Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Hamilton [Population centre], Ontario

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			Hamilton Ontario [Population centre]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : Hamilton [Population centre], Ontario Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	693,645	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	671,008^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	286,803	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	274,649	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	1,972.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	351.67	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	693,645	336,600	357,050
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	112,805	58,060	54,745
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	36,040	18,540	17,510
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	38,095	19,590	18,505
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	38,660	19,930	18,735
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	456,525	224,320	232,205
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	41,130	21,200	19,935
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	45,225	23,280	21,945
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	43,790	21,855	21,930
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	43,935	21,500	22,440
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	42,695	20,665	22,030
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	44,080	21,190	22,885
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	47,970	23,250	24,720
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	53,890	26,295	27,595
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	50,775	24,690	26,085
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	43,040	20,395	22,645
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	124,315	54,220	70,090
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	37,920	17,575	20,345
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	28,130	13,020	15,115
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	21,975	9,825	12,150
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	17,100	7,095	10,010
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	19,185	6,700	12,480
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	11,970	4,580	7,395
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	5,740	1,770	3,965
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	1,315	325	990
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	160	30	135
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	16.3	17.2	15.3
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	65.8	66.6	65.0
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	17.9	16.1	19.6
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.8	2.0	3.5
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	41.6	40.3	42.8
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	42.0	40.4	43.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	274,650	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	148,700	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	45,350	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	80,455	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	9,660	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	38,615	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	7,490	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	24,135	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	555	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	145	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	274,645	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	76,665	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	89,145	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	43,790	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	41,625	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	23,425	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	681,865	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	580,840	278,540	302,300
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	324,495	162,105	162,385
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	276,815	138,290	138,525
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	47,675	23,815	23,865
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	256,350	116,435	139,915
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	162,640	87,220	75,425
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	18,830	7,820	11,010
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	37,750	14,080	23,670
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	37,130	7,315	29,810
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	194,750	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	93,665	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	43,600	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	40,875	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	16,600	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	194,750	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	158,760	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	134,940	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	23,820	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	35,990	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	29,030	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	6,960	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	158,765	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	72,125	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	86,635	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	33,075	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	37,925	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	15,635	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	35,985	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	21,540	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	10,525	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	3,920	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	111,665	50,800	60,870
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	274,650	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	183,315	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	67,745	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	115,565	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	5,590	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	85,745	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	76,665	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	9,080	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	685,085	333,115	351,965
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	628,155	309,095	319,065
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	455	190	265
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	45,395	19,455	25,940
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	11,075	4,375	6,695
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	685,080	333,115	351,965
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	662,120	323,245	338,870
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	9,360	4,280	5,080
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	2,745	1,330	1,415
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	10,855	4,260	6,595
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	10,735	4,945	5,790
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	1.6	1.5	1.6
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	685,080	333,120	351,965
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	670,495	326,025	344,470
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	519,355	254,395	264,960
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	510,110	250,190	259,915
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	9,250	4,200	5,050
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	151,145	71,635	79,510
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	75	40	35
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	35	15	20
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	5	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	5	0	0
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	0	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	0	0	0
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	0	0	0
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	5	5	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	5	0	0
Malecite	305	140	160	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	5	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	25	5	15
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	0	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	25	10	15
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	5
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	0	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	0	0	0
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	5	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	25	15	10
Cayuga	45	20	20	10	10	5
Mohawk	980	430	555	15	10	5
Oneida	55	20	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	0	0	0
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	0	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	0	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	5	0	0
Dakota	1,215	570	635	0	0	0
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0	0	0
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	400	200	200	0	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	0	0	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	10	5	5
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	151,070	71,595	79,470
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	15,200	7,760	7,440
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	25	20	10
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	25	15	5
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	1,070	500	570
Bilen	805	455	350	0	0	0
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	55	25	25
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	1,015	470	545
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	0	0	0
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	14,050	7,220	6,830
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	215	105	115
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	10,690	5,565	5,125
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	2,275	1,115	1,160
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	240	130	115
Harari	1,320	635	685	10	5	5
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	175	100	80
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	185	90	90
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	135	65	70
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	125	55	70
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	50	20	30
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	4,305	2,000	2,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	820	375	450
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	3,485	1,625	1,860
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	6,495	2,520	3,975
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	25	5	15
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	245	105	145
Fijian	745	400	345	5	5	5
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	55	15	40
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	385	160	225
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	0	0	0
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	145	45	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	60	25	35
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	10	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	5,480	2,110	3,370
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	15	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	70	30	45
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	320	150	165
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	25	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	175	85	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	115	60	60
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	1,675	820	860
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	85	45	35
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	795	390	405
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	640	300	340
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	160	85	75
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	0	0	5
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	103,255	49,115	54,145
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	1,420	720	705
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	355	180	170
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	31,345	14,335	17,010
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	845	340	510
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	345	135	210
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	505	200	305
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	30,500	13,995	16,500
Belarusan	810	385	430	5	0	5
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	1,015	505	510
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	255	115	140
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	5,475	2,645	2,830
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	1,135	505	630
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	615	295	320
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	9,325	4,100	5,230
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	2,265	980	1,285
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	6,265	3,105	3,155
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	480	230	250
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	630	275	360
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	670	290	385
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	2,235	890	1,340
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	115	65	55
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	50	15	35
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	25	10	15
Welsh	1,075	495	575	25	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	5	0	5
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	9,505	4,165	5,335
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	200	90	105
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	260	115	145
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	3,585	1,575	2,005
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	75	35	40
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	5,105	2,205	2,900
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	25	15	10
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	40	15	25
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	105	45	55
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	75	35	40
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	40	25	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	5	5	0
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	1,975	1,020	955
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	21,015	10,640	10,380
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	16,275	8,265	8,010
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	1,330	670	660
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	1,925	1,030	890
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	1,440	770	665
Kashmiri	565	300	265	15	5	10
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	65	30	35
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	105	55	55
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	230	120	110
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	15	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	6,215	3,120	3,095
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	140	75	65
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	335	160	175
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	4,470	2,220	2,250
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	4,635	2,315	2,325
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	1,045	550	495
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	355	180	175
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	3,240	1,585	1,650
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	105	60	45
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	37,595	18,040	19,550
Catalan	865	440	425	20	10	10
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	16,770	8,080	8,690
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	8,305	4,090	4,210
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	2,305	1,090	1,220
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	10,175	4,760	5,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	25	15	10
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	400	135	270
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	15	5	10
Georgian	1,715	910	805	15	5	10
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	2,120	960	1,160
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	0	0	5
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	0	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	1,555	705	850
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	245	110	135
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	0	0	0
Edo	1,670	770	900	20	10	15
Ewe	1,760	950	805	30	10	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	10	0	5
Ga	920	445	470	30	15	15
Ganda	1,295	625	665	35	20	20
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	75	35	40
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	25	10	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	55	25	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	75	35	35
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	195	85	110
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	340	150	190
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	5	0	5
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	105	65	50
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	300	135	170
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	145	75	70
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	15	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	130	70	65
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	145	70	80
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	60	30	30
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	85	45	45
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	10,525	5,020	5,510
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	10,170	4,835	5,340
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	3,510	1,650	1,865
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	50	20	25
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	5,870	2,810	3,065
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	245	120	125
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	95	45	50
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	390	190	200
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	0	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	360	185	175
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	85	45	45
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	255	130	120
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	15	10	5
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	565	250	315
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	330	165	170
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	230	90	140
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	965	495	465
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	50	30	30
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	870	445	420
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	5	0	0
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	40	20	20
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	3,295	1,475	1,820
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	200	90	110
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	170	65	105
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	2,925	1,320	1,605
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	75	40	30
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	14,585	7,090	7,495
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	1,605	770	835
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	12,170	5,950	6,220
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	485	230	255
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	325	145	180
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	685,080	333,115	351,965
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	652,655	317,480	335,170
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	583,255	284,565	298,690
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	580,115	283,115	296,995
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	3,145	1,450	1,690
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	69,400	32,915	36,480
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	20	10	15
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	10	5	5
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	5	5	0
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	0	0	0
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	5	5	5
Woods Cree	800	410	390	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	0	0	0
Malecite	55	30	30	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	5	0	5
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	5	0	5
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	0	0	5
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	5	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	5
Mohawk	255	115	140	5	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	0	0	0
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	0	0	0
Dakota	255	140	120	0	0	0
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	5	5	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	69,375	32,905	36,470
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	8,930	4,440	4,490
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	10	10	0
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	10	5	0
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	710	325	385
Bilen	620	330	285	0	0	5
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	30	15	15
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	675	310	365
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	0	0	0
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	8,180	4,090	4,085
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	70	30	40
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	6,260	3,135	3,125
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	1,445	715	730
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	150	80	70
Harari	735	335	400	0	0	0
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	75	35	45
Maltese	1,130	525	605	25	15	15
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	65	35	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	80	40	40
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	35	15	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	2,705	1,265	1,435
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	460	200	255
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	2,245	1,065	1,180
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	2,795	1,235	1,555
Bikol	290	140	155	0	5	5
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	100	55	50
Fijian	195	105	90	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	15	10	10
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	170	75	90
Malagasy	435	220	210	0	0	0
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	35	20	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	15	10	10
Pangasinan	240	110	135	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	2,440	1,065	1,370
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	5	0	5
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	105	35	65
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	15	5	10
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	65	20	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	25	10	15
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	825	390	435
Kannada	1,630	825	800	25	10	10
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	385	185	200
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	320	145	180
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	90	50	40
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	42,835	20,170	22,660
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	720	345	375
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	140	65	75
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	13,010	6,135	6,880
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	210	80	130
Latvian	1,255	530	725	85	30	55
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	125	50	75
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	12,800	6,050	6,745
Belarusan	230	105	120	0	0	0
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	565	290	280
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	115	55	60
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	2,085	965	1,115
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	505	235	265
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	215	95	120
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	3,760	1,710	2,045
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	1,250	600	655
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	3,235	1,600	1,630
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	195	100	95
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	160	75	85
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	175	75	95
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	525	230	295
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	30	15	15
Celtic languages	360	205	155	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	5	5	0
Welsh	95	50	45	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0	0	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	840	385	455
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	85	45	45
Danish	855	410	445	10	0	5
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	160	80	85
Frisian	185	95	90	5	5	0
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	560	245	315
Icelandic	270	120	150	10	5	5
Norwegian	345	145	200	0	0	0
Swedish	1,045	500	545	15	10	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	0	5	0
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	0	0	0
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	710	345	365
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	12,425	6,175	6,255
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	9,690	4,845	4,845
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	845	415	430
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	1,075	550	520
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	660	365	295
Kashmiri	135	70	70	5	0	0
Konkani	720	355	370	15	10	10
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	30	15	15
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	195	105	90
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	5	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	4,000	1,980	2,020
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	65	35	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	145	75	70
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	2,650	1,290	1,360
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	2,665	1,280	1,385
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	560	280	280
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	210	100	105
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	1,895	900	1,000
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	70	40	25
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	14,985	6,725	8,260
Catalan	355	165	190	5	5	5
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	4,960	2,020	2,940
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	3,360	1,595	1,770
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	1,075	510	560
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	5,580	2,600	2,980
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	0	0	0
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	110	45	65
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	10	5	10
Georgian	1,035	565	475	10	5	5
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	1,415	650	770
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	0	0	0
Mongolian	910	435	470	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	525	225	305
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	85	30	50
Bamanankan	340	180	160	0	0	0
Edo	415	175	240	5	0	0
Ewe	410	185	225	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	0	5	0
Ga	250	105	140	5	5	5
Ganda	345	160	185	5	0	0
Igbo	1,000	485	510	20	10	10
Lingala	1,045	455	590	25	15	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	25	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	20	10	10
Shona	1,035	475	560	75	30	50
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	185	80	100
Wolof	1,380	745	635	5	0	5
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	25	10	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	50	20	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	40	20	25
Dinka	1,130	580	550	5	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	40	15	25
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	240	130	110
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	80	40	45
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	160	90	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	7,040	3,440	3,605
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	6,780	3,295	3,475
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	2,120	995	1,130
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	20	5	10
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	4,210	2,080	2,125
Min Dong	345	150	195	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	100	50	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	55	25	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	275	135	145
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	265	140	130
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	65	30	35
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	190	100	90
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	315	160	160
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	180	95	90
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	135	70	70
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	485	245	240
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	15	10	5
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	455	225	230
Uyghur	610	315	290	0	0	0
Uzbek	990	505	490	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	20	10	10
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	975	440	535
Estonian	975	365	610	30	15	20
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	20	10	10
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	920	410	505
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	30	15	10
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	32,425	15,635	16,790
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	1,135	515	620
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	30,530	14,765	15,770
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	185	90	100
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	580	270	310
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	685,080	333,120	351,965
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	599,120	292,510	306,610
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	30,875	15,110	15,765
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	6,055	2,515	3,540
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	47,675	22,350	25,325
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	105	45	55
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	47,575	22,300	25,270
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	245	110	135
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	555	290	270
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	550	235	310
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	5	5	0
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	569,305	274,080	295,220
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	546,345	262,995	283,350
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	34,851	41,535	29,619
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	546,480	263,010	283,470
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	31,709	37,132	27,351
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	487,965	239,625	248,340
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	33,412	40,890	27,167
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	396,335	175,070	221,265
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	5,140	2,828	6,281
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	402,245	207,165	195,080
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	34,970	40,683	30,294
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	569,685	274,320	295,370
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	547,070	263,230	283,840
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	47,474	56,115	39,461
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	547,210	263,260	283,955
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	39,237	45,265	33,648
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	488,425	239,700	248,725
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	46,835	56,328	37,687
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	396,300	175,340	220,965
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	7,813	7,241	8,267
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	402,665	207,145	195,520
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	46,861	54,213	39,072
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	569,685	274,315	295,365
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	194,320	107,495	86,830
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	56,729	62,705	50,654
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	68,482	76,798	58,187
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	88.1	91.4	83.6
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	72.5	76.0	67.9
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	11.9	8.6	16.4
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	569,305	274,085	295,220
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	22,960	11,090	11,870
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	546,345	262,990	283,355
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	96.0	96.0	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	76,290	33,600	42,685
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	90,940	35,910	55,030
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	75,545	30,190	45,350
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	61,145	27,525	33,615
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	54,395	25,585	28,815
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	43,285	22,010	21,280
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	33,790	18,415	15,380
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	25,620	14,840	10,785
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	20,310	12,000	8,310
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	17,890	9,935	7,955
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	47,135	32,990	14,145
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	31,495	21,285	10,210
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	15,640	11,705	3,930
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	569,305	274,080	295,220
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	22,820	11,075	11,750
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	546,480	263,010	283,470
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	96.0	96.0	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	78,495	34,095	44,405
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	94,915	37,540	57,375
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	87,085	35,630	51,450
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	73,840	34,010	39,825
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	62,220	30,995	31,225
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	45,195	24,755	20,435
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	32,245	18,865	13,380
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	25,335	14,615	10,730
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	47,155	32,505	14,645
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	15,920	10,015	5,900
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	8,965	6,155	2,810
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	22,275	16,340	5,935
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	569,300	274,080	295,220
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	167,060	66,920	100,145
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	402,240	207,165	195,080
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	70.7	75.6	66.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	58,790	31,295	27,500
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	31,550	13,980	17,575
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	50,755	22,270	28,485
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	41,240	18,010	23,225
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	38,490	16,800	21,690
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	35,925	16,710	19,215
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	31,390	16,360	15,030
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	24,740	13,935	10,805
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	19,800	11,815	7,985
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	69,565	45,990	23,570
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	16,460	9,835	6,625
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	15,620	8,555	7,065
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	37,485	27,600	9,880
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	274,650	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	73,694	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	64,647	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	76,665	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	36,113	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	32,648	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	197,980	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	93,232	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	80,982	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	274,775	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	94,518	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	78,139	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	76,675	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	46,285	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	38,783	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	198,100	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	113,188	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	93,372	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	274,650	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	3,680	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	3,270	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	7,405	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	9,750	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	11,655	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	10,440	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	10,900	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	11,495	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	11,240	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	10,770	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	20,965	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	19,210	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	17,360	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	16,025	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	14,990	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	95,495	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	29,575	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	20,915	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	24,490	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	20,515	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	274,650	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	3,915	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	3,345	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	7,525	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	10,160	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	13,030	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	11,680	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	12,710	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	13,385	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	13,375	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	13,010	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	24,560	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	22,045	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	20,305	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	18,125	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	15,450	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	72,015	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	28,560	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	17,980	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	25,475	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	191,660	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	93,550	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	81,139	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	66,065	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	82,446	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	72,166	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	87,150	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	121,359	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	103,181	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	33,370	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	55,670	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	51,361	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	191,815	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	113,678	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	93,620	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	66,260	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	101,609	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	83,708	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	87,270	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	141,257	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	114,859	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	33,235	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	67,168	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	58,647	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	97,265	45,135	52,130
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	32,882	34,745	31,578
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	30,053	31,327	29,170
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	97,080	44,960	52,125
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	42,918	44,947	41,168
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	36,188	37,220	35,298
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	681,865	331,990	349,875
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	312,280	146,955	165,330
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	63,560	30,605	32,950
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	61,555	27,055	34,500
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	61,290	28,490	32,800
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	61,900	29,540	32,355
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	63,980	31,260	32,725
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	369,585	185,040	184,545
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	67,020	33,030	33,985
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	71,545	35,425	36,115
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	75,065	37,505	37,560
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	80,725	40,680	40,045
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	75,230	38,390	36,845
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	681,865	331,990	349,875
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	136,585	70,290	66,290
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	43,350	22,255	21,100
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	429,675	210,165	219,515
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	115,610	51,530	64,075
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	92,490	42,445	50,045
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	25,215	12,890	12,325
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	8,595	4,345	4,245
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	55,080	25,385	29,695
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	12,190	4,170	8,025
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	13.6	12.8	14.3
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	18.5	18.3	18.6
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	19.8	19.5	20.1
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	12.8	12.1	13.5
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	10.5	8.1	12.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	75,135	35,545	39,590
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	19,145	9,800	9,345
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	6,615	3,355	3,260
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	48,025	23,070	24,960
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	7,960	2,675	5,285
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	11.0	10.7	11.3
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	14.0	13.9	14.1
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	15.3	15.1	15.5
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	11.2	11.0	11.4
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	6.9	5.2	8.2
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	682,215	332,195	350,025
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	671,165	327,800	343,365
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	670,640	327,540	343,100
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	45,735	19,850	25,880
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	187,565	89,150	98,410
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	220	105	115
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	95	55	40
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	25	10	15
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	10	0	10
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	15	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	10	10	0
Malecite	755	370	390	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	10	10	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	60	35	25
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	0	0	0
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	60	35	20
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	10	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0	0	0
Haida	465	205	260	0	0	0
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	10	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	0	0	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	10	0	10
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	110	50	60
Cayuga	125	40	85	40	15	25
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	95	50	45
Oneida	180	60	125	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	0	0	0
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	0	0	0
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	0	0	0
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	0	0	0
Dakota	1,760	870	890	0	0	0
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0	0	0
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	0	0	0
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	10	0	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	187,350	89,050	98,300
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	18,995	9,675	9,320
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	45	25	25
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	45	15	25
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	1,200	490	710
Bilen	1,085	625	470	0	0	0
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	95	40	55
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	1,110	455	655
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	0	0	0
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	17,840	9,200	8,645
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	285	155	130
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	14,630	7,560	7,075
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	2,760	1,370	1,390
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	340	180	165
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	0	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	720	380	335
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	300	145	160
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	145	65	75
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	85	40	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	65	40	30
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	5,020	2,340	2,680
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	1,035	445	580
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	4,025	1,915	2,110
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	8,435	3,350	5,085
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	25	15	15
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	275	90	180
Fijian	1,660	955	705	45	25	15
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	75	30	45
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	560	225	335
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	0	0	0
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	265	115	150
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	55	20	35
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	20	0	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	7,880	3,135	4,745
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	75	25	50
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	830	400	425
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	85	35	55
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	320	155	160
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	430	210	215
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	2,310	1,115	1,190
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	135	75	60
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	1,100	520	575
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	1,000	475	520
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	220	130	90
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	130,090	62,025	68,065
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	1,780	885	890
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	465	235	230
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	37,020	17,325	19,695
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	1,055	430	625
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	410	175	240
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	645	255	385
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	36,050	16,935	19,115
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	35	10	25
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	1,510	775	730
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	190	80	105
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	7,970	3,910	4,065
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	1,535	700	835
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	890	405	480
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	11,245	4,985	6,260
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	3,630	1,740	1,890
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	7,235	3,690	3,550
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	480	240	245
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	745	335	410
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	845	365	480
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	3,000	1,220	1,775
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	190	115	75
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	200	85	110
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	70	35	40
Welsh	1,690	830	860	45	25	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	80	30	55
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	13,170	5,815	7,360
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	530	240	290
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	335	130	205
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	3,985	1,795	2,185
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	125	65	60
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	8,120	3,575	4,545
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	15	10	10
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	80	30	50
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	285	135	150
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	75	40	40
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	55	20	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	10	15	0
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	2,755	1,460	1,295
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	26,675	13,375	13,300
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	21,525	10,780	10,745
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	1,775	865	900
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	2,470	1,265	1,210
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	6,385	3,220	3,165
Kashmiri	905	490	420	25	10	15
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	85	30	55
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	200	120	80
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	210	110	95
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	20	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	8,945	4,560	4,380
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	290	125	165
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	435	220	215
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	6,940	3,475	3,465
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	5,385	2,710	2,680
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	1,600	830	770
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	380	210	175
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	3,625	1,795	1,830
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	170	95	80
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	51,070	24,265	26,805
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	15	10	10
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	22,970	10,930	12,040
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	10,695	5,265	5,425
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	2,670	1,260	1,415
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	16,250	7,525	8,720
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	95	65	35
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	870	420	455
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	0	10	0
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	10	10	0
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	2,580	1,140	1,440
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	0	0	0
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	3,100	1,455	1,645
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	510	240	270
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	0	0	0
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	30	0	25
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	55	20	40
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	20	10	15
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	55	20	35
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	50	30	20
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	215	145	70
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	375	175	200
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	70	25	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	205	90	110
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	330	145	185
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	800	355	450
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	25	10	15
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	225	115	115
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	595	280	315
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	290	140	145
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	25	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	265	135	130
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	955	420	540
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	500	160	340
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	465	260	210
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	11,845	5,655	6,195
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	11,425	5,425	6,000
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	4,435	2,050	2,380
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	65	30	35
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	7,280	3,465	3,815
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	20	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	330	150	180
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	170	85	85
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	470	220	250
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	10	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	425	230	195
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	75	45	30
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	360	190	175
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	20	15	10
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	915	440	475
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	570	280	290
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	455	205	250
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	0	0	10
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	1,365	685	685
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	95	50	50
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	1,245	625	620
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	20	0	15
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	10	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	30	25	10
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	3,875	1,785	2,085
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	280	135	140
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	200	80	120
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	3,395	1,570	1,830
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	280	160	115
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	682,215	332,195	350,025
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	643,425	313,875	329,555
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	130,565	67,240	63,325
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	512,860	246,635	266,230
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	38,785	18,315	20,470
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	682,215	332,195	350,025
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	506,095	249,380	256,715
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	168,965	79,035	89,930
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	65,840	30,430	35,410
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	20,915	10,070	10,840
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	29,910	14,150	15,760
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	35,260	16,290	18,970
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	17,435	8,070	9,360
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	17,825	8,220	9,610
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	17,045	8,095	8,950
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	7,155	3,775	3,375
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	168,965	79,035	89,930
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	19,225	9,335	9,895
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	34,205	17,120	17,080
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	40,005	17,490	22,515
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	63,950	29,915	34,040
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	11,575	5,180	6,400
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	168,970	79,035	89,930
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	22,390	9,910	12,480
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	530	235	300
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	2,130	1,030	1,100
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	1,620	785	835
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	1,575	660	915
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	225	115	110
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	3,410	1,530	1,880
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	865	390	475
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	390	175	220
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	1,740	730	1,010
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	5,260	2,155	3,105
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	4,645	2,110	2,535
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	81,665	38,385	43,280
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	3,030	1,535	1,500
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	5,330	2,650	2,685
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	575	275	300
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	3,995	1,705	2,290
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	1,525	820	705
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	1,825	860	965
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	1,075	480	595
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	11,415	5,555	5,860
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	3,370	1,630	1,735
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	7,385	3,280	4,105
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	6,115	3,055	3,060
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	2,370	1,065	1,310
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	1,085	485	605
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	2,065	965	1,100
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	1,145	495	650
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	22,200	10,200	12,005
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	7,140	3,330	3,815
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	9,825	4,775	5,045
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	110	60	55
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	1,615	870	745
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	365	170	205
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	670	310	365
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	200	115	80
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	480	235	240
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	600	215	385
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	1,135	520	625
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	4,650	2,295	2,350
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	54,460	25,660	28,800
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	1,140	550	590
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	1,105	540	565
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	5,550	2,455	3,100
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	915	425	485
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	9,590	4,660	4,935
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	1,745	860	885
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	5,280	2,650	2,635
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	265	90	175
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	1,835	800	1,035
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	1,190	560	625
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	4,480	2,220	2,255
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	7,745	3,130	4,620
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	875	430	440
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	2,010	1,040	970
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	330	155	180
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	3,125	1,445	1,680
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	7,280	3,650	3,630
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	635	305	325
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	17,045	8,095	8,945
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	2,660	1,375	1,290
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	95	40	55
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	385	190	195
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	170	95	80
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	90	50	40
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	350	210	140
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	165	75	85
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	700	380	320
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	80	30	45
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	630	310	320
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	2,645	1,290	1,345
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	80	40	40
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	90	50	40
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	100	65	35
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	15	0	10
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	180	70	110
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	210	85	125
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	125	35	95
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	630	335	295
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	1,210	605	605
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	2,065	930	1,140
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	20	10	10
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	60	25	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	160	95	60
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	10	0	10
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	460	235	230
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	60	20	40
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	80	35	45
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	30	20	0
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	120	50	75
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	160	65	90
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	80	45	35
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	25	10	15
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	805	320	485
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	9,610	4,475	5,140
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	155	75	85
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	140	65	70
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	890	350	540
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	20	0	15
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	1,430	690	745
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	390	190	200
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	1,240	615	620
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	90	35	55
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	35	10	25
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	205	80	125
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	195	90	110
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	50	20	30
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	755	350	405
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	1,560	635	925
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	75	30	40
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	55	25	30
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	1,320	715	600
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	10	0	10
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	80	45	40
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	150	100	50
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	140	65	85
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	630	290	335
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	60	25	35
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	40	10	30
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	25	15	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	682,215	332,195	350,020
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	179,035	84,375	94,660
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	174,420	86,170	88,245
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	328,760	161,650	167,115
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	105,160	49,590	55,565
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	44,215	21,695	22,525
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	16,715	10,545	6,175
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	27,500	11,150	16,350
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	32,075	13,015	19,060
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	27,320	14,155	13,165
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	1,550	725	820
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	682,220	332,195	350,025
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	13,640	6,525	7,115
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	13,045	6,235	6,810
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	9,180	4,410	4,770
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	3,710	1,770	1,945
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	155	60	100
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	240	120	120
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	355	175	180
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	668,575	325,665	342,905
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	682,215	332,195	350,020
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	4,845	2,290	2,555
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	677,370	329,905	347,465
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	682,215	332,195	350,025
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	2,640	1,275	1,360
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	2,600	1,265	1,335
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	2,210	1,060	1,145
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	360	195	170
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	30	0	20
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	35	10	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	30	15	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	0	0	10
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	10	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	0	0	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	18,035	8,590	9,440
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	17,700	8,460	9,240
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	13,840	6,680	7,155
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	3,650	1,705	1,950
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	210	75	130
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	340	135	205
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	295	115	185
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	30	15	15
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	0	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	10	0	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	661,545	322,325	339,220
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	682,215	332,195	350,020
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	127,145	61,700	65,450
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	30,215	15,025	15,190
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	13,560	6,480	7,080
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	23,700	11,635	12,070
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	10,750	4,600	6,150
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	10,540	4,970	5,570
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	12,600	6,680	5,920
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	7,355	3,510	3,850
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	5,680	2,875	2,805
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	3,150	1,485	1,665
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	1,550	685	870
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	3,330	1,575	1,755
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	4,705	2,185	2,525
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	555,070	270,495	284,575
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	682,215	332,195	350,020
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	20,675	9,870	10,805
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	16,410	7,885	8,525
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	285	105	180
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	4,360	2,025	2,330
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	166,615	82,155	84,460
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	1,040	570	465
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	8,305	4,000	4,300
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	160,195	79,000	81,200
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	15	10	10
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	465	180	285
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	95	40	55
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	80	35	50
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	155	75	75
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	60	30	30
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	501,130	243,250	257,875
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	306,300	147,855	158,450
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	105	50	60
Cornish	1,975	995	975	45	10	30
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	178,825	86,030	92,800
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	120,765	56,930	63,835
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	170	75	95
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	133,495	63,870	69,625
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	13,925	6,530	7,395
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	21,095	9,715	11,375
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	58,240	27,645	30,600
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	60	20	35
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	10	10	0
Corsican	1,750	950	805	10	0	10
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	58,175	27,615	30,560
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	100,565	49,295	51,260
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	4,780	2,325	2,460
Bavarian	940	485	455	55	40	15
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	2,240	1,155	1,085
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	33,685	16,620	17,065
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	210	130	75
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	170	95	70
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	65,560	31,920	33,640
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	35	15	15
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	2,215	1,045	1,175
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	65	30	35
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	12,685	5,910	6,775
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	3,265	1,515	1,755
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	2,545	1,245	1,300
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	570	280	295
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	2,675	1,210	1,470
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	3,700	1,660	2,040
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	705	350	350
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	91,230	43,650	47,580
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	665	310	355
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	340	115	230
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	3,320	1,680	1,640
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	1,245	520	725
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	890	415	480
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	14,260	6,840	7,420
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	1,280	645	635
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	2,625	1,195	1,425
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	65	35	35
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	37,935	18,150	19,785
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	5,740	2,685	3,055
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	8,215	3,945	4,270
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	2,840	1,410	1,435
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	26,580	12,670	13,910
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	360	160	200
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	134,490	67,215	67,275
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	1,900	940	960
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	2,305	1,125	1,180
Catalan	1,280	740	535	30	25	0
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	12,730	6,420	6,310
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	170	80	95
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	6,495	3,400	3,090
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	74,490	37,290	37,195
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	305	145	155
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	1,665	870	790
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	1,660	835	825
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	225	135	90
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	19,560	9,890	9,670
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	9,090	4,750	4,345
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	655	285	375
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	2,665	1,310	1,360
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	9,025	4,060	4,965
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	1,625	845	775
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	80	45	35
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	3,440	1,680	1,760
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	65	45	15
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	1,915	905	1,010
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	315	150	165
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	185	105	80
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	1,020	500	515
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	16,295	7,760	8,530
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	65	30	35
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	130	55	80
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	875	415	460
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	130	70	65
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	20	15	0
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	1,020	470	545
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	480	240	240
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	495	235	265
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	0	0	0
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	400	185	215
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	9,375	4,430	4,945
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	50	30	20
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	0	0	0
Montserratan	930	460	470	10	0	10
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	55	25	25
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	145	80	65
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	2,380	1,155	1,225
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	265	145	120
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	1,415	605	810
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	510	235	270
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	14,970	7,135	7,835
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	530	260	275
Arawak	1,440	610	830	80	30	50
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	465	250	215
Belizean	1,755	915	845	35	15	20
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	60	30	25
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	715	315	405
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	630	300	330
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	2,850	1,380	1,465
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	120	50	70
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	395	195	195
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	850	410	440
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	2,250	1,125	1,130
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	275	120	155
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	265	105	150
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	160	65	95
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	1,840	885	960
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	350	150	200
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	90	45	45
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	25	10	15
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	565	290	275
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	2,220	1,095	1,130
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	120	60	55
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	440	180	260
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	775	335	440
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	18,055	8,965	9,090
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	3,655	1,845	1,810
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	40	15	25
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	145	70	75
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	40	30	15
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	15	0	20
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	25	20	0
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	160	85	75
Chadian	1,845	955	885	275	125	150
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	760	380	375
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	0	0	0
Ewe	845	470	375	0	0	0
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	0	0	0
Gambian	975	495	475	10	0	10
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	985	500	485
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	65	25	40
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	75	55	20
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	40	15	20
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	55	30	20
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	0	0	0
Malinké	1,125	585	535	0	0	0
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	955	525	430
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	0	0	0
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	30	10	30
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	70	35	30
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	20	10	20
Wolof	840	495	345	0	0	0
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	35	10	20
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	155	50	105
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	4,010	2,155	1,860
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	210	115	100
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	80	35	35
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	45	30	10
Dinka	900	500	400	35	20	15
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	2,405	1,290	1,120
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	140	85	60
Maure	1,190	655	535	0	0	0
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	365	205	160
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	705	400	310
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	140	65	70
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	100	40	60
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	5,230	2,480	2,745
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	15	10	10
Amhara	1,530	815	715	40	20	20
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	85	45	40
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	85	40	50
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	0	10	0
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	190	85	110
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	480	235	245
Harari	665	355	305	0	0	0
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	350	150	200
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	0	0	0
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	85	40	50
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	60	45	15
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	300	145	150
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	10	0	10
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	1,270	540	730
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	1,290	605	685
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	135	50	85
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	0	0	0
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	140	80	60
Zambian	1,860	935	920	105	55	55
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	405	200	210
Zulu	945	475	475	80	50	35
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	345	175	170
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	5,465	2,610	2,855
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	825	385	435
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	4,695	2,255	2,435
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	96,620	46,725	49,895
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	25,625	12,965	12,660
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	1,740	860	885
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	3,135	1,640	1,495
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	1,335	680	655
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	2,090	1,040	1,050
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	100	45	55
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	35	15	20
Hazara	1,515	810	705	45	30	10
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	2,825	1,450	1,375
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	3,795	1,920	1,875
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	395	220	175
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	635	320	315
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	60	25	35
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	1,490	750	740
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	10	0	0
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	0	0	0
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	2,885	1,345	1,535
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	2,125	1,110	1,010
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	110	60	55
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	130	70	65
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	2,040	1,050	995
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	15	0	10
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	30	15	15
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	1,765	865	900
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	20	10	10
Uighur	1,555	775	785	10	10	0
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	25	15	10
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	285	145	135
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	755	350	405
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	31,585	15,695	15,895
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	935	455	485
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	435	230	205
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	15	0	10
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	22,450	11,205	11,250
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	130	55	70
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	130	50	75
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	110	45	65
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	185	100	85
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	4,890	2,450	2,450
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	1,715	860	860
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	195	105	90
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	1,205	540	665
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	170	85	85
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	1,255	630	625
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	40,300	18,545	21,755
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	105	45	60
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	1,470	685	785
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	17,075	8,005	9,075
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	11,700	5,090	6,610
Hmong	805	420	390	0	0	0
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	260	80	175
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	2,085	960	1,135
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	380	205	180
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	3,205	1,525	1,685
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	840	375	465
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	235	105	135
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	75	40	40
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	20	0	15
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	200	90	115
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	565	240	320
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	0	0	0
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	4,795	2,310	2,485
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	135	70	65
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	535	235	300
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	535	235	305
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	1,230	600	630
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	765	375	390
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	225	125	105
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	270	120	145
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	100	35	65
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	35	15	20
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	45	20	25
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	0	10	0
Samoan	1,100	625	475	35	30	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	55	10	45
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	274,775	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	189,580	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	85,200	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	274,780	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	37,300	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	237,480	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	274,775	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	1,345	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	36,700	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	59,260	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	109,855	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	67,615	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	274,775	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	66,215	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	38,665	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	42,530	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	40,225	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	87,145	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	274,775	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	270,880	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	3,895	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	274,780	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	261,960	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	12,820	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	274,780	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	82,530	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	83,245	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	34,075	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	30,470	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	16,705	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	14,640	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	13,105	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	274,780	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	257,410	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	17,370	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	274,775	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	159,645	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	108,605	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	6,530	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	274,780	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	5,840	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	34,880	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	45,575	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	57,910	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	55,160	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	40,190	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	24,830	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	10,395	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	274,535	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	203,915	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	70,620	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	62,135	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	189,530	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	60.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	16.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	1,281	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	1,405	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	401,359	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	472,708	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	85,200	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	14.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	45.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	945	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	1,021	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	569,685	274,320	295,365
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	102,440	50,715	51,720
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	158,585	77,600	80,995
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	308,660	146,010	162,650
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	35,855	24,950	10,905
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	17,020	9,995	7,025
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	18,830	14,955	3,880
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	129,425	55,580	73,840
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	11,135	4,930	6,205
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	132,250	60,540	71,700
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	89,105	39,280	49,825
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	8,700	3,775	4,925
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	4,220	2,260	1,955
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	25,280	12,100	13,175
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	4,950	3,125	1,830
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	367,860	178,190	189,675
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	38,575	21,090	17,485
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	91,615	47,020	44,595
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	237,670	110,075	127,600
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	23,630	16,395	7,230
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	11,495	6,795	4,700
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	12,135	9,600	2,535
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	100,695	43,530	57,165
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	7,710	3,400	4,310
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	105,640	46,745	58,890
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	70,550	30,390	40,160
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	6,815	2,765	4,055
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	3,455	1,720	1,735
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	20,965	9,615	11,345
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	3,860	2,260	1,600
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	569,685	274,315	295,370
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	261,025	128,310	132,715
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	18,870	4,615	14,250
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	18,870	4,615	14,250
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	12,430	5,755	6,675
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	2,330	1,715	610
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	10,105	4,040	6,065
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	18,475	7,055	11,425
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	1,620	290	1,325
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	5,060	1,505	3,555
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	4,440	1,640	2,800
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	95	35	65
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	1,350	785	565
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	1,475	875	600
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	3,435	1,790	1,640
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	1,005	135	875
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	40,255	13,335	26,915
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	315	75	245
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	4,410	1,890	2,520
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	7,080	450	6,630
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	5,125	1,620	3,510
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	915	160	755
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	5,690	1,460	4,230
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	16,720	7,690	9,025
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	61,760	25,780	35,980
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	105	10	90
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	5,350	900	4,450
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	56,315	24,865	31,445
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	13,210	6,735	6,475
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	5,715	2,435	3,280
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	2,620	1,160	1,465
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	160	55	105
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	4,020	2,830	1,195
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	690	255	435
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	11,555	7,285	4,275
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	8,650	5,870	2,775
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	805	95	715
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	1,900	1,180	720
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	200	145	55
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	60,425	55,085	5,335
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	2,765	2,030	735
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	13,325	11,065	2,255
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	14,635	13,020	1,615
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	10,775	10,540	230
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	11,290	11,060	235
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	7,625	7,375	260
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	4,160	2,420	1,740
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	2,660	1,490	1,175
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	1,500	935	565
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	49,710	9,400	40,310
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	4,720	2,245	2,475
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	43,570	6,400	37,170
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	1,420	755	665
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	17,740	8,535	9,205
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	9,980	2,460	7,515
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	75	55	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	75	65	0
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	5,270	3,770	1,500
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	2,345	2,175	165
Other	3,170	885	2,280	60	10	55
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	60	10	55
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	367,865	178,190	189,675
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	130,190	68,115	62,075
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	13,415	3,185	10,220
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	13,410	3,190	10,225
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	9,645	4,440	5,205
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	1,680	1,245	440
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	7,960	3,195	4,765
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	13,820	5,065	8,755
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	1,320	240	1,080
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	3,775	1,095	2,680
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	3,330	1,190	2,140
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	75	15	65
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	975	555	410
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	1,035	595	445
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	2,540	1,290	1,250
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	770	90	680
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	32,090	10,260	21,835
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	255	55	205
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	3,760	1,580	2,185
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	5,450	305	5,145
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	4,360	1,215	3,145
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	750	125	630
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	4,445	1,080	3,370
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	13,070	5,910	7,165
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	48,730	19,995	28,735
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	95	15	85
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	4,400	725	3,670
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	44,235	19,255	24,980
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	10,010	4,820	5,190
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	4,445	1,820	2,625
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	1,955	840	1,120
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	130	50	85
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	2,975	1,955	1,020
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	510	160	350
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	9,955	6,395	3,560
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	7,785	5,325	2,460
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	525	65	460
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	1,460	875	585
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	180	125	55
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	44,610	40,125	4,485
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	2,230	1,630	600
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	10,300	8,305	1,990
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	11,065	9,725	1,340
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	7,385	7,185	200
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	8,375	8,220	155
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	5,245	5,055	190
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	3,295	1,835	1,465
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	2,055	1,080	985
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	1,240	755	485
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	38,365	7,385	30,985
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	3,770	1,795	1,980
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	33,440	5,025	28,415
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	1,155	570	590
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	13,685	6,565	7,120
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	7,545	1,810	5,735
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	50	35	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	35	35	0
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	4,190	2,960	1,230
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	1,855	1,720	135
Other	2,590	745	1,845	60	0	45
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	60	10	50
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	569,685	274,320	295,365
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	261,020	128,310	132,715
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	308,660	146,005	162,650
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	257,580	120,720	136,860
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	243,090	113,760	129,335
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	14,490	6,960	7,530
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	51,075	25,290	25,790
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	8,710	4,375	4,340
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	3,370	1,145	2,225
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	4,250	2,090	2,160
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	7,055	4,030	3,025
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	2,085	915	1,170
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	285	145	135
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	25,320	12,585	12,735
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	367,860	178,185	189,675
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	130,195	68,115	62,080
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	237,670	110,075	127,600
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	200,595	92,625	107,975
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	190,195	87,625	102,570
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	10,405	5,000	5,405
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	37,075	17,450	19,630
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	6,845	3,295	3,550
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	2,800	940	1,850
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	3,370	1,600	1,775
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	3,025	1,620	1,405
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	1,710	735	975
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	240	125	115
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	19,095	9,130	9,965
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	569,685	274,320	295,365
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	365,200	187,380	177,815
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	340,555	174,140	166,420
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	24,640	13,245	11,400
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	204,485	86,940	117,550
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	64.1	68.3	60.2
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	59.8	63.5	56.3
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	6.7	7.1	6.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	569,685	274,320	295,365
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	193,770	82,315	111,460
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	375,915	192,005	183,905
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	198,640	110,470	88,165
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	177,270	81,535	95,740
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	43.2	43.6	42.8
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	365,200	187,380	177,815
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	7,945	3,990	3,955
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	357,260	183,395	173,865
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	321,260	161,040	160,225
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	35,995	22,355	13,645
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	365,200	187,380	177,815
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	7,945	3,990	3,955
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	357,255	183,390	173,860
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	39,985	24,415	15,570
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	53,645	16,590	37,050
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	22,935	18,360	4,580
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	27,140	5,310	21,830
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	44,425	14,140	30,285
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	10,780	5,010	5,770
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	87,165	37,030	50,135
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	46,825	44,025	2,800
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	4,900	3,820	1,080
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	19,460	14,695	4,765
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	365,200	187,385	177,820
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	7,945	3,990	3,955
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	357,255	183,395	173,865
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	2,125	1,250	870
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	455	385	75
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	1,900	1,425	475
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	23,305	20,400	2,910
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	41,830	31,870	9,965
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	16,555	11,350	5,205
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	43,235	19,900	23,335
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	14,520	10,595	3,920
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	8,040	4,720	3,320
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	17,070	7,315	9,755
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	6,915	3,490	3,430
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	23,950	13,340	10,610
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	735	345	395
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	17,235	9,940	7,290
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	32,030	10,175	21,850
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	45,560	8,125	37,435
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	6,360	3,405	2,955
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	24,190	9,750	14,440
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	14,670	6,795	7,870
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	16,570	8,815	7,755
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	340,555	174,140	166,415
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	21,700	10,635	11,060
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	1,430	1,040	390
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	35,445	25,500	9,945
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	281,985	136,955	145,025
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	281,985	136,960	145,025
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	167,285	73,580	93,700
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	15,140	7,110	8,030
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	98,935	55,925	43,005
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	625	340	285
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	317,430	162,460	154,970
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	242,665	129,200	113,460
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	21,800	9,665	12,130
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	33,255	14,290	18,965
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	13,975	5,870	8,105
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	2,975	2,090	885
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	2,760	1,340	1,420
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	317,430	162,460	154,970
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	73,625	32,505	41,120
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	116,775	56,540	60,235
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	59,925	32,655	27,275
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	27,965	16,540	11,425
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	39,145	24,225	14,920
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	317,430	162,460	154,970
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	25,470	19,000	6,465
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	56,170	34,695	21,470
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	80,795	39,055	41,740
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	66,670	26,485	40,185
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	35,170	14,725	20,450
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	53,155	28,500	24,655
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	387,430	197,705	189,720
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	383,985	196,120	187,865
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	381,925	194,975	186,950
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	380,400	194,605	185,795
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	1,525	370	1,150
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	2,060	1,140	915
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	0	0	0
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	0	0	0
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	0	0	0
Malecite	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	0	0	0
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	2,060	1,140	915
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	140	85	50
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	10	0	0
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	140	85	50
Amharic	200	95	100	0	10	0
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	130	80	50
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	0	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	0	0	0
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	135	55	80
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	0	0	0
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	130	55	75
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	35	25	15
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	35	20	15
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	10	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	10	0	10
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	0	0	0
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	10
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	1,050	585	465
Albanian	350	220	125	35	25	10
Armenian	450	220	230	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	345	200	150
Baltic languages	95	35	60	10	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	10	10	10
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	335	195	140
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	35	20	25
Bulgarian	205	110	90	10	10	0
Croatian	220	130	95	40	30	10
Czech	70	40	30	10	10	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	90	45	55
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	40	15	20
Serbian	530	320	210	95	65	30
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	10	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	10	10	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	25	10	15
Afrikaans	85	40	40	0	0	0
Danish	90	50	35	0	0	0
Dutch	1,165	630	540	10	10	0
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	10	10	0
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	0	0	0
Swedish	125	55	70	10	0	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	0	0	0
Greek	1,020	545	475	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	255	145	110
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	220	120	100
Bengali	530	275	245	10	10	0
Gujarati	880	300	585	25	15	15
Hindi	1,405	755	650	10	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	10	0	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	115	70	50
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	55	25	20
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	30	20	10
Kurdish	185	150	40	0	0	0
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	30	25	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	10	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	380	195	180
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	25	10	20
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	160	105	50
Romanian	745	365	380	0	0	0
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	195	75	115
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	45	30	15
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	115	50	65
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	10	10	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	35	10	20
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	20	0	20
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	475	285	190
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	465	280	180
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	200	135	60
Hakka	70	25	45	0	0	0
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	245	135	115
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	20	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	15	10	10
Burmese	75	35	35	0	0	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	15	10	10
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	10	10	10
Lao	150	70	80	0	0	0
Thai	525	205	325	10	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	0	0	0
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	10	0	0
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	10	0	0
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	3,445	1,590	1,855
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	1,055	375	680
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	2,340	1,195	1,145
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	50	20	30
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	387,430	197,710	189,720
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	372,900	190,900	181,995
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	1,940	725	1,215
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	4,875	1,945	2,930
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	7,445	4,000	3,450
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	20	10	10
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	7,425	3,985	3,440
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	10	0	0
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	20	0	10
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	245	130	110
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	0	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	675,160	328,565	346,595
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	595,410	289,250	306,165
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	79,745	39,320	40,430
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	48,145	23,630	24,515
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	31,600	15,685	15,910
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	25,750	12,595	13,155
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	23,510	11,430	12,070
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	2,245	1,165	1,080
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	5,850	3,090	2,760
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	646,290	313,745	332,545
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	411,725	199,690	212,035
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	234,565	114,055	120,505
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	136,775	66,430	70,340
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	97,795	47,630	50,165
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	78,190	37,760	40,425
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	72,040	34,790	37,245
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	6,150	2,970	3,185
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	19,605	9,870	9,735

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and Hamilton [Population centre], Ontario (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 19, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Hamilton [Population centre], Ontario

Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Hamilton [Population centre], Ontario

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Hamilton [Population centre], Ontario