Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and London [Economic region], Ontario

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			London Ontario [Economic region]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : London [Economic region], Ontario Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	655,366	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	632,331	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	285,312	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	269,306	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	90.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	7,237.91	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	655,365	319,715	335,650
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	111,255	56,920	54,335
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	35,760	18,345	17,415
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	38,245	19,585	18,660
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	37,250	18,990	18,265
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	430,540	212,230	218,305
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	39,605	20,195	19,405
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	45,680	23,245	22,435
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	42,645	21,300	21,345
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	41,340	20,365	20,975
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	39,470	19,350	20,115
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	39,845	19,505	20,345
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	42,400	20,815	21,580
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	49,885	24,350	25,535
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	48,030	23,170	24,855
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	41,630	19,925	21,700
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	113,570	50,560	63,015
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	36,955	17,440	19,515
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	26,935	12,630	14,310
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	19,780	9,090	10,685
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	14,465	6,105	8,360
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	15,440	5,295	10,140
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	9,450	3,605	5,845
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	4,725	1,400	3,325
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	1,115	270	845
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	145	25	130
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	17.0	17.8	16.2
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	65.7	66.4	65.0
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	17.3	15.8	18.8
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.4	1.7	3.0
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	40.9	39.8	41.9
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	41.0	39.6	42.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	269,305	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	163,430	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	36,690	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	68,145	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	10,550	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	24,690	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	6,075	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	26,370	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	465	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	1,040	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	269,310	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	77,720	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	95,400	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	39,815	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	35,645	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	20,730	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	645,295	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	544,110	262,795	281,315
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	312,025	155,830	156,195
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	261,530	130,620	130,910
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	50,495	25,210	25,285
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	232,085	106,965	125,120
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	148,495	79,500	68,995
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	17,690	7,630	10,065
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	33,820	13,305	20,520
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	32,075	6,530	25,545
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	183,860	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	95,070	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	38,030	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	33,975	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	16,785	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	183,855	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	153,215	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	127,975	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	25,240	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	30,640	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	24,355	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	6,290	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	153,215	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	76,465	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	76,750	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	29,260	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	31,550	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	15,945	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	30,645	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	18,605	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	8,770	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	3,265	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	113,435	53,200	60,230
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	269,305	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	176,975	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	73,880	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	103,090	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	3,395	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	88,935	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	77,720	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	11,220	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	647,955	316,780	331,175
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	601,315	297,105	304,215
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	265	125	140
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	38,930	16,430	22,500
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	7,445	3,125	4,320
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	647,955	316,780	331,175
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	631,520	309,515	322,005
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	6,970	3,200	3,765
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	2,210	1,035	1,175
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	7,255	3,030	4,230
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	8,070	3,720	4,350
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	1.2	1.2	1.3
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	647,955	316,785	331,175
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	638,355	312,105	326,250
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	533,180	261,450	271,730
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	525,945	258,145	267,800
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	7,230	3,305	3,925
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	105,170	50,650	54,520
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	155	55	100
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	75	20	50
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	10	5	10
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	0	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	5	0	0
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	0	0	0
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	5	0	5
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	5	0	0
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	5	0	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	5	0	5
Malecite	305	140	160	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	5	0	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	60	20	35
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	0	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	50	20	35
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	5	0	5
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	0	5	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	0
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	0	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	0	0	0
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	5	5	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	5	0	5
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	5	0	0
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	60	20	40
Cayuga	45	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	980	430	555	0	0	5
Oneida	55	20	40	50	15	30
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	5
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	0	0	0
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	0	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	0	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	0	0	0
Dakota	1,215	570	635	0	0	0
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0	0	0
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	400	200	200	0	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	0	0	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	15	10	5
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	105,020	50,595	54,425
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	13,350	6,820	6,525
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	15	10	5
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	10	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	5	5	0
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	265	120	135
Bilen	805	455	350	5	5	0
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	15	5	10
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	240	110	125
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	5	0	0
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	13,055	6,680	6,380
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	260	130	130
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	10,815	5,540	5,275
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	1,050	525	520
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	210	100	105
Harari	1,320	635	685	0	5	0
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	145	80	60
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	260	135	125
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	260	130	130
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	55	25	30
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	15	10	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	2,950	1,355	1,600
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	950	445	510
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	2,000	915	1,090
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	2,175	815	1,365
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	10	0	5
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	95	25	70
Fijian	745	400	345	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	25	5	15
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	180	85	100
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	0	0	0
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	150	70	80
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	10	5	10
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	0	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	1,670	610	1,060
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	25	10	15
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	95	45	50
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	5	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	35	20	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	60	20	35
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	1,430	750	680
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	60	30	25
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	880	450	435
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	340	175	160
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	150	95	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	0	5	0
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	68,620	33,135	35,490
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	1,110	570	535
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	105	50	55
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	13,825	6,440	7,390
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	325	135	190
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	100	45	55
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	230	95	135
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	13,500	6,305	7,200
Belarusan	810	385	430	15	5	10
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	670	335	335
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	80	35	45
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	1,115	545	565
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	440	205	235
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	100	40	55
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	6,495	2,975	3,525
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	1,460	665	795
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	910	465	440
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	345	165	180
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	410	195	215
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	270	115	155
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	1,135	530	610
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	55	20	30
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	50	20	35
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	15	5	15
Welsh	1,075	495	575	25	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	5	5	5
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	21,380	10,215	11,165
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	95	45	50
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	255	125	125
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	7,375	3,545	3,830
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	160	80	85
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	12,765	6,065	6,695
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	10	0	5
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	35	15	20
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	80	45	40
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	550	250	300
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	30	15	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	40	20	20
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	1,960	975	985
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	9,270	4,790	4,475
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	6,100	3,180	2,915
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	465	235	230
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	840	440	395
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	870	475	400
Kashmiri	565	300	265	0	0	0
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	25	10	15
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	90	45	40
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	725	360	365
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	10	5	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	1,260	670	585
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	70	35	35
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	135	65	70
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	1,605	835	775
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	3,140	1,595	1,540
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	995	525	465
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	185	90	95
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	1,960	980	975
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	30	15	15
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	20,925	10,075	10,850
Catalan	865	440	425	15	10	10
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	3,700	1,855	1,845
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	6,765	3,245	3,515
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	970	455	520
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	9,455	4,505	4,950
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	15	10	5
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	305	125	185
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	0	0	0
Georgian	1,715	910	805	5	0	5
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	2,950	1,370	1,585
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	0	0	0
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	710	350	365
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	75	35	40
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	0	0	0
Edo	1,670	770	900	0	0	0
Ewe	1,760	950	805	15	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	0	0	0
Ga	920	445	470	20	5	10
Ganda	1,295	625	665	20	10	15
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	50	25	25
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	20	10	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	45	20	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	40	20	20
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	40	20	25
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	140	65	75
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	10	5	0
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	75	40	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	165	75	90
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	195	85	110
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	110	50	60
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	90	40	50
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	225	130	100
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	135	75	55
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	95	50	50
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	9,095	4,245	4,850
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	8,830	4,110	4,720
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	2,105	1,000	1,110
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	30	20	10
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	5,985	2,755	3,230
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	130	55	75
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	100	40	60
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	470	245	230
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	265	130	130
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	30	20	15
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	210	105	105
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	20	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	260	115	150
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	170	85	85
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	90	30	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	475	260	215
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	45	25	20
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	360	200	165
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	25	15	10
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	35	15	15
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	2,095	975	1,115
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	60	20	35
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	130	55	80
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	1,900	900	1,000
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	70	30	40
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	9,605	4,680	4,925
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	1,415	630	790
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	7,660	3,800	3,865
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	270	135	130
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	260	115	140
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	647,955	316,780	331,175
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	627,620	306,940	320,675
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	579,760	284,055	295,705
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	577,740	283,120	294,620
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	2,020	935	1,090
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	47,860	22,890	24,975
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	35	15	25
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	10	0	5
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	0	0	0
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	0	0	0
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	0	0	0
Woods Cree	800	410	390	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	0	0	0
Malecite	55	30	30	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	10	5	5
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	10	5	5
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	5	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	5	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	15	5	15
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	255	115	140	5	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	15	5	15
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	0	0	0
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	0	0	0
Dakota	255	140	120	0	0	0
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	5	5	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	47,820	22,875	24,950
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	7,465	3,675	3,790
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	5	5	0
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	5	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	5	0	0
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	120	50	70
Bilen	620	330	285	0	0	0
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	0	0	0
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	120	50	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	0	0	0
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	7,325	3,620	3,710
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	115	60	60
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	6,225	3,070	3,155
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	660	325	335
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	120	60	60
Harari	735	335	400	0	0	0
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	55	35	25
Maltese	1,130	525	605	20	10	15
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	105	55	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	25	15	10
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	5	0	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	1,795	825	970
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	530	240	290
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	1,265	585	680
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	815	360	455
Bikol	290	140	155	0	0	0
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	20	5	15
Fijian	195	105	90	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	0	0	5
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	60	35	35
Malagasy	435	220	210	0	0	0
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	45	20	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	5	5	0
Pangasinan	240	110	135	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	680	295	385
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	0	0	0
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	0	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	10	0	5
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	745	395	350
Kannada	1,630	825	800	20	15	5
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	515	270	245
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	150	80	70
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	65	35	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	5	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	27,130	12,980	14,150
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	500	245	255
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	40	15	20
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	5,605	2,685	2,915
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	60	25	35
Latvian	1,255	530	725	10	5	5
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	50	15	30
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	5,545	2,665	2,885
Belarusan	230	105	120	10	0	0
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	325	160	165
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	40	20	20
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	385	190	200
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	115	60	60
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	30	15	20
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	2,850	1,350	1,505
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	750	370	380
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	420	220	200
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	135	65	75
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	100	45	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	45	20	30
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	310	140	165
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	10	0	5
Celtic languages	360	205	155	10	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	5	0	5
Welsh	95	50	45	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0	0	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	5,460	2,655	2,805
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	30	15	15
Danish	855	410	445	15	10	10
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	745	370	375
Frisian	185	95	90	15	10	10
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	4,400	2,135	2,260
Icelandic	270	120	150	5	0	0
Norwegian	345	145	200	0	0	0
Swedish	1,045	500	545	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	45	20	25
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	195	95	100
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	755	355	405
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	5,395	2,690	2,705
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	3,455	1,730	1,720
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	260	135	130
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	430	210	215
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	435	230	205
Kashmiri	135	70	70	0	0	0
Konkani	720	355	370	10	5	5
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	45	25	20
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	660	325	340
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	5	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	640	335	310
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	15	5	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	70	35	35
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	880	435	445
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	1,930	950	980
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	605	305	300
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	110	55	60
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	1,210	595	615
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	15	10	5
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	9,375	4,325	5,045
Catalan	355	165	190	5	0	0
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	880	385	495
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	2,550	1,150	1,400
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	375	185	195
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	5,560	2,605	2,955
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	0	0	0
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	145	70	70
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	0	0	0
Georgian	1,035	565	475	0	0	0
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	2,205	1,010	1,190
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	0	0	0
Mongolian	910	435	470	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	185	70	110
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	15	5	10
Bamanankan	340	180	160	0	0	0
Edo	415	175	240	0	0	0
Ewe	410	185	225	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	0	0	0
Ga	250	105	140	0	0	0
Ganda	345	160	185	0	5	0
Igbo	1,000	485	510	15	5	10
Lingala	1,045	455	590	10	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	15	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	5	5	5
Shona	1,035	475	560	10	5	0
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	55	20	35
Wolof	1,380	745	635	0	0	0
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	15	10	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	45	20	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	70	35	35
Dinka	1,130	580	550	35	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	35	15	20
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	290	170	120
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	135	80	55
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	155	95	60
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	6,115	2,855	3,260
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	5,940	2,770	3,170
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	1,200	555	650
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	10	5	5
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	4,330	2,005	2,325
Min Dong	345	150	195	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	50	20	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	50	25	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	305	160	140
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	175	90	85
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	15	10	5
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	150	75	70
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	0	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	90	45	45
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	55	30	30
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	235	120	115
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	15	5	5
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	170	85	90
Uyghur	610	315	290	20	10	10
Uzbek	990	505	490	5	5	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	30	15	10
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	520	235	280
Estonian	975	365	610	5	0	5
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	10	5	5
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	500	230	275
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	10	10	0
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	20,335	9,835	10,500
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	895	390	500
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	18,915	9,210	9,705
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	95	40	60
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	430	200	235
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	647,955	316,780	331,175
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	585,420	286,945	298,475
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	21,285	10,355	10,925
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	6,315	2,605	3,715
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	33,880	16,370	17,510
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	230	90	145
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	33,650	16,290	17,365
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	210	95	115
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	320	170	145
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	510	230	280
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	10	5	10
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	534,255	258,910	275,350
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	513,250	248,845	264,410
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	33,876	39,928	29,060
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	513,360	248,855	264,505
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	30,860	35,720	26,846
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	458,070	226,425	231,645
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	32,269	39,150	26,315
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	375,555	167,995	207,555
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	5,692	3,581	6,698
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	377,565	194,625	182,945
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	32,948	38,406	28,392
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	534,255	258,915	275,340
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	512,950	248,575	264,370
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	43,741	50,422	37,459
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	513,055	248,580	264,475
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	36,822	41,632	32,301
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	457,995	226,325	231,670
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	42,549	50,013	35,258
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	375,635	168,420	207,220
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	7,851	7,211	8,372
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	377,570	194,285	183,285
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	41,691	47,455	35,581
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	534,255	258,915	275,345
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	185,925	104,190	81,740
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	51,138	55,577	46,662
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	59,616	64,789	53,022
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	86.9	90.4	82.4
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	70.3	73.9	65.6
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	13.1	9.6	17.6
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	534,260	258,910	275,350
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	21,005	10,065	10,940
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	513,250	248,840	264,410
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	96.1	96.1	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	71,585	31,660	39,930
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	88,140	35,275	52,860
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	72,920	30,195	42,725
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	60,815	27,505	33,310
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	56,945	27,745	29,200
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	43,245	23,135	20,115
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	32,080	18,570	13,505
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	22,400	13,210	9,185
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	16,610	9,915	6,695
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	15,560	8,705	6,865
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	32,960	22,930	10,030
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	23,175	15,785	7,385
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	9,785	7,145	2,640
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	534,260	258,910	275,350
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	20,900	10,055	10,845
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	513,360	248,855	264,505
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	96.1	96.1	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	73,685	32,180	41,505
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	92,290	37,090	55,200
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	84,475	35,640	48,835
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	74,680	35,150	39,530
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	63,215	32,680	30,535
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	42,375	24,250	18,125
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	27,605	16,520	11,080
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	21,725	12,545	9,180
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	33,310	22,805	10,505
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	11,960	7,665	4,295
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	6,775	4,640	2,130
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	14,575	10,495	4,080
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	534,255	258,905	275,350
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	156,690	64,280	92,405
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	377,570	194,625	182,945
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	70.7	75.2	66.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	55,415	27,825	27,585
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	31,385	13,760	17,630
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	49,760	22,275	27,490
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	40,560	18,395	22,160
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	39,570	18,035	21,530
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	39,200	19,455	19,750
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	30,990	17,350	13,640
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	22,975	13,715	9,260
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	16,590	10,105	6,485
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	51,125	33,705	17,420
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	13,405	8,030	5,380
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	13,155	7,485	5,675
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	24,565	18,200	6,365
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	269,305	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	66,279	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	58,859	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	77,720	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	34,420	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	31,208	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	191,590	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	83,585	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	73,658	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	269,305	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	83,313	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	70,150	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	77,715	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	43,361	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	36,699	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	191,595	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	99,519	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	83,718	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	269,305	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	4,620	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	4,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	7,960	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	10,400	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	12,310	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	11,015	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	11,910	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	12,215	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	12,300	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	12,100	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	22,475	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	20,270	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	18,455	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	16,355	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	14,955	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	77,650	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	27,985	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	18,030	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	18,570	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	13,070	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	269,305	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	4,875	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	4,385	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	8,080	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	10,915	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	13,825	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	12,420	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	13,890	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	14,565	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	14,630	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	14,080	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	25,705	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	23,015	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	20,880	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	17,805	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	14,435	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	55,800	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	25,200	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	13,955	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	16,645	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	182,920	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	84,639	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	74,416	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	72,420	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	78,028	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	68,761	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	77,365	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	108,375	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	93,500	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	28,760	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	49,504	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	46,296	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	182,990	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	100,698	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	84,565	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	72,445	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	93,169	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	77,968	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	77,460	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	124,189	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	103,410	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	28,740	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	59,314	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	52,426	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	102,015	48,395	53,620
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	30,202	31,340	29,347
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	27,780	28,547	27,257
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	101,715	48,700	53,020
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	39,425	41,243	37,755
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	33,597	34,547	32,725
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	645,295	315,720	329,575
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	334,870	159,855	175,015
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	70,645	34,200	36,445
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	66,090	29,770	36,320
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	66,500	31,605	34,900
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	65,950	31,960	33,995
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	65,680	32,325	33,355
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	310,425	155,865	154,560
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	66,600	33,055	33,545
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	65,605	32,725	32,885
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	65,395	32,970	32,430
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	61,930	31,215	30,715
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	50,890	25,900	24,985
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	645,140	315,645	329,500
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	133,830	68,430	65,400
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	43,020	22,070	20,950
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	404,835	198,800	206,035
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	106,475	48,415	58,060
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	101,390	47,205	54,185
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	27,170	13,890	13,285
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	9,635	4,935	4,700
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	61,790	28,905	32,885
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	12,430	4,415	8,020
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	15.7	15.0	16.4
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	20.3	20.3	20.3
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	22.4	22.4	22.4
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	15.3	14.5	16.0
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	11.7	9.1	13.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	55,565	27,355	28,205
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	12,875	6,585	6,280
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	4,685	2,405	2,280
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	40,435	19,815	20,625
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	2,255	955	1,300
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	8.6	8.7	8.6
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	9.6	9.6	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	10.9	10.9	10.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	2.1	2.0	2.2
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	645,295	315,725	329,575
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	637,875	312,730	325,145
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	637,540	312,570	324,970
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	39,075	16,355	22,710
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	129,520	62,535	66,985
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	380	120	255
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	195	70	125
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	30	10	20
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	0	0	0
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	0	0	10
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	0	0	10
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	20	10	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	0	0	0
Malecite	755	370	390	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	155	50	105
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	0	0	0
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	150	50	105
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	15	10	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	10	0	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	0	0	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0	0	0
Haida	465	205	260	0	0	0
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	0	0	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	10	0	10
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	160	50	105
Cayuga	125	40	85	10	0	0
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	15	0	10
Oneida	180	60	125	130	40	90
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	10	0	15
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	15	0	15
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	0	0	0
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	0	0	0
Dakota	1,760	870	890	0	0	0
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0	0	0
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	0	0	0
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	10	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	129,150	62,410	66,740
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	17,230	8,875	8,360
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	15	10	10
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	420	185	240
Bilen	1,085	625	470	0	0	0
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	20	10	10
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	400	175	225
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	10	0	0
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	16,785	8,675	8,105
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	410	210	200
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	14,640	7,595	7,045
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	1,385	690	695
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	255	135	115
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	0	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	335	185	145
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	315	150	160
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	420	200	215
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	95	60	40
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	50	30	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	3,985	1,880	2,110
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	1,305	640	665
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	2,695	1,250	1,440
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	2,970	1,140	1,825
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	25	0	15
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	140	35	105
Fijian	1,660	955	705	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	35	10	20
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	245	95	155
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	0	0	0
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	205	105	105
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	10	10	10
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	2,615	970	1,650
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	50	25	25
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	235	125	115
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	30	15	15
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	90	40	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	130	65	60
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	1,860	915	940
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	160	80	80
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	1,060	505	555
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	575	305	275
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	210	110	95
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	0	0	10
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	10	10	0
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	85,910	41,410	44,500
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	1,210	610	600
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	165	65	105
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	16,200	7,930	8,270
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	350	170	180
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	145	75	70
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	205	95	110
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	15,875	7,765	8,110
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	75	35	40
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	990	540	445
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	95	40	60
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	1,610	825	790
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	550	280	270
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	180	85	100
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	7,605	3,665	3,940
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	2,480	1,180	1,300
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	1,475	755	720
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	470	215	255
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	520	265	260
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	315	145	170
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	1,290	580	705
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	55	30	25
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	165	70	90
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	70	20	40
Welsh	1,690	830	860	45	20	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	50	35	15
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	25,310	12,035	13,285
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	225	110	110
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	340	155	180
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	8,690	4,015	4,670
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	195	100	95
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	15,060	7,230	7,825
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	10	10	0
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	85	50	40
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	225	110	115
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	610	330	285
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	25	25	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	1,020	535	490
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	2,980	1,550	1,425
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	11,780	5,900	5,880
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	8,475	4,290	4,180
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	545	260	280
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	1,065	570	490
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	3,250	1,725	1,530
Kashmiri	905	490	420	0	0	0
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	15	10	0
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	115	55	55
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	855	425	430
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	2,195	1,170	1,020
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	125	55	70
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	165	65	100
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	2,655	1,315	1,340
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	3,415	1,670	1,750
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	1,035	535	500
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	280	145	135
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	2,270	1,070	1,200
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	60	40	30
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	30,460	14,570	15,890
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	20	0	10
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	5,700	2,820	2,875
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	8,750	4,285	4,465
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	1,255	605	655
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	15,660	7,270	8,395
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	55	35	25
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	890	435	460
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	0	0	10
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	0	0	0
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	3,265	1,575	1,690
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	0	0	0
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	1,365	735	625
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	170	80	95
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	0	0	0
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	10	0	10
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	10	0	10
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	20	0	20
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	35	20	15
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	100	55	45
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	90	55	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	50	30	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	65	25	35
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	65	35	30
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	360	180	180
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	10	0	0
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	260	155	105
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	350	185	165
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	220	115	105
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	35	20	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	185	95	90
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	1,285	525	760
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	660	240	425
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	645	300	350
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	9,550	4,565	4,980
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	9,290	4,430	4,860
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	2,555	1,195	1,355
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	45	20	25
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	6,940	3,265	3,675
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	15	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	160	60	105
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	180	70	110
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	460	245	215
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	260	135	120
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	60	40	25
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	155	80	70
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	10	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	45	20	25
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	300	130	175
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	220	100	115
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	125	45	85
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	730	405	325
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	110	60	50
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	560	310	250
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	55	35	20
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	15	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	25	15	10
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	2,485	1,195	1,295
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	60	35	25
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	145	75	65
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	2,285	1,075	1,210
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	90	45	45
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	645,295	315,725	329,575
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	613,415	300,210	313,210
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	129,270	65,995	63,275
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	484,150	234,215	249,930
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	31,880	15,515	16,370
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	645,295	315,720	329,575
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	524,515	257,330	267,190
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	112,105	53,875	58,225
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	42,750	20,385	22,365
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	15,695	7,625	8,070
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	18,165	8,870	9,290
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	22,535	10,730	11,810
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	10,675	5,065	5,615
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	11,860	5,665	6,195
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	12,960	6,270	6,690
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	8,680	4,515	4,160
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	112,100	53,880	58,225
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	14,855	7,500	7,360
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	24,985	12,765	12,220
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	24,955	11,275	13,675
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	40,255	18,995	21,260
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	7,050	3,350	3,705
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	112,100	53,875	58,225
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	21,700	10,140	11,560
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	380	195	180
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	3,530	1,590	1,940
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	1,680	795	885
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	590	270	320
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	120	55	60
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	1,415	745	665
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	4,585	2,225	2,365
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	170	70	100
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	720	345	375
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	5,365	2,290	3,070
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	3,150	1,565	1,585
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	51,255	24,825	26,425
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	1,270	665	600
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	1,065	540	520
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	340	165	180
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	3,260	1,590	1,665
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	1,265	655	610
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	1,255	615	640
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	730	400	325
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	2,720	1,435	1,285
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	6,720	3,300	3,420
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	5,185	2,375	2,815
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	5,190	2,605	2,585
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	1,270	610	660
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	595	265	330
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	615	305	305
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	720	285	430
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	14,015	6,505	7,510
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	5,045	2,505	2,540
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	5,655	2,850	2,800
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	90	50	40
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	1,110	585	530
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	325	155	170
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	280	130	155
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	40	20	25
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	375	195	180
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	225	110	120
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	575	315	260
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	2,625	1,295	1,330
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	33,080	15,800	17,275
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	615	300	310
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	345	170	175
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	3,990	1,745	2,245
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	715	345	370
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	3,775	1,905	1,870
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	1,175	565	615
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	2,775	1,405	1,370
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	230	70	165
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	2,220	1,050	1,165
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	1,820	955	865
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	1,660	845	815
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	2,610	945	1,665
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	270	125	145
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	2,140	1,050	1,090
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	180	75	105
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	1,935	865	1,070
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	6,625	3,390	3,235
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	415	255	165
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	12,960	6,270	6,690
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	2,640	1,215	1,425
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	45	20	20
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	635	240	390
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	80	30	45
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	50	25	25
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	185	120	65
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	465	245	220
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	640	295	350
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	85	40	45
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	450	200	250
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	1,095	585	505
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	35	15	15
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	65	35	30
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	25	15	10
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	0	0	0
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	45	20	30
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	90	20	60
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	95	35	60
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	300	195	105
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	440	250	190
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	1,135	565	565
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	15	10	0
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	60	25	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	70	40	30
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	25	10	15
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	300	155	145
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	65	45	25
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	15	0	10
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	0	0	10
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	105	55	50
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	35	25	15
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	45	20	25
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	15	0	10
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	375	170	210
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	8,050	3,885	4,165
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	125	60	60
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	105	60	45
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	980	435	545
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	10	0	10
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	1,035	545	490
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	265	130	135
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	925	450	475
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	20	10	10
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	65	25	35
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	415	210	200
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	205	100	110
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	250	130	115
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	265	145	125
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	635	245	385
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	175	80	100
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	45	30	20
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	1,240	625	615
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	25	10	15
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	85	45	40
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	170	105	65
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	70	15	55
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	945	440	500
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	55	20	30
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	35	0	30
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	20	15	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	645,295	315,725	329,575
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	124,110	60,170	63,940
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	131,005	65,010	65,995
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	390,185	190,540	199,640
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	70,575	34,100	36,480
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	29,080	14,690	14,390
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	9,820	6,720	3,105
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	19,265	7,970	11,290
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	19,305	7,860	11,445
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	21,465	11,220	10,245
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	725	335	395
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	645,295	315,720	329,575
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	15,175	7,035	8,140
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	14,645	6,810	7,835
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	10,575	4,900	5,675
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	3,955	1,825	2,125
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	115	80	35
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	135	55	80
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	395	170	220
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	630,120	308,685	321,435
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	645,295	315,720	329,575
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	6,765	2,945	3,815
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	638,530	312,775	325,760
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	645,300	315,725	329,575
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	3,645	1,680	1,965
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	3,610	1,660	1,950
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	3,200	1,430	1,765
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	365	195	170
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	50	35	15
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	30	20	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	25	20	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	10	0	10
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	0	0	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	19,345	8,895	10,445
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	19,020	8,755	10,270
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	14,690	6,735	7,950
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	4,135	1,925	2,215
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	195	100	100
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	320	140	180
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	285	115	170
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	30	20	10
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	622,305	305,145	317,160
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	645,295	315,720	329,575
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	82,490	40,790	41,700
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	12,740	6,495	6,245
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	11,010	5,170	5,840
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	13,140	6,790	6,345
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	4,125	1,730	2,390
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	9,855	4,750	5,105
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	13,895	7,245	6,650
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	5,455	2,670	2,785
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	3,325	1,590	1,740
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	3,520	1,680	1,845
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	810	365	445
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	2,030	1,065	965
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	2,575	1,230	1,340
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	562,805	274,935	287,875
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	645,295	315,720	329,575
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	22,990	10,580	12,415
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	18,240	8,325	9,910
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	290	160	130
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	4,815	2,260	2,560
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	192,495	94,080	98,415
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	630	300	330
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	8,325	3,945	4,380
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	186,825	91,400	95,425
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	10	0	0
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	430	190	240
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	40	15	20
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	60	30	30
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	175	60	110
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	20	10	10
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	481,285	234,190	247,095
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	325,840	157,115	168,725
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	10	0	15
Cornish	1,975	995	975	50	30	25
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	201,055	96,125	104,930
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	127,730	59,685	68,050
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	155	105	50
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	144,870	69,615	75,255
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	12,560	6,015	6,550
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	20,810	9,535	11,280
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	60,160	27,775	32,380
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	70	20	50
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	10	0	0
Corsican	1,750	950	805	0	10	0
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	60,105	27,760	32,345
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	155,330	75,880	79,455
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	2,955	1,505	1,455
Bavarian	940	485	455	20	15	10
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	9,500	4,670	4,830
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	60,730	30,130	30,605
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	550	265	285
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	380	185	190
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	91,775	44,300	47,470
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	15	0	10
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	3,485	1,705	1,785
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	55	35	20
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	12,565	5,860	6,710
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	3,465	1,735	1,725
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	2,025	875	1,145
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	495	240	255
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	3,095	1,440	1,655
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	3,240	1,410	1,825
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	950	445	500
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	64,115	31,295	32,825
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	430	185	250
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	550	270	280
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	2,160	1,095	1,060
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	970	465	505
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	375	185	195
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	12,110	6,000	6,110
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	520	260	260
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	1,685	850	830
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	25	10	10
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	24,485	11,805	12,680
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	3,850	1,845	2,010
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	8,540	4,120	4,415
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	2,095	1,065	1,035
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	15,105	7,390	7,715
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	180	90	90
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	64,375	32,175	32,200
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	1,320	645	670
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	1,220	680	535
Catalan	1,280	740	535	20	10	0
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	3,500	1,795	1,705
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	220	85	135
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	6,045	3,030	3,020
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	26,425	13,090	13,335
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	190	105	85
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	525	250	275
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	2,255	1,100	1,155
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	95	50	45
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	15,635	8,060	7,575
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	2,110	1,055	1,060
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	165	65	100
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	1,210	640	575
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	6,200	2,850	3,355
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	1,610	755	860
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	50	25	25
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	2,700	1,335	1,370
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	35	15	20
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	1,270	570	695
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	60	15	45
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	105	70	40
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	1,230	660	565
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	8,380	4,325	4,055
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	15	10	15
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	165	95	70
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	715	390	330
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	80	40	35
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	15	10	10
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	425	195	230
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	200	95	105
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	190	100	90
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	10	0	0
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	225	125	95
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	4,470	2,310	2,160
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	20	15	10
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	0	0	0
Montserratan	930	460	470	0	0	0
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	40	25	15
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	70	40	30
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	1,190	635	550
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	95	65	30
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	685	305	380
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	295	155	140
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	15,845	7,725	8,120
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	380	190	190
Arawak	1,440	610	830	15	0	10
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	210	100	110
Belizean	1,755	915	845	45	25	25
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	45	15	25
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	420	210	210
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	375	190	190
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	4,515	2,095	2,415
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	85	35	50
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	85	45	40
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	380	205	175
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	1,010	485	530
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	315	140	180
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	240	130	110
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	115	75	45
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	4,495	2,225	2,270
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	555	285	265
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	35	25	10
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	25	15	10
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	330	180	155
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	2,050	1,000	1,050
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	20	10	10
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	360	145	210
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	475	255	225
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	11,145	5,795	5,345
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	1,620	830	795
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	0	0	0
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	50	30	20
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	25	10	25
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	0	0	0
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	0	0	0
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	100	45	55
Chadian	1,845	955	885	0	0	0
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	220	115	105
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	0	0	0
Ewe	845	470	375	0	0	0
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	0	0	0
Gambian	975	495	475	0	10	0
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	355	180	175
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	15	10	0
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	30	20	10
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	20	0	15
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	105	40	65
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	0	0	0
Malinké	1,125	585	535	15	10	15
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	530	290	245
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	0	0	0
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	10	0	0
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	0	0	10
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	0	0	0
Wolof	840	495	345	0	0	0
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	140	55	80
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	80	50	30
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	3,315	1,855	1,465
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	100	45	50
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	30	15	20
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	50	25	20
Dinka	900	500	400	80	35	50
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	1,815	1,010	805
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	255	135	120
Maure	1,190	655	535	0	0	0
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	105	40	65
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	830	495	340
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	85	45	35
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	75	50	25
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	3,410	1,690	1,720
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	10	0	10
Amhara	1,530	815	715	30	10	20
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	50	25	25
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	75	45	30
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	55	25	25
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	575	300	270
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	635	295	340
Harari	665	355	305	10	0	0
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	125	60	60
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	0	0	10
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	30	20	0
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	25	0	20
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	110	35	70
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	10	0	0
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	620	290	330
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	695	370	325
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	30	20	10
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	25	15	15
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	115	55	60
Zambian	1,860	935	920	10	0	10
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	110	55	55
Zulu	945	475	475	20	10	10
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	255	115	135
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	2,955	1,510	1,450
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	450	230	220
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	2,520	1,285	1,230
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	61,555	29,945	31,615
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	21,630	10,960	10,670
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	920	445	480
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	2,750	1,445	1,305
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	415	160	255
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	1,100	565	535
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	70	35	35
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	0	0	10
Hazara	1,515	810	705	15	10	10
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	1,890	945	945
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	2,575	1,305	1,270
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	165	95	65
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	630	345	285
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	25	15	10
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	1,005	530	470
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	35	20	15
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	10	0	0
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	5,140	2,615	2,520
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	2,400	1,180	1,225
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	35	15	15
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	310	165	140
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	2,290	1,105	1,180
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	40	20	15
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	30	15	15
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	1,140	595	545
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	50	35	15
Uighur	1,555	775	785	50	35	15
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	40	20	15
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	85	30	50
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	990	540	450
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	13,245	6,665	6,580
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	285	150	140
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	230	95	135
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	515	220	295
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	9,180	4,675	4,505
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	70	35	35
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	10	0	0
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	20	10	10
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	420	225	195
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	1,935	1,000	940
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	350	180	170
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	110	50	60
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	355	160	195
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	120	60	60
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	635	300	335
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	27,140	12,530	14,615
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	225	135	85
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	1,720	835	885
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	12,830	5,905	6,925
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	4,715	2,005	2,710
Hmong	805	420	390	20	20	0
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	340	165	175
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	1,040	455	585
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	125	60	60
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	3,590	1,705	1,885
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	345	190	160
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	120	45	75
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	110	55	55
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	20	15	0
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	135	70	70
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	225	105	120
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	20	10	10
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	3,370	1,560	1,805
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	70	35	40
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	315	155	160
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	310	155	155
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	915	420	490
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	605	315	295
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	195	60	140
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	120	50	70
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	35	10	30
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	10	0	0
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	45	25	20
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	0	0	0
Samoan	1,100	625	475	10	0	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	30	20	10
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	269,305	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	179,725	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	89,585	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	269,305	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	28,050	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	241,255	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	269,305	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	740	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	32,510	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	63,200	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	106,895	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	65,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	269,310	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	58,135	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	34,425	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	40,740	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	39,710	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	96,295	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	269,305	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	266,505	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	2,800	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	269,305	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	259,430	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	9,880	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	269,305	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	76,865	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	78,485	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	35,595	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	30,225	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	16,225	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	18,075	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	13,840	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	269,305	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	253,040	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	16,265	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	269,310	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	157,970	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	106,430	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	4,905	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	269,305	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	10,755	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	39,120	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	43,125	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	53,425	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	52,835	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	39,005	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	22,420	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	8,620	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	264,570	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	200,330	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	64,240	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	55,770	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	175,565	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	61.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	13.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	1,105	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	1,207	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	259,402	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	299,142	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	89,240	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	12.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	44.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	869	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	925	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	534,255	258,915	275,340
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	101,575	51,830	49,740
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	153,265	77,165	76,105
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	279,415	129,920	149,495
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	35,240	25,025	10,220
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	16,850	10,155	6,695
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	18,395	14,865	3,525
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	128,695	53,925	74,770
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	8,835	3,975	4,865
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	106,645	47,000	59,645
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	69,805	28,965	40,850
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	7,385	3,010	4,370
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	4,245	2,365	1,875
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	19,830	9,210	10,625
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	5,380	3,460	1,920
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	342,900	166,730	176,170
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	39,770	22,065	17,705
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	90,635	47,760	42,875
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	212,490	96,900	115,585
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	23,670	16,895	6,775
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	11,450	6,985	4,465
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	12,220	9,905	2,315
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	99,955	42,285	57,670
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	6,080	2,795	3,285
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	82,785	34,925	47,860
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	53,570	21,535	32,030
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	5,510	2,100	3,415
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	3,380	1,675	1,705
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	16,125	7,090	9,035
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	4,200	2,525	1,675
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	534,255	258,915	275,345
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	254,835	128,990	125,850
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	16,255	4,045	12,215
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	16,260	4,045	12,215
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	10,135	4,475	5,660
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	1,940	1,480	460
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	8,195	2,995	5,195
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	15,625	6,170	9,455
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	1,065	225	840
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	4,290	1,270	3,015
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	3,325	1,265	2,060
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	135	25	110
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	1,265	710	560
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	1,755	1,040	715
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	2,825	1,495	1,325
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	970	135	835
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	35,405	10,710	24,695
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	335	35	300
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	2,240	970	1,270
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	8,350	605	7,740
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	5,030	1,410	3,625
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	655	170	490
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	5,640	1,440	4,195
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	13,155	6,080	7,075
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	50,435	19,295	31,140
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	130	35	95
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	5,490	1,070	4,425
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	44,810	18,190	26,620
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	10,050	4,925	5,125
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	4,870	2,180	2,695
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	1,800	780	1,020
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	135	40	100
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	2,610	1,720	890
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	625	215	415
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	10,350	6,580	3,765
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	7,625	5,370	2,255
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	1,040	210	825
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	1,560	935	625
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	130	70	55
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	53,835	50,005	3,830
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	1,755	1,260	500
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	8,660	7,145	1,515
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	12,365	11,320	1,045
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	10,710	10,480	235
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	12,705	12,470	230
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	7,635	7,325	310
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	7,525	5,395	2,125
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	5,915	4,360	1,560
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	1,605	1,035	570
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	51,800	9,875	41,920
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	4,350	2,155	2,190
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	45,995	6,890	39,105
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	1,455	830	625
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	17,920	8,425	9,500
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	9,685	2,175	7,510
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	40	40	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	90	80	10
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	5,290	3,550	1,745
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	2,815	2,580	235
Other	3,170	885	2,280	85	10	70
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	85	10	70
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	342,895	166,730	176,165
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	130,410	69,825	60,580
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	10,580	2,515	8,070
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	10,585	2,510	8,070
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	7,915	3,430	4,490
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	1,440	1,050	390
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	6,480	2,375	4,100
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	11,315	4,295	7,020
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	790	170	615
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	3,120	835	2,290
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	2,315	865	1,455
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	110	25	85
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	990	540	450
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	1,200	710	500
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	2,130	1,085	1,045
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	660	75	585
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	27,885	8,120	19,765
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	290	30	260
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	1,815	770	1,050
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	6,690	470	6,225
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	4,320	1,020	3,305
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	505	120	385
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	4,135	1,015	3,120
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	10,120	4,705	5,420
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	39,250	14,410	24,840
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	115	25	90
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	4,495	790	3,700
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	34,645	13,590	21,055
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	7,585	3,530	4,055
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	3,775	1,615	2,160
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	1,315	530	780
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	120	25	95
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	1,920	1,215	710
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	465	155	310
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	8,715	5,550	3,170
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	6,690	4,695	1,995
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	785	160	625
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	1,140	645	500
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	105	50	55
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	40,420	37,225	3,200
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	1,490	1,075	415
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	6,585	5,315	1,270
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	9,730	8,825	900
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	7,645	7,475	170
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	9,345	9,165	185
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	5,625	5,365	260
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	5,790	4,020	1,770
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	4,545	3,230	1,315
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	1,245	790	455
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	39,360	7,370	31,995
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	3,355	1,620	1,730
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	34,840	5,140	29,695
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	1,175	610	560
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	13,590	6,435	7,155
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	7,060	1,555	5,500
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	30	30	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	45	35	10
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	4,245	2,795	1,450
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	2,215	2,015	195
Other	2,590	745	1,845	65	10	55
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	65	0	55
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	534,260	258,915	275,345
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	254,835	128,995	125,845
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	279,420	129,920	149,500
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	245,715	112,740	132,980
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	233,595	106,960	126,630
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	12,125	5,780	6,350
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	33,700	17,180	16,520
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	6,385	3,425	2,960
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	1,300	425	870
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	2,360	1,245	1,120
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	4,210	2,440	1,770
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	1,715	745	970
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	165	100	65
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	17,570	8,800	8,765
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	342,900	166,730	176,170
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	130,405	69,830	60,580
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	212,490	96,900	115,590
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	188,030	85,200	102,830
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	179,620	81,150	98,475
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	8,405	4,050	4,355
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	24,460	11,695	12,765
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	4,660	2,365	2,295
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	1,085	345	740
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	1,790	860	930
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	2,020	1,115	900
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	1,415	615	800
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	125	75	50
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	13,370	6,325	7,050
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	534,260	258,915	275,345
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	344,320	178,070	166,250
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	320,965	165,580	155,385
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	23,360	12,490	10,870
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	189,935	80,845	109,090
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	64.4	68.8	60.4
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	60.1	64.0	56.4
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	6.8	7.0	6.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	534,255	258,915	275,340
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	178,805	76,455	102,350
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	355,455	182,460	172,990
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	190,100	106,920	83,180
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	165,350	75,545	89,810
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	43.4	43.9	42.8
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	344,320	178,075	166,250
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	7,420	3,755	3,665
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	336,905	174,315	162,590
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	298,995	150,165	148,825
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	37,910	24,150	13,760
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	344,325	178,070	166,250
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	7,420	3,760	3,660
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	336,900	174,315	162,590
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	35,380	21,970	13,405
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	46,765	13,070	33,700
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	17,505	13,685	3,825
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	26,660	5,235	21,420
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	39,240	12,350	26,890
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	8,070	3,485	4,590
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	78,700	32,570	46,135
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	51,785	48,430	3,355
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	7,890	5,705	2,190
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	24,910	17,820	7,090
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	344,320	178,070	166,255
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	7,420	3,760	3,665
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	336,905	174,315	162,590
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	10,855	7,240	3,615
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	555	505	55
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	1,840	1,405	435
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	23,725	21,225	2,505
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	44,490	32,455	12,030
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	11,560	8,165	3,400
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	37,575	17,430	20,145
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	15,795	12,035	3,760
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	5,245	2,750	2,500
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	15,885	6,130	9,750
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	5,400	3,005	2,400
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	18,420	9,715	8,710
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	220	95	125
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	15,860	8,980	6,880
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	27,540	9,200	18,340
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	44,475	7,920	36,555
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	6,660	3,305	3,360
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	23,290	8,925	14,365
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	14,850	6,970	7,880
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	12,645	6,855	5,790
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	320,965	165,580	155,380
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	23,960	12,600	11,365
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	1,300	945	355
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	35,040	26,035	9,000
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	260,660	126,000	134,660
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	260,665	126,000	134,660
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	172,395	78,320	94,080
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	39,875	19,790	20,085
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	47,845	27,575	20,275
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	540	315	225
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	295,700	152,040	143,660
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	236,705	124,800	111,905
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	20,950	9,340	11,610
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	16,670	6,840	9,835
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	15,780	7,530	8,245
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	2,890	2,110	785
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	2,705	1,415	1,285
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	295,700	152,040	143,660
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	96,650	45,675	50,975
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	115,840	58,105	57,735
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	51,705	28,625	23,085
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	16,675	9,370	7,300
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	14,830	10,260	4,570
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	295,700	152,040	143,660
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	19,945	13,755	6,195
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	53,475	33,730	19,745
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	77,285	38,965	38,320
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	60,875	23,825	37,050
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	29,645	12,080	17,570
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	54,465	29,685	24,780
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	366,240	187,880	178,360
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	363,870	186,875	176,990
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	361,630	185,660	175,970
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	360,040	185,260	174,775
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	1,590	395	1,195
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	2,240	1,215	1,020
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	0	0	0
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	0	0	0
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	0	0	0
Malecite	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	0	0	0
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	2,235	1,220	1,020
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	185	130	50
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	0	0	0
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	180	130	55
Amharic	200	95	100	15	10	0
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	165	125	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	10	0	10
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	0	0	0
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	100	45	55
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	20	10	15
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	75	30	45
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	20	0	15
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	15	0	20
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	0	0	0
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	0
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	1,245	670	580
Albanian	350	220	125	0	0	0
Armenian	450	220	230	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	130	50	80
Baltic languages	95	35	60	0	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	0	0	0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	130	50	80
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	0	0	0
Bulgarian	205	110	90	0	0	0
Croatian	220	130	95	10	10	0
Czech	70	40	30	0	0	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	65	25	40
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	45	25	20
Serbian	530	320	210	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	0	0	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	720	405	315
Afrikaans	85	40	40	0	0	0
Danish	90	50	35	0	0	0
Dutch	1,165	630	540	110	75	30
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	520	260	255
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	0	0	0
Swedish	125	55	70	10	10	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	80	60	25
Greek	1,020	545	475	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	55	35	20
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	25	15	15
Bengali	530	275	245	0	0	0
Gujarati	880	300	585	0	0	0
Hindi	1,405	755	650	10	0	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	0	0	0
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	10	10	0
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	0	0	0
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	30	20	0
Kurdish	185	150	40	0	0	0
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	25	15	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	340	180	160
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	10	0	10
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	80	50	25
Romanian	745	365	380	0	0	0
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	255	125	130
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	20	10	10
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	125	60	65
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	10	0	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	75	25	50
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	50	10	45
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	20	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	450	260	190
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	455	265	190
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	135	80	50
Hakka	70	25	45	0	0	0
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	300	175	125
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	25	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	0	0	0
Burmese	75	35	35	0	0	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	0	0	0
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	10	10	10
Lao	150	70	80	15	10	10
Thai	525	205	325	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	10	0	0
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	0	10	0
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	10	0	0
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	10	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	0	10	0
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	2,370	1,000	1,370
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	745	235	510
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	1,580	755	825
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	40	10	30
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	366,240	187,880	178,360
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	354,180	182,365	171,815
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	2,145	880	1,270
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	3,405	1,260	2,140
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	6,280	3,280	3,000
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	40	10	30
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	6,240	3,270	2,970
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	15	0	10
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	25	10	15
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	180	70	110
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	0	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	638,245	312,235	326,010
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	549,180	268,795	280,385
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	89,065	43,445	45,625
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	52,995	25,950	27,050
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	36,070	17,500	18,570
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	29,490	14,205	15,280
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	26,250	12,560	13,690
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	3,245	1,645	1,595
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	6,585	3,290	3,290
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	609,405	297,365	312,045
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	371,500	181,705	189,795
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	237,905	115,660	122,250
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	136,650	66,420	70,235
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	101,255	49,240	52,010
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	81,735	39,595	42,140
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	74,270	35,980	38,295
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	7,465	3,615	3,845
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	19,515	9,645	9,870

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and London [Economic region], Ontario (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 19, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and London [Economic region], Ontario

Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and London [Economic region], Ontario

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and London [Economic region], Ontario