3,785
5 to 14 years	174,020	87,165	86,855	10,445	5,240	5,205
15 to 24 years	215,350	98,880	116,475	10,170	4,670	5,500
25 to 44 years	515,770	256,095	259,675	22,980	11,315	11,660
45 years and over	73,230	33,590	39,640	4,800	2,550	2,250
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,091,305	530,330	560,980	55,680	27,270	28,410
Americas	247,505	113,190	134,315	10,610	4,830	5,780
Brazil	7,345	3,515	3,830	175	75	100
Colombia	25,580	11,645	13,935	175	90	85
El Salvador	11,120	5,500	5,615	95	50	45
Guyana	2,490	1,085	1,410	170	85	90
Haiti	80,965	35,375	45,585	55	30	30
Jamaica	4,665	2,040	2,625	480	210	275
Mexico	15,820	7,090	8,730	325	155	175
Peru	13,265	5,945	7,325	105	35	75
Trinidad and Tobago	4,075	1,840	2,240	220	120	100
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	25,955	12,800	13,155	7,375	3,320	4,055
Other places of birth in Americas	56,235	26,370	29,870	1,430	675	750
Europe	311,090	154,910	156,185	22,110	11,195	10,920
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,785	1,890	1,895	210	115	100
Croatia	2,140	1,085	1,050	180	75	105
France	81,225	43,490	37,735	610	330	280
Germany	9,750	4,365	5,390	2,600	1,270	1,330
Greece	18,420	9,135	9,285	505	270	235
Hungary	3,325	1,620	1,700	110	40	65
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	820	485	330	475	225	255
Italy	51,025	25,370	25,655	525	310	215
Netherlands	1,990	1,035	955	1,645	790	855
Poland	10,735	4,675	6,060	630	265	365
Portugal	18,985	9,185	9,800	220	140	80
Romania	28,695	13,695	15,005	180	100	80
Russian Federation	11,355	4,975	6,375	585	270	315
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	1,790	830	960	90	45	45
Ukraine	8,670	3,800	4,870	335	145	195
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	12,905	6,645	6,260	11,275	5,815	5,460
Other places of birth in Europe	45,500	22,630	22,870	1,930	985	945
Africa	241,410	125,250	116,165	3,525	1,855	1,675
Algeria	59,465	31,180	28,280	25	15	15
Egypt	19,490	10,290	9,200	770	395	370
Ethiopia	995	495	495	185	105	85
Kenya	785	355	430	125	75	50
Morocco	60,700	31,435	29,270	80	50	30
Nigeria	1,340	740	600	350	185	165
Somalia	580	270	310	65	30	35
South Africa, Republic of	865	475	385	460	205	250
Other places of birth in Africa	97,200	50,005	47,190	1,465	790	675
Asia	289,825	136,175	153,655	18,955	9,100	9,855
Afghanistan	7,280	3,640	3,640	100	40	60
Bangladesh	7,940	3,990	3,950	315	180	135
China^{Census data footnote 59}	49,555	19,905	29,655	2,830	1,140	1,685
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,730	2,290	2,435	280	130	155
India	17,865	9,195	8,670	2,225	1,190	1,040
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	17,760	8,880	8,885	970	525	440
Iraq	3,735	1,960	1,775	525	250	285
Japan	1,725	395	1,330	225	60	170
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,230	1,995	2,230	870	340	530
Lebanon	39,135	20,800	18,340	1,370	755	610
Pakistan	10,010	5,260	4,750	615	315	295
Philippines	24,410	9,040	15,370	2,570	1,035	1,540
Sri Lanka	10,715	5,335	5,380	310	140	175
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	17,775	8,800	8,980	1,150	565	580
Taiwan	2,735	1,100	1,635	225	100	120
Viet Nam	25,440	11,765	13,675	450	205	245
Other places of birth in Asia	44,795	21,840	22,950	3,930	2,130	1,795
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	1,480	805	670	480	295	180
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	215,170	105,105	110,065	11,785	5,920	5,870
Americas	47,710	22,625	25,085	1,390	675	715
Brazil	3,010	1,495	1,520	95	40	55
Colombia	7,540	3,465	4,075	15	0	15
Cuba	2,565	1,260	1,315	70	40	30
Haiti	16,880	7,690	9,190	20	15	0
Jamaica	190	140	55	195	100	95
Mexico	4,210	1,955	2,255	105	55	45
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	3,990	2,265	1,720	615	310	305
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,955	935	1,020	15	10	10
Other places of birth in Americas	7,365	3,425	3,935	275	115	165
Europe	39,320	20,085	19,235	2,210	1,165	1,045
France	20,030	10,855	9,175	110	55	55
Germany	580	250	330	215	110	100
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	135	105	35	75	50	25
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	3,750	1,695	2,055	25	10	15
Romania	2,945	1,260	1,685	40	25	15
Russian Federation	1,970	865	1,105	180	75	100
Ukraine	2,460	1,110	1,350	140	55	80
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	860	565	290	1,080	620	460
Other places of birth in Europe	6,590	3,385	3,205	355	165	190
Africa	74,200	37,110	37,090	1,085	600	485
Algeria	16,380	8,060	8,320	15	0	10
Cameroon	7,550	3,705	3,845	0	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,370	1,655	1,715	55	30	25
Côte d'Ivoire	5,070	2,505	2,565	0	0	0
Egypt	4,360	2,260	2,095	205	105	95
Eritrea	50	30	20	70	40	30
Ethiopia	125	65	60	45	35	10
Morocco	13,475	6,675	6,805	30	15	10
Nigeria	540	280	260	200	100	100
Somalia	95	40	50	10	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	175	115	60	80	35	45
Tunisia	5,855	3,025	2,825	10	10	0
Other places of birth in Africa	17,155	8,690	8,470	365	220	150
Asia	53,595	25,070	28,525	7,035	3,435	3,600
Afghanistan	1,555	715	840	20	0	20
Bangladesh	860	455	405	80	50	30
China^{Census data footnote 59}	10,705	4,805	5,895	985	465	520
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	120	35	80	10	0	0
India	2,960	1,555	1,405	900	490	410
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	7,505	3,545	3,960	260	135	125
Iraq	985	465	515	245	125	120
Israel	645	390	255	280	180	100
Japan	330	30	295	70	25	50
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	825	370	455	225	75	150
Lebanon	3,955	2,100	1,860	75	35	40
Nepal	360	165	195	185	95	85
Pakistan	1,815	920	895	145	80	65
Philippines	5,635	2,345	3,290	1,500	640	860
Saudi Arabia	435	210	225	125	75	50
Sri Lanka	860	380	480	100	55	50
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	7,455	3,740	3,715	890	420	460
Taiwan	170	60	105	0	0	0
Turkey	585	300	285	100	55	40
United Arab Emirates	300	160	145	70	45	20
Viet Nam	1,505	560	945	65	20	45
Other places of birth in Asia	4,025	1,765	2,265	715	370	345
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	345	215	135	70	50	20
Australia	190	120	70	35	30	0
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	155	95	65	35	15	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	908,340	440,735	467,605
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	1,204,895	590,175	614,720	70,310	35,320	34,990
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	792,085	399,535	392,550	69,125	33,765	35,360
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745	768,905	371,645	397,260
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	867,685	420,465	447,220	37,000	18,195	18,805
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	469,015	243,915	225,100	21,830	11,270	10,560
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	224,720	137,975	86,745	8,710	5,865	2,845
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	244,300	105,945	138,360	13,115	5,405	7,710
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	241,225	96,130	145,095	10,415	4,455	5,955
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	146,295	75,100	71,195	4,520	2,345	2,175
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	11,150	5,320	5,825	235	120	115
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010	908,340	440,730	467,605
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	182,885	91,890	90,995	51,495	24,900	26,595
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	175,960	88,635	87,325	49,935	24,175	25,765
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	92,655	45,510	47,145	25,830	12,460	13,370
Métis	69,365	36,260	33,100	23,315	11,325	11,985
Inuk (Inuit)	13,940	6,865	7,075	795	385	410
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	2,760	1,330	1,430	835	425	410
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	4,170	1,930	2,245	725	300	420
Non-Aboriginal identity	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015	856,850	415,835	441,015
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015	908,340	440,735	467,610
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	77,490	38,580	38,915	18,940	9,135	9,805
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100	889,405	431,595	457,800
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015	908,340	440,735	467,610
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	118,780	58,535	60,245	15,055	7,255	7,805
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	115,480	56,930	58,550	14,780	7,120	7,655
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	87,700	42,730	44,965	11,995	5,790	6,210
Métis single ancestry	17,585	9,225	8,360	2,560	1,245	1,315
Inuit single ancestry	10,200	4,980	5,220	220	85	135
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	3,300	1,605	1,700	275	135	145
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	2,220	1,115	1,105	210	95	115
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	995	455	540	25	20	10
Métis and Inuit ancestries	65	25	40	30	20	15
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	10	15	10	0	10
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	240,650	113,905	126,740	58,980	27,665	31,315
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	235,365	111,205	124,165	56,830	26,660	30,170
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	193,625	90,650	102,975	34,375	15,975	18,400
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	37,080	18,320	18,760	21,200	10,120	11,080
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,660	2,230	2,425	1,255	560	690
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	5,280	2,700	2,575	2,145	1,005	1,140
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,040	2,105	1,940	1,850	855	995
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	990	475	515	135	50	80
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	225	110	115	130	90	45
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25	15	10	30	10	20
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030	834,300	405,810	428,495
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	908,340	440,735	467,605
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	1,032,365	505,180	527,185	58,650	29,305	29,350
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	90,335	46,750	43,585	7,910	4,385	3,525
Chinese	99,505	44,370	55,135	8,640	4,210	4,435
Black	319,230	154,110	165,120	21,915	10,735	11,175
Filipino	34,910	14,275	20,635	3,400	1,485	1,920
Latin American	133,920	64,655	69,260	1,685	820	865
Arab	213,740	113,420	100,320	8,110	4,375	3,735
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	62,820	29,960	32,865	1,195	525	670
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	32,405	16,200	16,210	1,540	805	740
Korean	8,055	3,865	4,190	1,540	685	855
Japanese	4,570	1,755	2,820	695	295	405
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	9,840	4,670	5,175	630	300	330
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	23,045	11,160	11,885	1,385	690	695
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830	849,690	411,430	438,260
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010	908,340	440,730	467,610
North American Aboriginal origins	359,430	172,440	186,985	74,040	34,920	39,115
First Nations (North American Indian)	289,610	137,550	152,065	48,640	22,805	25,835
Inuit	17,175	8,300	8,880	1,840	830	1,010
Métis	61,260	30,915	30,345	26,025	12,435	13,585
Other North American origins	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605	410,825	197,970	212,855
Acadian	34,785	16,440	18,345	23,700	11,050	12,650
American	45,050	21,470	23,580	7,515	3,730	3,785
Canadian	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555	387,360	186,955	200,405
New Brunswicker	750	370	380	35	15	20
Newfoundlander	570	280	295	1,750	835	910
Nova Scotian	365	155	215	1,295	625	665
Ontarian	1,345	660	685	95	65	35
Québécois	184,005	93,895	90,110	380	190	185
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	205	110	100	20	0	15
European origins	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825	621,525	299,755	321,760
British Isles origins	745,715	360,135	385,575	513,725	246,085	267,645
Channel Islander	1,440	725	720	90	25	60
Cornish	70	35	40	105	45	65
English	228,520	111,855	116,670	262,375	124,610	137,765
Irish	446,215	211,545	234,665	195,865	91,260	104,605
Manx	200	105	95	145	70	70
Scottish	215,030	103,395	111,635	272,880	129,640	143,240
Welsh	10,765	5,075	5,690	17,135	8,105	9,030
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	32,525	15,440	17,080	18,975	8,955	10,020
French origins	1,878,795	941,770	937,025	149,665	70,095	79,570
Alsatian	1,050	520	525	25	20	10
Breton	11,140	5,410	5,725	15	10	10
Corsican	1,270	690	580	20	20	0
French	1,870,545	937,665	932,875	149,625	70,065	79,565
Western European origins (except French origins)	244,380	119,115	125,260	125,110	59,420	65,690
Austrian	12,710	6,285	6,430	1,775	880	895
Bavarian	40	30	20	10	10	10
Belgian	51,340	25,295	26,050	2,615	1,320	1,305
Dutch	26,000	12,805	13,190	32,045	14,640	17,410
Flemish	1,345	660	685	160	80	80
Frisian	15	20	0	50	20	30
German	142,225	68,250	73,975	97,555	46,450	51,100
Luxembourger	910	445	460	30	20	10
Swiss	24,500	12,615	11,885	2,705	1,335	1,375
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	125	80	50	140	75	60
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	25,460	12,490	12,975	14,985	7,075	7,910
Danish	5,700	2,815	2,885	3,700	1,695	2,005
Finnish	3,130	1,430	1,700	1,140	505	630
Icelandic	955	480	470	660	295	370
Norwegian	7,820	3,835	3,985	5,170	2,535	2,635
Swedish	6,840	3,275	3,565	3,565	1,575	1,990
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	2,500	1,265	1,230	1,365	750	620
Eastern European origins	249,940	121,660	128,285	29,685	14,315	15,370
Bulgarian	9,570	4,675	4,895	280	130	145
Byelorussian	2,530	1,235	1,295	195	85	105
Czech	6,295	2,965	3,330	1,165	620	545
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	2,150	1,100	1,050	420	175	245
Estonian	890	460	435	345	185	165
Hungarian	28,280	13,970	14,310	2,700	1,320	1,380
Latvian	1,740	835	905	380	160	220
Lithuanian	6,630	3,320	3,305	1,150	510	635
Moldovan	7,620	3,710	3,900	10	0	10
Polish	79,040	38,705	40,335	11,575	5,525	6,050
Romanian	53,060	25,935	27,125	1,190	540	650
Russian	55,230	26,405	28,830	4,775	2,210	2,570
Slovak	4,770	2,375	2,395	610	320	290
Ukrainian	42,550	20,575	21,975	9,115	4,475	4,640
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	2,900	1,505	1,400	310	150	160
Southern European origins	549,750	273,670	276,080	28,680	13,790	14,890
Albanian	3,760	1,950	1,805	285	140	145
Bosnian	2,970	1,485	1,490	155	75	75
Catalan	735	395	340	0	0	0
Croatian	6,745	3,375	3,370	680	325	360
Cypriot	480	240	245	40	30	15
Greek	71,330	36,235	35,090	3,360	1,705	1,650
Italian	326,700	162,650	164,045	15,620	7,605	8,015
Kosovar	505	295	210	255	115	145
Macedonian	775	400	370	165	90	80
Maltese	1,220	615	610	440	215	220
Montenegrin	450	250	200	20	10	10
Portuguese	69,805	34,825	34,980	3,580	1,700	1,880
Serbian	5,950	2,915	3,040	255	120	135
Sicilian	1,435	710	725	40	20	15
Slovenian	2,510	1,225	1,280	150	70	85
Spanish	85,360	41,745	43,615	4,300	1,875	2,425
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	3,270	1,595	1,670	400	205	200
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	300	155	145	85	50	40
Other European origins	38,670	19,875	18,800	5,465	2,845	2,625
Basque	3,620	1,930	1,690	160	75	85
Jewish	25,235	12,955	12,280	2,040	1,040	1,000
Roma (Gypsy)	475	270	205	135	110	25
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	360	180	185	25	25	0
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	9,215	4,690	4,530	3,145	1,610	1,535
Caribbean origins	201,625	93,935	107,690	5,220	2,580	2,640
Antiguan	380	170	205	100	50	55
Bahamian	430	205	225	230	105	115
Barbadian	5,570	2,585	2,985	575	300	275
Bermudan	115	50	65	185	90	100
Carib	405	150	255	45	30	10
Cuban	9,830	4,800	5,035	340	145	195
Dominican	11,560	5,320	6,235	150	85	65
Grenadian	1,965	790	1,175	35	20	20
Guadeloupean	1,010	475	535	0	0	0
Haitian	143,165	66,245	76,925	115	50	65
Jamaican	14,100	6,785	7,315	2,075	1,050	1,025
Kittitian/Nevisian	360	200	160	45	15	30
Martinican	1,775	820	950	10	10	0
Montserratan	240	140	105	10	10	0
Puerto Rican	530	270	255	115	40	75
St. Lucian	860	450	405	65	20	50
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	6,585	2,925	3,660	325	170	155
Vincentian/Grenadinian	4,020	1,695	2,325	35	20	15
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	5,635	2,610	3,025	785	420	365
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	4,195	1,995	2,205	330	155	180
Latin, Central and South American origins	167,275	81,215	86,065	3,055	1,525	1,525
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	6,100	2,885	3,210	185	90	100
Arawak	180	60	120	0	0	0
Argentinian	4,950	2,490	2,460	65	40	25
Belizean	80	40	40	25	20	10
Bolivian	1,730	815	915	40	20	15
Brazilian	8,345	4,075	4,275	280	140	135
Chilean	14,060	7,055	7,005	130	80	45
Colombian	33,965	15,915	18,050	430	210	225
Costa Rican	1,180	570	610	35	10	25
Ecuadorian	2,720	1,255	1,470	50	20	30
Guatemalan	10,175	5,380	4,795	90	65	35
Guyanese	3,670	1,810	1,860	350	160	195
Hispanic	1,155	570	585	60	35	25
Honduran	4,335	2,135	2,200	50	35	20
Maya	1,670	935	735	70	35	30
Mexican	26,930	13,185	13,745	810	415	395
Nicaraguan	2,805	1,360	1,445	45	20	25
Panamanian	1,460	755	710	25	10	15
Paraguayan	365	155	205	0	0	0
Peruvian	19,735	9,240	10,495	180	85	95
Salvadorean	19,200	9,535	9,665	110	75	35
Uruguayan	1,755	815	940	15	0	20
Venezuelan	7,475	3,430	4,045	80	50	30
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	5,845	2,965	2,880	185	80	105
African origins	382,665	196,910	185,755	17,655	8,560	9,095
Central and West African origins	86,695	44,720	41,975	1,335	700	635
Akan	630	325	310	10	0	10
Angolan	875	425	450	10	0	10
Ashanti	120	90	35	0	10	0
Beninese	4,125	2,220	1,915	20	10	10
Burkinabe	2,465	1,325	1,145	0	0	10
Cameroonian	17,095	8,635	8,465	70	35	35
Chadian	1,045	525	520	0	0	0
Congolese	20,210	9,960	10,250	180	95	85
Edo	110	60	45	0	0	0
Ewe	460	265	200	0	0	0
Gabonese	1,165	545	620	10	0	0
Gambian	150	95	55	10	0	10
Ghanaian	3,235	1,660	1,575	185	105	85
Guinean	5,255	2,765	2,485	30	20	10
Ibo	185	95	95	90	50	40
Ivorian	8,545	4,350	4,200	10	0	0
Liberian	150	60	90	15	10	10
Malian	3,535	1,755	1,775	10	0	10
Malinké	635	340	295	15	10	10
Nigerian	2,820	1,510	1,310	445	240	210
Peulh	2,110	1,080	1,030	0	10	0
Senegalese	8,250	4,420	3,835	10	10	0
Sierra Leonean	110	55	55	80	45	35
Togolese	4,080	2,210	1,870	70	30	35
Wolof	660	390	270	0	0	0
Yoruba	460	225	235	65	25	45
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	6,955	3,690	3,275	120	65	50
North African origins	225,125	117,725	107,410	2,030	1,045	980
Algerian	60,375	31,185	29,190	85	45	40
Berber	33,825	17,840	15,985	70	50	20
Coptic	685	385	305	30	10	20
Dinka	15	10	10	0	0	0
Egyptian	29,400	15,295	14,100	1,295	695	600
Libyan	1,075	590	485	215	105	110
Maure	530	290	240	10	0	10
Moroccan	85,940	44,520	41,420	130	60	70
Sudanese	370	220	150	130	50	80
Tunisian	21,475	11,775	9,695	65	25	35
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	3,340	1,845	1,490	90	40	50
Southern and East African origins	28,925	14,225	14,705	1,865	920	945
Afrikaner	115	75	40	25	10	20
Amhara	65	30	35	10	10	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	1,905	1,040	870	10	10	0
Burundian	6,015	2,945	3,070	10	0	0
Djiboutian	450	205	245	0	0	0
Eritrean	580	290	290	160	85	75
Ethiopian	1,575	785	785	280	120	155
Harari	20	10	10	0	0	0
Kenyan	530	270	260	160	85	75
Malagasy	3,735	1,815	1,920	20	0	15
Mauritian	3,695	1,735	1,960	0	0	0
Oromo	20	15	10	25	15	15
Rwandan	5,130	2,445	2,685	105	55	50
Seychellois	775	345	425	0	0	0
Somali	1,785	865	915	180	75	100
South African	900	490	420	520	255	265
Tanzanian	325	190	140	60	45	20
Tigrian	95	35	55	15	0	10
Ugandan	290	135	160	60	25	40
Zambian	45	20	25	80	35	50
Zimbabwean	300	150	145	100	55	45
Zulu	70	35	35	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	1,790	915	875	170	100	75
Other African origins	46,805	22,845	23,965	12,620	5,990	6,635
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	3,800	1,845	1,950	2,255	1,060	1,195
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	43,785	21,415	22,370	10,460	4,965	5,495
Asian origins	563,150	275,170	287,980	42,500	21,445	21,050
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	240,795	123,985	116,810	17,205	8,915	8,295
Afghan	10,945	5,550	5,395	230	80	150
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	44,875	23,680	21,195	1,600	835	770
Armenian	27,380	13,515	13,865	265	160	110
Assyrian	370	205	165	10	10	0
Azerbaijani	555	295	255	20	20	0
Georgian	635	295	345	20	15	10
Hazara	385	190	200	0	0	0
Iranian	25,530	12,845	12,685	1,405	785	620
Iraqi	5,520	2,780	2,740	595	270	325
Israeli	6,060	3,235	2,830	245	120	120
Jordanian	1,610	840	770	260	150	115
Kazakh	620	295	325	45	30	20
Kurd	2,135	1,180	960	230	120	115
Kuwaiti	95	50	50	245	115	130
Kyrgyz	260	140	120	0	0	0
Lebanese	78,140	40,695	37,450	7,445	3,815	3,630
Palestinian	6,865	3,520	3,345	990	535	455
Pashtun	515	280	235	30	15	10
Saudi Arabian	645	390	255	725	470	255
Syrian	27,465	13,845	13,620	2,190	1,090	1,100
Tajik	390	180	210	20	10	10
Tatar	910	430	485	40	15	25
Turk	15,060	7,520	7,545	690	320	370
Turkmen	65	45	25	10	10	10
Uighur	375	185	190	10	10	0
Uzbek	465	210	255	90	60	30
Yemeni	805	450	355	205	105	95
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,465	1,385	1,075	780	410	370
South Asian origins	95,670	48,925	46,745	8,495	4,690	3,805
Bangladeshi	7,075	3,625	3,450	240	135	110
Bengali	4,125	2,035	2,090	65	40	20
Bhutanese	420	205	215	225	100	125
East Indian	51,650	26,505	25,140	6,255	3,460	2,795
Goan	210	105	110	10	10	0
Gujarati	420	205	215	10	0	0
Kashmiri	260	155	105	0	10	0
Nepali	930	460	470	430	220	210
Pakistani	13,535	7,000	6,535	665	405	260
Punjabi	2,970	1,675	1,295	230	110	115
Sinhalese	310	135	175	40	10	30
Sri Lankan	14,750	7,300	7,450	340	150	190
Tamil	3,100	1,610	1,495	60	30	35
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	2,135	1,190	945	470	290	175
East and Southeast Asian origins	229,985	103,805	126,180	16,715	7,850	8,870
Burmese	530	270	255	15	0	10
Cambodian (Khmer)	15,345	7,360	7,985	55	15	40
Chinese	121,445	54,595	66,850	9,695	4,720	4,980
Filipino	37,910	15,590	22,320	3,580	1,585	1,995
Hmong	35	10	20	0	0	0
Indonesian	1,320	570	755	140	65	75
Japanese	6,495	2,615	3,875	905	385	515
Karen	95	55	40	0	0	0
Korean	8,740	4,155	4,580	1,590	700	895
Laotian	7,625	3,860	3,770	15	0	10
Malaysian	645	300	340	80	30	45
Mongolian	960	470	485	55	30	30
Singaporean	105	65	40	10	10	0
Taiwanese	2,205	940	1,265	240	100	140
Thai	2,695	1,065	1,635	245	85	155
Tibetan	80	45	30	10	0	10
Vietnamese	43,080	20,790	22,290	760	355	410
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	275	125	155	75	45	25
Other Asian origins	1,765	905	865	410	190	215
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	1,770	905	860	410	190	215
Oceania origins	3,250	1,730	1,515	895	450	445
Australian	2,055	1,125	935	490	255	235
New Zealander	490	245	245	290	155	130
Pacific Islands origins	785	410	380	125	55	70
Fijian	70	25	40	15	10	10
Hawaiian	60	40	20	25	10	15
Maori	90	55	35	40	20	25
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	290	145	145	20	15	10
Samoan	15	15	0	10	0	10
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	295	155	145	30	0	20
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
Owner	2,163,735	...	...	276,095	...	...
Renter	1,362,010	...	...	123,595	...	...
Band housing	5,915	...	...	2,300	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	3,531,660	...	...	401,990	...	...
Condominium	413,325	...	...	13,370	...	...
Not condominium	3,118,340	...	...	388,625	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
No bedrooms	23,725	...	...	1,140	...	...
1 bedroom	573,370	...	...	45,675	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,100,310	...	...	105,410	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,157,300	...	...	158,975	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	676,955	...	...	90,785	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,258,215	...	...	87,755	...	...
5 rooms	620,935	...	...	64,655	...	...
6 rooms	432,090	...	...	66,855	...	...
7 rooms	403,255	...	...	57,085	...	...
8 or more rooms	817,165	...	...	125,635	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
One person or fewer per room	3,492,135	...	...	399,855	...	...
More than 1 person per room	39,530	...	...	2,130	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	3,531,660	...	...	401,990	...	...
Suitable	3,398,910	...	...	390,445	...	...
Not suitable	132,755	...	...	11,540	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	3,531,660	...	...	401,990	...	...
1960 or before	894,495	...	...	112,530	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,116,760	...	...	113,715	...	...
1981 to 1990	503,495	...	...	59,105	...	...
1991 to 2000	369,020	...	...	49,825	...	...
2001 to 2005	196,830	...	...	23,045	...	...
2006 to 2010	241,545	...	...	23,925	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	209,515	...	...	19,840	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	3,304,625	...	...	366,615	...	...
Major repairs needed	227,040	...	...	35,375	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
1 household maintainer	2,221,970	...	...	241,800	...	...
2 household maintainers	1,264,195	...	...	152,970	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	45,500	...	...	7,220	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	3,531,665	...	...	401,990	...	...
15 to 24 years	119,495	...	...	14,575	...	...
25 to 34 years	498,070	...	...	49,695	...	...
35 to 44 years	603,840	...	...	59,550	...	...
45 to 54 years	682,290	...	...	77,555	...	...
55 to 64 years	731,390	...	...	85,360	...	...
65 to 74 years	541,630	...	...	66,865	...	...
75 to 84 years	270,280	...	...	35,980	...	...
85 years and over	84,680	...	...	12,405	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	3,496,460	...	...	395,860	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	2,763,105	...	...	310,540	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	733,355	...	...	85,315	...	...
30% to less than 100%	647,975	...	...	74,290	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,141,690	...	...	273,525	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	61.9	...	...	55.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	12.9	...	...	12.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	983	...	...	819	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,085	...	...	987	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	250,302	...	...	199,886	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	290,484	...	...	230,441	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,358,265	...	...	123,060	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	9.3	...	...	12.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	33.7	...	...	42.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	720	...	...	849	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	775	...	...	909	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240	774,745	372,455	402,295
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,323,070	674,955	648,115	153,705	79,885	73,825
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,426,980	674,820	752,155	195,900	95,205	100,695
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970	425,140	197,365	227,775
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,120,730	681,515	439,215	76,810	54,075	22,735
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	806,585	435,090	371,495	42,625	25,015	17,610
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	314,145	246,425	67,720	34,185	29,060	5,125
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	1,165,515	506,775	658,740	168,805	67,030	101,775
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	236,255	93,680	142,575	18,380	6,975	11,405
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,361,730	628,290	733,440	161,150	69,290	91,855
Bachelor's degree	872,060	384,275	487,790	108,385	45,185	63,205
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	118,955	54,255	64,695	9,495	4,020	5,475
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	39,045	19,865	19,185	4,700	2,595	2,110
Master's degree	281,215	139,280	141,935	32,645	13,840	18,805
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	50,455	30,615	19,840	5,925	3,655	2,270
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125	494,505	237,795	256,710
No certificate, diploma or degree	580,635	323,880	256,750	60,280	34,820	25,460
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	808,955	396,620	412,330	116,280	57,600	58,675
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040	317,950	145,375	172,570
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	866,595	513,575	353,015	52,370	37,255	15,115
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	631,795	330,140	301,655	29,105	17,300	11,810
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	234,800	183,440	51,360	23,265	19,955	3,310
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	832,430	367,185	465,245	128,010	51,890	76,120
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	167,025	67,530	99,495	11,595	4,325	7,275
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,116,300	499,010	617,290	125,970	51,905	74,065
Bachelor's degree	712,935	308,760	404,175	85,240	34,830	50,410
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	94,240	40,085	54,160	6,895	2,610	4,285
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	30,775	13,505	17,270	3,775	1,850	1,925
Master's degree	238,300	113,895	124,410	26,025	10,380	15,640
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	40,050	22,780	17,270	4,045	2,240	1,805
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	774,750	372,455	402,295
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270	349,605	175,090	174,520
Education	273,320	62,470	210,845	31,395	8,460	22,930
13. Education	273,320	62,470	210,845	31,390	8,465	22,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	156,720	71,485	85,240	10,700	5,095	5,605
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	25,380	18,280	7,100	2,070	1,565	505
50. Visual and performing arts	131,340	53,200	78,140	8,635	3,530	5,100
Humanities	215,735	86,065	129,675	18,830	7,520	11,310
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	32,180	7,165	25,020	1,175	355	820
23. English language and literature/letters	12,900	4,060	8,835	5,110	1,530	3,580
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	103,120	42,685	60,435	4,545	1,540	3,000
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	880	395	485	65	25	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	10,400	6,650	3,755	1,240	675	565
39. Theology and religious vocations	10,125	6,200	3,930	2,200	1,340	860
54. History	17,055	9,990	7,065	3,615	1,865	1,755
55. French language and literature/letters	29,070	8,920	20,155	880	190	695
Social and behavioural sciences and law	380,995	125,025	255,975	40,155	11,980	28,175
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,315	1,165	3,150	635	145	490
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	48,530	16,690	31,845	3,285	1,260	2,025
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	77,470	6,070	71,400	9,115	750	8,365
22. Legal professions and studies	67,185	25,785	41,395	6,110	1,920	4,185
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	9,905	2,035	7,870	610	135	475
42. Psychology	57,335	14,030	43,305	8,170	2,060	6,110
45. Social sciences	116,255	59,245	57,015	12,240	5,710	6,520
Business, management and public administration	879,190	321,450	557,740	93,075	27,030	66,045
30.16 Accounting and computer science	815	300	520	205	55	150
44. Public administration and social service professions	47,715	10,490	37,225	6,285	1,345	4,940
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	830,660	310,665	519,990	86,590	25,630	60,960
Physical and life sciences and technologies	140,990	76,780	64,215	15,340	7,650	7,685
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	49,705	20,900	28,805	6,910	2,990	3,925
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	23,210	13,865	9,350	3,340	1,455	1,880
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	21,890	10,810	11,080	165	35	120
40. Physical sciences	39,060	27,545	11,515	4,260	3,005	1,255
41. Science technologies/technicians	7,120	3,660	3,465	665	165	500
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	152,105	104,850	47,255	15,745	9,355	6,390
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	125,480	92,730	32,750	12,750	8,055	4,695
25. Library science	11,110	2,145	8,965	1,210	175	1,040
27. Mathematics and statistics	13,415	8,365	5,045	1,590	995	600
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,100	1,605	495	200	135	65
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	828,400	758,350	70,055	92,920	87,340	5,580
04. Architecture and related services	29,015	17,055	11,960	1,370	860	510
14. Engineering	150,450	124,585	25,865	11,925	10,290	1,640
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	150,640	135,445	15,195	17,805	16,110	1,695
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	60	20	40	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	185,385	179,995	5,390	24,800	24,235	570
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	184,280	178,510	5,770	25,465	24,680	780
48. Precision production	128,580	122,750	5,830	11,545	11,165	380
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	85,485	56,900	28,585	7,630	4,615	3,015
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	51,770	30,870	20,900	4,215	2,160	2,055
03. Natural resources and conservation	33,715	26,025	7,690	3,410	2,450	960
Health and related fields	480,230	95,450	384,780	66,770	10,595	56,175
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	27,955	14,675	13,280	3,560	1,730	1,825
51. Health professions and related programs	441,105	74,630	366,470	61,755	7,955	53,800
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	11,160	6,140	5,020	1,460	910	550
Personal, protective and transportation services	290,005	151,070	138,935	32,535	17,700	14,830
12. Personal and culinary services	164,595	43,720	120,875	17,625	4,455	13,170
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	290	270	20	250	240	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,345	1,245	100	905	850	50
43. Security and protective services	54,625	42,415	12,210	4,540	3,535	1,005
49. Transportation and materials moving	69,160	63,425	5,740	9,220	8,625	600
Other	1,055	375	680	45	10	40
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	1,055	375	675	50	10	40
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130	494,505	237,795	256,710
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,389,585	720,500	669,085	176,560	92,420	84,135
Education	180,615	37,990	142,625	20,590	4,940	15,650
13. Education	180,615	37,990	142,625	20,585	4,940	15,650
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	122,045	55,575	66,475	8,145	3,855	4,285
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	19,510	13,740	5,770	1,515	1,140	375
50. Visual and performing arts	102,535	41,830	60,705	6,630	2,715	3,915
Humanities	138,330	54,580	83,750	13,745	5,275	8,465
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	25,220	5,455	19,765	895	280	615
23. English language and literature/letters	9,585	2,990	6,595	3,800	1,095	2,705
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	57,730	25,305	32,430	3,425	1,125	2,305
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	600	255	350	60	25	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,980	4,415	2,570	910	490	420
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,415	3,380	2,035	1,330	795	535
54. History	12,235	7,140	5,095	2,710	1,340	1,370
55. French language and literature/letters	20,555	5,640	14,915	620	130	490
Social and behavioural sciences and law	301,550	95,120	206,430	32,650	9,150	23,500
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,550	925	2,620	520	110	410
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	40,275	13,900	26,370	2,750	1,030	1,720
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	63,120	4,295	58,825	7,395	580	6,810
22. Legal professions and studies	53,620	18,830	34,790	5,225	1,380	3,845
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	6,840	1,420	5,420	460	100	355
42. Psychology	44,540	10,255	34,285	6,545	1,580	4,970
45. Social sciences	89,610	45,495	44,110	9,755	4,360	5,390
Business, management and public administration	706,400	248,920	457,480	69,255	20,285	48,970
30.16 Accounting and computer science	615	215	400	175	40	135
44. Public administration and social service professions	38,320	7,835	30,485	5,140	1,025	4,120
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	667,470	240,870	426,600	63,935	19,220	44,715
Physical and life sciences and technologies	92,480	49,390	43,090	11,075	5,385	5,690
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	40,895	16,635	24,260	5,285	2,240	3,045
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,450	7,435	5,015	2,390	1,030	1,360
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	4,175	2,385	1,785	130	30	100
40. Physical sciences	29,705	20,255	9,445	2,910	2,005	905
41. Science technologies/technicians	5,255	2,675	2,580	365	85	275
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	132,750	91,865	40,885	13,625	8,240	5,385
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	112,715	83,240	29,470	11,505	7,330	4,170
25. Library science	8,720	1,665	7,055	815	115	700
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,725	5,815	3,915	1,130	660	470
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	1,585	1,150	440	175	125	50
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	639,185	577,845	61,335	67,930	63,180	4,750
04. Architecture and related services	24,260	13,870	10,385	1,020	585	430
14. Engineering	126,835	103,165	23,665	8,585	7,230	1,355
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	116,595	103,710	12,885	13,410	11,920	1,495
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	15	30	0	0	10
46. Construction trades	134,865	130,350	4,510	18,355	17,835	515
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	139,935	135,155	4,780	18,540	17,910	625
48. Precision production	96,655	91,580	5,075	8,020	7,700	325
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	69,865	45,215	24,655	5,995	3,475	2,520
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	41,755	23,965	17,795	3,270	1,570	1,695
03. Natural resources and conservation	28,110	21,250	6,860	2,725	1,905	825
Health and related fields	368,600	72,245	296,355	50,220	8,215	42,010
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	22,660	11,635	11,030	2,730	1,350	1,380
51. Health professions and related programs	337,320	56,510	280,810	46,385	6,215	40,165
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	8,620	4,110	4,510	1,110	650	460
Personal, protective and transportation services	229,640	118,260	111,375	24,685	13,375	11,310
12. Personal and culinary services	129,245	32,830	96,410	13,490	3,480	10,000
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	225	200	25	205	200	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	875	795	80	475	435	40
43. Security and protective services	42,550	32,575	9,975	3,465	2,655	815
49. Transportation and materials moving	56,750	51,860	4,890	7,045	6,595	450
Other	890	300	595	45	10	40
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	890	300	595	50	10	35
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240	774,745	372,455	402,295
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270	349,605	175,090	174,515
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970	425,145	197,365	227,775
Location of study inside Canada	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880	396,690	182,875	213,810
Same as province or territory of residence	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270	315,140	141,965	173,175
Different than province or territory of residence	142,415	73,800	68,610	81,550	40,915	40,640
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	374,620	193,530	181,090	28,450	14,485	13,965
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	28,320	16,915	11,410	7,950	4,110	3,840
Philippines	12,515	3,600	8,920	1,530	540	995
India	6,805	3,660	3,150	1,755	935	825
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	11,250	6,535	4,715	5,530	3,225	2,305
China^{Census data footnote 162}	17,155	7,755	9,395	1,080	445	635
France	69,665	39,885	29,780	350	210	145
Other	228,905	115,185	113,725	10,255	5,030	5,225
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130	494,510	237,800	256,710
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,389,590	720,505	669,085	176,560	92,420	84,140
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045	317,950	145,380	172,575
Location of study inside Canada	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780	297,430	135,465	161,965
Same as province or territory of residence	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280	236,720	105,480	131,235
Different than province or territory of residence	108,630	55,125	53,500	60,710	29,980	30,730
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	306,115	153,850	152,265	20,525	9,915	10,605
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	19,655	11,145	8,505	4,905	2,370	2,540
Philippines	10,545	2,935	7,610	1,415	520	900
India	4,865	2,465	2,400	1,385	725	660
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	7,390	4,245	3,145	3,455	1,930	1,525
China^{Census data footnote 162}	15,420	6,865	8,550	810	335	475
France	57,315	32,115	25,205	245	140	100
Other	190,930	94,085	96,850	8,305	3,900	4,405
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	774,750	372,455	402,290
In the labour force	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	474,595	242,775	231,820
Employed	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220	427,310	215,010	212,305
Unemployed	306,170	177,630	128,540	47,280	27,765	19,520
Not in the labour force	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480	300,155	129,680	170,475
Participation rate	64.1	67.9	60.5	61.3	65.2	57.6
Employment rate	59.5	62.5	56.7	55.2	57.7	52.8
Unemployment rate	7.2	8.0	6.3	10.0	11.4	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240	774,750	372,455	402,295
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655	274,375	117,550	156,825
Worked	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585	500,370	254,905	245,465
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215	252,820	135,940	116,880
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375	247,550	118,965	128,585
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	42.7	42.3	41.6	41.5	41.7
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	474,590	242,775	231,820
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,485	51,640	49,850	9,265	4,800	4,470
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915	465,330	237,975	227,350
Employee	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185	420,745	210,170	210,570
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	489,090	299,355	189,730	44,585	27,805	16,775
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	474,595	242,775	231,820
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,490	51,640	49,850	9,265	4,800	4,470
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915	465,330	237,975	227,350
0 Management occupations	418,450	263,585	154,875	45,530	27,170	18,365
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	677,390	210,525	466,865	67,495	17,930	49,565
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	286,270	222,375	63,895	27,450	21,980	5,465
3 Health occupations	295,765	57,160	238,610	37,600	6,290	31,310
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	502,945	147,145	355,795	58,165	20,975	37,185
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	135,730	64,370	71,365	12,490	5,560	6,930
6 Sales and service occupations	988,610	449,820	538,790	113,135	45,385	67,750
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	574,675	544,100	30,570	67,625	64,200	3,430
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	67,290	55,610	11,685	18,380	15,730	2,650
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	206,875	148,405	58,475	17,460	12,755	4,705
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765	474,595	242,775	231,820
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,490	51,635	49,850	9,265	4,795	4,465
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915	465,330	237,975	227,350
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	84,060	60,460	23,595	17,775	14,165	3,610
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	20,920	18,175	2,745	4,025	3,630	390
22 Utilities	28,410	20,650	7,755	2,880	2,115	760
23 Construction	254,055	223,770	30,285	33,555	30,185	3,370
31-33 Manufacturing	458,315	332,080	126,240	32,375	23,565	8,810
41 Wholesale trade	157,365	104,885	52,475	13,345	9,650	3,690
44-45 Retail trade	508,170	239,625	268,545	59,570	26,295	33,280
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	187,550	142,550	45,000	19,660	14,980	4,680
51 Information and cultural industries	100,775	59,705	41,070	9,310	5,250	4,055
52 Finance and insurance	165,140	66,175	98,965	15,240	5,690	9,545
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	61,380	36,505	24,875	6,870	3,890	2,980
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	288,715	161,030	127,685	26,065	14,090	11,975
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,305	1,270	2,035	625	255	365
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	176,185	108,280	67,905	22,240	12,950	9,295
61 Educational services	306,575	96,170	210,405	35,480	11,705	23,780
62 Health care and social assistance	532,680	99,380	433,295	64,390	10,435	53,955
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	84,130	44,235	39,895	9,385	4,555	4,835
72 Accommodation and food services	278,500	123,235	155,265	33,115	12,095	21,025
81 Other services (except public administration)	193,700	89,455	104,245	19,195	8,875	10,320
91 Public administration	264,085	135,455	128,630	40,225	23,590	16,635
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220	427,310	215,010	212,300
Worked at home	266,285	134,325	131,960	28,075	13,780	14,300
Worked outside Canada	10,600	7,580	3,020	1,665	1,185	485
No fixed workplace address	351,595	265,405	86,185	51,545	38,965	12,575
Worked at usual place	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050	346,020	161,075	184,945
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050	346,020	161,075	184,945
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,732,155	810,895	921,260	251,000	116,125	134,875
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	485,450	234,700	250,750	57,510	23,850	33,655
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,037,125	549,095	488,030	32,230	17,425	14,805
Commute to a different province or territory	66,125	35,110	31,015	5,285	3,675	1,610
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240	397,570	200,045	197,525
Car, truck, van - as a driver	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625	310,240	159,660	150,580
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	133,760	51,045	82,715	29,150	12,090	17,055
Public transit	503,285	217,465	285,820	25,315	11,425	13,890
Walked	205,350	93,595	111,760	24,870	11,635	13,235
Bicycle	54,625	36,470	18,155	2,480	1,695	785
Other method	36,010	20,845	15,170	5,520	3,535	1,985
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240	397,565	200,045	197,525
Less than 15 minutes	1,035,455	493,225	542,235	136,245	62,375	73,880
15 to 29 minutes	1,200,455	617,010	583,445	145,310	73,055	72,260
30 to 44 minutes	777,955	425,640	352,310	69,795	37,770	32,025
45 to 59 minutes	343,540	184,440	159,100	24,405	13,070	11,335
60 minutes and over	315,035	174,875	140,160	21,815	13,785	8,030
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240	397,570	200,045	197,520
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	256,150	192,835	63,315	23,775	16,345	7,430
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	675,585	420,120	255,465	76,185	44,615	31,570
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	1,133,510	527,925	605,580	119,920	60,740	59,185
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	714,935	296,300	418,630	83,505	32,835	50,670
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	349,845	148,715	201,125	35,470	14,005	21,465
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	542,425	309,295	233,125	58,715	31,510	27,205
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655	514,080	261,365	252,710
Single responses	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385	510,800	259,940	250,860
Official languages	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420	509,100	258,990	250,105
English	541,720	294,935	246,780	502,960	256,380	246,585
French	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640	6,135	2,615	3,525
Non-official languages	34,160	17,190	16,970	1,705	950	755
Aboriginal languages	12,670	6,180	6,490	650	350	295
Algonquian languages	8,350	4,095	4,260	650	355	295
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	8,285	4,060	4,220	0	0	0
Atikamekw	1,100	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	1,800	840	960	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	210	105	100	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	35	20	15	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5,145	2,515	2,630	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	645	350	290
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	20	10	645	355	295
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	15	25	0	0	0
Algonquin	45	20	30	0	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	4,305	2,080	2,220	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	4,290	2,075	2,215	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	15	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	15	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	10	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	21,490	11,005	10,480	1,055	600	455
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,895	1,125	775	195	150	45
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	15	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,860	1,110	745	190	150	45
Amharic	0	0	0	10	0	10
Arabic	1,715	1,045	665	165	135	30
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	140	70	70	25	15	10
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,725	850	870	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	315	140	175	0	0	0
Vietnamese	1,410	710	695	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	135	65	70	15	10	15
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	50	60	20	0	10
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages	275	90	190	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	10	0	10	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	265	90	175	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	150	75	75	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tamil	145	75	70	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10	0	10	0
Indo-European languages	10,165	5,255	4,910	385	225	160
Albanian	30	20	10	0	0	0
Armenian	275	130	145	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,130	500	635	30	20	15
Baltic languages	15	0	10	0	0	0
Latvian	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	10	0	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,115	495	625	25	20	10
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	10	0	0	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	20	30	0	0	0
Croatian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Czech	10	0	10	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Polish	170	65	105	0	0	0
Russian	735	340	395	25	20	10
Serbian	10	15	0	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	110	35	75	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,285	575	715	190	115	75
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	15	10	0	10	10	10
Dutch	25	10	15	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	370	170	195	155	85	65
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swedish	15	10	10	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Yiddish	860	375	485	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	0
Greek	525	260	270	0	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,385	780	600	50	30	20
Indo-Aryan languages	680	390	295	20	20	0
Bengali	110	70	35	0	0	0
Gujarati	20	0	10	0	0	0
Hindi	35	20	15	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	20	0	10	15	15	0
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	415	225	190	10	10	0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Urdu	85	50	35	0	0	0
Iranian languages	700	395	305	30	10	15
Kurdish	15	0	15	0	0	0
Pashto	10	0	15	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	675	385	285	30	10	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,525	2,990	2,540	105	50	60
Catalan	15	0	15	0	0	0
Italian	590	315	275	10	10	0
Portuguese	635	365	270	30	15	15
Romanian	320	140	175	0	0	0
Spanish	3,975	2,165	1,810	75	30	40
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Japanese	235	80	150	35	10	25
Kartvelian languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Georgian	10	0	0	0	0	0
Korean	300	150	150	50	20	25
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	45	25	20	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	10	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	25	20	0	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	205	60	140	45	20	25
American Sign Language	0	0	0	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	125	20	110	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	70	45	30	25	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,070	3,125	2,945	310	165	145
Chinese languages	6,075	3,130	2,950	305	165	145
Cantonese	2,655	1,325	1,330	80	45	35
Hakka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mandarin	3,100	1,630	1,465	210	105	110
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	40	30	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	235	130	110	15	15	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	40	75	0	0	0
Lao	55	25	30	0	0	0
Thai	55	10	40	0	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	110	60	50	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkish	110	55	55	10	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	40	10	40	0	0	0
Estonian	10	0	0	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hungarian	35	0	35	0	0	0
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	10	0
Multiple responses	341,900	182,635	159,265	3,270	1,420	1,850
English and French	315,620	169,365	146,255	2,295	950	1,345
English and non-official language	6,545	3,655	2,890	930	460	470
French and non-official language	7,525	3,460	4,065	0	0	10
English, French and non-official language	12,205	6,160	6,055	40	15	30
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655	514,075	261,365	252,710
None	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690	491,875	250,710	241,170
English	1,031,380	555,940	475,440	5,115	2,370	2,745
French	317,490	169,785	147,705	13,405	6,555	6,855
Non-official language	49,850	25,900	23,950	3,430	1,600	1,825
Aboriginal	4,985	2,285	2,705	855	365	490
Non-Aboriginal	44,865	23,620	21,245	2,570	1,240	1,330
English and French	2,185	1,040	1,140	10	0	10
English and non-official language	14,910	7,255	7,655	0	10	0
French and non-official language	6,855	3,795	3,055	230	130	105
English, French and non-official language	65	50	20	0	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575	900,450	436,790	463,660
Non-movers	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195	792,100	384,560	407,535
Movers	914,800	450,420	464,380	108,350	52,230	56,120
Non-migrants	547,410	269,850	277,560	68,165	32,930	35,235
Migrants	367,385	180,565	186,820	40,185	19,300	20,885
Internal migrants	305,465	149,335	156,135	33,720	16,055	17,665
Intraprovincial migrants	284,280	137,945	146,330	18,480	8,390	10,090
Interprovincial migrants	21,190	11,385	9,805	15,240	7,665	7,570
External migrants	61,920	31,235	30,685	6,470	3,240	3,225
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805	866,425	419,580	446,845
Non-movers	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065	582,705	283,125	299,575
Movers	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740	283,720	136,455	147,265
Non-migrants	1,507,665	741,220	766,440	169,570	81,405	88,165
Migrants	1,187,425	584,125	603,295	114,150	55,045	59,100
Internal migrants	949,170	464,830	484,340	94,885	45,015	49,860
Intraprovincial migrants	893,800	436,525	457,270	50,330	23,230	27,095
Interprovincial migrants	55,370	28,300	27,070	44,555	21,785	22,770
External migrants	238,250	119,295	118,960	19,270	10,035	9,240

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Quebec [Province] and Nova Scotia [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 7, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and Nova Scotia [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Quebec [Province] and Nova Scotia [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and Nova Scotia [Province]