Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Essex, County [Census division], Ontario

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			Essex, CTY Ontario [Census division]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : Essex, County [Census division], Ontario Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	398,953	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	388,782	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	168,569	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	159,053	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	215.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	1,850.90	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	398,950	196,255	202,695
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	66,770	34,370	32,405
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	20,175	10,390	9,785
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	22,635	11,640	10,995
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	23,965	12,340	11,625
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	261,740	130,110	131,635
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	25,220	13,050	12,170
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	27,080	14,060	13,025
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	23,395	11,910	11,485
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	21,815	10,530	11,285
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	23,020	11,080	11,945
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	25,880	12,580	13,295
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	28,020	13,825	14,200
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	31,240	15,500	15,745
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	29,995	14,920	15,075
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	26,070	12,660	13,415
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	70,440	31,785	38,660
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	23,270	11,160	12,105
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	16,455	7,950	8,505
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	12,130	5,500	6,635
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	8,915	3,895	5,020
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	9,670	3,270	6,395
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	5,965	2,280	3,680
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	2,915	810	2,100
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	695	155	535
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	100	25	80
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	16.7	17.5	16.0
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	65.6	66.3	64.9
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	17.7	16.2	19.1
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.4	1.7	3.2
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	41.4	40.3	42.4
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	42.4	41.3	43.5
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	159,055	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	111,145	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	13,665	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	33,500	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	6,830	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	8,870	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	4,485	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	13,135	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	175	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	745	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	159,055	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	45,550	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	53,040	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	24,055	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	22,360	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	14,045	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	391,005	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	332,180	161,890	170,290
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	186,655	93,615	93,040
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	163,055	81,835	81,215
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	23,600	11,775	11,825
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	145,525	68,275	77,255
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	92,590	50,555	42,030
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	10,155	4,395	5,760
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	21,875	9,110	12,765
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	20,915	4,220	16,695
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	111,325	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	54,890	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	23,660	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	21,725	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	11,050	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	111,325	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	90,865	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	79,070	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	11,795	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	20,455	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	16,360	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	4,095	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	90,870	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	42,885	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	47,985	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	17,660	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	19,925	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	10,400	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	20,455	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	12,010	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	6,000	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	2,450	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	63,525	30,850	32,675
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	159,050	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	106,035	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	40,850	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	65,185	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	2,590	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	50,430	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	45,550	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	4,880	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	395,110	194,770	200,340
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	348,270	173,910	174,365
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	430	175	255
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	38,310	17,115	21,200
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	8,105	3,580	4,525
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	395,110	194,770	200,340
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	374,515	185,365	189,150
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	10,080	4,700	5,375
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	2,560	1,205	1,360
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	7,955	3,500	4,455
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	11,365	5,305	6,055
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	2.9	2.7	3.0
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	395,110	194,770	200,340
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	386,140	190,410	195,725
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	299,180	147,865	151,320
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	288,485	142,875	145,610
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	10,700	4,995	5,710
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	86,955	42,550	44,405
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	55	25	30
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	30	15	20
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	10	5	10
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	0	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	0	0	0
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	0	0	0
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	10	5	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	0	0	0
Malecite	305	140	160	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	15	5	5
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	5	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	15	5	5
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	0
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	5	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	0	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	0	0	0
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	5	0	5
Cayuga	45	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	980	430	555	0	0	0
Oneida	55	20	40	5	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	5	0	0
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	0	0	0
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	0	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	0	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	0	0	0
Dakota	1,215	570	635	0	0	0
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0	0	0
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	400	200	200	0	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	5	5	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	5	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	20	10	5
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	86,900	42,520	44,380
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	18,525	9,235	9,295
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	10	10	5
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	10	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	0	5	0
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	575	250	330
Bilen	805	455	350	0	0	0
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	45	25	25
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	525	225	305
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	5	0	0
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	17,930	8,970	8,960
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	100	55	50
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	14,435	7,250	7,185
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	465	230	235
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	2,425	1,180	1,245
Harari	1,320	635	685	0	5	5
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	25	15	10
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	215	115	100
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	130	60	65
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	130	65	65
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	5	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	2,395	1,145	1,255
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	420	195	230
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	1,970	950	1,025
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	2,400	945	1,445
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	5	5	0
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	85	30	55
Fijian	745	400	345	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	30	5	20
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	95	40	60
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	5	0	5
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	90	45	50
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	20	10	10
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	5	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	2,015	795	1,220
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	35	15	25
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	220	100	115
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	15	10	10
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	165	75	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	35	15	20
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	690	390	300
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	30	15	15
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	185	100	80
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	305	165	135
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	160	105	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	15	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	5	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	51,345	25,160	26,185
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	965	465	495
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	210	95	115
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	12,185	5,710	6,480
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	75	30	50
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	20	10	10
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	55	20	35
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	12,110	5,680	6,430
Belarusan	810	385	430	0	0	0
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	320	160	160
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	110	45	65
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	1,755	845	910
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	195	80	115
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	1,185	580	610
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	3,095	1,415	1,680
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	605	250	355
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	2,850	1,435	1,415
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	215	100	115
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	915	415	500
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	155	65	90
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	620	245	370
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	85	45	40
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	25	10	15
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	15	10	5
Welsh	1,075	495	575	10	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	5	0	5
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	9,125	4,385	4,745
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	35	20	20
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	65	30	35
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	700	345	350
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	15	10	5
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	8,180	3,920	4,260
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	0	0	0
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	5	5	5
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	15	10	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	85	35	50
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	20	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	5	0	5
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	1,050	515	530
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	8,415	4,365	4,055
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	7,540	3,940	3,600
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	645	320	320
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	785	455	330
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	705	395	310
Kashmiri	565	300	265	10	0	0
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	5	0	5
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	70	40	30
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	460	225	235
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	5	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	2,475	1,285	1,185
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	35	15	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	110	55	60
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	2,245	1,145	1,105
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	830	400	425
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	135	70	65
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	50	20	30
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	645	310	330
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	45	20	25
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	19,370	9,620	9,750
Catalan	865	440	425	0	0	0
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	9,595	4,670	4,925
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	2,360	1,140	1,215
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	2,235	1,065	1,170
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	5,150	2,720	2,430
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	30	15	20
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	85	40	50
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	0	0	0
Georgian	1,715	910	805	0	0	0
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	475	235	235
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	5	0	5
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	795	380	415
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	80	50	35
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	0	0	0
Edo	1,670	770	900	15	10	10
Ewe	1,760	950	805	10	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	5	5	5
Ga	920	445	470	5	5	5
Ganda	1,295	625	665	25	15	10
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	50	20	30
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	25	10	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	35	15	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	65	30	35
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	10	5	5
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	205	95	115
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	10	0	10
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	140	70	75
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	115	55	65
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	195	100	95
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	55	25	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	140	75	65
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	105	45	60
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	50	25	25
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	55	25	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	7,220	3,580	3,645
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	6,855	3,390	3,465
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	2,055	1,015	1,045
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	30	15	15
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	4,045	2,000	2,045
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	100	45	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	70	25	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	560	290	265
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	365	190	175
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	45	25	20
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	300	155	150
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	430	210	225
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	235	105	120
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	195	95	100
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	465	225	240
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	20	10	10
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	380	185	190
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	40	15	25
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	15	5	10
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	1,510	705	805
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	15	5	5
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	120	55	60
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	1,380	645	730
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	40	20	20
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	8,970	4,355	4,615
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	1,860	845	1,015
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	6,400	3,185	3,215
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	410	185	230
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	305	140	160
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	395,115	194,770	200,340
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	377,430	186,145	191,285
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	333,670	164,825	168,845
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	330,760	163,505	167,255
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	2,910	1,320	1,595
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	43,760	21,320	22,435
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	20	10	10
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	0	0	5
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	0	0	5
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	0	0	0
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	0	0	0
Woods Cree	800	410	390	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	0	0	0
Malecite	55	30	30	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	0	0	0
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	255	115	140	0	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	5	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	0	0	0
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	0	0	0
Dakota	255	140	120	0	0	0
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	5	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	10	5	5
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	43,740	21,310	22,425
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	11,070	5,310	5,760
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	5	0	5
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	5	0	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	375	155	225
Bilen	620	330	285	0	0	0
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	30	15	10
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	345	135	205
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	0	0	0
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	10,685	5,150	5,535
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	45	25	25
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	8,640	4,180	4,460
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	305	145	155
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	1,515	720	795
Harari	735	335	400	5	5	0
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	5	5	0
Maltese	1,130	525	605	35	15	20
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	55	25	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	95	45	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	1,570	740	830
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	235	105	125
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	1,335	640	700
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	1,045	475	570
Bikol	290	140	155	5	0	0
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	35	20	15
Fijian	195	105	90	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	10	0	5
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	15	5	10
Malagasy	435	220	210	0	0	0
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	30	15	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	10	5	0
Pangasinan	240	110	135	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	920	415	500
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	25	15	15
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	140	70	75
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	15	10	5
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	120	55	70
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	15	10	5
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	345	175	170
Kannada	1,630	825	800	15	5	10
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	80	40	45
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	175	90	85
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	70	40	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	0	0	5
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	22,500	11,040	11,460
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	465	235	235
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	95	40	60
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	4,930	2,325	2,600
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	10	0	10
Latvian	1,255	530	725	5	0	0
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	10	5	5
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	4,915	2,325	2,595
Belarusan	230	105	120	0	0	0
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	165	75	90
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	40	15	15
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	565	265	300
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	55	25	35
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	520	260	260
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	1,320	615	700
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	295	125	165
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	1,470	715	750
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	95	40	55
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	275	120	155
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	25	10	10
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	80	30	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	25	5	15
Celtic languages	360	205	155	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	0	0	0
Welsh	95	50	45	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	5	0	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	2,955	1,460	1,500
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	5	5	5
Danish	855	410	445	5	0	0
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	50	25	25
Frisian	185	95	90	5	0	0
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	2,760	1,365	1,390
Icelandic	270	120	150	0	0	0
Norwegian	345	145	200	0	0	0
Swedish	1,045	500	545	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	10	5	0
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	125	55	70
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	395	190	210
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	5,300	2,670	2,630
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	4,805	2,445	2,360
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	385	190	200
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	505	285	220
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	365	195	175
Kashmiri	135	70	70	0	0	0
Konkani	720	355	370	0	0	5
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	30	15	15
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	385	180	200
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	0	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	1,670	850	820
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	5	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	55	25	30
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	1,405	700	705
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	475	215	255
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	85	40	40
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	30	15	15
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	360	165	195
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	20	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	8,355	4,125	4,225
Catalan	355	165	190	0	0	0
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	2,925	1,230	1,695
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	950	425	525
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	1,135	555	580
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	3,335	1,910	1,425
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	10	0	5
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	35	15	20
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	0	0	0
Georgian	1,035	565	475	0	0	0
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	340	175	165
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	0	0	0
Mongolian	910	435	470	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	265	125	140
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	25	15	10
Bamanankan	340	180	160	0	0	0
Edo	415	175	240	5	5	0
Ewe	410	185	225	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	0	5	0
Ga	250	105	140	0	0	0
Ganda	345	160	185	0	0	0
Igbo	1,000	485	510	10	5	10
Lingala	1,045	455	590	10	10	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	10	5	5
Shona	1,035	475	560	10	5	5
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	70	30	40
Wolof	1,380	745	635	10	5	5
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	40	20	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	50	20	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	95	40	55
Dinka	1,130	580	550	30	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	70	30	40
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	115	60	55
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	30	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	75	40	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	5,220	2,615	2,605
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	4,905	2,455	2,450
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	1,370	665	705
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	5	5	0
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	3,050	1,545	1,505
Min Dong	345	150	195	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	45	25	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	50	25	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	385	195	195
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	315	165	155
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	35	15	20
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	270	140	130
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	275	155	125
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	125	60	65
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	150	90	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	245	110	135
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	5	0	0
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	200	95	115
Uyghur	610	315	290	25	10	20
Uzbek	990	505	490	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	10	5	5
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	460	200	260
Estonian	975	365	610	0	0	0
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	25	10	15
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	440	190	245
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	20	10	15
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	17,680	8,620	9,060
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	1,035	460	575
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	15,990	7,895	8,100
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	130	50	80
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	520	215	305
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	395,110	194,770	200,340
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	340,690	168,580	172,110
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	18,810	9,310	9,500
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	7,575	3,235	4,335
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	26,920	13,120	13,805
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	45	15	25
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	26,875	13,100	13,775
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	250	110	140
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	375	190	185
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	480	220	255
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	10	5	5
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	324,325	158,215	166,115
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	309,220	151,560	157,660
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	33,040	41,227	26,872
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	309,345	151,565	157,785
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	30,263	36,829	25,086
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	270,210	136,295	133,910
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	31,258	39,523	24,203
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	234,280	106,815	127,460
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	6,139	4,520	6,834
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	223,595	119,410	104,180
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	30,129	35,426	26,009
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	324,330	158,165	166,165
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	309,265	151,560	157,705
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	44,139	52,973	35,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	309,395	151,565	157,825
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	37,436	44,102	31,034
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	270,510	136,220	134,295
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	43,419	52,892	33,810
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	234,755	107,020	127,735
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	8,116	7,697	8,468
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	223,595	119,170	104,425
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	42,020	48,637	34,468
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	324,325	158,165	166,165
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	100,680	57,865	42,815
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	52,515	59,696	45,314
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	63,848	72,166	52,606
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	86.0	89.8	80.6
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	68.7	72.2	63.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	14.0	10.2	19.4
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	324,330	158,215	166,115
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	15,110	6,655	8,455
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	309,220	151,560	157,660
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	95.3	95.8	94.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	46,625	19,925	26,700
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	53,800	20,560	33,240
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	42,810	16,725	26,085
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	36,090	16,275	19,820
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	33,845	17,920	15,920
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	24,160	13,455	10,705
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	17,325	10,335	6,990
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	13,365	8,570	4,800
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	10,610	6,800	3,815
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	8,830	5,100	3,725
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	21,760	15,890	5,870
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	15,145	10,725	4,420
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	6,620	5,165	1,450
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	324,325	158,215	166,115
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	14,980	6,650	8,330
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	309,345	151,565	157,780
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	95.4	95.8	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	47,945	20,155	27,790
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	56,130	21,520	34,605
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	49,495	19,835	29,655
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	44,415	21,605	22,815
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	36,000	19,750	16,255
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	23,675	14,225	9,450
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	16,875	10,975	5,900
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	12,395	7,525	4,865
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	22,415	15,970	6,445
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	7,225	4,780	2,450
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	4,060	2,870	1,190
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	11,130	8,325	2,805
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	324,325	158,215	166,115
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	100,735	38,805	61,930
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	223,590	119,410	104,180
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	68.9	75.5	62.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	41,160	23,555	17,605
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	17,270	7,555	9,715
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	28,995	12,625	16,370
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	23,970	10,360	13,615
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	22,205	10,245	11,960
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	19,715	9,605	10,110
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	15,230	8,550	6,675
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	11,730	7,215	4,520
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	10,335	6,845	3,490
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	32,975	22,850	10,125
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	8,220	5,345	2,880
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	7,540	4,245	3,290
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	17,215	13,265	3,955
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	159,050	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	66,658	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	59,274	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	45,550	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	34,491	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	31,338	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	113,500	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	84,248	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	74,283	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	159,055	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	85,824	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	72,821	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	45,520	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	43,472	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	36,928	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	113,530	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	102,806	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	87,212	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	159,055	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	2,715	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	2,755	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	5,015	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	6,275	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	6,860	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	6,555	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	6,925	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	7,010	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	7,170	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	7,065	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	13,190	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	11,725	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	10,530	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	9,485	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	8,310	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	47,460	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	16,050	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	10,835	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	11,960	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	8,620	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	159,055	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	2,825	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	2,805	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	5,085	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	6,500	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	7,685	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	7,415	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	8,005	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	8,500	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	8,405	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	8,265	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	15,080	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	13,420	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	11,780	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	9,855	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	8,225	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	35,205	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	14,705	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	8,685	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	11,815	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	110,170	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	84,865	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	74,726	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	39,945	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	76,658	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	67,708	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	48,395	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	112,711	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	97,045	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	19,085	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	49,742	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	46,748	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	110,080	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	103,744	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	87,901	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	39,800	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	92,840	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	78,093	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	48,450	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	129,518	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	109,195	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	18,995	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	62,923	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	55,544	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	55,755	27,625	28,130
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	30,925	33,959	29,003
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	28,486	30,643	27,049
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	55,755	27,620	28,135
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	40,004	43,110	36,955
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	34,190	36,099	32,315
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	391,000	192,530	198,475
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	198,645	94,520	104,120
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	44,115	21,345	22,770
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	39,885	17,820	22,070
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	38,715	18,170	20,550
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	37,830	18,220	19,610
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	38,095	18,965	19,130
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	192,355	98,010	94,350
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	38,825	19,510	19,310
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	38,775	19,665	19,115
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	39,840	20,380	19,455
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	39,635	20,265	19,370
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	35,285	18,190	17,095
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	391,000	192,530	198,475
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	81,610	41,975	39,635
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	24,350	12,525	11,825
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	243,540	120,225	123,315
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	65,845	30,330	35,525
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	64,665	30,230	34,435
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	18,480	9,450	9,035
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	6,340	3,240	3,105
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	38,655	18,110	20,545
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	7,530	2,675	4,855
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	16.5	15.7	17.3
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	22.6	22.5	22.8
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	26.0	25.9	26.3
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	15.9	15.1	16.7
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	11.4	8.8	13.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	34,975	17,360	17,620
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	8,960	4,550	4,405
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	3,170	1,645	1,520
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	24,330	12,110	12,225
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	1,685	700	990
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	8.9	9.0	8.9
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	11.0	10.8	11.1
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	13.0	13.1	12.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	10.0	10.1	9.9
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	2.6	2.3	2.8
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	391,000	192,530	198,475
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	383,855	189,610	194,245
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	383,490	189,460	194,035
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	38,630	17,135	21,485
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	104,210	51,290	52,915
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	90	40	50
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	40	15	25
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	30	10	15
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	0	0	0
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	20	15	10
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	0	0	0
Malecite	755	370	390	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	15	10	10
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	0	0	0
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	15	0	15
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0	0	0
Haida	465	205	260	0	0	0
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	0	0	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	30	15	20
Cayuga	125	40	85	0	0	0
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	0	0	0
Oneida	180	60	125	25	10	20
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	0	10	0
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	10	10	0
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	0	0	0
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	15	10	10
Dakota	1,760	870	890	0	0	0
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	10	10	10
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	0	0	0
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	104,125	51,255	52,870
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	23,415	11,750	11,665
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	0	10	0
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	10	10	0
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	750	335	420
Bilen	1,085	625	470	0	0	0
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	75	30	45
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	675	300	370
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	0	0	0
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	22,765	11,460	11,310
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	215	100	115
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	20,540	10,380	10,155
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	545	290	255
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	3,280	1,570	1,710
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	0	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	115	45	75
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	325	175	150
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	155	60	95
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	180	65	115
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	10	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	2,880	1,410	1,475
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	610	290	315
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	2,285	1,120	1,160
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	3,015	1,205	1,810
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	25	20	10
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	160	70	85
Fijian	1,660	955	705	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	35	0	25
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	175	70	110
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	0	0	10
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	75	55	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	45	20	25
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	10	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	2,765	1,065	1,700
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	70	40	30
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	450	175	275
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	10	0	10
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	365	135	235
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	75	45	40
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	875	495	380
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	55	30	20
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	140	60	80
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	555	325	230
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	175	110	65
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	61,325	30,375	30,950
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	1,315	625	690
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	245	120	130
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	13,705	6,600	7,110
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	100	30	70
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	25	10	20
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	70	30	45
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	13,610	6,570	7,045
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	15	0	15
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	375	195	180
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	105	50	55
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	2,505	1,230	1,280
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	245	120	125
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	1,435	725	715
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	3,605	1,665	1,935
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	1,075	490	580
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	3,695	1,880	1,815
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	230	120	115
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	965	425	540
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	180	75	100
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	595	225	360
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	140	70	65
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	35	10	25
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	15	10	10
Welsh	1,690	830	860	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	15	0	10
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	10,960	5,460	5,500
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	130	65	65
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	115	55	65
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	765	380	390
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	20	15	10
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	9,640	4,860	4,780
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	0	0	0
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	10	0	10
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	45	25	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	100	40	60
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	15	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	625	295	325
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	1,560	770	790
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	10,485	5,620	4,865
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	9,430	5,070	4,360
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	815	420	390
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	950	585	365
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	2,750	1,575	1,175
Kashmiri	905	490	420	45	15	30
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	15	10	0
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	115	65	55
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	445	235	210
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	3,285	1,730	1,555
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	75	45	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	145	75	70
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	3,525	1,830	1,695
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	1,070	570	505
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	170	100	70
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	50	25	25
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	875	465	415
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	95	50	45
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	24,690	12,160	12,520
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	0	0	0
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	12,535	6,205	6,325
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	3,010	1,490	1,520
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	2,595	1,220	1,375
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	7,230	3,635	3,595
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	35	20	15
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	235	135	100
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	0	0	0
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	0	0	0
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	525	270	250
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	0	0	0
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	1,330	665	660
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	130	80	45
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	0	0	0
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	40	20	15
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	25	10	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	0	0	0
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	10	10	0
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	10	10	0
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	115	55	60
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	130	60	70
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	125	55	70
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	115	45	70
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	10	0	10
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	335	175	160
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	20	0	15
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	270	140	130
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	260	120	140
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	160	85	80
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	35	15	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	125	65	60
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	720	300	420
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	415	160	255
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	310	145	160
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	8,065	3,870	4,195
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	7,765	3,715	4,050
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	2,560	1,195	1,370
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	20	0	20
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	5,035	2,400	2,635
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	280	145	135
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	115	45	70
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	500	255	240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	310	160	155
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	85	40	45
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	275	135	135
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	10	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	545	250	295
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	330	155	170
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	310	140	170
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	645	330	315
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	30	25	0
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	580	285	290
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	20	15	10
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	10	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	20	10	10
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	2,005	1,010	990
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	20	10	10
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	110	60	50
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	1,875	940	935
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	100	50	50
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	391,000	192,530	198,475
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	368,575	181,630	186,940
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	78,200	40,225	37,980
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	290,375	141,410	148,965
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	22,430	10,895	11,530
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	391,000	192,530	198,470
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	300,465	148,720	151,750
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	85,810	40,975	44,840
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	28,710	13,855	14,855
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	10,370	4,975	5,390
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	17,590	8,210	9,380
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	18,340	8,680	9,660
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	9,170	4,405	4,765
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	9,170	4,280	4,890
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	10,800	5,255	5,550
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	4,725	2,845	1,885
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	85,810	40,970	44,835
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	10,520	5,275	5,245
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	16,355	8,410	7,945
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	20,215	9,005	11,215
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	31,875	15,150	16,725
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	6,850	3,135	3,710
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	85,810	40,975	44,835
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	15,380	6,685	8,695
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	190	75	110
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	405	190	215
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	820	385	435
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	100	30	70
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	225	60	160
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	755	365	390
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	3,890	1,900	1,985
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	40	10	35
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	280	120	160
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	6,920	2,700	4,220
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	1,750	845	910
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	31,815	15,600	16,220
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	1,145	545	595
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	2,015	1,050	965
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	365	175	190
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	1,310	650	655
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	815	420	395
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	810	380	430
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	160	75	85
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	6,625	3,370	3,260
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	680	380	295
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	2,460	1,125	1,335
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	1,655	800	855
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	2,300	1,070	1,235
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	450	210	240
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	1,660	860	795
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	275	125	155
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	5,120	2,430	2,690
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	3,970	1,950	2,020
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	4,090	2,015	2,075
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	70	40	30
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	435	225	210
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	235	120	115
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	80	50	35
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	70	30	35
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	490	265	225
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	360	135	225
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	375	175	200
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	1,975	980	995
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	34,360	16,575	17,785
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	115	40	70
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	615	310	300
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	3,900	1,695	2,205
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	525	260	270
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	4,010	2,135	1,875
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	650	340	310
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	6,255	2,980	3,280
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	45	15	30
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	360	190	170
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	4,565	2,280	2,285
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	2,105	1,090	1,020
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	2,830	1,130	1,700
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	235	120	120
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	1,775	870	905
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	270	135	130
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	1,740	860	880
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	4,355	2,130	2,230
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	165	95	65
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	10,805	5,250	5,545
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	1,940	975	960
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	30	15	15
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	35	10	30
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	25	10	20
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	100	25	80
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	105	65	40
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	390	220	175
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	955	510	445
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	70	25	40
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	220	110	110
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	780	380	400
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	10	10	0
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	35	25	10
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	0	0	0
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	10	0	0
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	85	35	50
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	20	10	10
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	15	0	15
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	115	65	45
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	480	220	265
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	935	460	475
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	10	10	0
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	35	20	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	170	110	65
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	25	10	20
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	100	50	50
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	50	30	20
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	50	25	25
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	25	10	15
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	100	50	50
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	100	40	60
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	15	10	15
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	0	0	10
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	260	115	150
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	7,125	3,420	3,710
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	0	0	0
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	175	85	90
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	800	335	465
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	0	10	0
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	810	485	320
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	110	45	60
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	2,095	990	1,100
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	0	0	10
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	10	0	10
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	45	10	35
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	295	160	135
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	70	30	45
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	345	145	195
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	465	160	305
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	120	45	75
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	15	0	0
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	1,060	545	520
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	45	25	15
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	50	25	25
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	60	40	15
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	60	20	40
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	490	240	250
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	25	15	10
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	25	10	0
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	0	10	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	391,005	192,530	198,470
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	93,020	45,190	47,830
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	84,790	42,260	42,530
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	213,195	105,080	108,110
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	58,080	27,580	30,500
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	20,190	10,580	9,615
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	7,565	5,485	2,080
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	12,625	5,095	7,530
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	18,860	7,355	11,505
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	17,980	9,110	8,870
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	1,045	540	510
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	391,000	192,530	198,470
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	9,870	4,785	5,085
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	9,360	4,540	4,820
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	4,390	2,070	2,320
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	4,910	2,430	2,475
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	60	30	25
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	235	100	135
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	270	150	120
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	381,135	187,745	193,390
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	391,005	192,530	198,470
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	2,560	1,215	1,345
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	388,440	191,315	197,125
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	391,000	192,530	198,475
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	1,480	690	795
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	1,455	675	780
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	1,000	420	590
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	440	260	180
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	15	0	15
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	30	15	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	25	15	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	0	0	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	15,640	7,205	8,430
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	15,435	7,125	8,315
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	10,825	4,905	5,920
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	4,540	2,200	2,340
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	75	25	55
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	200	80	120
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	195	80	115
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	10	0	0
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	373,880	184,640	189,245
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	391,005	192,530	198,470
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	70,720	35,425	35,300
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	11,845	6,395	5,450
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	8,755	4,265	4,490
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	13,120	6,475	6,645
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	4,065	1,860	2,205
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	4,060	1,940	2,115
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	18,395	9,400	9,000
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	4,305	2,090	2,215
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	1,540	765	780
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	590	325	265
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	210	100	110
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	1,565	715	845
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	2,280	1,095	1,185
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	320,280	157,105	163,175
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	391,005	192,530	198,470
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	17,120	7,890	9,225
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	12,050	5,410	6,640
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	95	20	75
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	5,200	2,555	2,645
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	113,775	55,870	57,905
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	290	130	165
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	6,385	3,050	3,335
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	109,480	53,795	55,685
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	140	80	60
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	10	0	10
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	55	25	30
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	155	85	75
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	25	20	10
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	272,660	133,140	139,520
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	143,680	69,395	74,285
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	10	0	10
Cornish	1,975	995	975	15	10	0
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	81,540	39,300	42,235
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	58,990	27,600	31,390
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	45	25	20
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	54,085	25,850	28,235
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	4,690	2,290	2,405
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	6,865	3,060	3,805
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	92,080	44,190	47,890
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	10	0	10
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	0	0	0
Corsican	1,750	950	805	0	0	0
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	92,070	44,190	47,885
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	60,390	29,565	30,825
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	1,740	850	890
Bavarian	940	485	455	10	0	10
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	3,700	1,795	1,905
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	12,175	5,855	6,315
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	150	70	75
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	20	10	10
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	45,980	22,540	23,440
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	30	20	0
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	875	400	475
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	50	40	10
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	5,200	2,380	2,825
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	1,150	525	625
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	1,355	635	715
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	185	100	90
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	1,275	555	720
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	1,175	490	685
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	290	145	145
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	48,470	23,300	25,170
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	230	115	120
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	120	40	75
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	1,430	670	755
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	905	400	505
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	115	60	55
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	8,965	4,440	4,525
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	125	80	50
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	570	270	300
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	25	10	20
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	15,600	7,450	8,150
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	6,325	3,000	3,325
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	5,345	2,540	2,805
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	3,300	1,515	1,785
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	12,445	5,975	6,465
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	150	70	85
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	63,855	31,785	32,070
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	1,565	775	785
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	610	305	305
Catalan	1,280	740	535	10	0	0
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	4,215	2,080	2,140
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	30	20	15
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	2,945	1,445	1,505
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	37,450	18,565	18,880
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	70	20	50
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	2,275	1,135	1,140
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	1,380	745	630
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	160	100	60
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	5,875	2,940	2,935
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	4,745	2,495	2,250
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	220	125	105
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	880	380	500
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	3,360	1,655	1,705
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	1,670	815	855
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	40	20	20
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	1,465	675	780
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	30	15	15
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	770	385	385
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	55	20	40
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	40	15	25
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	565	250	310
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	4,115	1,890	2,225
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	25	0	25
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	30	20	10
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	190	95	95
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	10	0	0
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	0	0	0
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	285	130	150
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	120	50	70
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	35	0	30
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	0	0	0
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	385	140	245
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	2,145	1,050	1,100
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	10	0	10
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	0	0	0
Montserratan	930	460	470	10	0	10
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	105	50	55
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	30	15	15
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	570	235	340
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	55	15	40
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	290	140	145
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	75	35	35
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	7,060	3,405	3,655
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	220	85	135
Arawak	1,440	610	830	0	0	0
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	165	100	65
Belizean	1,755	915	845	70	35	30
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	60	25	35
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	225	125	105
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	120	40	80
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	530	245	285
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	100	45	55
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	95	25	70
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	255	150	100
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	260	95	165
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	270	105	160
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	195	130	70
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	145	80	65
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	3,070	1,570	1,500
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	225	100	130
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	50	20	40
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	20	15	10
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	75	25	55
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	950	415	530
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	20	15	0
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	225	85	135
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	215	110	105
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	10,535	5,295	5,240
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	1,915	1,015	905
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	55	30	25
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	25	10	10
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	0	0	0
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	0	0	0
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	0	0	0
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	105	45	60
Chadian	1,845	955	885	10	0	0
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	385	220	170
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	15	10	10
Ewe	845	470	375	0	0	0
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	0	0	0
Gambian	975	495	475	0	0	0
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	170	100	70
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	0	10	0
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	80	45	35
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	0	0	0
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	55	20	30
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	0	0	0
Malinké	1,125	585	535	0	0	0
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	1,010	535	470
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	0	0	0
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	20	10	15
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	10	0	10
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	0	0	0
Wolof	840	495	345	0	0	0
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	70	40	25
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	60	30	30
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	1,950	1,055	895
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	130	65	70
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	0	10	0
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	55	30	25
Dinka	900	500	400	10	0	0
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	810	420	390
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	200	115	80
Maure	1,190	655	535	0	0	0
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	95	40	60
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	685	370	310
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	45	35	10
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	2,200	1,055	1,145
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	20	15	0
Amhara	1,530	815	715	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	0	0	0
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	105	45	55
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	0	0	0
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	170	85	85
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	375	195	185
Harari	665	355	305	0	0	0
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	25	15	10
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	15	10	10
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	80	35	45
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	40	20	20
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	155	70	80
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	0	0	10
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	900	430	470
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	280	125	155
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	45	25	25
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	10	10	0
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	35	20	20
Zambian	1,860	935	920	10	10	0
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	0	0	10
Zulu	945	475	475	0	0	0
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	100	35	60
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	4,805	2,360	2,440
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	1,015	480	535
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	3,820	1,900	1,920
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	61,480	30,905	30,570
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	30,435	15,235	15,200
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	250	100	155
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	3,415	1,785	1,635
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	600	265	335
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	560	255	305
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	45	35	10
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	20	15	10
Hazara	1,515	810	705	0	0	0
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	1,045	540	500
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	7,250	3,525	3,720
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	120	50	75
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	525	250	280
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	0	0	0
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	165	100	60
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	30	20	10
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	0	10	0
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	12,545	6,375	6,175
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	1,555	810	750
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	0	0	0
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	130	90	35
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	2,385	1,150	1,235
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	0	0	0
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	15	10	0
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	935	420	520
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	0	0	0
Uighur	1,555	775	785	20	10	15
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	0	0	0
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	130	65	60
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	830	430	400
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	12,110	6,530	5,580
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	355	190	165
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	150	85	65
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	205	110	95
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	7,935	4,305	3,630
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	15	10	10
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	65	40	25
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	45	20	25
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	320	165	155
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	2,385	1,270	1,115
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	610	360	245
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	30	20	10
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	320	150	170
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	80	40	40
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	715	375	335
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	19,145	9,250	9,900
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	200	105	95
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	830	395	435
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	10,115	4,935	5,175
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	4,490	2,035	2,455
Hmong	805	420	390	15	10	0
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	105	70	40
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	285	140	145
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	205	110	90
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	645	345	295
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	510	260	250
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	60	30	35
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	20	10	10
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	20	10	0
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	130	75	65
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	365	155	210
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	0	0	0
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	2,665	1,330	1,335
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	75	40	35
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	315	160	155
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	310	160	150
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	310	175	135
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	190	95	95
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	75	50	25
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	60	45	15
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	20	10	10
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	25	20	10
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	0	10	0
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	0	0	0
Samoan	1,100	625	475	0	0	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	10	10	0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	159,050	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	115,780	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	43,270	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	159,055	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	9,885	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	149,170	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	159,055	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	775	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	17,475	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	34,855	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	66,705	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	39,240	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	159,050	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	31,830	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	22,135	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	25,195	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	23,895	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	55,990	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	159,055	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	156,830	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	2,225	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	159,055	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	152,495	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	6,560	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	159,050	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	54,255	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	43,810	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	14,250	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	22,605	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	12,825	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	6,290	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	5,020	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	159,055	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	148,630	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	10,420	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	159,055	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	98,095	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	58,210	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	2,755	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	159,055	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	4,430	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	18,565	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	26,105	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	33,895	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	32,750	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	24,255	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	13,640	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	5,415	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	157,885	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	124,345	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	33,535	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	28,960	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	114,735	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	59.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	12.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	957	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	1,091	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	200,559	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	246,774	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	43,245	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	17.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	44.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	784	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	817	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	324,325	158,165	166,160
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	62,035	30,885	31,145
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	100,700	49,675	51,025
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	161,595	77,605	83,990
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	21,595	15,845	5,750
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	9,350	5,770	3,580
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	12,250	10,080	2,175
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	70,380	29,455	40,925
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	5,795	2,480	3,310
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	63,825	29,825	34,000
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	42,945	18,990	23,950
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	4,650	2,025	2,620
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	1,965	1,205	760
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	11,980	6,165	5,815
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	2,290	1,440	850
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	206,545	100,645	105,905
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	23,580	12,745	10,840
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	60,760	30,850	29,915
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	122,205	57,045	65,160
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	14,140	10,335	3,805
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	6,100	3,795	2,305
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	8,040	6,540	1,500
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	54,650	22,660	31,990
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	3,845	1,635	2,215
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	49,570	22,425	27,145
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	32,960	14,185	18,775
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	3,650	1,525	2,125
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	1,585	915	670
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	9,605	4,775	4,830
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	1,765	1,025	745
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	324,330	158,165	166,160
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	162,730	80,560	82,175
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	10,720	2,665	8,055
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	10,720	2,665	8,055
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	3,895	1,695	2,195
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	510	380	135
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	3,380	1,315	2,060
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	6,710	2,710	4,000
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	660	135	525
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	1,695	555	1,145
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	1,515	605	910
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	50	25	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	355	215	140
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	715	405	305
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	1,215	670	550
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	510	110	395
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	18,025	5,795	12,225
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	175	20	160
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	2,240	1,095	1,145
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	3,745	215	3,530
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	2,595	905	1,690
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	225	40	190
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	3,680	965	2,715
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	5,355	2,555	2,800
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	29,620	11,305	18,315
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	80	20	60
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	2,965	545	2,420
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	26,575	10,740	15,835
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	5,600	2,665	2,940
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	2,420	970	1,455
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	1,150	480	670
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	15	10	15
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	1,485	1,035	455
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	525	185	350
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	5,560	3,395	2,165
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	4,410	2,885	1,525
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	290	45	245
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	810	440	370
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	45	25	20
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	38,430	35,565	2,865
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	1,030	780	250
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	8,315	6,965	1,345
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	7,340	6,565	775
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	6,290	6,160	130
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	6,985	6,825	160
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	8,465	8,265	205
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	2,405	1,535	870
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	1,780	1,155	625
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	625	385	245
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	29,585	5,415	24,170
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	1,935	1,005	935
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	27,230	4,135	23,090
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	420	275	140
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	11,025	4,835	6,185
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	6,450	1,315	5,140
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	35	35	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	60	50	10
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	3,175	2,270	905
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	1,305	1,170	135
Other	3,170	885	2,280	25	10	10
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	20	15	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	206,545	100,640	105,910
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	84,345	43,595	40,750
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	7,410	1,690	5,715
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	7,410	1,695	5,720
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	2,885	1,200	1,680
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	370	255	110
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	2,520	945	1,575
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	4,550	1,800	2,750
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	495	85	415
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	1,105	365	740
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	1,120	445	675
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	25	25	0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	245	150	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	470	290	180
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	750	380	370
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	335	65	270
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	14,355	4,325	10,030
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	120	15	100
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	1,900	925	970
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	3,085	160	2,920
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	2,080	600	1,475
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	155	25	130
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	2,800	620	2,175
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	4,215	1,975	2,240
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	22,930	8,460	14,475
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	50	10	40
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	2,355	410	1,940
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	20,525	8,035	12,495
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	3,830	1,720	2,115
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	1,615	595	1,020
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	845	330	515
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	15	10	10
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	995	665	325
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	360	120	240
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	4,640	2,875	1,765
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	3,830	2,525	1,305
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	175	20	155
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	595	320	275
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	40	20	15
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	28,260	25,890	2,370
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	855	650	210
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	6,520	5,365	1,155
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	5,650	4,970	680
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	4,180	4,095	85
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	4,805	4,680	125
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	6,245	6,130	115
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	1,795	1,100	695
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	1,335	815	525
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	460	290	170
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	23,105	4,230	18,875
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	1,380	700	680
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	21,410	3,330	18,080
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	315	195	115
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	8,420	3,750	4,675
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	4,865	1,000	3,860
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	30	30	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	30	20	10
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	2,420	1,720	700
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	1,075	975	100
Other	2,590	745	1,845	25	15	10
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	25	10	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	324,330	158,165	166,160
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	162,730	80,560	82,175
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	161,595	77,605	83,990
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	133,810	63,065	70,745
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	129,310	60,805	68,510
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	4,500	2,260	2,240
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	27,785	14,545	13,240
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	8,535	4,585	3,950
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	1,445	510	940
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	1,880	1,060	820
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	1,820	1,130	690
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	1,850	860	990
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	180	110	75
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	12,075	6,295	5,785
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	206,545	100,645	105,905
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	84,340	43,590	40,750
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	122,205	57,050	65,155
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	101,900	46,965	54,940
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	98,730	45,360	53,365
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	3,175	1,605	1,570
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	20,300	10,085	10,220
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	6,545	3,435	3,110
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	1,065	365	705
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	1,315	645	670
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	885	515	370
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	1,245	565	680
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	125	75	50
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	9,120	4,485	4,630
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	324,330	158,165	166,160
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	195,090	101,860	93,230
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	180,800	94,415	86,380
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	14,290	7,445	6,845
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	129,240	56,305	72,935
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	60.2	64.4	56.1
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	55.7	59.7	52.0
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	7.3	7.3	7.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	324,330	158,165	166,160
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	124,930	54,050	70,880
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	199,400	104,115	95,280
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	102,740	59,260	43,485
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	96,660	44,860	51,800
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	43.2	43.5	42.7
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	195,090	101,860	93,230
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	5,410	2,540	2,870
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	189,675	99,320	90,360
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	172,290	88,150	84,145
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	17,385	11,170	6,215
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	195,090	101,860	93,230
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	5,415	2,540	2,870
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	189,680	99,320	90,360
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	16,460	10,350	6,110
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	24,525	6,975	17,555
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	11,480	9,495	1,985
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	15,255	2,745	12,505
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	19,215	5,980	13,235
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	3,620	1,515	2,105
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	44,590	17,425	27,160
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	29,820	27,860	1,960
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	4,065	2,860	1,210
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	20,645	14,115	6,530
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	195,090	101,860	93,230
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	5,410	2,540	2,875
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	189,675	99,320	90,355
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	5,250	3,175	2,075
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	460	430	30
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	1,010	750	260
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	10,800	9,550	1,250
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	38,355	28,490	9,860
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	5,390	3,595	1,790
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	20,275	8,870	11,405
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	8,470	6,210	2,260
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	2,040	1,105	935
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	5,960	2,005	3,950
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	2,450	1,375	1,075
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	9,215	5,315	3,900
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	135	80	55
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	8,420	4,950	3,470
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	13,815	4,205	9,610
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	23,440	3,795	19,645
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	5,010	2,445	2,565
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	14,285	5,435	8,850
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	7,775	3,745	4,030
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	7,135	3,800	3,340
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	180,800	94,415	86,385
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	8,030	4,070	3,960
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	6,695	4,235	2,460
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	16,625	11,965	4,665
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	149,440	74,145	75,300
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	149,440	74,150	75,300
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	80,385	37,465	42,920
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	64,670	34,345	30,325
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	4,080	2,140	1,945
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	305	200	105
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	166,070	86,110	79,960
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	142,255	74,840	67,415
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	10,425	4,680	5,740
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	4,725	1,950	2,780
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	5,650	2,650	3,000
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	1,605	1,185	420
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	1,410	800	610
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	166,070	86,110	79,960
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	57,435	27,905	29,525
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	74,160	38,935	35,230
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	24,580	13,720	10,865
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	6,605	3,675	2,935
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	3,285	1,875	1,410
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	166,070	86,105	79,960
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	11,780	7,875	3,905
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	32,235	21,895	10,345
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	38,965	19,815	19,155
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	30,650	11,125	19,525
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	16,765	6,590	10,175
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	35,670	18,815	16,855
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	206,270	107,515	98,755
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	204,315	106,595	97,725
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	202,910	105,785	97,130
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	201,250	105,395	95,855
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	1,660	390	1,275
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	1,400	810	595
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	0	0	0
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	0	0	0
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	0	0	0
Malecite	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	0	0	0
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	1,400	805	595
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	225	155	70
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	0	0	0
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	225	155	70
Amharic	200	95	100	0	0	0
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	195	135	60
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	20	15	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	0	0	0
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	85	40	45
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	15	10	10
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	70	30	35
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	10	0	10
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	10	0	0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	0	0	0
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	0
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	560	340	230
Albanian	350	220	125	10	10	0
Armenian	450	220	230	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	60	20	40
Baltic languages	95	35	60	0	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	0	0	0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	60	20	35
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	0	0	0
Bulgarian	205	110	90	0	0	0
Croatian	220	130	95	10	0	0
Czech	70	40	30	0	0	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	35	10	30
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	0	0	0
Serbian	530	320	210	25	20	10
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	155	100	55
Afrikaans	85	40	40	0	0	0
Danish	90	50	35	0	0	0
Dutch	1,165	630	540	0	0	0
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	95	60	30
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	0	0	0
Swedish	125	55	70	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	60	35	25
Greek	1,020	545	475	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	30	10	20
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	25	10	15
Bengali	530	275	245	0	0	0
Gujarati	880	300	585	10	0	0
Hindi	1,405	755	650	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	0	0	0
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	20	15	10
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	0	0	0
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	0	0	10
Kurdish	185	150	40	0	0	0
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	305	195	110
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	10	0	0
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	45	15	25
Romanian	745	365	380	10	10	0
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	235	165	70
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	0	0	0
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	15	10	0
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	15	0	15
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	0	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	10	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	445	255	195
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	435	255	180
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	170	105	65
Hakka	70	25	45	0	0	0
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	225	130	95
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	20	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	25	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	15	0	10
Burmese	75	35	35	0	0	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	10	0	10
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	15	10	15
Lao	150	70	80	10	10	0
Thai	525	205	325	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	0	0	0
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	15	0	15
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	15	10	15
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	1,955	925	1,030
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	650	235	415
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	1,250	665	585
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	50	20	30
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	206,265	107,515	98,755
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	197,105	103,255	93,845
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	1,525	550	970
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	2,850	1,050	1,800
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	4,645	2,575	2,070
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	10	0	10
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	4,635	2,575	2,060
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	0	0	0
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	30	10	15
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	115	60	50
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	0	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	387,195	190,495	196,700
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	341,930	167,840	174,095
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	45,265	22,655	22,610
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	27,640	13,795	13,840
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	17,630	8,855	8,770
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	13,365	6,660	6,710
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	11,330	5,595	5,735
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	2,035	1,055	975
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	4,260	2,200	2,060
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	370,750	181,915	188,835
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	242,770	118,720	124,045
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	127,985	63,195	64,790
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	76,640	37,555	39,080
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	51,345	25,635	25,710
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	38,445	18,910	19,540
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	33,790	16,535	17,260
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	4,655	2,375	2,280
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	12,895	6,725	6,170

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and Essex, CTY [Census division], Ontario (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 31, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Essex, County [Census division], Ontario

Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Essex, County [Census division], Ontario

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Essex, County [Census division], Ontario