Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			Kitchener Ontario [Population centre]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	470,015	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	446,295^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	191,637	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	181,511	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	1,745.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	269.23	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	470,010	231,990	238,025
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	81,770	41,770	39,995
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	26,100	13,390	12,710
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	28,040	14,330	13,710
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	27,620	14,050	13,575
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	321,695	160,345	161,350
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	29,160	14,930	14,230
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	35,985	18,785	17,200
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	34,365	17,400	16,960
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	32,910	16,370	16,540
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	31,080	15,340	15,740
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	31,575	15,450	16,120
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	32,925	16,180	16,745
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	35,495	17,525	17,970
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	31,780	15,700	16,080
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	26,420	12,665	13,765
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	66,550	29,880	36,675
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	21,945	10,475	11,470
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	15,530	7,170	8,360
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	11,565	5,335	6,225
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	8,515	3,650	4,865
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	8,995	3,250	5,750
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	5,665	2,130	3,530
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	2,720	995	1,730
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	530	120	420
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	75	5	70
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	17.4	18.0	16.8
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	68.4	69.1	67.8
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	14.2	12.9	15.4
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	1.9	1.4	2.4
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	39.1	38.1	40.0
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	38.3	37.1	39.5
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	181,510	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	95,615	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	21,945	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	63,785	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	11,140	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	21,885	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	5,580	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	24,915	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	270	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	165	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	181,510	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	45,985	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	59,700	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	30,315	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	29,105	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	16,405	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	463,210	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	388,250	190,220	198,030
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	222,075	110,910	111,170
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	186,790	93,295	93,500
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	35,280	17,615	17,670
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	166,170	79,315	86,865
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	112,005	61,395	50,610
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	12,230	5,155	7,070
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	22,545	8,670	13,870
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	19,395	4,090	15,310
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	131,175	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	62,065	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	29,540	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	28,020	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	11,560	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	131,175	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	108,810	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	91,170	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	17,635	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	22,365	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	17,890	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	4,475	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	108,810	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	48,910	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	59,900	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	22,835	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	26,130	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	10,940	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	22,370	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	13,150	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	6,700	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	2,515	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	76,580	38,460	38,120
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	181,515	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	123,100	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	45,685	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	77,415	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	3,960	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	54,455	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	45,985	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	8,465	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	465,000	229,970	235,030
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	424,630	212,640	211,990
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	205	75	130
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	31,710	13,820	17,895
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	8,455	3,435	5,020
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	465,000	229,970	235,030
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	448,830	222,860	225,970
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	5,345	2,525	2,815
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	2,520	1,215	1,305
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	8,305	3,365	4,935
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	6,605	3,140	3,470
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	1.4	1.4	1.5
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	465,000	229,970	235,035
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	455,495	225,285	230,205
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	342,995	170,445	172,555
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	337,555	167,845	169,715
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	5,440	2,595	2,840
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	112,500	54,845	57,655
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	25	10	20
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	20	5	10
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	5	0	10
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	0	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	0	0	0
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	5	0	5
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	5	0	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	0	0	0
Malecite	305	140	160	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	5	0	5
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	5	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	10	0	5
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	0	0	5
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	0
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	5	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	0	0	0
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	5	0	5
Cayuga	45	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	980	430	555	5	0	0
Oneida	55	20	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	0	0	0
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	0	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	0	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	0	0	0
Dakota	1,215	570	635	0	0	0
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0	0	0
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	400	200	200	0	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	0	0	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	0	5	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	112,470	54,835	57,635
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	9,805	4,970	4,835
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	25	10	10
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	25	15	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	1,205	580	630
Bilen	805	455	350	100	55	45
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	85	40	45
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	985	460	525
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	40	20	20
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	8,570	4,375	4,200
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	795	375	415
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	6,465	3,355	3,110
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	285	145	135
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	35	15	20
Harari	1,320	635	685	15	5	5
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	115	60	50
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	60	25	30
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	775	370	405
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	40	15	25
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	3,870	1,870	2,000
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	255	120	135
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	3,615	1,755	1,860
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	2,150	775	1,375
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	10	5	5
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	110	30	75
Fijian	745	400	345	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	40	15	30
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	115	40	70
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	0	0	0
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	165	65	100
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	10	5	5
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	1,655	595	1,065
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	10	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	35	15	20
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	155	80	75
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	5	5	0
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	80	35	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	70	40	25
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	1,745	945	805
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	85	50	35
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	600	315	285
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	725	395	335
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	315	180	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	10	5	10
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	460	220	245
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	74,005	36,130	37,875
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	950	500	455
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	625	315	310
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	17,575	8,445	9,130
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	160	75	80
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	70	40	35
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	85	35	45
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	17,415	8,365	9,050
Belarusan	810	385	430	15	5	10
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	525	265	260
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	150	75	75
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	2,005	1,010	990
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	700	325	370
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	245	120	125
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	4,925	2,295	2,625
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	1,730	800	935
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	4,925	2,465	2,460
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	500	240	265
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	530	240	295
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	230	115	110
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	740	310	425
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	210	100	100
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	25	15	10
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	5	5	0
Welsh	1,075	495	575	15	10	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	10	5	0
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	9,735	4,485	5,245
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	90	50	40
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	150	70	80
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	1,390	630	760
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	25	15	10
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	7,910	3,640	4,270
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	5	0	0
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	30	10	15
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	65	35	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	55	30	25
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	5	5	0
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	1,285	635	650
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	19,185	9,910	9,280
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	13,880	7,165	6,715
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	905	485	410
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	2,750	1,420	1,335
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	1,520	830	685
Kashmiri	565	300	265	5	5	0
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	40	25	20
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	150	75	80
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	255	135	120
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	20	10	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	4,575	2,315	2,260
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	235	110	125
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	240	125	120
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	3,180	1,635	1,550
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	5,100	2,645	2,455
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	630	345	285
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	1,015	535	480
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	3,460	1,765	1,690
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	210	105	110
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	24,620	11,825	12,795
Catalan	865	440	425	15	5	10
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	1,760	920	835
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	9,350	4,445	4,900
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	5,280	2,545	2,735
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	8,220	3,905	4,315
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	0	5	0
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	405	155	250
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	5	0	5
Georgian	1,715	910	805	5	5	5
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	2,055	990	1,065
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	5	5	0
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	650	305	345
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	60	35	30
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	0	0	0
Edo	1,670	770	900	10	5	5
Ewe	1,760	950	805	15	15	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	0	0	0
Ga	920	445	470	5	10	5
Ganda	1,295	625	665	10	5	10
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	35	20	15
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	15	5	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	35	15	20
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	90	40	50
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	140	60	80
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	10	0	5
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	75	40	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	135	50	80
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	280	135	145
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	275	130	145
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	115	55	60
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	70	30	40
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	45	25	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	12,875	6,335	6,540
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	12,510	6,145	6,365
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	2,145	1,050	1,095
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	75	35	45
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	9,300	4,550	4,745
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	240	125	115
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	105	45	60
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	625	325	300
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	365	195	175
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	140	70	65
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	115	60	55
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	105	55	45
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	1,125	510	615
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	1,005	475	530
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	120	35	85
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	885	450	435
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	60	35	25
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	760	390	375
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	15	5	10
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	15	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	25	10	20
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	1,825	880	940
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	90	40	50
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	140	65	75
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	1,590	780	815
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	60	35	25
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	9,505	4,685	4,825
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	1,150	560	590
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	7,920	3,920	4,005
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	210	100	110
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	230	105	120
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	465,000	229,970	235,030
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	442,590	218,985	223,605
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	385,030	191,045	193,985
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	383,495	190,330	193,155
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	1,535	710	830
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	57,560	27,940	29,625
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	5	5	5
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	0	0	0
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	0	0	0
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	0	0	0
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	0	0	0
Woods Cree	800	410	390	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	0	0	0
Malecite	55	30	30	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	0	0	0
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	255	115	140	0	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	0	0	0
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	0	0	0
Dakota	255	140	120	0	0	0
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	5	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	57,555	27,935	29,620
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	6,310	3,100	3,215
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	10	5	5
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	15	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	795	360	435
Bilen	620	330	285	85	45	45
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	50	20	30
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	650	295	350
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	10	0	5
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	5,505	2,730	2,775
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	525	245	285
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	4,185	2,115	2,075
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	170	85	85
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	25	15	10
Harari	735	335	400	10	0	5
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	55	25	25
Maltese	1,130	525	605	5	5	0
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	505	235	270
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	25	5	15
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	5	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	2,475	1,190	1,290
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	130	55	75
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	2,350	1,130	1,215
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	750	325	430
Bikol	290	140	155	0	0	0
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	20	10	10
Fijian	195	105	90	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	20	5	15
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	25	15	15
Malagasy	435	220	210	0	0	0
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	60	25	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	0	0	0
Pangasinan	240	110	135	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	625	260	360
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	5	5	0
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	85	40	50
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	5	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	50	20	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	25	15	10
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	910	485	430
Kannada	1,630	825	800	35	25	15
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	355	185	170
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	355	190	165
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	155	85	75
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	10	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	175	80	95
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	34,310	16,590	17,720
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	535	275	260
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	400	195	205
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	8,545	4,135	4,410
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	15	5	10
Latvian	1,255	530	725	5	0	5
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	10	5	5
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	8,525	4,130	4,400
Belarusan	230	105	120	5	5	5
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	255	135	120
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	65	35	30
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	840	410	435
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	230	110	120
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	125	60	65
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	2,065	990	1,075
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	970	465	505
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	3,150	1,550	1,600
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	220	105	120
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	190	85	105
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	45	20	25
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	270	115	150
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	105	55	45
Celtic languages	360	205	155	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	5	5	0
Welsh	95	50	45	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0	0	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	1,240	540	705
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	25	15	15
Danish	855	410	445	5	5	5
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	100	45	55
Frisian	185	95	90	5	5	0
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	1,090	465	625
Icelandic	270	120	150	0	5	0
Norwegian	345	145	200	0	0	0
Swedish	1,045	500	545	15	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	0	0	0
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	0	5	0
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	465	210	255
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	11,695	5,835	5,860
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	8,185	4,095	4,090
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	530	270	260
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	1,655	820	840
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	730	380	350
Kashmiri	135	70	70	0	0	0
Konkani	720	355	370	15	10	5
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	70	30	35
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	150	80	75
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	10	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	3,010	1,505	1,505
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	110	50	60
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	120	60	60
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	1,785	890	900
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	3,400	1,690	1,705
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	335	170	165
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	615	305	310
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	2,445	1,215	1,230
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	110	50	60
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	11,435	5,400	6,030
Catalan	355	165	190	10	5	10
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	335	155	180
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	3,940	1,830	2,110
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	2,605	1,260	1,345
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	4,535	2,150	2,385
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	0	0	0
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	230	105	130
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	0	0	5
Georgian	1,035	565	475	0	0	0
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	1,485	695	790
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	5	0	5
Mongolian	910	435	470	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	170	70	105
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	15	5	10
Bamanankan	340	180	160	0	0	0
Edo	415	175	240	0	0	0
Ewe	410	185	225	0	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	0	0	0
Ga	250	105	140	0	0	0
Ganda	345	160	185	5	0	0
Igbo	1,000	485	510	15	5	5
Lingala	1,045	455	590	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	5	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	5	5	5
Shona	1,035	475	560	25	10	20
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	60	25	35
Wolof	1,380	745	635	0	0	0
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	30	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	120	60	60
Dinka	1,130	580	550	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	115	55	60
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	160	85	75
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	80	45	40
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	80	45	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	8,875	4,405	4,470
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	8,550	4,240	4,315
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	1,145	565	580
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	35	20	20
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	6,815	3,370	3,445
Min Dong	345	150	195	0	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	70	30	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	65	30	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	410	215	200
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	320	165	155
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	135	75	60
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	110	55	55
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	70	35	40
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	555	260	295
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	505	245	265
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	45	15	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	415	210	205
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	15	10	10
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	375	190	185
Uyghur	610	315	290	5	0	5
Uzbek	990	505	490	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	15	10	10
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	490	235	255
Estonian	975	365	610	10	5	5
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	10	0	10
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	470	235	235
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	20	10	10
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	22,410	10,990	11,420
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	640	300	345
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	21,320	10,490	10,825
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	55	20	35
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	395	180	215
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	465,000	229,970	235,030
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	400,400	198,595	201,815
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	25,755	12,820	12,935
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	4,490	1,920	2,575
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	33,195	16,085	17,110
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	50	15	35
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	33,145	16,075	17,075
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	190	80	110
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	580	295	280
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	370	160	205
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	15	10	10
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	381,585	187,530	194,055
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	365,750	180,335	185,420
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	35,041	42,382	29,285
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	365,800	180,340	185,460
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	31,805	37,637	27,044
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	329,985	166,325	163,665
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	34,394	42,809	27,365
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	257,190	114,820	142,370
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	3,368	1,258	4,851
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	280,950	146,140	134,805
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	36,212	43,850	29,941
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	381,640	187,545	194,100
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	366,120	180,480	185,640
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	45,911	54,400	37,658
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	366,160	180,490	185,670
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	38,265	44,281	32,417
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	329,875	166,260	163,615
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	45,531	54,766	36,146
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	257,450	115,070	142,375
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	6,951	6,192	7,564
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	281,075	146,200	134,875
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	45,733	53,874	36,907
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	381,645	187,545	194,100
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	143,910	81,680	62,230
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	54,230	60,144	47,159
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	64,469	72,212	54,305
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	89.4	92.8	84.6
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	76.4	80.2	71.1
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	10.6	7.2	15.4
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	381,585	187,535	194,055
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	15,835	7,200	8,635
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	365,755	180,335	185,420
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	95.9	96.2	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	51,965	22,590	29,370
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	59,325	23,510	35,815
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	49,715	20,440	29,275
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	42,725	19,055	23,670
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	38,550	18,590	19,960
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	30,675	16,555	14,120
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	22,870	13,335	9,535
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	17,015	10,390	6,625
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	13,115	8,260	4,860
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	11,580	6,930	4,650
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	28,230	20,690	7,540
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	19,330	13,850	5,480
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	8,900	6,840	2,060
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	381,585	187,530	194,055
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	15,785	7,195	8,590
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	365,800	180,335	185,465
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	95.9	96.2	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	53,160	22,935	30,225
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	62,160	24,685	37,470
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	57,965	24,190	33,775
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	52,085	24,225	27,865
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	44,135	23,105	21,025
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	30,570	17,630	12,940
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	21,105	13,170	7,930
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	16,365	10,020	6,345
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	28,255	20,370	7,885
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	9,540	6,435	3,105
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	5,640	4,030	1,610
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	13,075	9,905	3,170
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	381,585	187,530	194,055
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	100,635	41,390	59,250
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	280,950	146,145	134,810
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	73.6	77.9	69.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	34,575	16,405	18,170
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	21,915	9,505	12,405
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	35,915	15,675	20,245
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	29,385	12,680	16,705
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	30,025	13,310	16,715
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	28,860	14,355	14,505
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	24,130	13,645	10,490
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	17,980	10,860	7,115
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	13,780	8,665	5,120
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	44,380	31,035	13,350
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	11,230	7,245	3,985
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	10,055	6,110	3,945
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	23,100	17,680	5,420
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	181,515	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	75,255	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	66,048	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	45,990	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	37,933	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	33,860	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	135,525	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	91,413	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	79,660	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	181,595	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	92,564	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	77,157	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	46,075	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	47,469	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	39,687	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	135,515	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	107,896	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	89,897	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	181,510	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	2,955	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	1,975	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	4,295	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	5,580	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	6,870	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	6,240	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	6,965	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	7,280	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	7,350	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	7,385	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	14,100	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	13,095	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	12,510	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	11,455	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	10,815	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	62,635	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	21,045	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	14,415	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	15,445	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	11,735	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	181,510	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	3,130	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	2,025	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	4,375	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	5,825	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	7,745	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	7,025	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	8,260	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	8,625	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	8,850	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	8,830	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	16,670	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	15,485	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	14,485	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	12,980	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	10,945	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	46,245	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	19,825	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	11,530	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	14,890	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	129,035	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	92,118	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	80,096	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	44,605	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	81,777	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	71,442	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	60,295	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	115,964	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	99,064	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	20,605	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	54,463	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	50,184	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	128,995	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	109,076	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	90,642	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	44,675	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	98,847	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	81,677	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	60,395	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	132,208	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	109,048	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	20,485	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	65,401	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	57,230	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	66,795	34,350	32,445
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	32,051	34,792	29,700
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	29,341	31,354	27,585
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	66,925	34,220	32,705
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	40,918	43,612	38,098
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	34,646	36,266	32,950
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	463,210	229,210	234,000
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	218,940	105,215	113,730
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	43,575	21,355	22,220
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	40,000	18,020	21,980
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	42,895	20,160	22,735
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	45,255	22,065	23,190
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	47,225	23,620	23,605
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	244,270	123,990	120,275
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	49,460	24,815	24,650
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	49,740	25,240	24,500
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	51,070	25,870	25,195
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	50,665	25,870	24,790
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	43,330	22,195	21,140
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	463,210	229,205	234,005
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	98,240	50,095	48,145
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	31,535	16,205	15,330
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	303,490	151,005	152,485
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	61,485	28,105	33,375
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	59,495	27,645	31,845
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	15,965	8,085	7,885
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	5,715	2,905	2,810
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	36,780	17,140	19,640
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	6,755	2,430	4,325
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	12.8	12.1	13.6
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	16.3	16.1	16.4
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	18.1	17.9	18.3
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	12.1	11.4	12.9
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	11.0	8.6	13.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	36,765	18,410	18,355
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	8,440	4,335	4,105
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	2,955	1,520	1,435
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	26,885	13,460	13,430
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	1,440	620	825
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	7.9	8.0	7.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	8.6	8.7	8.5
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	9.4	9.4	9.4
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	8.9	8.9	8.8
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	2.3	2.2	2.5
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	463,360	229,245	234,115
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	454,925	225,825	229,105
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	454,740	225,760	228,980
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	31,885	13,945	17,940
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	134,110	65,485	68,625
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	100	35	65
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	85	30	60
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	20	0	15
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	0	0	10
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	10	0	10
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	10	0	10
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	10	0	10
Malecite	755	370	390	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	10	0	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	70	25	45
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	10	0	10
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	60	30	30
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0	0	0
Haida	465	205	260	0	0	0
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	0	0	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	10	10	0
Cayuga	125	40	85	0	0	0
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	10	0	0
Oneida	180	60	125	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	0	0	0
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	0	0	0
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	0	0	0
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	0	0	0
Dakota	1,760	870	890	0	0	0
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0	0	0
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	0	0	0
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	10	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	134,010	65,450	68,560
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	12,235	6,305	5,930
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	0	0	0
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	1,530	785	735
Bilen	1,085	625	470	160	75	80
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	85	40	45
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	1,190	610	575
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	120	65	50
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	10,960	5,640	5,320
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	1,125	555	575
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	8,605	4,465	4,140
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	275	155	120
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	45	25	20
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	0	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	380	225	155
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	95	60	35
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	1,045	460	580
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	50	30	20
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	45	30	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	4,815	2,295	2,515
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	310	135	175
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	4,525	2,180	2,350
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	10	0	10
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	2,675	910	1,760
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	0	0	0
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	95	10	80
Fijian	1,660	955	705	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	60	15	40
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	90	25	60
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	0	0	0
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	325	140	185
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	20	10	15
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	10	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	2,275	745	1,530
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	10	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	15	10	10
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	450	230	220
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	10	10	0
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	240	125	115
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	220	110	115
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	2,340	1,255	1,085
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	200	115	90
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	655	310	340
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	1,185	660	530
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	445	250	190
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	10	0	10
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	480	225	255
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	91,000	44,405	46,600
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	985	550	435
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	765	370	400
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	20,030	9,590	10,440
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	195	100	90
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	125	70	60
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	70	35	35
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	19,865	9,505	10,355
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	70	25	40
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	795	380	420
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	160	70	85
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	3,020	1,445	1,575
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	880	450	430
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	340	150	190
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	5,530	2,550	2,975
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	2,520	1,135	1,385
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	6,055	3,100	2,955
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	605	285	315
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	700	365	340
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	285	135	155
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	915	365	555
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	235	115	120
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	80	40	40
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	45	20	25
Welsh	1,690	830	860	20	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	20	15	0
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	13,355	6,040	7,310
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	210	115	95
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	210	90	115
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	1,790	740	1,050
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	40	20	20
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	11,165	5,095	6,070
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	10	10	0
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	75	40	35
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	125	85	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	65	30	35
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	10	10	0
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	1,770	885	880
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	23,480	12,185	11,295
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	18,450	9,635	8,820
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	1,155	630	530
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	3,310	1,715	1,590
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	6,355	3,375	2,985
Kashmiri	905	490	420	10	10	10
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	70	40	25
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	255	135	125
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	380	205	175
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	20	0	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	6,460	3,370	3,085
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	355	170	190
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	390	190	200
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	5,480	2,855	2,630
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	5,500	2,795	2,705
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	825	410	415
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	1,005	520	485
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	3,970	2,015	1,950
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	325	145	180
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	32,990	15,840	17,150
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	15	10	10
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	2,905	1,505	1,400
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	11,470	5,590	5,875
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	6,470	3,110	3,365
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	13,050	6,090	6,965
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	15	10	10
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	815	415	400
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	10	0	10
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	10	0	10
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	2,175	1,055	1,115
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	10	10	10
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	15	10	0
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	1,080	570	515
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	90	55	35
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	0	0	0
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	25	15	15
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	0	0	0
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	10	10	0
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	25	0	25
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	95	70	25
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	100	60	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	30	10	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	40	10	35
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	35	20	10
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	360	170	195
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	0	0	0
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	230	145	90
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	160	80	75
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	380	165	215
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	380	165	210
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	575	215	360
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	415	140	275
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	165	80	80
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	14,520	7,205	7,315
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	14,140	7,010	7,130
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	3,060	1,495	1,565
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	155	65	90
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	10,995	5,390	5,605
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	0	10	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	360	175	180
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	145	80	65
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	770	405	365
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	10	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	410	215	190
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	155	80	75
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	95	50	45
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	0	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	275	140	135
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	1,170	540	630
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	1,045	490	550
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	190	65	125
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	1,475	790	685
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	145	100	45
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	1,275	685	590
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	0	0	10
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	45	15	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	55	30	30
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	2,125	1,055	1,070
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	145	75	65
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	140	65	75
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	1,845	915	925
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	145	80	60
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	463,360	229,250	234,115
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	430,715	213,045	217,665
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	94,155	47,980	46,175
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	336,560	165,065	171,495
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	32,650	16,205	16,450
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	463,360	229,250	234,115
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	341,260	169,505	171,755
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	112,910	54,790	58,120
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	33,085	15,945	17,145
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	14,860	7,350	7,510
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	22,845	11,195	11,655
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	28,490	13,690	14,800
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	14,170	6,835	7,345
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	14,320	6,860	7,460
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	13,620	6,610	7,015
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	9,190	4,950	4,235
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	112,910	54,790	58,120
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	12,735	6,520	6,210
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	22,520	11,730	10,785
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	24,220	10,785	13,435
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	45,435	22,175	23,260
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	8,005	3,585	4,425
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	112,905	54,790	58,120
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	16,505	7,600	8,905
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	480	220	260
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	1,615	730	885
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	1,935	910	1,025
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	2,240	1,015	1,225
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	40	20	15
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	1,870	940	935
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	755	340	420
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	180	85	95
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	675	305	370
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	3,505	1,465	2,040
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	3,200	1,570	1,630
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	47,740	23,130	24,610
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	3,095	1,600	1,505
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	1,965	965	1,000
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	285	145	140
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	4,150	1,910	2,240
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	570	260	310
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	765	370	390
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	410	205	205
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	1,065	605	460
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	1,375	655	725
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	4,030	1,855	2,175
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	6,800	3,270	3,530
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	4,910	2,335	2,575
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	755	340	420
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	2,420	1,220	1,205
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	715	320	390
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	10,040	4,945	5,095
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	4,390	2,150	2,240
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	7,130	3,580	3,550
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	55	30	30
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	1,175	620	550
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	945	480	470
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	405	195	215
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	50	25	20
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	305	185	125
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	720	335	380
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	470	235	240
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	3,000	1,485	1,520
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	41,260	20,335	20,925
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	1,255	565	690
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	690	360	325
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	6,280	2,985	3,295
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	765	430	335
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	8,245	4,215	4,035
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	1,560	845	710
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	1,935	1,000	935
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	140	40	100
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	1,415	745	675
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	630	330	300
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	3,725	1,945	1,780
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	2,380	895	1,485
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	905	445	460
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	1,630	835	795
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	455	225	230
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	3,300	1,540	1,760
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	5,945	2,935	3,010
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	270	140	130
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	13,620	6,610	7,015
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	1,595	730	865
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	50	25	25
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	265	90	165
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	85	35	50
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	15	10	10
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	145	90	55
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	90	35	55
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	520	215	310
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	25	10	15
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	400	215	190
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	1,630	785	845
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	40	25	20
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	95	50	45
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	55	35	25
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	30	10	20
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	250	105	155
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	80	30	55
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	60	20	40
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	265	160	105
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	750	350	395
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	1,530	755	770
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	15	10	0
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	10	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	15	0	10
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	10	10	0
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	290	135	150
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	345	155	185
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	215	95	120
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	0	0	0
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	110	75	40
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	205	100	105
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	60	25	35
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	0	0	10
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	270	150	115
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	8,830	4,305	4,525
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	225	75	150
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	135	45	85
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	1,385	660	725
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	25	10	15
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	1,790	980	805
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	495	275	220
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	850	490	360
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	40	25	15
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	20	10	15
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	160	65	95
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	65	35	35
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	75	30	45
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	620	295	330
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	585	175	405
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	115	80	35
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	90	45	50
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	1,055	545	515
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	70	40	35
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	95	65	35
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	60	20	40
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	260	100	160
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	600	260	345
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	40	35	10
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	25	25	0
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	15	15	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	463,360	229,245	234,110
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	124,260	60,920	63,335
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	99,465	50,245	49,215
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	239,640	118,080	121,565
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	81,535	39,660	41,875
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	34,515	18,090	16,430
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	12,580	9,200	3,380
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	21,940	8,890	13,050
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	23,010	9,090	13,915
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	23,340	12,185	11,160
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	665	300	370
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	463,360	229,250	234,110
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	8,180	3,920	4,260
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	7,765	3,710	4,055
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	5,025	2,365	2,665
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	2,585	1,275	1,310
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	150	70	85
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	165	110	55
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	250	100	150
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	455,180	225,330	229,850
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	463,360	229,245	234,110
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	2,320	1,105	1,220
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	461,040	228,145	232,895
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	463,360	229,250	234,115
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	1,300	620	685
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	1,270	595	680
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	1,015	470	545
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	230	120	110
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	20	0	25
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	30	25	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	30	20	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	0	0	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	12,465	5,965	6,495
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	12,180	5,835	6,345
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	9,170	4,360	4,815
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	2,705	1,320	1,385
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	300	155	140
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	285	130	155
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	245	110	130
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	30	15	15
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	15	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	449,590	222,665	226,925
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	463,360	229,245	234,110
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	97,400	48,965	48,435
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	25,835	13,550	12,280
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	15,575	7,725	7,850
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	14,850	7,660	7,185
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	3,425	1,400	2,020
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	8,915	4,315	4,600
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	7,040	3,660	3,385
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	8,000	3,835	4,165
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	4,240	2,150	2,095
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	2,415	1,210	1,200
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	730	320	405
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	3,180	1,540	1,645
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	3,195	1,595	1,605
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	365,960	180,280	185,675
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	463,360	229,250	234,110
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	13,765	6,580	7,185
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	10,490	4,970	5,520
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	370	180	190
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	3,225	1,580	1,650
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	119,670	59,005	60,665
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	545	220	320
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	4,955	2,530	2,425
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	115,500	56,895	58,605
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	10	0	0
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	1,180	585	595
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	95	40	50
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	55	25	30
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	145	85	60
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	10	10	10
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	322,190	158,025	164,170
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	191,375	93,320	98,055
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	25	20	10
Cornish	1,975	995	975	10	0	0
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	107,055	51,905	55,150
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	79,945	37,705	42,245
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	80	40	45
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	81,875	39,465	42,410
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	7,970	3,810	4,160
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	13,625	6,485	7,145
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	41,770	20,040	21,735
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	205	85	125
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	10	10	0
Corsican	1,750	950	805	10	10	10
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	41,565	19,960	21,605
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	114,515	55,635	58,890
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	3,905	1,900	2,005
Bavarian	940	485	455	0	0	0
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	1,720	870	845
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	21,240	10,315	10,915
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	195	105	90
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	90	45	45
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	93,570	45,465	48,105
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	80	50	25
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	4,265	2,100	2,165
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	0	10	0
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	8,235	4,090	4,140
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	1,755	870	880
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	1,665	835	830
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	455	225	235
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	2,110	1,055	1,055
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	2,120	1,005	1,115
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	585	340	245
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	57,575	27,870	29,705
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	370	175	200
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	375	170	205
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	2,215	1,095	1,115
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	500	195	305
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	475	235	245
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	7,710	3,795	3,915
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	565	270	290
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	1,020	535	485
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	130	50	80
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	22,865	11,145	11,720
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	9,055	4,250	4,800
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	6,245	2,930	3,310
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	1,770	910	860
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	11,850	5,695	6,155
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	190	95	90
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	60,405	30,420	29,980
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	1,130	620	505
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	1,325	655	670
Catalan	1,280	740	535	10	0	0
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	4,580	2,255	2,330
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	615	315	305
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	3,675	1,865	1,810
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	17,220	8,850	8,375
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	120	60	55
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	780	335	455
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	680	345	335
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	175	75	100
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	19,890	10,030	9,865
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	6,810	3,460	3,350
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	115	75	35
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	1,100	530	565
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	5,200	2,440	2,765
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	1,480	745	735
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	20	15	0
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	2,185	1,095	1,095
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	75	25	45
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	1,150	590	565
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	45	20	25
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	95	45	50
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	840	430	410
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	9,530	4,820	4,710
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	50	25	20
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	45	15	35
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	795	410	385
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	120	45	70
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	35	25	0
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	605	260	345
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	250	135	120
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	195	100	95
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	10	0	0
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	105	50	50
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	5,040	2,585	2,460
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	75	40	35
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	10	0	10
Montserratan	930	460	470	30	20	0
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	65	25	35
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	130	70	60
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	1,320	665	655
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	170	75	90
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	1,045	495	545
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	240	115	125
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	12,925	6,155	6,775
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	365	180	185
Arawak	1,440	610	830	10	10	0
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	210	90	115
Belizean	1,755	915	845	0	0	0
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	45	10	30
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	640	300	340
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	380	160	215
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	2,350	1,090	1,265
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	55	30	25
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	260	135	125
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	635	305	325
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	2,525	1,215	1,310
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	315	160	155
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	140	85	55
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	140	90	55
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	1,285	585	705
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	605	320	285
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	50	25	20
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	40	10	30
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	345	195	150
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	2,290	1,090	1,200
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	40	20	25
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	310	140	175
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	695	315	380
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	12,590	6,425	6,165
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	1,425	805	620
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	15	10	0
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	20	20	10
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	15	10	10
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	25	10	15
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	0	0	0
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	50	10	35
Chadian	1,845	955	885	0	0	0
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	190	100	85
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	10	0	0
Ewe	845	470	375	0	0	0
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	0	0	0
Gambian	975	495	475	10	10	10
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	225	105	120
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	0	10	0
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	65	20	40
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	10	0	0
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	70	45	30
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	0	10	0
Malinké	1,125	585	535	0	0	0
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	595	355	240
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	10	0	0
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	10	0	0
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	40	20	20
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	0	0	0
Wolof	840	495	345	0	0	0
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	120	75	45
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	135	60	80
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	3,350	1,760	1,585
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	110	65	45
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	15	10	0
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	25	20	0
Dinka	900	500	400	0	0	0
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	1,925	1,005	920
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	165	100	65
Maure	1,190	655	535	0	0	0
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	175	90	85
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	965	490	470
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	35	20	15
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	25	20	0
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	5,325	2,625	2,700
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	20	20	0
Amhara	1,530	815	715	35	25	15
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	25	20	10
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	35	10	30
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	10	0	10
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	1,400	670	730
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	1,350	650	700
Harari	665	355	305	0	0	0
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	85	50	30
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	0	0	0
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	70	45	30
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	35	20	15
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	80	30	45
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	15	10	10
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	1,495	785	715
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	500	210	290
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	25	10	10
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	70	40	30
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	70	25	45
Zambian	1,860	935	920	0	10	0
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	75	30	40
Zulu	945	475	475	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	250	125	125
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	2,885	1,430	1,455
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	350	135	205
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	2,560	1,295	1,260
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	74,950	37,570	37,380
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	15,950	8,190	7,760
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	2,165	1,035	1,125
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	1,410	785	625
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	1,180	640	540
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	155	90	65
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	145	75	70
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	70	20	50
Hazara	1,515	810	705	55	35	15
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	2,320	1,250	1,065
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	1,575	825	750
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	175	90	80
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	380	185	195
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	10	10	0
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	760	385	370
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	40	25	15
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	15	0	15
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	1,590	745	845
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	985	490	490
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	275	135	140
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	185	110	70
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	1,665	850	820
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	160	80	75
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	15	0	10
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	1,565	805	760
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	50	20	35
Uighur	1,555	775	785	10	0	10
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	50	15	40
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	30	20	10
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	580	295	280
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	26,575	13,820	12,760
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	660	355	305
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	260	140	125
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	140	75	60
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	18,595	9,660	8,935
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	50	20	25
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	285	140	145
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	45	20	25
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	330	185	150
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	4,210	2,230	1,975
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	1,500	765	735
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	240	115	125
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	860	455	405
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	300	150	150
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	1,270	650	625
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	33,005	15,870	17,135
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	565	270	295
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	480	225	260
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	18,170	9,030	9,140
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	3,910	1,625	2,285
Hmong	805	420	390	545	275	270
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	395	190	205
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	1,000	455	550
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	85	45	35
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	2,525	1,275	1,250
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	1,615	780	835
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	125	80	45
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	85	45	40
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	30	25	10
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	310	145	165
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	390	160	230
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	0	0	0
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	5,445	2,670	2,770
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	185	95	95
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	440	215	225
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	440	215	225
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	625	330	300
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	435	220	215
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	125	80	40
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	75	25	45
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	10	0	10
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	10	10	10
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	10	0	0
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	10	0	10
Samoan	1,100	625	475	25	15	10
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	0	0	0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	181,595	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	119,875	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	61,715	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	181,595	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	20,535	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	161,065	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	181,590	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	530	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	20,930	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	39,585	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	78,610	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	41,940	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	181,590	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	43,475	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	26,825	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	29,930	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	25,975	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	55,390	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	181,590	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	178,665	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	2,930	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	181,590	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	173,075	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	8,520	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	181,595	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	35,960	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	52,675	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	27,110	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	24,850	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	16,585	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	13,375	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	11,040	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	181,595	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	172,175	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	9,420	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	181,595	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	99,980	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	76,185	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	5,430	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	181,590	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	7,305	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	29,220	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	33,235	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	39,205	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	33,975	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	22,095	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	12,030	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	4,525	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	181,360	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	136,880	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	44,480	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	38,645	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	119,870	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	64.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	15.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	1,349	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	1,378	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	349,141	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	382,700	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	61,715	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	12.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	42.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	994	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	1,051	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	381,645	187,540	194,100
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	68,140	33,835	34,295
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	111,780	55,775	56,000
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	201,730	97,930	103,795
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	23,305	16,460	6,845
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	11,020	6,580	4,440
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	12,285	9,885	2,405
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	80,310	34,745	45,565
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	6,405	3,045	3,360
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	91,710	43,680	48,030
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	60,545	27,675	32,870
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	5,415	2,460	2,960
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	2,055	1,115	940
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	18,985	9,230	9,755
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	4,710	3,200	1,510
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	255,205	125,790	129,415
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	27,835	14,900	12,940
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	66,775	33,930	32,840
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	160,590	76,960	83,635
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	16,595	11,765	4,835
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	7,865	4,695	3,165
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	8,735	7,070	1,670
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	64,260	27,955	36,310
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	4,585	2,185	2,400
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	75,150	35,060	40,095
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	48,525	21,955	26,575
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	4,495	1,945	2,550
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	1,655	790	860
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	16,570	7,830	8,745
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	3,905	2,540	1,365
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	381,645	187,545	194,100
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	179,915	89,615	90,300
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	10,085	2,305	7,775
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	10,080	2,305	7,775
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	7,110	3,060	4,050
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	1,230	865	365
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	5,880	2,195	3,685
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	13,385	4,995	8,390
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	1,145	260	885
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	3,565	955	2,610
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	2,845	895	1,955
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	120	45	75
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	1,130	570	565
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	1,695	985	710
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	2,205	1,175	1,030
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	675	105	570
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	24,820	7,895	16,925
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	295	65	230
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	2,740	1,030	1,710
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	4,550	345	4,200
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	3,030	910	2,120
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	560	140	420
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	4,420	1,125	3,295
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	9,230	4,280	4,950
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	38,650	15,270	23,380
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	80	20	60
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	3,645	655	2,990
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	34,925	14,595	20,330
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	8,640	4,325	4,315
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	3,425	1,370	2,055
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	1,885	895	990
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	85	15	65
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	2,920	1,915	1,010
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	325	125	200
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	12,080	8,000	4,080
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	8,240	5,755	2,490
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	490	80	405
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	3,000	1,905	1,095
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	345	255	90
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	44,410	39,670	4,735
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	1,495	920	580
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	12,495	10,070	2,430
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	9,665	8,620	1,045
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	10	0	0
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	6,705	6,510	190
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	7,410	7,205	205
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	6,630	6,350	280
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	3,355	1,850	1,505
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	1,785	925	860
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	1,565	925	645
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	26,980	4,755	22,220
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	3,105	1,360	1,750
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	23,315	3,080	20,235
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	550	315	235
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	11,880	5,755	6,120
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	6,550	1,800	4,750
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	25	25	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	80	60	20
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	3,575	2,405	1,170
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	1,645	1,470	180
Other	3,170	885	2,280	335	45	295
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	335	40	295
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	255,205	125,790	129,415
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	94,610	48,830	45,785
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	7,580	1,660	5,920
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	7,585	1,665	5,925
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	5,615	2,350	3,265
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	875	640	235
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	4,745	1,710	3,030
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	10,105	3,630	6,475
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	860	135	725
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	2,785	725	2,055
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	2,100	665	1,435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	75	20	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	815	405	410
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	1,245	720	525
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	1,740	910	830
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	495	50	440
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	19,815	6,115	13,700
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	230	40	185
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	2,310	875	1,430
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	3,540	245	3,300
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	2,555	710	1,845
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	425	110	315
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	3,420	800	2,620
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	7,330	3,330	4,005
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	31,825	12,335	19,485
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	80	20	60
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	3,090	535	2,555
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	28,655	11,785	16,870
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	6,695	3,300	3,400
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	2,720	1,065	1,655
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	1,400	670	730
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	75	10	60
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	2,250	1,460	790
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	255	90	160
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	10,555	7,030	3,520
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	7,490	5,230	2,260
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	400	65	330
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	2,360	1,505	850
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	310	230	80
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	34,995	30,930	4,065
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	1,270	750	520
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	10,460	8,355	2,105
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	7,745	6,850	890
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	4,995	4,835	165
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	5,545	5,370	170
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	4,980	4,770	215
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	2,665	1,415	1,250
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	1,400	685	715
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	1,265	735	535
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	21,040	3,595	17,440
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	2,365	1,000	1,365
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	18,240	2,385	15,860
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	425	215	215
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	9,445	4,545	4,900
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	5,030	1,275	3,755
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	30	25	10
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	2,960	1,960	1,000
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	1,410	1,270	140
Other	2,590	745	1,845	250	40	210
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	250	45	210
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	381,645	187,545	194,100
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	179,915	89,615	90,300
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	201,730	97,930	103,795
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	165,690	79,310	86,380
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	155,755	74,440	81,315
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	9,930	4,875	5,065
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	36,040	18,615	17,420
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	4,870	2,675	2,200
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	1,255	365	885
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	4,375	2,355	2,020
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	3,550	2,170	1,380
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	2,850	1,360	1,495
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	195	110	90
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	18,945	9,585	9,355
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	255,200	125,790	129,415
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	94,610	48,830	45,780
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	160,590	76,960	83,635
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	133,050	63,415	69,630
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	125,110	59,485	65,630
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	7,940	3,930	4,005
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	27,545	13,545	14,000
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	3,820	2,010	1,810
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	1,120	320	795
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	3,475	1,765	1,710
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	1,965	1,130	835
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	2,320	1,090	1,230
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	150	80	65
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	14,700	7,145	7,555
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	381,640	187,545	194,100
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	260,465	136,185	124,280
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	243,010	127,280	115,735
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	17,460	8,910	8,550
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	121,175	51,355	69,820
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	68.2	72.6	64.0
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	63.7	67.9	59.6
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	6.7	6.5	6.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	381,645	187,545	194,100
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	113,430	47,605	65,825
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	268,215	139,940	128,275
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	146,700	83,605	63,095
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	121,515	56,330	65,185
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	43.4	44.0	42.8
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	260,465	136,185	124,280
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	5,190	2,530	2,660
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	255,280	133,655	121,625
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	232,215	119,605	112,610
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	23,065	14,050	9,015
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	260,465	136,185	124,280
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	5,190	2,535	2,655
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	255,280	133,660	121,625
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	26,010	15,765	10,250
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	37,855	11,240	26,615
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	22,840	17,790	5,045
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	14,055	2,195	11,860
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	27,985	9,285	18,695
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	6,785	2,925	3,855
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	58,640	24,190	34,450
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	35,360	33,030	2,325
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	2,940	2,275	660
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	22,815	14,955	7,860
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	260,470	136,190	124,280
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	5,190	2,535	2,660
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	255,280	133,655	121,625
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	1,305	740	560
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	325	285	40
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	940	740	200
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	16,185	14,250	1,940
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	41,990	29,600	12,390
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	10,490	7,300	3,195
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	28,300	13,210	15,090
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	10,525	7,870	2,660
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	7,535	4,315	3,215
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	15,865	5,805	10,065
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	4,255	2,215	2,040
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	19,705	11,630	8,075
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	400	205	195
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	10,865	6,170	4,700
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	22,195	7,870	14,325
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	24,850	3,815	21,030
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	4,180	2,145	2,030
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	17,265	6,620	10,645
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	9,385	4,480	4,905
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	8,720	4,400	4,320
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	243,010	127,280	115,730
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	13,875	6,475	7,395
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	990	695	295
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	22,860	16,870	5,990
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	205,285	103,235	102,050
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	205,290	103,235	102,050
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	101,745	46,180	55,560
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	69,275	35,590	33,685
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	33,745	21,155	12,595
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	520	310	210
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	228,150	120,105	108,040
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	183,035	99,080	83,955
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	15,805	6,855	8,950
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	15,125	6,790	8,335
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	9,835	4,510	5,325
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	2,600	1,990	610
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	1,745	880	865
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	228,145	120,105	108,040
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	68,295	32,305	35,990
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	97,220	50,060	47,160
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	34,795	20,050	14,745
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	12,060	7,210	4,850
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	15,770	10,480	5,290
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	228,145	120,110	108,040
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	16,925	11,835	5,095
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	39,595	25,815	13,775
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	53,480	26,755	26,720
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	50,875	21,925	28,945
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	25,655	11,340	14,315
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	41,620	22,440	19,180
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	276,785	144,120	132,670
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	274,765	143,220	131,540
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	272,850	142,185	130,665
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	272,035	141,995	130,040
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	815	190	625
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	1,910	1,035	875
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	0	0	0
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	0	0	0
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	0	0	0
Malecite	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	0	0	0
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	1,915	1,035	875
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	145	110	40
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	0	0	0
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	145	105	35
Amharic	200	95	100	0	0	0
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	130	100	30
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	10	10	0
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	10	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	150	55	90
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	0	0	10
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	145	60	90
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	10	10	10
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	10
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	0	0	0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	0	0	0
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	0
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	815	450	360
Albanian	350	220	125	25	20	10
Armenian	450	220	230	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	155	60	100
Baltic languages	95	35	60	0	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	0	0	0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	160	60	95
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	10	10	0
Bulgarian	205	110	90	0	0	0
Croatian	220	130	95	0	0	0
Czech	70	40	30	0	0	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	45	10	30
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	25	0	15
Serbian	530	320	210	50	25	25
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	30	10	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	45	20	20
Afrikaans	85	40	40	0	0	0
Danish	90	50	35	0	0	0
Dutch	1,165	630	540	10	0	10
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	35	20	20
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	0	0	0
Swedish	125	55	70	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	0	0	0
Greek	1,020	545	475	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	220	110	115
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	185	85	95
Bengali	530	275	245	15	0	10
Gujarati	880	300	585	25	10	15
Hindi	1,405	755	650	15	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	15	10	0
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	80	55	30
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	35	15	25
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	45	20	20
Kurdish	185	150	40	15	10	0
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	30	10	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	360	235	120
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	0	0	0
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	165	110	55
Romanian	745	365	380	35	25	15
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	160	105	50
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	10	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	15	0	10
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	150	85	70
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	40	15	25
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	40	20	25
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	535	285	255
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	535	280	255
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	105	55	50
Hakka	70	25	45	0	0	0
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	385	195	190
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	40	20	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	0	0	0
Burmese	75	35	35	0	0	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	0	0	0
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	10	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	30	20	10
Lao	150	70	80	20	15	0
Thai	525	205	325	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	10	10	0
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	10	10	0
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	15	0	10
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	15	10	10
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	2,025	895	1,125
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	555	155	400
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	1,435	730	705
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	35	10	20
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	276,785	144,120	132,670
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	267,110	139,685	127,425
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	1,315	535	780
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	2,895	1,100	1,795
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	5,285	2,745	2,535
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	10	10	0
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	5,275	2,740	2,530
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	0	0	0
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	25	15	10
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	160	40	120
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	0	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	458,255	226,675	231,580
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	391,085	193,085	198,005
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	67,170	33,590	33,585
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	38,385	19,255	19,130
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	28,785	14,330	14,455
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	22,590	11,230	11,355
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	20,095	9,975	10,120
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	2,490	1,255	1,235
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	6,195	3,100	3,095
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	437,395	216,075	221,320
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	261,600	128,465	133,140
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	175,790	87,610	88,180
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	97,500	48,355	49,145
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	78,290	39,250	39,040
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	59,255	29,555	29,705
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	53,835	26,830	27,015
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	5,420	2,725	2,695
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	19,040	9,700	9,335

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 19, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario

Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Kitchener [Population centre], Ontario