Census Profile, 2016 Census
Nova Scotia [Province] and Quebec [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Nova Scotia [Province]			Quebec [Province]
	Data quality , Nova Scotia [Province] Map : Nova Scotia [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : Quebec [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	923,598	...	...	8,164,361	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	921,727	...	...	7,903,001	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	0.2	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	458,568	...	...	3,858,943	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	401,990	...	...	3,531,663	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	17.4	...	...	6.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	52,942.27	...	...	1,356,625.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	923,600	446,885	476,715	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605
0 to 14 years	133,825	68,370	65,455	1,333,260	682,535	650,720
0 to 4 years	42,005	21,365	20,640	444,930	227,965	216,970
5 to 9 years	45,980	23,650	22,330	469,165	240,225	228,940
10 to 14 years	45,845	23,350	22,490	419,160	214,345	204,815
15 to 64 years	605,950	295,100	310,845	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280
15 to 19 years	51,255	26,240	25,015	429,825	219,070	210,755
20 to 24 years	56,160	28,150	28,010	500,100	252,600	247,500
25 to 29 years	53,725	26,790	26,940	495,410	248,030	247,380
30 to 34 years	51,730	25,130	26,600	515,505	256,440	259,070
35 to 39 years	52,010	24,560	27,450	550,540	274,595	275,945
40 to 44 years	57,050	27,245	29,805	506,525	254,100	252,425
45 to 49 years	61,890	29,720	32,170	519,425	260,410	259,015
50 to 54 years	75,675	36,615	39,065	619,435	309,070	310,370
55 to 59 years	76,505	36,925	39,580	636,475	314,190	322,285
60 to 64 years	69,960	33,735	36,225	562,670	276,140	286,535
65 years and over	183,820	83,415	100,405	1,495,195	669,590	825,605
65 to 69 years	63,710	30,810	32,905	488,175	236,395	251,775
70 to 74 years	45,005	21,520	23,485	373,590	176,905	196,690
75 to 79 years	31,545	14,520	17,030	256,905	116,020	140,890
80 to 84 years	21,915	9,425	12,495	187,835	78,390	109,450
85 years and over	21,645	7,140	14,505	188,685	61,885	126,805
85 to 89 years	13,205	4,845	8,360	120,635	43,795	76,840
90 to 94 years	6,320	1,830	4,485	53,165	15,155	38,015
95 to 99 years	1,855	415	1,430	13,035	2,685	10,350
100 years and over	270	45	225	1,850	255	1,600
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.5	15.3	13.7	16.3	17.0	15.7
15 to 64 years	65.6	66.0	65.2	65.4	66.3	64.4
65 years and over	19.9	18.7	21.1	18.3	16.7	19.9
85 years and over	2.3	1.6	3.0	2.3	1.5	3.1
Average age of the population	43.5	42.5	44.4	41.9	40.9	42.9
Median age of the population	45.5	44.5	46.4	42.5	41.4	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	401,990	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Single-detached house	263,470	...	...	1,602,680	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	21,350	...	...	187,800	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	102,300	...	...	1,717,680	...	...
Semi-detached house	20,465	...	...	188,245	...	...
Row house	10,215	...	...	93,350	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	12,435	...	...	265,195	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	58,405	...	...	1,154,955	...	...
Other single-attached house	780	...	...	15,940	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	14,870	...	...	23,505	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 person	118,670	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
2 persons	156,825	...	...	1,227,765	...	...
3 persons	60,250	...	...	489,460	...	...
4 persons	44,970	...	...	426,250	...	...
5 or more persons	21,275	...	...	212,960	...	...
Number of persons in private households	908,340	...	...	7,965,455	...	...
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	789,770	378,515	411,255	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885
Married or living common law	454,970	227,220	227,750	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395
Married	369,695	184,705	184,990	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260
Living common law	85,275	42,515	42,760	1,501,160	752,025	749,135
Not married and not living common law	334,800	151,295	183,505	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490
Never married	209,455	110,175	99,280	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280
Separated	24,105	10,450	13,655	103,625	46,390	57,240
Divorced	48,835	19,715	29,115	483,195	194,430	288,760
Widowed	52,405	10,955	41,455	389,555	84,345	305,210
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	270,965	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
2 persons	157,600	...	...	1,204,955	...	...
3 persons	56,625	...	...	466,310	...	...
4 persons	41,095	...	...	412,160	...	...
5 or more persons	15,645	...	...	174,140	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	270,965	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
Total couple families	224,065	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Married couples	181,435	...	...	1,128,355	...	...
Common-law couples	42,630	...	...	749,740	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	46,900	...	...	379,460	...	...
Female parent	37,595	...	...	284,900	...	...
Male parent	9,305	...	...	94,565	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	224,065	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Couples without children	128,125	...	...	970,260	...	...
Couples with children	95,940	...	...	907,840	...	...
1 child	43,810	...	...	356,640	...	...
2 children	37,595	...	...	384,875	...	...
3 or more children	14,535	...	...	166,315	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	46,900	...	...	379,465	...	...
1 child	29,480	...	...	234,695	...	...
2 children	12,810	...	...	109,670	...	...
3 or more children	4,610	...	...	35,100	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	175,575	81,140	94,435	1,579,070	775,765	803,305
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	401,990	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
One-census-family households	260,280	...	...	2,197,340	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	124,000	...	...	947,305	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	136,280	...	...	1,250,040	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	5,285	...	...	29,595	...	...
Non-census-family households	136,425	...	...	1,304,725	...	...
One-person households	118,675	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	17,750	...	...	129,500	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	912,300	442,470	469,830	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285
English only	813,480	398,950	414,530	372,445	187,595	184,860
French only	705	305	400	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095
English and French	95,380	41,925	53,460	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275
Neither English nor French	2,735	1,295	1,440	75,065	31,000	44,060
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	912,295	442,470	469,830	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
English	879,465	426,535	452,930	964,120	482,985	481,135
French	28,490	13,890	14,600	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560
English and French	1,760	825	930	278,710	144,060	134,655
Neither English nor French	2,585	1,215	1,365	72,775	29,845	42,930
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	29,370	14,300	15,070	1,103,480	555,015	548,465
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	3.2	3.2	3.2	13.7	14.0	13.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	912,295	442,470	469,830	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	904,240	438,550	465,690	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975
Official languages	859,690	416,245	443,445	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845
English	830,220	401,980	428,240	601,155	301,860	299,300
French	29,465	14,265	15,205	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550
Non-official languages	44,550	22,305	22,245	1,060,830	517,700	543,125
Aboriginal languages	4,290	2,020	2,270	45,570	22,530	23,040
Algonquian languages	4,210	1,985	2,225	33,140	16,365	16,770
Blackfoot	0	0	0	5	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	15	10	5	31,430	15,575	15,855
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	8,715	4,155	4,555
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	285	305
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	135	55	80
Plains Cree	5	0	0	5	0	5
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	35	15	15
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	5	5	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	10	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	15,790	7,920	7,875
Eastern Algonquian languages	4,190	1,975	2,215	485	225	260
Malecite	10	5	5	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	4,185	1,970	2,215	485	220	260
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	1,215	565	645
Algonquin	0	0	0	1,185	555	630
Ojibway	10	0	10	20	10	15
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	5	0	5
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	15	10	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	15	10	5
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	5	5	5	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	5	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	5	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	60	30	35	11,970	5,955	6,015
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	5	0	0	0
Inuktitut	55	30	30	11,895	5,925	5,970
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	75	25	45
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	375	165	210
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	365	160	210
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	0	5	5	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	5	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	5	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	5	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	65	30	35
Non-Aboriginal languages	40,260	20,285	19,975	1,015,260	495,175	520,090
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,760	4,275	3,480	197,535	104,185	93,355
Berber languages	10	10	0	20,845	11,125	9,720
Kabyle	5	0	0	12,470	6,625	5,840
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	8,375	4,500	3,875
Cushitic languages	130	65	65	1,125	545	580
Bilen	5	0	0	10	10	5
Oromo	60	30	25	15	10	5
Somali	50	20	30	1,075	515	560
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	30	20	10
Semitic languages	7,615	4,205	3,415	175,215	92,310	82,900
Amharic	115	50	65	745	340	405
Arabic	7,110	3,950	3,165	169,890	89,590	80,300
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	150	80	70
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	5	15	10	5
Harari	0	0	0	0	5	5
Hebrew	210	115	95	3,885	2,040	1,845
Maltese	15	10	5	25	10	15
Tigrigna	140	65	80	385	185	205
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	110	60	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	355	200	155
Austro-Asiatic languages	505	245	260	36,305	17,030	19,275
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	8,855	4,105	4,750
Vietnamese	490	240	250	27,425	12,920	14,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	2,235	940	1,300	21,635	7,800	13,835
Bikol	5	5	5	115	35	80
Cebuano	150	60	90	885	270	610
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	410	125	275
Ilocano	55	15	40	2,060	745	1,315
Malagasy	0	5	0	1,250	590	660
Malay	55	25	35	705	265	440
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	5	205	90	110
Pangasinan	5	0	0	95	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,905	810	1,090	15,545	5,480	10,065
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	50	10	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	320	140	180
Creole languages	95	60	35	56,990	25,220	31,770
Haitian Creole	5	5	0	2,220	1,055	1,170
Creole, n.o.s.	35	20	10	53,785	23,675	30,110
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	980	490	490
Dravidian languages	1,010	595	420	14,865	7,435	7,430
Kannada	40	20	15	240	130	110
Malayalam	365	205	165	440	235	205
Tamil	315	185	130	13,600	6,715	6,880
Telugu	285	180	110	570	345	230
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	15	10	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	25	10	15
Indo-European languages	18,590	9,320	9,270	553,045	269,625	283,420
Albanian	275	130	140	2,795	1,420	1,370
Armenian	35	30	10	16,430	7,970	8,460
Balto-Slavic languages	3,470	1,645	1,830	68,155	30,960	37,195
Baltic languages	100	35	60	850	335	515
Latvian	50	20	30	290	120	175
Lithuanian	45	15	30	555	215	340
Slavic languages	3,375	1,610	1,765	67,310	30,630	36,675
Belarusan	5	5	5	80	45	35
Bosnian	120	60	65	1,620	805	815
Bulgarian	55	25	30	6,985	3,385	3,600
Croatian	225	105	115	2,330	1,165	1,170
Czech	205	105	100	1,465	690	775
Macedonian	20	10	15	205	105	95
Polish	795	365	435	13,935	6,065	7,865
Russian	1,285	615	670	28,565	12,715	15,850
Serbian	115	60	65	3,140	1,590	1,545
Serbo-Croatian	80	40	40	1,805	865	940
Slovak	100	45	55	1,040	455	585
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	15	755	350	405
Ukrainian	320	155	170	5,210	2,285	2,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	175	90	85
Celtic languages	185	80	100	155	95	60
Scottish Gaelic	145	65	85	20	15	10
Welsh	30	10	15	40	20	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	90	55	30
Germanic languages	5,700	2,800	2,900	27,540	13,280	14,260
Afrikaans	120	55	60	125	60	65
Danish	160	105	60	395	190	200
Dutch	1,620	815	805	2,825	1,395	1,430
Frisian	35	20	15	10	10	0
German	3,435	1,645	1,790	13,670	6,340	7,330
Icelandic	45	20	20	65	30	35
Norwegian	110	60	50	200	100	100
Swedish	110	45	65	555	255	300
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	10	540	240	300
Yiddish	20	10	5	8,985	4,560	4,420
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	175	100	75
Greek	760	390	365	38,635	19,435	19,205
Indo-Iranian languages	4,835	2,650	2,190	76,040	39,205	36,835
Indo-Aryan languages	3,385	1,895	1,490	45,845	23,875	21,970
Bengali	475	290	185	10,995	5,620	5,380
Gujarati	195	125	70	6,070	2,980	3,090
Hindi	745	445	300	3,030	1,635	1,390
Kashmiri	10	5	5	20	15	5
Konkani	5	5	5	110	60	55
Marathi	70	35	35	255	145	110
Nepali	530	255	275	1,505	740	765
Oriya (Odia)	10	5	5	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	310	270	12,380	6,720	5,660
Sindhi	20	10	5	330	160	165
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	85	85	645	310	330
Urdu	575	330	245	10,470	5,460	5,010
Iranian languages	1,425	740	690	29,760	15,105	14,655
Kurdish	115	65	50	985	550	430
Pashto	80	45	35	1,285	680	610
Persian (Farsi)	1,230	630	605	27,490	13,875	13,615
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	440	225	210
Italic (Romance) languages	3,335	1,605	1,730	323,290	157,260	166,030
Catalan	10	5	5	320	170	150
Italian	745	400	340	104,600	51,705	52,895
Portuguese	520	245	270	36,770	17,735	19,035
Romanian	225	110	120	35,840	17,170	18,665
Spanish	1,830	840	985	145,635	70,405	75,235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	125	75	50
Japanese	360	100	260	2,525	775	1,750
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	170	80	85
Georgian	5	0	0	170	80	90
Korean	1,095	475	620	5,160	2,270	2,890
Mongolic languages	5	5	5	190	75	115
Mongolian	0	5	0	195	80	115
Niger-Congo languages	630	325	305	28,355	14,360	13,995
Akan (Twi)	40	25	25	1,050	520	525
Bamanankan	15	5	5	1,200	655	545
Edo	5	0	5	75	45	30
Ewe	40	25	10	730	400	325
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	2,055	1,080	970
Ga	10	5	5	80	40	40
Ganda	20	5	15	35	15	20
Igbo	45	20	20	120	70	50
Lingala	5	0	5	2,465	1,185	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	5	3,345	1,600	1,745
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	15	30	2,500	1,115	1,380
Shona	30	15	15	85	45	40
Swahili	135	65	70	3,010	1,460	1,545
Wolof	10	10	0	3,230	1,745	1,485
Yoruba	65	35	30	255	155	100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	140	75	70	8,135	4,235	3,895
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	40	40	345	180	165
Dinka	20	10	10	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	335	170	165
Sign languages	190	90	100	1,330	700	630
American Sign Language	85	40	50	65	35	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	670	330	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	105	50	55	595	340	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,665	3,335	3,330	76,840	35,775	41,065
Chinese languages	6,635	3,320	3,315	76,490	35,600	40,895
Cantonese	1,145	535	610	24,375	11,505	12,875
Hakka	20	5	15	470	215	260
Mandarin	4,640	2,325	2,315	43,700	20,175	23,525
Min Dong	0	0	0	20	10	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120	50	70	3,225	1,480	1,745
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	30	20	1,075	465	605
Chinese, n.o.s.	645	365	280	3,535	1,710	1,825
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	90	40	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	20	345	175	170
Burmese	15	5	10	80	30	50
Karenic languages	0	0	0	70	40	30
Tibetan	5	0	5	110	65	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	85	45	40
Tai-Kadai languages	155	55	100	4,895	2,185	2,710
Lao	10	0	5	4,115	1,995	2,120
Thai	150	50	100	765	180	585
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	10	5	10
Turkic languages	445	240	205	7,980	4,095	3,880
Azerbaijani	10	10	5	290	160	130
Turkish	305	165	140	7,155	3,685	3,470
Uyghur	5	5	5	205	100	105
Uzbek	110	60	50	145	70	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	185	80	105
Uralic languages	415	180	235	6,400	2,985	3,410
Estonian	40	20	25	195	75	120
Finnish	95	30	60	360	125	240
Hungarian	275	130	150	5,835	2,790	3,045
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	685	385	300
Multiple responses	8,060	3,920	4,140	184,905	92,600	92,310
English and French	3,445	1,600	1,850	72,395	36,695	35,695
English and non-official language	4,180	2,110	2,070	27,485	13,545	13,945
French and non-official language	225	115	105	67,075	33,110	33,970
English, French and non-official language	210	90	120	17,950	9,245	8,705
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	912,300	442,470	469,830	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	900,755	436,755	464,000	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425
Official languages	878,015	425,220	452,795	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685
English	863,550	418,315	445,240	782,185	391,125	391,060
French	14,460	6,910	7,560	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625
Non-official languages	22,740	11,540	11,205	585,890	283,150	302,735
Aboriginal languages	2,570	1,285	1,295	40,190	20,205	19,980
Algonquian languages	2,565	1,280	1,285	28,695	14,385	14,310
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	28,110	14,105	14,005
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	7,375	3,590	3,790
Moose Cree	0	0	0	5	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	295	290
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	60	30	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0	5	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	15	5	10
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	5	5	5
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	14,590	7,355	7,235
Eastern Algonquian languages	2,560	1,280	1,280	220	115	110
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	2,560	1,275	1,280	220	110	105
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	370	170	200
Algonquin	0	0	0	360	165	195
Ojibway	5	0	0	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	5	0	5	11,375	5,770	5,615
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	5	0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	11,350	5,750	5,600
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	20	15	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	70	35	35
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	70	35	30
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	5	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	5	5	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	35	10	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	20,170	10,255	9,915	545,695	262,940	282,755
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,630	2,450	2,180	91,660	46,550	45,110
Berber languages	0	0	0	7,495	3,895	3,605
Kabyle	0	0	0	5,105	2,660	2,450
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	2,390	1,235	1,150
Cushitic languages	85	40	45	535	240	295
Bilen	5	0	5	5	0	5
Oromo	45	20	25	5	0	0
Somali	25	10	15	520	230	290
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	5	5	5
Semitic languages	4,540	2,405	2,130	83,520	42,365	41,160
Amharic	55	25	30	340	150	185
Arabic	4,260	2,270	1,990	81,105	41,150	39,955
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	5	0	95	50	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	10	0	5
Harari	5	0	0	5	0	5
Hebrew	125	70	55	1,705	880	825
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	95	40	55	205	95	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	60	25	35
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	105	50	55
Austro-Asiatic languages	330	160	165	24,980	11,675	13,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	5,180	2,370	2,805
Vietnamese	330	165	170	19,790	9,295	10,495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	15	5	10
Austronesian languages	1,140	550	585	9,715	3,960	5,750
Bikol	0	0	0	15	5	10
Cebuano	55	20	35	230	100	125
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	130	55	75
Ilocano	15	5	5	740	305	435
Malagasy	0	0	0	360	185	170
Malay	0	0	5	175	85	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	60	30	30
Pangasinan	0	0	0	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,065	520	545	7,905	3,150	4,760
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	75	35	35
Creole languages	35	20	20	20,705	8,780	11,925
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	855	380	475
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	19,405	8,200	11,210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	440	200	240
Dravidian languages	425	240	185	11,400	5,595	5,805
Kannada	15	5	10	150	85	65
Malayalam	140	75	60	200	100	100
Tamil	140	80	60	10,720	5,215	5,500
Telugu	125	80	50	330	190	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	15	5	5
Indo-European languages	7,410	3,715	3,690	303,215	146,100	157,115
Albanian	110	60	55	1,615	795	820
Armenian	15	10	10	11,990	5,680	6,310
Balto-Slavic languages	1,405	680	720	40,405	19,085	21,325
Baltic languages	30	10	15	190	80	105
Latvian	10	5	10	75	40	40
Lithuanian	15	5	10	115	40	70
Slavic languages	1,375	675	700	40,220	19,000	21,220
Belarusan	0	0	0	25	15	15
Bosnian	65	30	30	965	475	495
Bulgarian	25	15	10	5,125	2,495	2,630
Croatian	65	25	40	1,015	475	545
Czech	45	25	20	460	220	240
Macedonian	0	0	0	130	65	65
Polish	235	105	125	5,970	2,695	3,270
Russian	785	385	390	20,680	9,775	10,900
Serbian	60	25	35	2,010	1,020	990
Serbo-Croatian	30	15	10	960	470	490
Slovak	20	10	15	245	120	130
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	225	95	135
Ukrainian	55	30	20	2,365	1,060	1,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	40	15	25
Celtic languages	60	35	30	30	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	60	35	30	5	5	0
Welsh	0	0	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	15	15	5
Germanic languages	1,490	725	760	9,890	4,980	4,905
Afrikaans	30	15	15	15	10	10
Danish	15	0	15	50	25	25
Dutch	135	70	70	375	170	205
Frisian	5	0	0	0	0	0
German	1,225	600	625	2,550	1,190	1,365
Icelandic	30	10	15	30	15	20
Norwegian	20	5	10	20	5	10
Swedish	15	5	5	105	50	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	70	35	40
Yiddish	5	0	0	6,665	3,485	3,180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	10	5	5
Greek	270	135	130	18,545	8,865	9,680
Indo-Iranian languages	2,815	1,475	1,335	53,555	26,845	26,710
Indo-Aryan languages	1,850	995	860	31,575	15,985	15,585
Bengali	250	135	115	8,180	4,055	4,125
Gujarati	100	60	35	3,840	1,860	1,985
Hindi	310	190	120	1,535	790	745
Kashmiri	5	5	0	5	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	30	15	15
Marathi	30	15	15	80	40	40
Nepali	475	235	240	1,355	655	700
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	15	10	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	250	125	125	8,840	4,690	4,155
Sindhi	5	5	0	135	65	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	45	50	365	185	180
Urdu	340	175	165	7,180	3,620	3,565
Iranian languages	960	475	480	21,745	10,740	11,010
Kurdish	85	50	40	510	280	235
Pashto	45	20	20	925	460	465
Persian (Farsi)	825	405	420	20,310	10,005	10,305
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	235	120	120
Italic (Romance) languages	1,240	595	645	167,190	79,835	87,355
Catalan	5	0	0	110	50	60
Italian	165	70	85	32,935	14,595	18,340
Portuguese	195	90	105	17,260	8,250	9,005
Romanian	70	35	35	24,520	12,000	12,525
Spanish	810	390	420	92,330	44,920	47,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	35	20	15
Japanese	110	35	70	1,050	425	620
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	70	35	35
Georgian	0	0	0	70	40	35
Korean	710	330	385	3,540	1,630	1,910
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	145	70	75
Mongolian	0	0	0	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages	165	80	85	7,250	3,450	3,800
Akan (Twi)	10	0	10	445	215	235
Bamanankan	0	0	0	265	135	125
Edo	0	0	0	10	5	5
Ewe	15	5	5	140	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	530	255	280
Ga	5	0	0	15	5	10
Ganda	5	0	5	5	5	5
Igbo	15	5	5	15	10	10
Lingala	0	5	0	625	270	355
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	1,110	510	600
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10	530	225	305
Shona	0	0	0	20	10	10
Swahili	60	30	35	1,100	535	565
Wolof	0	0	0	1,035	555	480
Yoruba	20	10	10	55	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	1,350	635	710
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	20	135	70	65
Dinka	10	5	10	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	130	65	65
Sign languages	285	145	140	1,770	1,000	775
American Sign Language	110	55	60	90	35	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	700	360	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	175	90	80	985	600	385
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,550	2,345	2,200	60,370	28,925	31,450
Chinese languages	4,545	2,345	2,200	60,155	28,805	31,345
Cantonese	640	335	310	17,845	8,470	9,375
Hakka	5	0	0	155	75	80
Mandarin	3,410	1,740	1,675	37,075	17,870	19,200
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	25	25	1,830	830	1,000
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	10	780	355	420
Chinese, n.o.s.	415	235	180	2,435	1,190	1,240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	40	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	215	115	100
Burmese	0	0	0	35	15	20
Karenic languages	0	0	0	65	40	30
Tibetan	0	0	0	70	45	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	55	20	35	2,375	1,145	1,230
Lao	0	0	0	2,150	1,055	1,100
Thai	55	15	35	225	90	135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	215	110	105	5,120	2,540	2,575
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	100	50	55
Turkish	140	70	75	4,715	2,340	2,370
Uyghur	0	0	0	140	75	70
Uzbek	70	40	30	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	65	30	35
Uralic languages	75	35	40	2,025	895	1,130
Estonian	5	5	5	30	10	20
Finnish	15	10	5	50	20	30
Hungarian	55	25	30	1,945	860	1,085
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	150	90	60
Multiple responses	11,540	5,715	5,825	322,820	157,960	164,860
English and French	2,180	995	1,185	86,715	43,820	42,890
English and non-official language	8,970	4,515	4,450	54,400	26,255	28,140
French and non-official language	75	40	30	139,385	66,610	72,775
English, French and non-official language	315	155	160	42,320	21,270	21,045
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	912,295	442,470	469,825	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285
None	861,780	418,525	443,260	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900
English	17,005	8,480	8,525	513,410	263,670	249,735
French	16,390	7,210	9,175	320,370	158,340	162,030
Non-official language	16,275	7,850	8,420	317,790	154,450	163,340
Aboriginal	2,135	930	1,205	5,700	2,645	3,060
Non-Aboriginal	14,135	6,920	7,220	312,085	151,810	160,280
English and French	150	70	80	36,235	18,285	17,955
English and non-official language	220	105	115	28,630	14,075	14,555
French and non-official language	470	230	245	23,470	11,365	12,095
English, French and non-official language	5	5	0	1,420	740	680
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	774,750	372,455	402,290	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	744,260	358,055	386,205	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,813	38,379	26,750	32,975	37,842	28,522
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	744,545	358,085	386,455	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	28,627	33,642	24,590	29,535	33,110	26,119
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	648,960	320,380	328,580	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,938	36,363	24,497	30,067	35,597	25,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	554,985	243,860	311,130	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,438	8,175	6,961	7,307	5,851	8,246
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	523,020	264,375	258,645	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,979	35,676	25,405	31,263	35,627	27,219
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	774,750	372,455	402,295	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	744,275	357,820	386,455	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	41,479	49,413	34,132	42,546	49,087	36,203
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	744,560	357,855	386,710	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,175	39,776	28,993	34,887	39,292	30,616
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	648,910	320,370	328,540	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,299	48,457	32,345	40,505	47,810	33,079
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	555,740	243,445	312,295	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	8,495	8,859	8,211	8,590	7,846	9,229
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	523,020	264,475	258,545	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	39,522	46,606	32,275	40,382	45,974	34,313
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	774,750	372,455	402,295	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	245,425	131,095	114,325	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	47,665	53,785	42,236	47,111	51,622	42,433
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	56,820	63,886	48,717	56,564	62,750	49,085
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	84.6	87.7	80.7	84.4	88.3	79.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	66.9	69.7	63.3	68.4	71.4	64.6
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	15.4	12.3	19.3	15.6	11.7	20.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	774,750	372,455	402,295	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140
Without total income	30,485	14,395	16,090	216,685	99,555	117,125
With total income	744,265	358,060	386,205	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Percentage with total income	96.1	96.1	96.0	96.7	96.9	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	104,125	43,575	60,545	789,595	351,935	437,660
$10,000 to $19,999	134,355	50,310	84,050	1,188,135	476,630	711,500
$20,000 to $29,999	114,855	47,195	67,660	976,210	428,390	547,830
$30,000 to $39,999	98,325	45,040	53,280	852,735	414,105	438,625
$40,000 to $49,999	79,435	39,605	39,830	747,995	378,215	369,780
$50,000 to $59,999	57,255	32,255	25,000	540,265	292,110	248,150
$60,000 to $69,999	41,715	25,830	15,885	375,935	214,805	161,130
$70,000 to $79,999	33,195	19,945	13,250	286,025	164,240	121,790
$80,000 to $89,999	25,500	14,900	10,605	189,350	113,715	75,635
$90,000 to $99,999	15,530	10,095	5,435	122,750	80,090	42,660
$100,000 and over	39,965	29,300	10,665	348,620	246,360	102,255
$100,000 to $149,999	28,130	20,205	7,925	236,515	164,145	72,370
$150,000 and over	11,835	9,095	2,745	112,105	82,215	29,885
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	774,750	372,455	402,295	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140
Without after-tax income	30,205	14,370	15,840	215,120	99,375	115,750
With after-tax income	744,540	358,085	386,455	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395
Percentage with after-tax income	96.1	96.1	96.1	96.8	97.0	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	108,630	44,435	64,195	822,725	359,045	463,675
$10,000 to $19,999	142,975	54,160	88,815	1,246,480	505,165	741,315
$20,000 to $29,999	138,435	58,900	79,535	1,192,885	541,080	651,810
$30,000 to $39,999	119,130	56,990	62,145	1,096,510	553,200	543,315
$40,000 to $49,999	84,245	46,675	37,565	793,150	425,040	368,115
$50,000 to $59,999	56,235	34,590	21,645	498,475	283,130	215,345
$60,000 to $69,999	39,320	23,195	16,125	309,415	180,470	128,945
$70,000 to $79,999	21,210	13,950	7,260	167,895	108,500	59,395
$80,000 and over	34,360	25,185	9,170	291,635	205,155	86,485
$80,000 to $89,999	11,615	8,185	3,430	95,010	64,670	30,335
$90,000 to $99,999	6,825	4,950	1,875	55,980	39,080	16,905
$100,000 and over	15,915	12,050	3,860	140,645	101,405	39,240
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	774,745	372,455	402,295	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Without employment income	251,730	108,080	143,650	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775
With employment income	523,020	264,370	258,640	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375
Percentage with employment income	67.5	71.0	64.3	69.8	73.9	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	72,940	34,125	38,820	606,300	311,780	294,520
$5,000 to $9,999	45,820	19,475	26,350	367,030	162,150	204,885
$10,000 to $19,999	76,685	33,555	43,130	681,920	305,995	375,920
$20,000 to $29,999	66,155	29,385	36,770	586,140	269,950	316,195
$30,000 to $39,999	60,485	27,455	33,035	565,425	277,135	288,285
$40,000 to $49,999	49,395	24,470	24,925	476,665	247,105	229,560
$50,000 to $59,999	37,685	21,735	15,955	359,180	203,580	155,600
$60,000 to $69,999	28,695	17,955	10,740	266,650	156,255	110,395
$70,000 to $79,999	24,970	14,750	10,220	224,040	129,890	94,150
$80,000 and over	60,175	41,470	18,705	494,440	344,585	149,855
$80,000 to $89,999	20,175	11,645	8,535	139,830	90,295	49,540
$90,000 to $99,999	11,685	7,975	3,715	93,860	64,160	29,700
$100,000 and over	28,310	21,850	6,460	260,745	190,125	70,620
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	60,764	...	...	59,822	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	53,129	...	...	52,207	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	118,670	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	30,377	...	...	31,574	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	27,511	...	...	28,469	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	283,320	...	...	2,356,430	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	77,136	...	...	78,645	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	66,538	...	...	67,665	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	76,797	...	...	77,306	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	63,299	...	...	63,404	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	118,705	...	...	1,174,695	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,601	...	...	40,042	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	32,962	...	...	33,262	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	283,285	...	...	2,356,970	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	92,383	...	...	95,878	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,011	...	...	78,426	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Under $5,000	6,830	...	...	47,170	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	7,755	...	...	56,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	12,330	...	...	119,570	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	20,155	...	...	180,865	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	20,210	...	...	179,690	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	18,700	...	...	154,150	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	21,645	...	...	185,000	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	19,995	...	...	184,435	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	19,285	...	...	179,855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	18,235	...	...	170,445	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	33,450	...	...	313,600	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	30,470	...	...	273,620	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	27,755	...	...	241,940	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	24,340	...	...	208,620	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	20,240	...	...	176,355	...	...
$100,000 and over	100,600	...	...	860,030	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	38,090	...	...	327,435	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	24,330	...	...	204,105	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	23,445	...	...	192,155	...	...
$200,000 and over	14,730	...	...	136,335	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	401,990	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Under $5,000	7,145	...	...	50,445	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	7,885	...	...	57,335	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	12,545	...	...	120,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	21,370	...	...	190,300	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	23,030	...	...	202,905	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	22,365	...	...	187,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	25,495	...	...	231,765	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	23,945	...	...	225,695	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	22,630	...	...	211,990	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	21,635	...	...	202,760	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	40,585	...	...	363,775	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	35,920	...	...	309,825	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	29,795	...	...	256,150	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	24,160	...	...	208,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	19,275	...	...	166,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	64,210	...	...	545,440	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	31,985	...	...	269,170	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,940	...	...	130,225	...	...
$150,000 and over	16,280	...	...	146,045	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	269,560	...	...	2,261,890	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	77,529	...	...	79,378	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	66,728	...	...	68,152	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	121,200	...	...	930,195	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	71,495	...	...	70,075	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	61,883	...	...	60,224	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	97,460	...	...	911,980	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	104,981	...	...	105,246	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	88,099	...	...	88,844	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	3.8	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	43,560	...	...	364,085	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	45,597	...	...	52,708	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	42,309	...	...	47,805	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	269,510	...	...	2,262,045	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	93,027	...	...	96,863	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,371	...	...	79,060	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	121,285	...	...	929,645	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	85,511	...	...	86,304	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,143	...	...	70,167	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	97,490	...	...	912,560	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	119,890	...	...	122,835	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	97,021	...	...	99,279	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	43,470	...	...	363,610	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	54,587	...	...	61,753	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	47,700	...	...	53,052	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	157,715	73,825	83,890	1,433,210	711,180	722,030
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,180	30,235	26,673	29,195	31,526	27,210
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	25,848	27,176	24,859	26,706	28,214	25,434
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	157,410	73,440	83,970	1,430,625	708,225	722,405
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	36,847	38,945	35,012	37,684	39,840	35,571
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	30,893	31,946	29,973	31,513	32,729	30,321
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	908,340	440,700	467,640	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970
In the bottom half of the distribution	519,830	244,725	275,105	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115
In the bottom decile	105,810	49,730	56,080	747,785	368,385	379,395
In the second decile	112,825	49,900	62,920	898,605	408,705	489,900
In the third decile	102,515	48,345	54,175	997,185	481,975	515,210
In the fourth decile	100,645	48,515	52,130	996,230	490,275	505,960
In the fifth decile	98,030	48,235	49,800	938,080	467,425	470,655
In the top half of the distribution	388,510	195,975	192,540	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855
In the sixth decile	94,350	47,240	47,110	881,640	444,865	436,775
In the seventh decile	89,765	45,260	44,505	806,685	409,470	397,220
In the eighth decile	83,140	41,815	41,330	700,450	357,000	343,455
In the ninth decile	69,850	35,450	34,400	557,160	286,195	270,960
In the top decile	51,410	26,210	25,195	441,630	227,185	214,445
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	898,345	435,895	462,450	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945
0 to 17 years	159,820	81,670	78,150	1,564,410	800,455	763,960
0 to 5 years	49,595	25,280	24,310	532,410	272,790	259,625
18 to 64 years	565,395	274,120	291,275	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980
65 years and over	173,125	80,100	93,025	1,335,220	620,210	715,010
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	154,955	70,415	84,540	1,160,190	542,405	617,785
0 to 17 years	35,525	18,145	17,380	222,955	114,410	108,540
0 to 5 years	12,740	6,470	6,275	75,270	38,595	36,670
18 to 64 years	88,355	40,375	47,985	688,130	334,825	353,305
65 years and over	31,075	11,890	19,185	249,110	93,170	155,930
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.2	16.2	18.3	14.6	13.8	15.4
0 to 17 years (%)	22.2	22.2	22.2	14.3	14.3	14.2
0 to 5 years (%)	25.7	25.6	25.8	14.1	14.1	14.1
18 to 64 years (%)	15.6	14.7	16.5	13.7	13.4	14.0
65 years and over (%)	17.9	14.8	20.6	18.7	15.0	21.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	70,745	34,290	36,460	731,340	358,085	373,260
0 to 17 years	15,285	7,805	7,485	129,325	66,400	62,925
0 to 5 years	5,645	2,870	2,775	44,375	22,705	21,675
18 to 64 years	52,220	25,185	27,030	514,540	261,485	253,060
65 years and over	3,240	1,295	1,945	87,475	30,205	57,270
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.9	7.9	7.9	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	9.6	9.6	9.6	8.3	8.3	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	11.4	11.4	11.4	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	9.2	9.2	9.3	10.2	10.5	10.0
65 years and over (%)	1.9	1.6	2.1	6.6	4.9	8.0
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	908,340	440,730	467,605	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Official languages	905,700	439,525	466,180	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890
English	905,020	439,215	465,805	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225
French	95,740	42,150	53,585	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200
Non-official languages	64,100	31,380	32,725	1,610,980	776,265	834,720
Aboriginal languages	5,645	2,685	2,960	50,890	25,190	25,700
Algonquian languages	5,575	2,635	2,935	37,515	18,545	18,965
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	20	15	10	34,415	17,050	17,370
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	9,850	4,735	5,115
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	10	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	775	385	385
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	260	130	130
Plains Cree	0	0	0	10	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	35	25	10
Swampy Cree	10	0	0	15	0	10
Woods Cree	0	0	0	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	10	0	17,175	8,600	8,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	5,550	2,625	2,920	885	460	420
Malecite	10	0	10	10	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5,540	2,625	2,920	880	460	425
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	2,340	1,105	1,235
Algonquin	0	0	0	2,240	1,055	1,185
Ojibway	10	0	10	105	50	50
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	20	10
Athabaskan languages	15	15	10	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	20	15	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	10	0	10	0	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	10	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	10	10	10	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	10	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	35	25	15	12,595	6,270	6,330
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	30	15	10	12,485	6,210	6,270
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	115	60	60
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0	740	360	375
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	10	0	690	350	335
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	15	35
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	10	30	15	10
Salish languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	10	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	90	40	55
Non-Aboriginal languages	58,490	28,715	29,770	1,560,375	751,215	809,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,730	5,745	4,985	301,035	157,545	143,490
Berber languages	25	15	15	27,595	14,650	12,945
Kabyle	25	15	15	16,170	8,580	7,590
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	11,580	6,150	5,425
Cushitic languages	155	65	95	1,550	745	805
Bilen	20	15	10	35	20	10
Oromo	40	15	20	45	30	10
Somali	75	25	55	1,460	680	780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	10	10	0
Semitic languages	10,635	5,715	4,925	286,625	149,970	136,660
Amharic	260	135	120	1,145	540	600
Arabic	9,685	5,185	4,500	267,965	140,280	127,685
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	195	95	95
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	10	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	630	370	260	18,035	9,490	8,540
Maltese	25	0	25	40	10	25
Tigrigna	140	65	70	420	195	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	180	85	95
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	810	430	380
Austro-Asiatic languages	575	260	310	46,050	21,955	24,095
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	10	11,840	5,620	6,220
Vietnamese	555	255	300	34,580	16,520	18,060
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	40	25	15
Austronesian languages	3,035	1,275	1,760	31,230	11,820	19,410
Bikol	10	0	10	105	45	60
Cebuano	185	80	100	1,105	360	750
Fijian	10	0	0	15	0	10
Hiligaynon	45	20	30	540	195	350
Ilocano	70	20	55	2,500	890	1,610
Malagasy	10	0	0	1,980	940	1,040
Malay	80	25	60	1,210	525	690
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	10	0	195	95	100
Pangasinan	0	0	0	60	20	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,835	1,195	1,635	26,705	9,785	16,915
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	55	10	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	540	270	275
Creole languages	360	185	175	115,445	51,970	63,475
Haitian Creole	35	20	15	4,910	2,285	2,620
Creole, n.o.s.	120	60	65	108,315	48,615	59,705
Creole languages, n.i.e.	210	115	100	2,835	1,390	1,445
Dravidian languages	1,365	785	580	18,710	9,495	9,210
Kannada	75	45	35	415	210	205
Malayalam	560	310	250	510	285	220
Tamil	450	260	190	17,245	8,680	8,565
Telugu	350	215	135	930	540	390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	35	15	25
Indo-European languages	30,820	15,070	15,755	912,945	435,785	477,155
Albanian	405	185	215	3,375	1,730	1,645
Armenian	80	45	30	20,290	9,790	10,500
Balto-Slavic languages	4,095	1,935	2,160	88,425	41,725	46,700
Baltic languages	110	35	80	1,080	500	585
Latvian	50	15	35	335	150	185
Lithuanian	55	15	40	755	350	410
Slavic languages	4,010	1,910	2,105	87,520	41,315	46,205
Belarusan	10	0	10	365	150	215
Bosnian	145	60	80	1,975	990	985
Bulgarian	75	35	35	7,345	3,595	3,750
Croatian	275	105	165	3,580	1,760	1,820
Czech	210	95	110	2,070	975	1,095
Macedonian	90	55	30	285	140	145
Polish	900	410	490	17,760	8,090	9,665
Russian	1,945	970	970	46,665	22,265	24,400
Serbian	180	85	95	4,050	1,980	2,070
Serbo-Croatian	115	70	50	2,385	1,140	1,245
Slovak	145	70	75	1,520	705	820
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	10	20	970	490	480
Ukrainian	425	180	245	9,015	3,885	5,135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	150	75	75
Celtic languages	1,070	495	580	495	305	195
Scottish Gaelic	910	400	505	155	95	65
Welsh	35	25	10	85	45	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	155	80	75	265	175	95
Germanic languages	9,225	4,490	4,740	63,370	31,835	31,530
Afrikaans	320	140	175	415	260	150
Danish	235	125	110	835	410	420
Dutch	2,105	935	1,165	5,060	2,665	2,395
Frisian	60	30	30	15	10	0
German	6,335	3,180	3,155	43,475	21,950	21,530
Icelandic	100	40	60	140	80	60
Norwegian	150	105	40	510	255	255
Swedish	245	115	130	1,580	785	795
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	10	15	760	265	495
Yiddish	30	15	15	12,375	6,225	6,155
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	125	45	85	270	125	140
Greek	1,315	670	645	51,060	25,520	25,540
Indo-Iranian languages	6,535	3,635	2,900	93,655	48,040	45,615
Indo-Aryan languages	4,935	2,790	2,140	59,570	30,870	28,700
Bengali	625	350	275	12,870	6,610	6,260
Gujarati	240	150	90	7,950	3,860	4,090
Hindi	2,270	1,300	975	15,570	8,285	7,280
Kashmiri	15	0	10	45	35	15
Konkani	15	15	0	150	70	75
Marathi	135	85	45	475	240	230
Nepali	620	315	305	1,445	725	720
Oriya (Odia)	20	10	15	55	35	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,010	570	445	17,860	9,690	8,165
Sindhi	10	0	0	500	240	255
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	245	125	120	1,335	625	710
Urdu	1,090	660	425	16,545	8,655	7,890
Iranian languages	1,625	865	755	35,420	17,830	17,585
Kurdish	185	110	75	1,255	665	590
Pashto	85	55	30	1,825	1,005	825
Persian (Farsi)	1,385	725	660	32,965	16,560	16,405
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	845	425	420
Italic (Romance) languages	9,365	4,270	5,100	627,545	293,620	333,920
Catalan	15	10	10	890	525	365
Italian	1,665	845	820	173,710	84,430	89,275
Portuguese	910	480	430	55,100	27,620	27,475
Romanian	240	140	105	42,655	20,550	22,110
Spanish	6,990	3,020	3,970	390,355	177,610	212,745
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	55	20	490	345	145
Japanese	865	335	530	7,040	3,340	3,695
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	220	110	110
Georgian	0	10	0	215	105	110
Korean	1,530	685	850	6,260	2,825	3,430
Mongolic languages	10	0	10	270	135	130
Mongolian	0	0	0	265	135	130
Niger-Congo languages	1,340	715	620	52,840	26,665	26,175
Akan (Twi)	65	40	30	1,800	945	855
Bamanankan	10	10	10	2,385	1,240	1,145
Edo	10	10	0	190	95	95
Ewe	80	50	30	1,410	865	545
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	10	0	3,400	1,785	1,620
Ga	30	15	20	315	155	160
Ganda	60	15	40	90	40	55
Igbo	70	45	30	275	190	90
Lingala	30	15	15	9,630	4,430	5,200
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	4,490	2,210	2,285
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	65	65	3,535	1,640	1,895
Shona	65	40	35	150	75	80
Swahili	370	200	175	8,015	4,080	3,935
Wolof	35	15	20	6,555	3,545	3,015
Yoruba	250	125	125	885	485	395
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	300	175	130	17,720	9,125	8,595
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	30	20	695	345	350
Dinka	0	0	10	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	30	10	695	345	350
Sign languages	1,605	555	1,045	7,775	3,095	4,675
American Sign Language	795	235	555	675	245	435
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	4,405	1,590	2,815
Sign languages, n.i.e.	815	325	495	2,960	1,350	1,605
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,135	3,615	3,515	90,460	42,695	47,770
Chinese languages	7,115	3,610	3,500	90,060	42,480	47,580
Cantonese	1,555	730	820	31,885	14,900	16,980
Hakka	45	25	25	545	240	310
Mandarin	5,435	2,720	2,710	59,240	27,560	31,685
Min Dong	0	0	0	15	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	195	75	120	4,215	1,860	2,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	35	30	1,230	535	690
Chinese, n.o.s.	575	340	245	4,800	2,380	2,425
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	90	40	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	15	430	235	195
Burmese	0	0	0	140	75	60
Karenic languages	0	0	0	105	55	45
Tibetan	20	10	15	65	50	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	140	65	80
Tai-Kadai languages	240	110	130	7,280	3,400	3,880
Lao	20	0	10	5,785	2,850	2,935
Thai	220	100	120	2,255	875	1,375
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Turkic languages	620	320	300	12,475	6,265	6,210
Azerbaijani	20	20	0	510	275	235
Turkish	480	225	255	11,415	5,755	5,665
Uyghur	15	0	10	230	110	120
Uzbek	105	60	40	230	105	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	235	115	120
Uralic languages	430	200	230	7,870	3,710	4,160
Estonian	50	25	20	150	55	95
Finnish	120	55	70	500	195	305
Hungarian	255	115	140	7,215	3,450	3,765
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	2,140	1,170	970
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	908,340	440,735	467,605	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	878,415	425,340	453,070	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350
Canadian citizens aged under 18	159,440	81,575	77,870	1,521,230	779,620	741,610
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	718,970	343,770	375,200	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	29,930	15,395	14,535	379,910	188,245	191,665
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	908,340	440,730	467,605	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	842,760	407,740	435,015	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	55,675	27,270	28,405	1,091,310	530,325	560,980
Before 1981	19,200	9,335	9,865	238,655	117,080	121,575
1981 to 1990	4,800	2,330	2,470	127,340	63,150	64,190
1991 to 2000	6,705	3,140	3,560	187,860	89,210	98,650
2001 to 2010	13,185	6,540	6,645	322,280	155,785	166,495
2001 to 2005	5,105	2,500	2,600	140,170	67,835	72,335
2006 to 2010	8,080	4,035	4,045	182,115	87,945	94,165
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	11,790	5,925	5,865	215,170	105,105	110,065
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	9,900	5,720	4,185	86,065	45,765	40,295
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	55,675	27,270	28,410	1,091,305	530,325	560,980
Under 5 years	7,280	3,495	3,785	112,930	54,600	58,330
5 to 14 years	10,445	5,240	5,205	174,020	87,165	86,855
15 to 24 years	10,170	4,670	5,500	215,350	98,880	116,475
25 to 44 years	22,980	11,315	11,660	515,770	256,095	259,675
45 years and over	4,800	2,550	2,250	73,230	33,590	39,640
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	55,680	27,270	28,410	1,091,305	530,330	560,980
Americas	10,610	4,830	5,780	247,505	113,190	134,315
Brazil	175	75	100	7,345	3,515	3,830
Colombia	175	90	85	25,580	11,645	13,935
El Salvador	95	50	45	11,120	5,500	5,615
Guyana	170	85	90	2,490	1,085	1,410
Haiti	55	30	30	80,965	35,375	45,585
Jamaica	480	210	275	4,665	2,040	2,625
Mexico	325	155	175	15,820	7,090	8,730
Peru	105	35	75	13,265	5,945	7,325
Trinidad and Tobago	220	120	100	4,075	1,840	2,240
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	7,375	3,320	4,055	25,955	12,800	13,155
Other places of birth in Americas	1,430	675	750	56,235	26,370	29,870
Europe	22,110	11,195	10,920	311,090	154,910	156,185
Bosnia and Herzegovina	210	115	100	3,785	1,890	1,895
Croatia	180	75	105	2,140	1,085	1,050
France	610	330	280	81,225	43,490	37,735
Germany	2,600	1,270	1,330	9,750	4,365	5,390
Greece	505	270	235	18,420	9,135	9,285
Hungary	110	40	65	3,325	1,620	1,700
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	475	225	255	820	485	330
Italy	525	310	215	51,025	25,370	25,655
Netherlands	1,645	790	855	1,990	1,035	955
Poland	630	265	365	10,735	4,675	6,060
Portugal	220	140	80	18,985	9,185	9,800
Romania	180	100	80	28,695	13,695	15,005
Russian Federation	585	270	315	11,355	4,975	6,375
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	90	45	45	1,790	830	960
Ukraine	335	145	195	8,670	3,800	4,870
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	11,275	5,815	5,460	12,905	6,645	6,260
Other places of birth in Europe	1,930	985	945	45,500	22,630	22,870
Africa	3,525	1,855	1,675	241,410	125,250	116,165
Algeria	25	15	15	59,465	31,180	28,280
Egypt	770	395	370	19,490	10,290	9,200
Ethiopia	185	105	85	995	495	495
Kenya	125	75	50	785	355	430
Morocco	80	50	30	60,700	31,435	29,270
Nigeria	350	185	165	1,340	740	600
Somalia	65	30	35	580	270	310
South Africa, Republic of	460	205	250	865	475	385
Other places of birth in Africa	1,465	790	675	97,200	50,005	47,190
Asia	18,955	9,100	9,855	289,825	136,175	153,655
Afghanistan	100	40	60	7,280	3,640	3,640
Bangladesh	315	180	135	7,940	3,990	3,950
China^{Census data footnote 59}	2,830	1,140	1,685	49,555	19,905	29,655
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	280	130	155	4,730	2,290	2,435
India	2,225	1,190	1,040	17,865	9,195	8,670
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	970	525	440	17,760	8,880	8,885
Iraq	525	250	285	3,735	1,960	1,775
Japan	225	60	170	1,725	395	1,330
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	870	340	530	4,230	1,995	2,230
Lebanon	1,370	755	610	39,135	20,800	18,340
Pakistan	615	315	295	10,010	5,260	4,750
Philippines	2,570	1,035	1,540	24,410	9,040	15,370
Sri Lanka	310	140	175	10,715	5,335	5,380
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	1,150	565	580	17,775	8,800	8,980
Taiwan	225	100	120	2,735	1,100	1,635
Viet Nam	450	205	245	25,440	11,765	13,675
Other places of birth in Asia	3,930	2,130	1,795	44,795	21,840	22,950
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	480	295	180	1,480	805	670
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	11,785	5,920	5,870	215,170	105,105	110,065
Americas	1,390	675	715	47,710	22,625	25,085
Brazil	95	40	55	3,010	1,495	1,520
Colombia	15	0	15	7,540	3,465	4,075
Cuba	70	40	30	2,565	1,260	1,315
Haiti	20	15	0	16,880	7,690	9,190
Jamaica	195	100	95	190	140	55
Mexico	105	55	45	4,210	1,955	2,255
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	615	310	305	3,990	2,265	1,720
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	15	10	10	1,955	935	1,020
Other places of birth in Americas	275	115	165	7,365	3,425	3,935
Europe	2,210	1,165	1,045	39,320	20,085	19,235
France	110	55	55	20,030	10,855	9,175
Germany	215	110	100	580	250	330
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	75	50	25	135	105	35
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	25	10	15	3,750	1,695	2,055
Romania	40	25	15	2,945	1,260	1,685
Russian Federation	180	75	100	1,970	865	1,105
Ukraine	140	55	80	2,460	1,110	1,350
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	1,080	620	460	860	565	290
Other places of birth in Europe	355	165	190	6,590	3,385	3,205
Africa	1,085	600	485	74,200	37,110	37,090
Algeria	15	0	10	16,380	8,060	8,320
Cameroon	0	0	10	7,550	3,705	3,845
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	30	25	3,370	1,655	1,715
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	5,070	2,505	2,565
Egypt	205	105	95	4,360	2,260	2,095
Eritrea	70	40	30	50	30	20
Ethiopia	45	35	10	125	65	60
Morocco	30	15	10	13,475	6,675	6,805
Nigeria	200	100	100	540	280	260
Somalia	10	0	10	95	40	50
South Africa, Republic of	80	35	45	175	115	60
Tunisia	10	10	0	5,855	3,025	2,825
Other places of birth in Africa	365	220	150	17,155	8,690	8,470
Asia	7,035	3,435	3,600	53,595	25,070	28,525
Afghanistan	20	0	20	1,555	715	840
Bangladesh	80	50	30	860	455	405
China^{Census data footnote 59}	985	465	520	10,705	4,805	5,895
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	10	0	0	120	35	80
India	900	490	410	2,960	1,555	1,405
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	260	135	125	7,505	3,545	3,960
Iraq	245	125	120	985	465	515
Israel	280	180	100	645	390	255
Japan	70	25	50	330	30	295
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	225	75	150	825	370	455
Lebanon	75	35	40	3,955	2,100	1,860
Nepal	185	95	85	360	165	195
Pakistan	145	80	65	1,815	920	895
Philippines	1,500	640	860	5,635	2,345	3,290
Saudi Arabia	125	75	50	435	210	225
Sri Lanka	100	55	50	860	380	480
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	890	420	460	7,455	3,740	3,715
Taiwan	0	0	0	170	60	105
Turkey	100	55	40	585	300	285
United Arab Emirates	70	45	20	300	160	145
Viet Nam	65	20	45	1,505	560	945
Other places of birth in Asia	715	370	345	4,025	1,765	2,265
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	70	50	20	345	215	135
Australia	35	30	0	190	120	70
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	35	15	15	155	95	65
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	908,340	440,735	467,605	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	70,310	35,320	34,990	1,204,895	590,175	614,720
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	69,125	33,765	35,360	792,085	399,535	392,550
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	768,905	371,645	397,260	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	37,000	18,195	18,805	867,685	420,465	447,220
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	21,830	11,270	10,560	469,015	243,915	225,100
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	8,710	5,865	2,845	224,720	137,975	86,745
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	13,115	5,405	7,710	244,300	105,945	138,360
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	10,415	4,455	5,955	241,225	96,130	145,095
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	4,520	2,345	2,175	146,295	75,100	71,195
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	235	120	115	11,150	5,320	5,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	908,340	440,730	467,605	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	51,495	24,900	26,595	182,885	91,890	90,995
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	49,935	24,175	25,765	175,960	88,635	87,325
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	25,830	12,460	13,370	92,655	45,510	47,145
Métis	23,315	11,325	11,985	69,365	36,260	33,100
Inuk (Inuit)	795	385	410	13,940	6,865	7,075
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	835	425	410	2,760	1,330	1,430
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	725	300	420	4,170	1,930	2,245
Non-Aboriginal identity	856,850	415,835	441,015	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	908,340	440,735	467,610	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	18,940	9,135	9,805	77,490	38,580	38,915
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	889,405	431,595	457,800	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	908,340	440,735	467,610	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	15,055	7,255	7,805	118,780	58,535	60,245
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	14,780	7,120	7,655	115,480	56,930	58,550
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	11,995	5,790	6,210	87,700	42,730	44,965
Métis single ancestry	2,560	1,245	1,315	17,585	9,225	8,360
Inuit single ancestry	220	85	135	10,200	4,980	5,220
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	275	135	145	3,300	1,605	1,700
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	210	95	115	2,220	1,115	1,105
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	25	20	10	995	455	540
Métis and Inuit ancestries	30	20	15	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	10	0	10	20	10	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	58,980	27,665	31,315	240,650	113,905	126,740
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	56,830	26,660	30,170	235,365	111,205	124,165
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	34,375	15,975	18,400	193,625	90,650	102,975
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	21,200	10,120	11,080	37,080	18,320	18,760
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,255	560	690	4,660	2,230	2,425
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	2,145	1,005	1,140	5,280	2,700	2,575
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,850	855	995	4,040	2,105	1,940
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	135	50	80	990	475	515
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	130	90	45	225	110	115
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	30	10	20	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	834,300	405,810	428,495	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	908,340	440,735	467,605	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	58,650	29,305	29,350	1,032,365	505,180	527,185
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	7,910	4,385	3,525	90,335	46,750	43,585
Chinese	8,640	4,210	4,435	99,505	44,370	55,135
Black	21,915	10,735	11,175	319,230	154,110	165,120
Filipino	3,400	1,485	1,920	34,910	14,275	20,635
Latin American	1,685	820	865	133,920	64,655	69,260
Arab	8,110	4,375	3,735	213,740	113,420	100,320
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	1,195	525	670	62,820	29,960	32,865
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	1,540	805	740	32,405	16,200	16,210
Korean	1,540	685	855	8,055	3,865	4,190
Japanese	695	295	405	4,570	1,755	2,820
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	630	300	330	9,840	4,670	5,175
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	1,385	690	695	23,045	11,160	11,885
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	849,690	411,430	438,260	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	908,340	440,730	467,610	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010
North American Aboriginal origins	74,040	34,920	39,115	359,430	172,440	186,985
First Nations (North American Indian)	48,640	22,805	25,835	289,610	137,550	152,065
Inuit	1,840	830	1,010	17,175	8,300	8,880
Métis	26,025	12,435	13,585	61,260	30,915	30,345
Other North American origins	410,825	197,970	212,855	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605
Acadian	23,700	11,050	12,650	34,785	16,440	18,345
American	7,515	3,730	3,785	45,050	21,470	23,580
Canadian	387,360	186,955	200,405	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555
New Brunswicker	35	15	20	750	370	380
Newfoundlander	1,750	835	910	570	280	295
Nova Scotian	1,295	625	665	365	155	215
Ontarian	95	65	35	1,345	660	685
Québécois	380	190	185	184,005	93,895	90,110
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	20	0	15	205	110	100
European origins	621,525	299,755	321,760	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825
British Isles origins	513,725	246,085	267,645	745,715	360,135	385,575
Channel Islander	90	25	60	1,440	725	720
Cornish	105	45	65	70	35	40
English	262,375	124,610	137,765	228,520	111,855	116,670
Irish	195,865	91,260	104,605	446,215	211,545	234,665
Manx	145	70	70	200	105	95
Scottish	272,880	129,640	143,240	215,030	103,395	111,635
Welsh	17,135	8,105	9,030	10,765	5,075	5,690
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	18,975	8,955	10,020	32,525	15,440	17,080
French origins	149,665	70,095	79,570	1,878,795	941,770	937,025
Alsatian	25	20	10	1,050	520	525
Breton	15	10	10	11,140	5,410	5,725
Corsican	20	20	0	1,270	690	580
French	149,625	70,065	79,565	1,870,545	937,665	932,875
Western European origins (except French origins)	125,110	59,420	65,690	244,380	119,115	125,260
Austrian	1,775	880	895	12,710	6,285	6,430
Bavarian	10	10	10	40	30	20
Belgian	2,615	1,320	1,305	51,340	25,295	26,050
Dutch	32,045	14,640	17,410	26,000	12,805	13,190
Flemish	160	80	80	1,345	660	685
Frisian	50	20	30	15	20	0
German	97,555	46,450	51,100	142,225	68,250	73,975
Luxembourger	30	20	10	910	445	460
Swiss	2,705	1,335	1,375	24,500	12,615	11,885
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	140	75	60	125	80	50
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	14,985	7,075	7,910	25,460	12,490	12,975
Danish	3,700	1,695	2,005	5,700	2,815	2,885
Finnish	1,140	505	630	3,130	1,430	1,700
Icelandic	660	295	370	955	480	470
Norwegian	5,170	2,535	2,635	7,820	3,835	3,985
Swedish	3,565	1,575	1,990	6,840	3,275	3,565
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	1,365	750	620	2,500	1,265	1,230
Eastern European origins	29,685	14,315	15,370	249,940	121,660	128,285
Bulgarian	280	130	145	9,570	4,675	4,895
Byelorussian	195	85	105	2,530	1,235	1,295
Czech	1,165	620	545	6,295	2,965	3,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	420	175	245	2,150	1,100	1,050
Estonian	345	185	165	890	460	435
Hungarian	2,700	1,320	1,380	28,280	13,970	14,310
Latvian	380	160	220	1,740	835	905
Lithuanian	1,150	510	635	6,630	3,320	3,305
Moldovan	10	0	10	7,620	3,710	3,900
Polish	11,575	5,525	6,050	79,040	38,705	40,335
Romanian	1,190	540	650	53,060	25,935	27,125
Russian	4,775	2,210	2,570	55,230	26,405	28,830
Slovak	610	320	290	4,770	2,375	2,395
Ukrainian	9,115	4,475	4,640	42,550	20,575	21,975
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	310	150	160	2,900	1,505	1,400
Southern European origins	28,680	13,790	14,890	549,750	273,670	276,080
Albanian	285	140	145	3,760	1,950	1,805
Bosnian	155	75	75	2,970	1,485	1,490
Catalan	0	0	0	735	395	340
Croatian	680	325	360	6,745	3,375	3,370
Cypriot	40	30	15	480	240	245
Greek	3,360	1,705	1,650	71,330	36,235	35,090
Italian	15,620	7,605	8,015	326,700	162,650	164,045
Kosovar	255	115	145	505	295	210
Macedonian	165	90	80	775	400	370
Maltese	440	215	220	1,220	615	610
Montenegrin	20	10	10	450	250	200
Portuguese	3,580	1,700	1,880	69,805	34,825	34,980
Serbian	255	120	135	5,950	2,915	3,040
Sicilian	40	20	15	1,435	710	725
Slovenian	150	70	85	2,510	1,225	1,280
Spanish	4,300	1,875	2,425	85,360	41,745	43,615
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	400	205	200	3,270	1,595	1,670
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	85	50	40	300	155	145
Other European origins	5,465	2,845	2,625	38,670	19,875	18,800
Basque	160	75	85	3,620	1,930	1,690
Jewish	2,040	1,040	1,000	25,235	12,955	12,280
Roma (Gypsy)	135	110	25	475	270	205
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	25	25	0	360	180	185
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	3,145	1,610	1,535	9,215	4,690	4,530
Caribbean origins	5,220	2,580	2,640	201,625	93,935	107,690
Antiguan	100	50	55	380	170	205
Bahamian	230	105	115	430	205	225
Barbadian	575	300	275	5,570	2,585	2,985
Bermudan	185	90	100	115	50	65
Carib	45	30	10	405	150	255
Cuban	340	145	195	9,830	4,800	5,035
Dominican	150	85	65	11,560	5,320	6,235
Grenadian	35	20	20	1,965	790	1,175
Guadeloupean	0	0	0	1,010	475	535
Haitian	115	50	65	143,165	66,245	76,925
Jamaican	2,075	1,050	1,025	14,100	6,785	7,315
Kittitian/Nevisian	45	15	30	360	200	160
Martinican	10	10	0	1,775	820	950
Montserratan	10	10	0	240	140	105
Puerto Rican	115	40	75	530	270	255
St. Lucian	65	20	50	860	450	405
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	325	170	155	6,585	2,925	3,660
Vincentian/Grenadinian	35	20	15	4,020	1,695	2,325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	785	420	365	5,635	2,610	3,025
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	330	155	180	4,195	1,995	2,205
Latin, Central and South American origins	3,055	1,525	1,525	167,275	81,215	86,065
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	185	90	100	6,100	2,885	3,210
Arawak	0	0	0	180	60	120
Argentinian	65	40	25	4,950	2,490	2,460
Belizean	25	20	10	80	40	40
Bolivian	40	20	15	1,730	815	915
Brazilian	280	140	135	8,345	4,075	4,275
Chilean	130	80	45	14,060	7,055	7,005
Colombian	430	210	225	33,965	15,915	18,050
Costa Rican	35	10	25	1,180	570	610
Ecuadorian	50	20	30	2,720	1,255	1,470
Guatemalan	90	65	35	10,175	5,380	4,795
Guyanese	350	160	195	3,670	1,810	1,860
Hispanic	60	35	25	1,155	570	585
Honduran	50	35	20	4,335	2,135	2,200
Maya	70	35	30	1,670	935	735
Mexican	810	415	395	26,930	13,185	13,745
Nicaraguan	45	20	25	2,805	1,360	1,445
Panamanian	25	10	15	1,460	755	710
Paraguayan	0	0	0	365	155	205
Peruvian	180	85	95	19,735	9,240	10,495
Salvadorean	110	75	35	19,200	9,535	9,665
Uruguayan	15	0	20	1,755	815	940
Venezuelan	80	50	30	7,475	3,430	4,045
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	185	80	105	5,845	2,965	2,880
African origins	17,655	8,560	9,095	382,665	196,910	185,755
Central and West African origins	1,335	700	635	86,695	44,720	41,975
Akan	10	0	10	630	325	310
Angolan	10	0	10	875	425	450
Ashanti	0	10	0	120	90	35
Beninese	20	10	10	4,125	2,220	1,915
Burkinabe	0	0	10	2,465	1,325	1,145
Cameroonian	70	35	35	17,095	8,635	8,465
Chadian	0	0	0	1,045	525	520
Congolese	180	95	85	20,210	9,960	10,250
Edo	0	0	0	110	60	45
Ewe	0	0	0	460	265	200
Gabonese	10	0	0	1,165	545	620
Gambian	10	0	10	150	95	55
Ghanaian	185	105	85	3,235	1,660	1,575
Guinean	30	20	10	5,255	2,765	2,485
Ibo	90	50	40	185	95	95
Ivorian	10	0	0	8,545	4,350	4,200
Liberian	15	10	10	150	60	90
Malian	10	0	10	3,535	1,755	1,775
Malinké	15	10	10	635	340	295
Nigerian	445	240	210	2,820	1,510	1,310
Peulh	0	10	0	2,110	1,080	1,030
Senegalese	10	10	0	8,250	4,420	3,835
Sierra Leonean	80	45	35	110	55	55
Togolese	70	30	35	4,080	2,210	1,870
Wolof	0	0	0	660	390	270
Yoruba	65	25	45	460	225	235
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	120	65	50	6,955	3,690	3,275
North African origins	2,030	1,045	980	225,125	117,725	107,410
Algerian	85	45	40	60,375	31,185	29,190
Berber	70	50	20	33,825	17,840	15,985
Coptic	30	10	20	685	385	305
Dinka	0	0	0	15	10	10
Egyptian	1,295	695	600	29,400	15,295	14,100
Libyan	215	105	110	1,075	590	485
Maure	10	0	10	530	290	240
Moroccan	130	60	70	85,940	44,520	41,420
Sudanese	130	50	80	370	220	150
Tunisian	65	25	35	21,475	11,775	9,695
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	90	40	50	3,340	1,845	1,490
Southern and East African origins	1,865	920	945	28,925	14,225	14,705
Afrikaner	25	10	20	115	75	40
Amhara	10	10	0	65	30	35
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	10	10	0	1,905	1,040	870
Burundian	10	0	0	6,015	2,945	3,070
Djiboutian	0	0	0	450	205	245
Eritrean	160	85	75	580	290	290
Ethiopian	280	120	155	1,575	785	785
Harari	0	0	0	20	10	10
Kenyan	160	85	75	530	270	260
Malagasy	20	0	15	3,735	1,815	1,920
Mauritian	0	0	0	3,695	1,735	1,960
Oromo	25	15	15	20	15	10
Rwandan	105	55	50	5,130	2,445	2,685
Seychellois	0	0	0	775	345	425
Somali	180	75	100	1,785	865	915
South African	520	255	265	900	490	420
Tanzanian	60	45	20	325	190	140
Tigrian	15	0	10	95	35	55
Ugandan	60	25	40	290	135	160
Zambian	80	35	50	45	20	25
Zimbabwean	100	55	45	300	150	145
Zulu	0	0	0	70	35	35
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	170	100	75	1,790	915	875
Other African origins	12,620	5,990	6,635	46,805	22,845	23,965
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	2,255	1,060	1,195	3,800	1,845	1,950
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	10,460	4,965	5,495	43,785	21,415	22,370
Asian origins	42,500	21,445	21,050	563,150	275,170	287,980
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	17,205	8,915	8,295	240,795	123,985	116,810
Afghan	230	80	150	10,945	5,550	5,395
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	1,600	835	770	44,875	23,680	21,195
Armenian	265	160	110	27,380	13,515	13,865
Assyrian	10	10	0	370	205	165
Azerbaijani	20	20	0	555	295	255
Georgian	20	15	10	635	295	345
Hazara	0	0	0	385	190	200
Iranian	1,405	785	620	25,530	12,845	12,685
Iraqi	595	270	325	5,520	2,780	2,740
Israeli	245	120	120	6,060	3,235	2,830
Jordanian	260	150	115	1,610	840	770
Kazakh	45	30	20	620	295	325
Kurd	230	120	115	2,135	1,180	960
Kuwaiti	245	115	130	95	50	50
Kyrgyz	0	0	0	260	140	120
Lebanese	7,445	3,815	3,630	78,140	40,695	37,450
Palestinian	990	535	455	6,865	3,520	3,345
Pashtun	30	15	10	515	280	235
Saudi Arabian	725	470	255	645	390	255
Syrian	2,190	1,090	1,100	27,465	13,845	13,620
Tajik	20	10	10	390	180	210
Tatar	40	15	25	910	430	485
Turk	690	320	370	15,060	7,520	7,545
Turkmen	10	10	10	65	45	25
Uighur	10	10	0	375	185	190
Uzbek	90	60	30	465	210	255
Yemeni	205	105	95	805	450	355
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	780	410	370	2,465	1,385	1,075
South Asian origins	8,495	4,690	3,805	95,670	48,925	46,745
Bangladeshi	240	135	110	7,075	3,625	3,450
Bengali	65	40	20	4,125	2,035	2,090
Bhutanese	225	100	125	420	205	215
East Indian	6,255	3,460	2,795	51,650	26,505	25,140
Goan	10	10	0	210	105	110
Gujarati	10	0	0	420	205	215
Kashmiri	0	10	0	260	155	105
Nepali	430	220	210	930	460	470
Pakistani	665	405	260	13,535	7,000	6,535
Punjabi	230	110	115	2,970	1,675	1,295
Sinhalese	40	10	30	310	135	175
Sri Lankan	340	150	190	14,750	7,300	7,450
Tamil	60	30	35	3,100	1,610	1,495
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	470	290	175	2,135	1,190	945
East and Southeast Asian origins	16,715	7,850	8,870	229,985	103,805	126,180
Burmese	15	0	10	530	270	255
Cambodian (Khmer)	55	15	40	15,345	7,360	7,985
Chinese	9,695	4,720	4,980	121,445	54,595	66,850
Filipino	3,580	1,585	1,995	37,910	15,590	22,320
Hmong	0	0	0	35	10	20
Indonesian	140	65	75	1,320	570	755
Japanese	905	385	515	6,495	2,615	3,875
Karen	0	0	0	95	55	40
Korean	1,590	700	895	8,740	4,155	4,580
Laotian	15	0	10	7,625	3,860	3,770
Malaysian	80	30	45	645	300	340
Mongolian	55	30	30	960	470	485
Singaporean	10	10	0	105	65	40
Taiwanese	240	100	140	2,205	940	1,265
Thai	245	85	155	2,695	1,065	1,635
Tibetan	10	0	10	80	45	30
Vietnamese	760	355	410	43,080	20,790	22,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	75	45	25	275	125	155
Other Asian origins	410	190	215	1,765	905	865
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	410	190	215	1,770	905	860
Oceania origins	895	450	445	3,250	1,730	1,515
Australian	490	255	235	2,055	1,125	935
New Zealander	290	155	130	490	245	245
Pacific Islands origins	125	55	70	785	410	380
Fijian	15	10	10	70	25	40
Hawaiian	25	10	15	60	40	20
Maori	40	20	25	90	55	35
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	20	15	10	290	145	145
Samoan	10	0	10	15	15	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	30	0	20	295	155	145
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Owner	276,095	...	...	2,163,735	...	...
Renter	123,595	...	...	1,362,010	...	...
Band housing	2,300	...	...	5,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	401,990	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Condominium	13,370	...	...	413,325	...	...
Not condominium	388,625	...	...	3,118,340	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
No bedrooms	1,140	...	...	23,725	...	...
1 bedroom	45,675	...	...	573,370	...	...
2 bedrooms	105,410	...	...	1,100,310	...	...
3 bedrooms	158,975	...	...	1,157,300	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	90,785	...	...	676,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	87,755	...	...	1,258,215	...	...
5 rooms	64,655	...	...	620,935	...	...
6 rooms	66,855	...	...	432,090	...	...
7 rooms	57,085	...	...	403,255	...	...
8 or more rooms	125,635	...	...	817,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
One person or fewer per room	399,855	...	...	3,492,135	...	...
More than 1 person per room	2,130	...	...	39,530	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	401,990	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Suitable	390,445	...	...	3,398,910	...	...
Not suitable	11,540	...	...	132,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	401,990	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
1960 or before	112,530	...	...	894,495	...	...
1961 to 1980	113,715	...	...	1,116,760	...	...
1981 to 1990	59,105	...	...	503,495	...	...
1991 to 2000	49,825	...	...	369,020	...	...
2001 to 2005	23,045	...	...	196,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	23,925	...	...	241,545	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	19,840	...	...	209,515	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	366,615	...	...	3,304,625	...	...
Major repairs needed	35,375	...	...	227,040	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 household maintainer	241,800	...	...	2,221,970	...	...
2 household maintainers	152,970	...	...	1,264,195	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	7,220	...	...	45,500	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	401,990	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
15 to 24 years	14,575	...	...	119,495	...	...
25 to 34 years	49,695	...	...	498,070	...	...
35 to 44 years	59,550	...	...	603,840	...	...
45 to 54 years	77,555	...	...	682,290	...	...
55 to 64 years	85,360	...	...	731,390	...	...
65 to 74 years	66,865	...	...	541,630	...	...
75 to 84 years	35,980	...	...	270,280	...	...
85 years and over	12,405	...	...	84,680	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	395,860	...	...	3,496,460	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	310,540	...	...	2,763,105	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	85,315	...	...	733,355	...	...
30% to less than 100%	74,290	...	...	647,975	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	273,525	...	...	2,141,690	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	55.2	...	...	61.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	12.0	...	...	12.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	819	...	...	983	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	987	...	...	1,085	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	199,886	...	...	250,302	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	230,441	...	...	290,484	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	123,060	...	...	1,358,265	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	12.3	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	42.8	...	...	33.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	849	...	...	720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	909	...	...	775	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	774,745	372,455	402,295	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
No certificate, diploma or degree	153,705	79,885	73,825	1,323,070	674,955	648,115
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	195,900	95,205	100,695	1,426,980	674,820	752,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	425,140	197,365	227,775	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	76,810	54,075	22,735	1,120,730	681,515	439,215
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	42,625	25,015	17,610	806,585	435,090	371,495
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	34,185	29,060	5,125	314,145	246,425	67,720
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	168,805	67,030	101,775	1,165,515	506,775	658,740
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,380	6,975	11,405	236,255	93,680	142,575
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	161,150	69,290	91,855	1,361,730	628,290	733,440
Bachelor's degree	108,385	45,185	63,205	872,060	384,275	487,790
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,495	4,020	5,475	118,955	54,255	64,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,700	2,595	2,110	39,045	19,865	19,185
Master's degree	32,645	13,840	18,805	281,215	139,280	141,935
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	5,925	3,655	2,270	50,455	30,615	19,840
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	494,505	237,795	256,710	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125
No certificate, diploma or degree	60,280	34,820	25,460	580,635	323,880	256,750
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	116,280	57,600	58,675	808,955	396,620	412,330
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	317,950	145,375	172,570	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	52,370	37,255	15,115	866,595	513,575	353,015
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	29,105	17,300	11,810	631,795	330,140	301,655
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	23,265	19,955	3,310	234,800	183,440	51,360
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	128,010	51,890	76,120	832,430	367,185	465,245
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,595	4,325	7,275	167,025	67,530	99,495
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	125,970	51,905	74,065	1,116,300	499,010	617,290
Bachelor's degree	85,240	34,830	50,410	712,935	308,760	404,175
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,895	2,610	4,285	94,240	40,085	54,160
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,775	1,850	1,925	30,775	13,505	17,270
Master's degree	26,025	10,380	15,640	238,300	113,895	124,410
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	4,045	2,240	1,805	40,050	22,780	17,270
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	774,750	372,455	402,295	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	349,605	175,090	174,520	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270
Education	31,395	8,460	22,930	273,320	62,470	210,845
13. Education	31,390	8,465	22,930	273,320	62,470	210,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,700	5,095	5,605	156,720	71,485	85,240
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,070	1,565	505	25,380	18,280	7,100
50. Visual and performing arts	8,635	3,530	5,100	131,340	53,200	78,140
Humanities	18,830	7,520	11,310	215,735	86,065	129,675
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	1,175	355	820	32,180	7,165	25,020
23. English language and literature/letters	5,110	1,530	3,580	12,900	4,060	8,835
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,545	1,540	3,000	103,120	42,685	60,435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	65	25	35	880	395	485
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,240	675	565	10,400	6,650	3,755
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,200	1,340	860	10,125	6,200	3,930
54. History	3,615	1,865	1,755	17,055	9,990	7,065
55. French language and literature/letters	880	190	695	29,070	8,920	20,155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	40,155	11,980	28,175	380,995	125,025	255,975
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	635	145	490	4,315	1,165	3,150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,285	1,260	2,025	48,530	16,690	31,845
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	9,115	750	8,365	77,470	6,070	71,400
22. Legal professions and studies	6,110	1,920	4,185	67,185	25,785	41,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	610	135	475	9,905	2,035	7,870
42. Psychology	8,170	2,060	6,110	57,335	14,030	43,305
45. Social sciences	12,240	5,710	6,520	116,255	59,245	57,015
Business, management and public administration	93,075	27,030	66,045	879,190	321,450	557,740
30.16 Accounting and computer science	205	55	150	815	300	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,285	1,345	4,940	47,715	10,490	37,225
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	86,590	25,630	60,960	830,660	310,665	519,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	15,340	7,650	7,685	140,990	76,780	64,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,910	2,990	3,925	49,705	20,900	28,805
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,340	1,455	1,880	23,210	13,865	9,350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	165	35	120	21,890	10,810	11,080
40. Physical sciences	4,260	3,005	1,255	39,060	27,545	11,515
41. Science technologies/technicians	665	165	500	7,120	3,660	3,465
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,745	9,355	6,390	152,105	104,850	47,255
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,750	8,055	4,695	125,480	92,730	32,750
25. Library science	1,210	175	1,040	11,110	2,145	8,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,590	995	600	13,415	8,365	5,045
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	200	135	65	2,100	1,605	495
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	92,920	87,340	5,580	828,400	758,350	70,055
04. Architecture and related services	1,370	860	510	29,015	17,055	11,960
14. Engineering	11,925	10,290	1,640	150,450	124,585	25,865
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	17,805	16,110	1,695	150,640	135,445	15,195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	60	20	40
46. Construction trades	24,800	24,235	570	185,385	179,995	5,390
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	25,465	24,680	780	184,280	178,510	5,770
48. Precision production	11,545	11,165	380	128,580	122,750	5,830
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,630	4,615	3,015	85,485	56,900	28,585
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	4,215	2,160	2,055	51,770	30,870	20,900
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,410	2,450	960	33,715	26,025	7,690
Health and related fields	66,770	10,595	56,175	480,230	95,450	384,780
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	3,560	1,730	1,825	27,955	14,675	13,280
51. Health professions and related programs	61,755	7,955	53,800	441,105	74,630	366,470
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	1,460	910	550	11,160	6,140	5,020
Personal, protective and transportation services	32,535	17,700	14,830	290,005	151,070	138,935
12. Personal and culinary services	17,625	4,455	13,170	164,595	43,720	120,875
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250	240	10	290	270	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	905	850	50	1,345	1,245	100
43. Security and protective services	4,540	3,535	1,005	54,625	42,415	12,210
49. Transportation and materials moving	9,220	8,625	600	69,160	63,425	5,740
Other	45	10	40	1,055	375	680
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	50	10	40	1,055	375	675
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	494,505	237,795	256,710	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	176,560	92,420	84,135	1,389,585	720,500	669,085
Education	20,590	4,940	15,650	180,615	37,990	142,625
13. Education	20,585	4,940	15,650	180,615	37,990	142,625
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,145	3,855	4,285	122,045	55,575	66,475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,515	1,140	375	19,510	13,740	5,770
50. Visual and performing arts	6,630	2,715	3,915	102,535	41,830	60,705
Humanities	13,745	5,275	8,465	138,330	54,580	83,750
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	895	280	615	25,220	5,455	19,765
23. English language and literature/letters	3,800	1,095	2,705	9,585	2,990	6,595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,425	1,125	2,305	57,730	25,305	32,430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	60	25	35	600	255	350
38. Philosophy and religious studies	910	490	420	6,980	4,415	2,570
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,330	795	535	5,415	3,380	2,035
54. History	2,710	1,340	1,370	12,235	7,140	5,095
55. French language and literature/letters	620	130	490	20,555	5,640	14,915
Social and behavioural sciences and law	32,650	9,150	23,500	301,550	95,120	206,430
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	520	110	410	3,550	925	2,620
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,750	1,030	1,720	40,275	13,900	26,370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,395	580	6,810	63,120	4,295	58,825
22. Legal professions and studies	5,225	1,380	3,845	53,620	18,830	34,790
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	460	100	355	6,840	1,420	5,420
42. Psychology	6,545	1,580	4,970	44,540	10,255	34,285
45. Social sciences	9,755	4,360	5,390	89,610	45,495	44,110
Business, management and public administration	69,255	20,285	48,970	706,400	248,920	457,480
30.16 Accounting and computer science	175	40	135	615	215	400
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,140	1,025	4,120	38,320	7,835	30,485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	63,935	19,220	44,715	667,470	240,870	426,600
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,075	5,385	5,690	92,480	49,390	43,090
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,285	2,240	3,045	40,895	16,635	24,260
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,390	1,030	1,360	12,450	7,435	5,015
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	130	30	100	4,175	2,385	1,785
40. Physical sciences	2,910	2,005	905	29,705	20,255	9,445
41. Science technologies/technicians	365	85	275	5,255	2,675	2,580
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	13,625	8,240	5,385	132,750	91,865	40,885
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	11,505	7,330	4,170	112,715	83,240	29,470
25. Library science	815	115	700	8,720	1,665	7,055
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,130	660	470	9,725	5,815	3,915
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	175	125	50	1,585	1,150	440
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	67,930	63,180	4,750	639,185	577,845	61,335
04. Architecture and related services	1,020	585	430	24,260	13,870	10,385
14. Engineering	8,585	7,230	1,355	126,835	103,165	23,665
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	13,410	11,920	1,495	116,595	103,710	12,885
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	10	50	15	30
46. Construction trades	18,355	17,835	515	134,865	130,350	4,510
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	18,540	17,910	625	139,935	135,155	4,780
48. Precision production	8,020	7,700	325	96,655	91,580	5,075
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,995	3,475	2,520	69,865	45,215	24,655
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	3,270	1,570	1,695	41,755	23,965	17,795
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,725	1,905	825	28,110	21,250	6,860
Health and related fields	50,220	8,215	42,010	368,600	72,245	296,355
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	2,730	1,350	1,380	22,660	11,635	11,030
51. Health professions and related programs	46,385	6,215	40,165	337,320	56,510	280,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	1,110	650	460	8,620	4,110	4,510
Personal, protective and transportation services	24,685	13,375	11,310	229,640	118,260	111,375
12. Personal and culinary services	13,490	3,480	10,000	129,245	32,830	96,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	205	200	10	225	200	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	475	435	40	875	795	80
43. Security and protective services	3,465	2,655	815	42,550	32,575	9,975
49. Transportation and materials moving	7,045	6,595	450	56,750	51,860	4,890
Other	45	10	40	890	300	595
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	50	10	35	890	300	595
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	774,745	372,455	402,295	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	349,605	175,090	174,515	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	425,145	197,365	227,775	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970
Location of study inside Canada	396,690	182,875	213,810	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880
Same as province or territory of residence	315,140	141,965	173,175	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270
Different than province or territory of residence	81,550	40,915	40,640	142,415	73,800	68,610
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	28,450	14,485	13,965	374,620	193,530	181,090
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	7,950	4,110	3,840	28,320	16,915	11,410
Philippines	1,530	540	995	12,515	3,600	8,920
India	1,755	935	825	6,805	3,660	3,150
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	5,530	3,225	2,305	11,250	6,535	4,715
China^{Census data footnote 162}	1,080	445	635	17,155	7,755	9,395
France	350	210	145	69,665	39,885	29,780
Other	10,255	5,030	5,225	228,905	115,185	113,725
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	494,510	237,800	256,710	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	176,560	92,420	84,140	1,389,590	720,505	669,085
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	317,950	145,380	172,575	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045
Location of study inside Canada	297,430	135,465	161,965	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780
Same as province or territory of residence	236,720	105,480	131,235	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280
Different than province or territory of residence	60,710	29,980	30,730	108,630	55,125	53,500
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	20,525	9,915	10,605	306,115	153,850	152,265
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	4,905	2,370	2,540	19,655	11,145	8,505
Philippines	1,415	520	900	10,545	2,935	7,610
India	1,385	725	660	4,865	2,465	2,400
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	3,455	1,930	1,525	7,390	4,245	3,145
China^{Census data footnote 162}	810	335	475	15,420	6,865	8,550
France	245	140	100	57,315	32,115	25,205
Other	8,305	3,900	4,405	190,930	94,085	96,850
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	774,750	372,455	402,290	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
In the labour force	474,595	242,775	231,820	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Employed	427,310	215,010	212,305	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Unemployed	47,280	27,765	19,520	306,170	177,630	128,540
Not in the labour force	300,155	129,680	170,475	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480
Participation rate	61.3	65.2	57.6	64.1	67.9	60.5
Employment rate	55.2	57.7	52.8	59.5	62.5	56.7
Unemployment rate	10.0	11.4	8.4	7.2	8.0	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	774,750	372,455	402,295	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	274,375	117,550	156,825	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655
Worked	500,370	254,905	245,465	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	252,820	135,940	116,880	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	247,550	118,965	128,585	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.6	41.5	41.7	42.5	42.7	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	474,590	242,775	231,820	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	9,265	4,800	4,470	101,485	51,640	49,850
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	465,330	237,975	227,350	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915
Employee	420,745	210,170	210,570	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	44,585	27,805	16,775	489,090	299,355	189,730
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	474,595	242,775	231,820	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	9,265	4,800	4,470	101,490	51,640	49,850
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	465,330	237,975	227,350	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
0 Management occupations	45,530	27,170	18,365	418,450	263,585	154,875
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	67,495	17,930	49,565	677,390	210,525	466,865
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	27,450	21,980	5,465	286,270	222,375	63,895
3 Health occupations	37,600	6,290	31,310	295,765	57,160	238,610
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	58,165	20,975	37,185	502,945	147,145	355,795
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	12,490	5,560	6,930	135,730	64,370	71,365
6 Sales and service occupations	113,135	45,385	67,750	988,610	449,820	538,790
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	67,625	64,200	3,430	574,675	544,100	30,570
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	18,380	15,730	2,650	67,290	55,610	11,685
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	17,460	12,755	4,705	206,875	148,405	58,475
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	474,595	242,775	231,820	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	9,265	4,795	4,465	101,490	51,635	49,850
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	465,330	237,975	227,350	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	17,775	14,165	3,610	84,060	60,460	23,595
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,025	3,630	390	20,920	18,175	2,745
22 Utilities	2,880	2,115	760	28,410	20,650	7,755
23 Construction	33,555	30,185	3,370	254,055	223,770	30,285
31-33 Manufacturing	32,375	23,565	8,810	458,315	332,080	126,240
41 Wholesale trade	13,345	9,650	3,690	157,365	104,885	52,475
44-45 Retail trade	59,570	26,295	33,280	508,170	239,625	268,545
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	19,660	14,980	4,680	187,550	142,550	45,000
51 Information and cultural industries	9,310	5,250	4,055	100,775	59,705	41,070
52 Finance and insurance	15,240	5,690	9,545	165,140	66,175	98,965
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	6,870	3,890	2,980	61,380	36,505	24,875
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	26,065	14,090	11,975	288,715	161,030	127,685
55 Management of companies and enterprises	625	255	365	3,305	1,270	2,035
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	22,240	12,950	9,295	176,185	108,280	67,905
61 Educational services	35,480	11,705	23,780	306,575	96,170	210,405
62 Health care and social assistance	64,390	10,435	53,955	532,680	99,380	433,295
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,385	4,555	4,835	84,130	44,235	39,895
72 Accommodation and food services	33,115	12,095	21,025	278,500	123,235	155,265
81 Other services (except public administration)	19,195	8,875	10,320	193,700	89,455	104,245
91 Public administration	40,225	23,590	16,635	264,085	135,455	128,630
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	427,310	215,010	212,300	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Worked at home	28,075	13,780	14,300	266,285	134,325	131,960
Worked outside Canada	1,665	1,185	485	10,600	7,580	3,020
No fixed workplace address	51,545	38,965	12,575	351,595	265,405	86,185
Worked at usual place	346,020	161,075	184,945	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	346,020	161,075	184,945	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	251,000	116,125	134,875	1,732,155	810,895	921,260
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	57,510	23,850	33,655	485,450	234,700	250,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	32,230	17,425	14,805	1,037,125	549,095	488,030
Commute to a different province or territory	5,285	3,675	1,610	66,125	35,110	31,015
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	397,570	200,045	197,525	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240
Car, truck, van - as a driver	310,240	159,660	150,580	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	29,150	12,090	17,055	133,760	51,045	82,715
Public transit	25,315	11,425	13,890	503,285	217,465	285,820
Walked	24,870	11,635	13,235	205,350	93,595	111,760
Bicycle	2,480	1,695	785	54,625	36,470	18,155
Other method	5,520	3,535	1,985	36,010	20,845	15,170
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	397,565	200,045	197,525	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240
Less than 15 minutes	136,245	62,375	73,880	1,035,455	493,225	542,235
15 to 29 minutes	145,310	73,055	72,260	1,200,455	617,010	583,445
30 to 44 minutes	69,795	37,770	32,025	777,955	425,640	352,310
45 to 59 minutes	24,405	13,070	11,335	343,540	184,440	159,100
60 minutes and over	21,815	13,785	8,030	315,035	174,875	140,160
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	397,570	200,045	197,520	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	23,775	16,345	7,430	256,150	192,835	63,315
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	76,185	44,615	31,570	675,585	420,120	255,465
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	119,920	60,740	59,185	1,133,510	527,925	605,580
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	83,505	32,835	50,670	714,935	296,300	418,630
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	35,470	14,005	21,465	349,845	148,715	201,125
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	58,715	31,510	27,205	542,425	309,295	233,125
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	514,080	261,365	252,710	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655
Single responses	510,800	259,940	250,860	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385
Official languages	509,100	258,990	250,105	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420
English	502,960	256,380	246,585	541,720	294,935	246,780
French	6,135	2,615	3,525	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640
Non-official languages	1,705	950	755	34,160	17,190	16,970
Aboriginal languages	650	350	295	12,670	6,180	6,490
Algonquian languages	650	355	295	8,350	4,095	4,260
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	8,285	4,060	4,220
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,100	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	1,800	840	960
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	210	105	100
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	35	20	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	5,145	2,515	2,630
Eastern Algonquian languages	645	350	290	30	20	10
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	645	355	295	25	20	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	45	15	25
Algonquin	0	0	0	45	20	30
Ojibway	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	4,305	2,080	2,220
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	4,290	2,075	2,215
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	15	0	15
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	10	0	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,055	600	455	21,490	11,005	10,480
Afro-Asiatic languages	195	150	45	1,895	1,125	775
Berber languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0	15	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	190	150	45	1,860	1,110	745
Amharic	10	0	10	0	0	0
Arabic	165	135	30	1,715	1,045	665
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	15	10	140	70	70
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10	1,725	850	870
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	315	140	175
Vietnamese	10	0	10	1,410	710	695
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	15	10	15	135	65	70
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0	10	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	0	10	115	50	60
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0	275	90	190
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	10	0	10
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	265	90	175
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	150	75	75
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0	145	75	70
Telugu	0	0	0	0	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	10	0	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	385	225	160	10,165	5,255	4,910
Albanian	0	0	0	30	20	10
Armenian	0	0	0	275	130	145
Balto-Slavic languages	30	20	15	1,130	500	635
Baltic languages	0	0	0	15	0	10
Latvian	0	0	0	15	10	10
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0	10	0
Slavic languages	25	20	10	1,115	495	625
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0	10	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	55	20	30
Croatian	0	0	0	10	0	10
Czech	0	0	0	10	0	10
Macedonian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0	170	65	105
Russian	25	20	10	735	340	395
Serbian	0	0	0	10	15	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	10	10	0
Slovak	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	110	35	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	190	115	75	1,285	575	715
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	10	10	10	15	10	0
Dutch	0	0	0	25	10	15
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	155	85	65	370	170	195
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0	860	375	485
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0	0	0
Greek	0	10	0	525	260	270
Indo-Iranian languages	50	30	20	1,385	780	600
Indo-Aryan languages	20	20	0	680	390	295
Bengali	0	0	0	110	70	35
Gujarati	0	0	0	20	0	10
Hindi	0	0	0	35	20	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	15	15	0	20	0	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	415	225	190
Sindhi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0	85	50	35
Iranian languages	30	10	15	700	395	305
Kurdish	0	0	0	15	0	15
Pashto	0	0	0	10	0	15
Persian (Farsi)	30	10	20	675	385	285
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	105	50	60	5,525	2,990	2,540
Catalan	0	0	0	15	0	15
Italian	10	10	0	590	315	275
Portuguese	30	15	15	635	365	270
Romanian	0	0	0	320	140	175
Spanish	75	30	40	3,975	2,165	1,810
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Japanese	35	10	25	235	80	150
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Georgian	0	0	0	10	0	0
Korean	50	20	25	300	150	150
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	45	25	20
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	25	20	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	20	25	205	60	140
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	125	20	110
Sign languages, n.i.e	25	15	15	70	45	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	310	165	145	6,070	3,125	2,945
Chinese languages	305	165	145	6,075	3,130	2,950
Cantonese	80	45	35	2,655	1,325	1,330
Hakka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mandarin	210	105	110	3,100	1,630	1,465
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	70	40	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15	0	235	130	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	110	40	75
Lao	0	0	0	55	25	30
Thai	0	0	10	55	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	110	60	50
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	10	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	40	10	40
Estonian	0	0	0	10	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0	35	0	35
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	0	10
Multiple responses	3,270	1,420	1,850	341,900	182,635	159,265
English and French	2,295	950	1,345	315,620	169,365	146,255
English and non-official language	930	460	470	6,545	3,655	2,890
French and non-official language	0	0	10	7,525	3,460	4,065
English, French and non-official language	40	15	30	12,205	6,160	6,055
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	514,075	261,365	252,710	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655
None	491,875	250,710	241,170	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690
English	5,115	2,370	2,745	1,031,380	555,940	475,440
French	13,405	6,555	6,855	317,490	169,785	147,705
Non-official language	3,430	1,600	1,825	49,850	25,900	23,950
Aboriginal	855	365	490	4,985	2,285	2,705
Non-Aboriginal	2,570	1,240	1,330	44,865	23,620	21,245
English and French	10	0	10	2,185	1,040	1,140
English and non-official language	0	10	0	14,910	7,255	7,655
French and non-official language	230	130	105	6,855	3,795	3,055
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0	65	50	20
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	900,450	436,790	463,660	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575
Non-movers	792,100	384,560	407,535	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195
Movers	108,350	52,230	56,120	914,800	450,420	464,380
Non-migrants	68,165	32,930	35,235	547,410	269,850	277,560
Migrants	40,185	19,300	20,885	367,385	180,565	186,820
Internal migrants	33,720	16,055	17,665	305,465	149,335	156,135
Intraprovincial migrants	18,480	8,390	10,090	284,280	137,945	146,330
Interprovincial migrants	15,240	7,665	7,570	21,190	11,385	9,805
External migrants	6,470	3,240	3,225	61,920	31,235	30,685
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	866,425	419,580	446,845	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805
Non-movers	582,705	283,125	299,575	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065
Movers	283,720	136,455	147,265	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740
Non-migrants	169,570	81,405	88,165	1,507,665	741,220	766,440
Migrants	114,150	55,045	59,100	1,187,425	584,125	603,295
Internal migrants	94,885	45,015	49,860	949,170	464,830	484,340
Intraprovincial migrants	50,330	23,230	27,095	893,800	436,525	457,270
Interprovincial migrants	44,555	21,785	22,770	55,370	28,300	27,070
External migrants	19,270	10,035	9,240	238,250	119,295	118,960

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Nova Scotia [Province] and Quebec [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 6, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Nova Scotia [Province] and Quebec [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Nova Scotia [Province] and Quebec [Province]