Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Winnipeg [Population centre], Manitoba

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			Winnipeg Manitoba [Population centre]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : Winnipeg [Population centre], Manitoba Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	711,925	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	670,025^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	296,630	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	283,454	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	2,069.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	343.99	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	711,915	347,710	364,210
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	119,705	61,470	58,230
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	39,420	20,370	19,055
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	40,510	20,585	19,920
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	39,775	20,515	19,260
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	480,360	238,325	242,030
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	43,630	22,570	21,065
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	50,910	25,960	24,950
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	52,405	26,230	26,170
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	51,275	25,345	25,930
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	48,195	23,580	24,615
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	46,130	22,755	23,375
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	45,705	22,460	23,240
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	50,730	25,030	25,705
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	48,660	23,965	24,700
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	42,720	20,435	22,280
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	111,850	47,905	63,945
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	36,005	16,785	19,225
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	25,110	11,525	13,585
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	18,495	8,010	10,485
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	14,780	6,030	8,750
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	17,460	5,560	11,900
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	10,375	3,685	6,690
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	5,380	1,540	3,840
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	1,465	305	1,155
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	245	30	210
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	16.8	17.7	16.0
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	67.5	68.5	66.5
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	15.7	13.8	17.6
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.5	1.6	3.3
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	40.0	38.7	41.2
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	38.9	37.5	40.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	283,455	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	169,330	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	36,880	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	76,630	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	10,470	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	10,050	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	5,105	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	50,680	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	325	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	620	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	283,455	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	84,910	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	91,020	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	42,980	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	38,865	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	25,685	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	696,500	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	592,210	286,235	305,975
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	321,790	160,860	160,930
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	272,510	136,225	136,285
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	49,285	24,635	24,645
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	270,420	125,375	145,045
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	184,400	98,065	86,330
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	15,160	6,435	8,725
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	35,990	13,855	22,135
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	34,870	7,015	27,860
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	191,480	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	93,120	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	42,675	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	38,190	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	17,495	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	191,480	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	156,245	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	131,605	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	24,635	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	35,235	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	28,065	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	7,175	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	156,240	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	71,700	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	84,540	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	33,105	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	35,340	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	16,100	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	35,235	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	21,420	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	9,575	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	4,240	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	135,310	64,885	70,425
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	283,455	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	178,745	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	67,615	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	111,135	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	6,175	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	98,530	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	84,910	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	13,620	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	702,760	344,190	358,575
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	620,445	307,690	312,760
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	975	435	535
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	70,315	31,340	38,975
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	11,025	4,725	6,300
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	702,760	344,190	358,570
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	667,140	328,035	339,100
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	22,015	10,170	11,845
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	2,885	1,420	1,460
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	10,730	4,565	6,160
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	23,450	10,875	12,575
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	3.3	3.2	3.5
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	702,760	344,190	358,570
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	680,070	333,200	346,870
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	499,725	246,805	252,920
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	477,470	236,555	240,920
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	22,255	10,250	12,005
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	180,345	86,400	93,945
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	3,590	1,395	2,190
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	3,425	1,335	2,085
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	5	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	1,115	415	700
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	0	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	15	5	10
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	45	15	25
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	5	0	0
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	325	125	200
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	30	10	20
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	705	265	440
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	10	5	0
Malecite	305	140	160	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	2,295	910	1,380
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	0	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	1,595	630	960
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	695	280	420
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	45	10	35
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	45	10	30
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	0
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	40	10	35
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	0	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	0	0	0
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	50	20	35
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	40	10	30
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	10	0	10
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	5	0	0
Cayuga	45	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	980	430	555	5	0	0
Oneida	55	20	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	25	10	10
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	0	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	0	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	35	15	20
Dakota	1,215	570	635	35	10	25
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0	0	0
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	5	0	5
Nisga'a	400	200	200	0	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	0	5	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	5	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	10	5	5
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	176,760	85,005	91,750
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	9,830	5,080	4,750
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	40	25	15
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	30	20	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	10	0	5
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	1,690	835	855
Bilen	805	455	350	125	70	55
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	335	170	165
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	1,225	595	625
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	5	5	0
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	8,045	4,190	3,860
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	1,520	740	770
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	4,265	2,265	2,005
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	5	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	0	5	0
Harari	1,320	635	685	0	0	0
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	515	300	215
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	30	15	20
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	1,700	860	840
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	10	5	5
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	55	35	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	4,000	1,890	2,115
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	260	130	140
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	3,740	1,760	1,980
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	48,140	22,330	25,805
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	155	65	90
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	935	425	510
Fijian	745	400	345	5	5	5
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	360	155	205
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	1,265	590	675
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	5	0	0
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	145	60	85
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	600	290	310
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	130	60	65
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	44,370	20,595	23,780
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	45	25	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	130	65	65
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	435	200	235
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	20	10	5
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	180	85	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	235	105	135
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	1,170	610	555
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	80	45	35
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	520	270	255
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	410	215	195
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	155	85	70
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	0	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	86,105	41,650	44,455
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	305	155	155
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	60	30	25
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	22,575	10,120	12,455
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	115	45	65
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	45	20	25
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	65	25	35
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	22,460	10,070	12,390
Belarusan	810	385	430	35	15	15
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	555	275	275
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	125	60	60
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	875	410	465
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	425	210	215
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	135	60	70
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	5,180	2,300	2,880
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	5,545	2,675	2,870
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	610	310	300
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	235	110	125
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	300	120	175
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	230	105	130
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	8,150	3,375	4,780
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	60	30	25
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	50	30	20
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	25	15	10
Welsh	1,075	495	575	15	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	10	5	5
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	16,255	7,240	9,020
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	150	75	75
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	165	75	85
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	1,245	595	645
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	25	10	15
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	13,940	6,155	7,785
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	145	55	95
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	55	20	30
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	95	40	55
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	105	40	60
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	345	170	175
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	0	0	0
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	1,155	585	570
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	29,215	15,425	13,790
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	26,570	14,090	12,480
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	1,095	635	465
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	2,060	1,080	980
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	2,070	1,100	970
Kashmiri	565	300	265	5	5	5
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	25	15	10
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	105	65	45
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	710	350	360
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	17,075	8,980	8,095
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	50	25	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	625	320	300
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	2,745	1,510	1,230
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	2,550	1,285	1,270
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	390	205	190
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	240	105	135
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	1,920	970	950
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	95	60	40
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	16,490	8,070	8,425
Catalan	865	440	425	0	0	0
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	3,440	1,690	1,745
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	5,795	2,790	3,005
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	540	260	285
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	6,705	3,320	3,385
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	10	5	5
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	485	165	315
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	15	10	10
Georgian	1,715	910	805	15	5	10
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	3,265	1,555	1,715
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	20	5	15
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	20	5	15
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	3,505	1,755	1,755
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	125	75	55
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	75	25	50
Edo	1,670	770	900	35	20	15
Ewe	1,760	950	805	25	15	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	60	35	30
Ga	920	445	470	15	10	5
Ganda	1,295	625	665	40	15	30
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	270	145	120
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	70	35	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	120	60	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	235	115	115
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	85	35	50
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	820	390	425
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	70	45	25
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	875	445	430
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	580	285	300
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	380	205	180
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	165	90	80
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	210	115	95
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	315	170	145
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	175	95	80
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	135	75	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	16,585	8,185	8,395
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	16,025	7,905	8,125
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	6,055	2,865	3,195
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	50	30	25
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	8,770	4,420	4,345
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	310	145	160
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	100	50	50
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	730	390	340
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	560	280	280
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	85	50	30
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	415	205	210
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	50	15	30
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	1,010	480	530
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	800	405	395
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	200	70	135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	5	5	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	305	165	135
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	30	15	15
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	190	100	85
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	10	5	5
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	40	20	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	35	15	15
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	1,075	480	595
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	30	10	20
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	130	50	75
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	915	415	500
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	5	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	120	65	50
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	22,685	10,990	11,700
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	2,750	1,340	1,410
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	18,985	9,150	9,835
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	565	310	255
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	390	185	200
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	702,760	344,185	358,570
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	653,470	320,445	333,025
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	561,885	275,635	286,250
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	552,560	271,495	281,065
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	9,320	4,140	5,180
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	91,590	44,815	46,775
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	930	400	530
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	905	390	515
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	255	105	155
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	0	0	5
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	5	5	5
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	45	20	25
Woods Cree	800	410	390	0	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	195	80	115
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	0	0	0
Malecite	55	30	30	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	645	285	360
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	365	160	205
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	285	130	155
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	5	0	5
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	0	0	5
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	15	5	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	5	5	5
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	10	0	5
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	0	5	0
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	255	115	140	0	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	0	0	5
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	5	0	0
Dakota	255	140	120	5	0	5
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	90,655	44,410	46,245
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	6,325	3,170	3,155
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	15	15	5
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	15	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	0	0	5
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	1,140	525	615
Bilen	620	330	285	95	50	45
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	210	90	115
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	830	375	455
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	10	5	0
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	5,150	2,625	2,525
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	875	430	445
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	2,840	1,455	1,380
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	0	0	0
Harari	735	335	400	0	0	0
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	340	185	155
Maltese	1,130	525	605	5	5	5
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	1,085	540	535
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	0	5	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	2,795	1,320	1,480
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	125	55	70
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	2,675	1,265	1,405
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	24,700	11,705	12,990
Bikol	290	140	155	25	15	15
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	345	165	180
Fijian	195	105	90	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	125	55	70
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	365	175	195
Malagasy	435	220	210	0	0	0
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	50	25	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	230	115	120
Pangasinan	240	110	135	30	20	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	23,495	11,135	12,360
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	20	5	15
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	200	85	115
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	5	5	5
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	85	40	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	105	35	65
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	575	280	295
Kannada	1,630	825	800	40	20	20
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	255	125	130
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	200	100	105
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	75	40	35
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	38,540	19,210	19,325
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	150	75	75
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	20	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	8,435	4,040	4,400
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	10	5	10
Latvian	1,255	530	725	10	0	5
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	5	5	0
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	8,425	4,030	4,390
Belarusan	230	105	120	0	0	0
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	285	145	140
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	60	35	30
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	280	125	160
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	90	45	50
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	75	35	40
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	1,720	770	955
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	3,610	1,795	1,810
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	330	170	165
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	85	40	50
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	65	35	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	50	20	35
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	1,750	830	920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	10	10	5
Celtic languages	360	205	155	5	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	0	0	0
Welsh	95	50	45	0	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0	0	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	1,660	745	915
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	50	25	25
Danish	855	410	445	10	5	0
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	70	30	35
Frisian	185	95	90	0	0	0
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	1,495	670	830
Icelandic	270	120	150	10	5	5
Norwegian	345	145	200	0	0	0
Swedish	1,045	500	545	5	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	5	5	0
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	0	0	0
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	495	225	265
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	20,635	10,750	9,885
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	18,910	9,925	8,985
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	660	375	290
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	1,315	670	640
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	1,200	645	560
Kashmiri	135	70	70	5	0	5
Konkani	720	355	370	5	0	0
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	30	15	10
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	535	260	275
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	13,105	6,845	6,260
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	25	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	335	180	160
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	1,700	925	770
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	1,680	800	880
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	260	130	130
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	155	65	85
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	1,270	605	660
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	45	25	20
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	7,140	3,365	3,770
Catalan	355	165	190	0	0	0
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	990	420	565
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	2,620	1,215	1,400
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	210	100	115
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	3,320	1,625	1,695
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	0	0	0
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	155	65	95
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	5	0	5
Georgian	1,035	565	475	10	5	5
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	2,535	1,235	1,305
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	5	0	5
Mongolian	910	435	470	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	1,275	635	645
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	45	30	15
Bamanankan	340	180	160	10	5	10
Edo	415	175	240	5	0	5
Ewe	410	185	225	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	30	15	15
Ga	250	105	140	0	0	0
Ganda	345	160	185	5	0	0
Igbo	1,000	485	510	70	35	35
Lingala	1,045	455	590	45	25	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	55	25	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	100	50	50
Shona	1,035	475	560	5	0	5
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	465	225	245
Wolof	1,380	745	635	25	20	10
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	285	145	140
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	110	40	70
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	125	60	70
Dinka	1,130	580	550	75	30	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	50	25	25
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	395	215	175
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	200	110	85
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	200	110	90
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	12,105	6,005	6,100
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	11,655	5,780	5,880
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	4,060	1,905	2,150
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	25	15	10
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	6,875	3,490	3,380
Min Dong	345	150	195	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	125	60	65
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	60	30	35
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	505	275	230
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	445	225	220
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	55	30	20
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	355	180	170
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	490	230	265
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	400	195	205
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	95	30	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	125	60	60
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	10	5	5
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	60	30	30
Uyghur	610	315	290	0	0	0
Uzbek	990	505	490	35	20	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	20	10	10
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	255	120	140
Estonian	975	365	610	0	0	0
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	20	10	5
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	235	105	130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	35	15	20
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	49,290	23,745	25,545
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	2,040	940	1,095
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	46,115	22,255	23,855
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	350	175	175
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	785	370	415
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	702,760	344,190	358,570
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	595,210	293,180	302,025
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	45,710	22,330	23,385
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	11,870	5,185	6,685
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	47,975	22,515	25,460
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	2,330	915	1,415
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	45,645	21,595	24,050
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	250	125	125
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	1,170	590	580
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	565	255	310
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	15	10	5
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	577,150	280,265	296,885
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	549,305	266,130	283,175
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	35,088	40,357	30,780
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	549,400	266,140	283,255
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	31,051	35,024	27,748
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	497,730	245,895	251,835
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	33,589	39,363	28,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	405,565	176,400	229,170
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	3,364	1,406	4,642
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	416,465	212,565	203,900
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	34,865	39,679	30,563
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	577,155	280,345	296,815
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	549,275	266,230	283,045
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	45,344	52,770	38,359
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	549,395	266,250	283,150
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	36,992	42,085	32,203
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	497,905	246,155	251,755
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	44,542	52,754	36,513
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	405,760	176,395	229,365
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	6,725	6,029	7,260
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	416,510	212,500	204,010
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	44,237	51,229	36,953
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	577,150	280,345	296,815
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	202,015	112,475	89,545
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	51,117	55,667	46,276
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	61,737	68,372	53,404
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	89.0	92.4	84.6
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	74.0	77.6	69.5
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	11.0	7.6	15.4
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	577,150	280,265	296,885
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	27,845	14,135	13,715
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	549,305	266,130	283,175
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	95.2	95.0	95.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	76,720	35,110	41,610
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	83,380	32,965	50,415
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	77,620	31,370	46,250
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	72,155	32,400	39,760
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	64,030	30,540	33,490
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	48,130	26,080	22,050
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	34,715	20,075	14,640
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	25,370	14,930	10,445
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	20,065	11,495	8,570
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	12,810	7,525	5,285
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	34,305	23,645	10,665
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	23,700	15,865	7,835
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	10,605	7,780	2,830
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	577,150	280,265	296,885
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	27,745	14,120	13,625
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	549,400	266,145	283,255
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	95.2	95.0	95.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	79,215	35,625	43,585
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	90,200	35,970	54,225
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	95,385	39,970	55,405
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	90,090	41,925	48,170
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	68,620	36,105	32,515
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	46,095	26,675	19,420
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	31,200	18,015	13,190
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	18,340	10,915	7,420
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	30,265	20,940	9,325
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	10,335	6,755	3,580
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	5,895	4,055	1,845
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	14,035	10,135	3,900
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	577,145	280,265	296,885
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	160,685	67,695	92,985
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	416,465	212,565	203,900
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	72.2	75.8	68.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	46,830	22,020	24,810
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	29,920	13,075	16,845
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	53,915	23,950	29,965
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	52,140	23,540	28,595
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	52,110	24,475	27,635
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	46,075	22,720	23,345
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	35,700	20,175	15,530
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	26,135	15,435	10,700
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	20,090	12,030	8,060
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	53,555	35,145	18,415
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	16,805	9,605	7,200
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	10,290	6,330	3,955
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	26,460	19,200	7,260
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	283,455	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	68,725	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	59,246	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	84,910	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	37,441	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	32,660	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	198,545	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	86,869	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	74,355	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	283,425	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	87,876	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	71,705	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	84,890	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	45,681	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	37,499	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	198,535	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	105,919	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	86,332	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	283,455	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	5,605	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	5,160	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	6,850	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	9,770	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	11,990	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	10,665	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	11,600	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	12,450	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	12,500	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	12,320	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	23,450	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	22,100	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	19,895	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	18,265	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	15,645	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	85,180	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	30,280	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	20,100	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	20,375	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	14,425	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	283,455	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	5,850	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	5,245	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	7,080	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	10,450	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	13,850	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	12,870	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	14,800	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	15,570	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	15,125	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	14,750	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	28,165	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	25,465	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	22,215	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	18,490	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	15,330	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	58,205	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	26,875	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	14,615	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	16,715	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	189,520	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	87,176	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	74,506	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	65,950	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	81,961	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	69,618	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	84,585	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	108,680	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	91,869	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	32,170	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	53,645	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	48,866	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	189,505	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	106,884	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	86,917	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	65,875	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	102,605	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	82,708	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	84,810	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	128,434	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	103,577	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	32,050	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	63,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	54,873	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	113,235	55,025	58,210
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	33,516	35,047	32,292
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	29,833	30,728	29,111
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	112,970	54,810	58,165
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	41,170	42,922	39,519
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	34,095	34,936	33,303
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	696,500	341,550	354,955
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	369,410	176,625	192,780
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	78,420	38,435	39,985
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	68,505	30,955	37,555
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	72,540	34,190	38,350
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	74,515	36,155	38,360
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	75,425	36,890	38,540
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	327,090	164,920	162,170
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	74,205	36,895	37,310
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	72,340	36,290	36,055
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	68,415	34,450	33,970
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	62,300	31,695	30,605
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	49,830	25,595	24,230
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	696,500	341,545	354,950
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	144,640	74,425	70,215
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	47,240	24,325	22,915
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	450,740	222,490	228,245
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	101,125	44,630	56,495
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	109,745	51,730	58,020
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	33,015	16,970	16,045
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	12,020	6,225	5,795
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	64,580	30,550	34,030
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	12,150	4,210	7,940
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	15.8	15.1	16.3
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	22.8	22.8	22.9
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	25.4	25.6	25.3
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	14.3	13.7	14.9
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	12.0	9.4	14.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	92,160	44,420	47,745
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	25,945	13,295	12,650
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	9,585	4,935	4,655
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	58,445	28,420	30,030
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	7,775	2,705	5,065
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	13.2	13.0	13.5
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	17.9	17.9	18.0
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	20.3	20.3	20.3
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	13.0	12.8	13.2
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	7.7	6.1	9.0
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	696,475	341,620	354,855
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	685,500	336,820	348,680
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	684,625	336,420	348,205
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	70,370	31,370	39,000
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	222,165	106,505	115,655
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	5,645	2,240	3,405
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	5,395	2,145	3,255
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	10	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	1,865	745	1,125
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	10	0	0
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	35	10	25
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	105	50	55
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	495	220	280
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	55	25	30
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	1,175	440	735
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	0	0	0
Malecite	755	370	390	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	3,690	1,460	2,225
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	0	0	0
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	2,580	1,035	1,545
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	1,105	420	680
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	75	15	60
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	75	10	60
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	75	15	60
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0	0	0
Haida	465	205	260	0	0	0
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	55	25	30
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	0	10	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	40	15	25
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	10	10	10
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	10	0	0
Cayuga	125	40	85	0	0	0
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	10	10	0
Oneida	180	60	125	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	10	0	0
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	65	35	30
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	0	0	10
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	10	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	35	20	15
Dakota	1,760	870	890	35	20	15
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0	0	0
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	10	0	0
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	20	10	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	216,585	104,300	112,290
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	14,595	7,635	6,960
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	75	40	40
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	45	25	25
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	40	25	15
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	2,215	1,140	1,075
Bilen	1,085	625	470	145	80	65
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	530	270	260
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	1,530	785	745
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	15	10	0
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	12,635	6,660	5,975
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	2,180	1,175	1,005
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	6,085	3,275	2,810
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	15	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	10	0	0
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	0	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	3,235	1,650	1,585
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	40	15	30
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	2,125	1,105	1,015
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	10	10	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	125	60	70
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	5,010	2,430	2,580
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	320	180	140
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	4,700	2,265	2,435
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	59,340	27,340	32,000
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	200	95	110
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	1,205	600	605
Fijian	1,660	955	705	10	0	10
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	395	160	230
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	1,810	860	950
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	0	0	0
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	315	160	155
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	910	400	510
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	210	95	105
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	58,425	26,870	31,555
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	100	50	50
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	140	60	85
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	965	440	525
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	20	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	415	210	200
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	555	245	315
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	1,285	605	675
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	160	90	70
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	480	190	290
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	555	270	285
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	175	95	80
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	0	0	10
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	105,295	51,215	54,080
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	375	195	185
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	55	45	10
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	25,275	11,755	13,520
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	160	85	80
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	65	35	35
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	100	55	45
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	25,150	11,700	13,450
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	65	25	40
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	810	400	410
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	135	80	55
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	1,380	650	725
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	545	245	300
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	125	70	55
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	6,185	2,890	3,295
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	7,750	3,825	3,920
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	810	435	370
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	180	65	115
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	350	150	200
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	260	95	165
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	9,830	4,275	5,555
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	50	25	25
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	95	60	40
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	65	45	15
Welsh	1,690	830	860	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	25	10	20
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	19,650	8,950	10,700
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	270	125	150
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	160	60	100
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	1,420	690	735
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	35	20	15
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	16,890	7,755	9,130
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	205	60	145
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	150	60	90
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	175	55	115
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	100	35	60
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	540	230	310
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	40	25	20
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	1,815	925	885
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	34,895	18,410	16,485
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	32,140	17,025	15,120
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	1,435	840	590
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	2,745	1,435	1,305
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	11,165	5,975	5,190
Kashmiri	905	490	420	20	15	0
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	30	25	10
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	215	125	90
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	600	280	320
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	20	15	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	21,365	11,215	10,150
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	140	80	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	880	470	405
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	4,170	2,355	1,815
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	2,850	1,425	1,430
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	570	280	290
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	270	120	145
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	2,160	1,110	1,055
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	200	110	90
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	25,595	12,060	13,530
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	15	10	10
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	4,785	2,310	2,475
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	7,400	3,550	3,850
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	680	350	330
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	13,450	6,200	7,245
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	45	40	10
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	1,010	470	535
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	15	0	10
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	10	0	15
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	3,705	1,815	1,885
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	50	20	30
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	50	20	30
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	7,255	3,695	3,555
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	210	130	80
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	150	90	60
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	95	60	30
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	45	25	25
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	50	25	20
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	15	10	10
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	175	80	100
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	620	310	310
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	645	305	340
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	195	90	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	305	155	155
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	195	80	115
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	1,815	965	855
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	150	80	70
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	2,365	1,185	1,180
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	1,230	630	605
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	405	225	185
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	185	100	80
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	225	125	105
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	1,940	735	1,210
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	1,305	505	805
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	650	240	410
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	18,730	9,305	9,430
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	18,080	9,005	9,075
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	7,705	3,630	4,075
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	40	25	15
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	11,185	5,650	5,535
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	440	205	235
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	150	85	60
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	815	450	370
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	665	300	365
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	180	115	70
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	460	200	265
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	135	60	75
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	1,390	640	750
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	1,025	475	550
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	485	225	260
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	10	0	10
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	435	220	215
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	55	30	25
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	310	160	150
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	30	15	15
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	15	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	40	15	20
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	1,175	545	630
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	50	20	30
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	130	55	80
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	995	475	525
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	375	245	130
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	696,475	341,620	354,855
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	615,965	301,080	314,885
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	128,635	66,000	62,640
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	487,330	235,085	252,250
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	80,510	40,540	39,965
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	696,475	341,620	354,855
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	506,430	248,520	257,915
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	176,735	85,770	90,970
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	38,230	17,605	20,625
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	16,220	8,215	8,015
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	17,930	8,620	9,310
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	52,455	25,845	26,615
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	16,005	7,820	8,185
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	36,460	18,025	18,430
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	51,890	25,485	26,405
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	13,310	7,335	5,970
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	176,735	85,765	90,970
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	17,950	9,050	8,895
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	33,075	16,860	16,210
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	34,980	16,190	18,790
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	76,020	36,545	39,480
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	14,710	7,115	7,595
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	176,735	85,770	90,970
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	16,295	7,720	8,580
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	395	155	240
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	535	245	295
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	1,485	800	695
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	1,065	480	590
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	75	40	35
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	1,580	730	850
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	730	365	365
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	190	85	110
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	1,410	730	675
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	4,130	1,910	2,225
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	4,690	2,175	2,510
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	37,060	17,840	19,225
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	1,020	510	505
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	875	385	485
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	470	245	225
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	4,075	1,915	2,165
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	775	420	350
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	675	345	325
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	405	180	220
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	2,515	1,290	1,225
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	1,025	545	485
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	4,360	2,020	2,345
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	3,885	1,915	1,970
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	635	320	320
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	1,980	920	1,055
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	325	170	155
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	3,680	1,720	1,965
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	6,935	3,305	3,635
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	3,415	1,630	1,790
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	15,930	8,310	7,615
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	105	50	50
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	895	480	405
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	2,210	1,170	1,040
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	895	440	455
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	220	115	110
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	3,490	1,880	1,605
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	750	340	405
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	525	235	295
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	6,845	3,595	3,250
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	107,000	51,695	55,310
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	605	280	325
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	845	460	385
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	7,555	3,630	3,920
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	1,375	655	715
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	19,260	9,935	9,325
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	1,080	600	485
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	835	445	390
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	180	50	125
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	2,570	1,260	1,315
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	225	145	80
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	2,840	1,535	1,305
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	56,885	26,465	30,415
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	970	490	480
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	695	325	370
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	185	95	95
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	4,085	1,960	2,125
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	6,810	3,360	3,455
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	455	210	245
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	51,890	25,485	26,405
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	1,940	880	1,060
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	95	35	65
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	80	25	55
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	55	15	40
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	15	10	10
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	240	130	115
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	240	125	115
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	595	295	300
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	40	15	25
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	570	235	340
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	3,325	1,680	1,640
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	85	35	45
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	95	50	50
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	100	55	40
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	130	75	55
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	65	35	30
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	725	330	395
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	970	470	500
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	300	175	135
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	855	460	395
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	7,105	3,685	3,425
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	25	15	0
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	50	30	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	730	355	375
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	95	35	60
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	380	205	180
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	740	400	345
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	720	375	340
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	60	30	30
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	2,405	1,290	1,115
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	380	165	220
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	90	30	65
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	55	40	15
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	1,370	710	660
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	39,395	19,170	20,225
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	60	30	20
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	330	180	155
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	2,880	1,375	1,500
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	145	80	65
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	9,395	4,860	4,535
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	410	220	190
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	315	170	145
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	585	335	255
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	50	20	25
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	1,160	605	555
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	115	80	40
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	205	65	140
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	1,415	745	670
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	19,580	9,110	10,475
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	310	140	170
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	225	120	100
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	535	260	275
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	20	10	10
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	40	30	10
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	110	55	55
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	480	220	260
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	1,030	460	570
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	125	70	50
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	70	25	40
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	55	50	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	696,475	341,620	354,855
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	193,170	94,595	98,570
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	129,440	63,690	65,750
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	373,865	183,335	190,535
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	141,195	69,470	71,715
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	91,515	45,925	45,590
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	35,485	20,665	14,825
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	56,035	25,265	30,765
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	30,620	13,380	17,240
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	18,670	10,025	8,645
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	385	145	240
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	696,475	341,625	354,855
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	84,615	40,005	44,610
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	83,050	39,185	43,865
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	36,895	16,955	19,940
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	45,870	22,100	23,765
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	285	125	160
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	1,205	660	540
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	365	160	205
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	611,855	301,620	310,245
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	696,475	341,620	354,855
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	35,080	16,045	19,040
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	661,390	325,575	335,815
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	696,475	341,620	354,855
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	28,555	13,240	15,320
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	27,465	12,730	14,740
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	19,345	8,910	10,440
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	8,060	3,795	4,265
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	60	25	35
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	1,085	510	575
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	1,055	495	560
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	25	15	10
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	10	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	0	10	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	57,860	27,680	30,180
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	54,395	26,065	28,335
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	19,315	9,230	10,085
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	34,850	16,725	18,125
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	230	105	125
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	3,465	1,620	1,845
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	3,315	1,545	1,770
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	65	35	30
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	75	35	45
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	610,060	300,700	309,355
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	696,475	341,620	354,855
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	192,960	95,995	96,960
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	37,375	19,660	17,710
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	19,670	9,920	9,750
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	26,930	13,895	13,035
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	73,370	34,865	38,505
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	6,725	3,265	3,455
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	4,570	2,430	2,135
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	7,930	3,815	4,115
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	2,485	1,305	1,185
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	3,760	1,865	1,890
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	1,520	690	835
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	2,765	1,380	1,380
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	5,855	2,900	2,960
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	503,520	245,625	257,890
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	696,475	341,620	354,855
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	86,415	40,920	45,500
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	43,135	20,230	22,900
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	475	220	250
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	47,375	22,600	24,770
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	118,415	58,400	60,020
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	435	205	230
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	5,215	2,585	2,620
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	114,110	56,220	57,890
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	130	80	50
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	20	15	10
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	15	15	0
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	225	115	105
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	25	10	15
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	447,725	217,670	230,055
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	231,400	112,965	118,435
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	45	20	30
Cornish	1,975	995	975	70	35	30
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	131,840	63,795	68,045
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	88,200	42,075	46,120
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	95	65	30
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	113,125	54,975	58,150
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	10,945	5,250	5,695
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	13,375	6,210	7,165
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	83,720	40,410	43,315
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	20	10	10
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	60	15	45
Corsican	1,750	950	805	10	0	0
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	83,680	40,385	43,295
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	139,395	67,445	71,950
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	7,580	3,630	3,955
Bavarian	940	485	455	10	0	0
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	9,645	4,610	5,030
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	25,630	12,510	13,120
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	510	200	310
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	80	50	35
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	107,615	52,125	55,490
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	75	35	40
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	2,785	1,295	1,495
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	130	60	70
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	43,305	20,420	22,885
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	4,375	2,085	2,290
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	2,455	1,130	1,320
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	16,325	7,890	8,430
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	10,160	4,655	5,500
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	12,440	5,780	6,665
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	1,570	755	815
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	159,335	76,920	82,410
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	270	155	115
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	635	300	330
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	2,665	1,240	1,425
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	1,200	600	600
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	165	75	95
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	6,540	3,260	3,280
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	830	385	445
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	1,000	485	515
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	245	130	120
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	53,120	25,385	27,735
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	3,885	1,910	1,975
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	26,155	12,560	13,600
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	1,375	600	775
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	101,770	49,215	52,555
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	705	320	390
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	48,425	23,720	24,705
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	395	215	180
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	955	470	485
Catalan	1,280	740	535	15	0	15
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	2,295	1,085	1,210
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	30	20	10
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	3,335	1,695	1,640
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	18,040	9,065	8,975
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	35	20	15
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	215	110	105
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	225	110	120
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	35	0	30
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	12,085	5,965	6,115
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	1,065	575	490
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	205	85	115
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	900	435	465
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	10,450	4,690	5,765
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	790	420	370
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	65	40	30
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	8,835	4,440	4,395
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	95	65	30
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	7,320	3,645	3,675
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	105	60	40
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	130	65	60
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	1,245	630	615
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	9,045	4,515	4,530
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	65	20	40
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	60	30	30
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	650	340	310
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	35	25	10
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	65	30	40
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	225	105	125
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	245	130	115
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	145	75	70
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	0	0	0
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	130	45	85
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	3,805	1,880	1,925
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	10	0	0
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	0	0	0
Montserratan	930	460	470	10	0	0
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	60	20	40
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	35	20	10
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	2,000	1,060	945
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	160	75	85
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	1,290	600	690
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	580	310	265
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	11,075	5,415	5,660
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	495	270	230
Arawak	1,440	610	830	10	0	10
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	445	220	230
Belizean	1,755	915	845	20	0	10
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	45	10	35
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	720	315	405
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	1,260	590	670
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	825	400	430
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	60	35	25
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	80	50	30
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	455	210	245
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	1,310	655	650
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	310	130	180
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	70	40	30
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	135	95	40
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	1,735	815	915
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	300	150	145
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	40	10	35
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	495	285	210
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	265	100	170
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	1,675	890	790
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	35	10	20
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	180	70	115
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	720	370	355
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	25,390	13,135	12,255
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	8,030	4,210	3,825
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	30	10	20
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	15	10	0
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	25	10	15
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	50	45	0
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	15	10	10
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	140	75	70
Chadian	1,845	955	885	10	10	0
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	1,545	770	775
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	125	80	45
Ewe	845	470	375	15	0	10
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	25	20	0
Gambian	975	495	475	10	10	0
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	350	195	155
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	65	20	45
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	415	195	220
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	120	45	80
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	50	15	30
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	140	85	55
Malinké	1,125	585	535	35	25	10
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	3,435	1,870	1,565
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	25	10	10
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	110	70	45
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	310	150	165
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	110	55	55
Wolof	840	495	345	20	15	10
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	995	510	490
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	495	230	265
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	3,235	1,715	1,520
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	95	40	55
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	130	80	55
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	75	35	35
Dinka	900	500	400	35	20	10
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	1,160	615	545
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	300	140	160
Maure	1,190	655	535	75	45	25
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	300	145	150
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	1,030	545	480
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	85	55	30
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	65	35	30
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	9,200	4,760	4,435
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	35	25	0
Amhara	1,530	815	715	115	80	35
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	150	85	65
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	215	105	115
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	40	30	15
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	2,175	1,165	1,015
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	2,520	1,275	1,245
Harari	665	355	305	10	0	10
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	285	140	145
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	0	0	0
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	100	55	50
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	315	185	130
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	295	140	155
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	30	10	20
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	1,715	890	825
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	390	180	210
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	80	55	30
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	315	195	120
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	170	85	90
Zambian	1,860	935	920	190	90	100
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	265	125	140
Zulu	945	475	475	25	15	10
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	425	220	205
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	5,540	2,775	2,760
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	655	340	310
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	4,965	2,460	2,500
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	159,715	79,155	80,560
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	9,790	5,035	4,755
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	1,005	480	530
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	1,535	835	700
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	345	170	175
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	30	20	15
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	55	35	25
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	105	55	45
Hazara	1,515	810	705	0	0	0
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	1,625	865	760
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	910	475	435
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	735	385	350
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	210	90	120
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	40	20	15
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	300	145	160
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	45	20	25
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	35	20	15
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	985	495	490
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	550	295	255
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	50	25	25
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	125	65	50
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	905	445	460
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	45	20	25
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	145	70	70
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	540	250	290
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	0	0	0
Uighur	1,555	775	785	15	0	0
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	60	35	20
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	100	45	55
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	220	125	95
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	38,135	20,005	18,130
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	855	490	365
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	190	115	75
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	145	55	85
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	30,215	15,785	14,430
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	50	25	30
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	155	80	70
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	15	10	0
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	490	240	250
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	2,965	1,610	1,350
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	3,445	1,795	1,650
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	250	125	130
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	1,030	515	515
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	235	135	100
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	665	390	280
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	112,210	54,265	57,945
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	245	120	130
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	500	270	230
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	26,460	13,160	13,305
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	76,680	36,635	40,050
Hmong	805	420	390	0	0	0
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	420	215	200
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	2,230	1,025	1,195
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	450	200	250
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	3,910	1,960	1,945
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	1,565	730	830
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	425	220	210
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	125	50	75
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	10	0	0
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	120	75	40
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	610	270	340
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	10	10	0
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	5,540	2,735	2,805
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	145	65	85
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	450	225	220
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	450	225	220
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	945	445	505
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	620	275	350
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	175	95	85
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	195	105	90
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	10	0	0
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	55	35	25
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	55	30	25
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	50	35	15
Samoan	1,100	625	475	0	0	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	35	15	25
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	283,425	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	184,700	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	98,725	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	283,430	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	24,445	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	258,980	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	283,425	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	3,025	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	47,910	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	73,770	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	96,965	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	61,750	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	283,430	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	92,535	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	46,010	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	43,045	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	35,735	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	66,100	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	283,425	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	274,305	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	9,120	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	283,425	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	262,470	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	20,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	283,425	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	97,375	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	93,975	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	36,745	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	18,375	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	8,940	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	12,545	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	15,475	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	283,430	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	261,330	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	22,095	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	283,430	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	165,470	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	110,385	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	7,570	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	283,425	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	9,590	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	44,855	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	50,805	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	55,835	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	54,790	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	37,640	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	21,145	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	8,760	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	282,620	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	221,175	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	61,440	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	52,315	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	184,695	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	62.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	12.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	1,077	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	1,162	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	299,070	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	320,103	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	98,725	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	18.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	39.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	914	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	938	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	577,155	280,340	296,815
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	97,550	48,855	48,690
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	172,490	86,390	86,105
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	307,110	145,090	162,015
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	37,730	25,920	11,805
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	19,475	11,370	8,105
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	18,255	14,550	3,705
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	102,905	43,930	58,975
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	16,040	6,670	9,370
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	150,440	68,575	81,870
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	106,005	46,790	59,215
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	11,565	5,065	6,505
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	4,810	2,745	2,065
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	23,265	10,955	12,310
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	4,795	3,020	1,775
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	382,175	187,765	194,410
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	38,480	21,530	16,950
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	101,280	52,900	48,380
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	242,415	113,335	129,080
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	25,885	17,935	7,945
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	13,450	8,035	5,415
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	12,440	9,905	2,535
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	80,035	34,890	45,145
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	12,010	5,030	6,980
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	124,485	55,480	69,010
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	88,475	38,735	49,735
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	8,850	3,760	5,090
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	4,000	2,130	1,865
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	19,590	8,760	10,830
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	3,570	2,095	1,480
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	577,155	280,340	296,815
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	270,045	135,250	134,795
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	25,715	6,980	18,735
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	25,715	6,975	18,740
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	9,945	4,760	5,180
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	1,680	1,290	395
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	8,260	3,475	4,790
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	16,100	6,825	9,270
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	1,485	335	1,150
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	3,195	900	2,295
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	5,050	2,125	2,930
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	45	20	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	1,090	670	415
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	2,070	1,210	865
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	2,580	1,410	1,170
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	570	155	425
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	34,420	12,510	21,900
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	605	150	455
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	2,510	980	1,530
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	6,645	565	6,080
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	5,205	1,925	3,285
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	725	205	520
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	6,300	1,875	4,425
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	12,430	6,815	5,615
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	64,720	26,025	38,690
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	225	70	150
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	4,655	1,250	3,400
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	59,845	24,705	35,135
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	12,390	6,295	6,095
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	5,255	2,355	2,900
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	3,305	1,770	1,535
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	370	65	305
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	2,840	1,960	880
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	625	150	475
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	14,795	9,450	5,345
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	12,275	8,335	3,940
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	825	145	685
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	1,590	905	685
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	100	65	40
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	55,315	50,225	5,090
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	2,045	1,170	875
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	13,190	10,980	2,210
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	11,075	10,005	1,070
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	10,330	10,155	175
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	12,830	12,375	460
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	5,835	5,545	295
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	5,135	3,145	1,990
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	3,445	2,180	1,265
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	1,690	960	725
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	53,255	11,695	41,560
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	2,675	1,275	1,395
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	49,010	9,465	39,550
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	1,570	950	620
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	15,300	7,170	8,135
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	9,615	2,580	7,035
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	50	50	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	120	125	0
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	2,400	1,570	830
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	3,115	2,850	265
Other	3,170	885	2,280	30	15	15
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	25	15	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	382,175	187,765	194,410
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	139,755	74,425	65,330
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	18,480	4,745	13,740
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	18,485	4,745	13,740
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	7,975	3,820	4,160
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	1,315	975	340
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	6,665	2,840	3,825
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	12,370	5,230	7,140
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	1,270	290	980
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	2,455	690	1,765
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	3,970	1,725	2,245
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	50	20	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	865	515	350
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	1,530	885	645
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	1,810	990	820
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	425	115	305
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	28,045	9,815	18,225
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	505	130	375
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	2,095	800	1,295
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	5,340	405	4,930
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	4,400	1,445	2,955
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	635	185	450
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	4,880	1,355	3,525
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	10,200	5,500	4,700
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	52,215	20,885	31,330
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	190	70	125
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	3,655	890	2,770
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	48,365	19,930	28,440
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	9,460	4,635	4,825
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	4,190	1,800	2,390
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	2,340	1,270	1,070
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	340	55	280
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	2,165	1,415	750
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	430	95	340
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	12,790	8,280	4,510
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	10,960	7,465	3,495
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	540	115	425
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	1,210	660	550
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	85	45	40
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	42,750	38,365	4,385
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	1,720	990	730
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	11,295	9,290	2,005
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	8,750	7,815	930
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	7,335	7,190	145
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	9,480	9,150	325
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	4,180	3,925	250
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	4,065	2,410	1,660
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	2,635	1,610	1,020
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	1,435	795	635
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	42,865	9,660	33,205
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	2,170	1,065	1,110
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	39,455	7,890	31,565
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	1,240	705	535
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	11,365	5,475	5,890
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	6,895	1,865	5,035
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	50	45	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	55	55	0
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	1,915	1,265	650
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	2,450	2,250	200
Other	2,590	745	1,845	20	10	10
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	20	10	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	577,155	280,340	296,810
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	270,045	135,250	134,790
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	307,115	145,090	162,020
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	242,340	113,565	128,770
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	213,155	99,020	114,140
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	29,180	14,550	14,630
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	64,775	31,525	33,245
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	6,065	3,235	2,835
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	23,695	10,380	13,310
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	8,850	4,520	4,335
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	2,715	1,580	1,140
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	2,505	1,150	1,360
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	325	190	135
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	20,610	10,480	10,135
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	382,175	187,765	194,410
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	139,760	74,425	65,330
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	242,415	113,340	129,080
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	187,230	87,045	100,185
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	164,830	75,995	88,830
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	22,395	11,045	11,350
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	55,185	26,290	28,890
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	4,100	2,000	2,100
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	21,910	9,630	12,280
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	8,030	4,055	3,975
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	1,530	895	640
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	2,295	1,035	1,260
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	275	155	120
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	17,040	8,520	8,520
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	577,155	280,340	296,815
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	386,880	199,530	187,355
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	361,715	185,640	176,075
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	25,170	13,890	11,280
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	190,275	80,810	109,460
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	67.0	71.2	63.1
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	62.7	66.2	59.3
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	6.5	7.0	6.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	577,150	280,340	296,815
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	178,795	75,610	103,180
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	398,360	204,730	193,630
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	205,780	115,010	90,770
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	192,580	89,715	102,860
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	43.1	43.6	42.5
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	386,880	199,530	187,355
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	7,695	3,620	4,075
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	379,180	195,905	183,275
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	349,025	176,760	172,265
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	30,160	19,145	11,010
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	386,880	199,525	187,355
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	7,700	3,625	4,075
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	379,180	195,905	183,280
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	35,660	21,555	14,105
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	61,985	19,715	42,270
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	24,590	19,485	5,100
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	32,540	7,815	24,725
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	51,180	17,210	33,970
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	10,625	4,775	5,845
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	91,350	41,780	49,575
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	50,360	47,860	2,495
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	3,670	3,025	645
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	17,225	12,685	4,540
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	386,880	199,530	187,350
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	7,700	3,620	4,075
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	379,185	195,910	183,275
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	2,350	1,525	820
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	630	505	130
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	3,695	2,660	1,040
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	23,830	21,220	2,610
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	33,105	24,560	8,550
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	13,705	9,800	3,910
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	42,210	20,745	21,470
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	21,495	17,085	4,410
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	8,025	4,650	3,375
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	18,340	7,395	10,945
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	5,740	3,270	2,470
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	20,775	11,305	9,470
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	515	210	295
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	15,250	8,925	6,325
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	32,110	10,975	21,130
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	56,370	12,710	43,665
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	8,575	4,445	4,130
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	28,740	12,410	16,330
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	16,475	7,480	8,995
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	27,240	14,030	13,215
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	361,710	185,640	176,075
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	15,025	7,455	7,570
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	1,295	850	440
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	35,335	26,385	8,950
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	310,055	150,940	159,110
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	310,055	150,945	159,110
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	288,065	137,275	150,790
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	1,850	1,055	795
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	18,910	11,845	7,065
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	1,225	765	465
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	345,390	177,330	168,060
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	242,510	135,845	106,665
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	25,355	7,520	17,835
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	51,045	20,525	30,520
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	16,715	7,275	9,440
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	6,200	4,270	1,930
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	3,570	1,895	1,675
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	345,395	177,330	168,065
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	77,980	36,130	41,850
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	150,690	78,450	72,245
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	81,880	44,365	37,510
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	21,125	11,090	10,040
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	13,710	7,290	6,415
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	345,390	177,330	168,060
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	14,740	10,285	4,455
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	59,875	36,015	23,865
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	102,195	51,675	50,515
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	71,045	30,380	40,660
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	35,070	15,440	19,635
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	62,460	33,530	28,930
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	411,310	210,850	200,460
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	405,715	208,010	197,710
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	401,790	205,880	195,915
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	397,820	204,565	193,255
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	3,970	1,310	2,660
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	3,925	2,130	1,800
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	75	35	45
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	75	35	40
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	25	15	10
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	10	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	20	15	10
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	0	0	0
Malecite	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	45	20	30
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	35	10	25
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	15	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	10	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	10	0	10
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	3,855	2,100	1,755
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	285	150	130
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	30	10	15
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	30	10	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	255	140	110
Amharic	200	95	100	20	0	15
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	95	65	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	115	50	65
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	25	25	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	135	40	100
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	0	0	0
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	135	35	100
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	430	205	220
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	10	10	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	420	195	220
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	0	0	10
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	0
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	1,475	885	590
Albanian	350	220	125	0	0	0
Armenian	450	220	230	10	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	325	155	170
Baltic languages	95	35	60	0	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	0	0	0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	325	160	165
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	10	0	0
Bulgarian	205	110	90	0	0	0
Croatian	220	130	95	0	0	0
Czech	70	40	30	0	0	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	50	35	20
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	170	85	80
Serbian	530	320	210	10	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	90	25	65
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	50	35	15
Afrikaans	85	40	40	0	0	0
Danish	90	50	35	0	0	0
Dutch	1,165	630	540	0	0	0
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	50	35	15
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	0	0	0
Swedish	125	55	70	0	10	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	0	0	0
Greek	1,020	545	475	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	705	465	245
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	645	430	215
Bengali	530	275	245	15	10	15
Gujarati	880	300	585	0	0	10
Hindi	1,405	755	650	30	35	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	0	0	0
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	585	390	195
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	10	0	10
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	60	35	30
Kurdish	185	150	40	0	10	0
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	55	30	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	380	220	155
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	10	0	0
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	305	195	110
Romanian	745	365	380	0	0	0
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	65	20	45
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	10	0	0
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	275	140	135
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	15	10	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	10	0	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	10	0	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	10	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	180	70	115
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	135	55	80
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	50	15	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	1,035	585	450
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	1,030	580	445
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	635	350	285
Hakka	70	25	45	0	0	0
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	385	225	160
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	0	10	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	10	10	0
Burmese	75	35	35	0	10	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	0	0	0
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	15	0	10
Lao	150	70	80	10	0	0
Thai	525	205	325	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	0	0	0
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	0	0	0
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	0	0	0
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	5,590	2,845	2,750
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	1,665	730	935
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	3,880	2,100	1,785
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	10	10	10
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	35	10	25
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	411,310	210,850	200,460
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	384,995	198,670	186,320
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	4,525	1,775	2,745
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	8,545	3,585	4,955
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	12,960	6,665	6,300
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	375	140	235
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	12,590	6,525	6,060
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	10	0	10
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	40	30	10
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	240	115	125
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	10	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	688,835	337,695	351,135
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	588,375	287,800	300,580
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	100,450	49,895	50,560
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	75,275	37,285	37,995
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	25,175	12,610	12,565
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	13,135	6,660	6,470
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	6,945	3,375	3,570
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	6,190	3,285	2,910
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	12,040	5,945	6,095
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	657,275	321,250	336,025
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	385,425	187,550	197,875
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	271,845	133,695	138,150
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	183,480	89,835	93,645
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	88,365	43,865	44,500
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	35,615	17,520	18,095
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	19,125	9,240	9,885
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	16,490	8,280	8,215
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	52,750	26,345	26,410

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and Winnipeg [Population centre], Manitoba (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 8, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Winnipeg [Population centre], Manitoba

Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Winnipeg [Population centre], Manitoba

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Winnipeg [Population centre], Manitoba