Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Toronto Ontario [Economic region]			Alberta [Province]
	Data quality , Toronto [Economic region], Ontario Map : Toronto [Economic region], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Alberta [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	6,234,202	...	...	4,067,175	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	5,878,412	...	...	3,645,257	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	6.1	...	...	11.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	2,352,468	...	...	1,654,129	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	2,249,703	...	...	1,527,678	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	898.1	...	...	6.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	6,941.47	...	...	640,330.46	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	6,234,200	3,026,110	3,208,090	4,067,175	2,039,410	2,027,765
0 to 14 years	1,039,970	533,790	506,180	779,155	399,570	379,580
0 to 4 years	326,565	167,265	159,305	266,515	136,520	129,995
5 to 9 years	357,060	183,320	173,730	270,715	138,990	131,725
10 to 14 years	356,345	183,200	173,145	241,920	124,060	117,860
15 to 64 years	4,289,265	2,089,550	2,199,715	2,787,805	1,408,150	1,379,655
15 to 19 years	386,265	198,700	187,560	240,035	123,625	116,410
20 to 24 years	432,340	220,945	211,390	261,830	133,990	127,840
25 to 29 years	441,820	218,575	223,250	310,940	156,715	154,225
30 to 34 years	438,180	210,530	227,645	333,175	167,555	165,620
35 to 39 years	425,755	199,810	225,950	305,505	153,655	151,850
40 to 44 years	435,115	205,570	229,540	281,205	142,545	138,660
45 to 49 years	462,125	220,695	241,425	269,030	135,855	133,180
50 to 54 years	486,620	237,875	248,740	284,310	142,205	142,100
55 to 59 years	430,205	209,590	220,620	275,540	138,565	136,970
60 to 64 years	350,840	167,255	183,580	226,230	113,440	112,790
65 years and over	904,970	402,775	502,195	500,215	231,690	268,530
65 to 69 years	296,470	139,530	156,940	173,680	85,500	88,180
70 to 74 years	208,245	96,910	111,330	117,035	56,430	60,610
75 to 79 years	159,900	71,560	88,340	83,955	39,105	44,845
80 to 84 years	119,215	51,655	67,560	62,165	27,590	34,575
85 years and over	121,145	43,115	78,025	63,385	23,065	40,320
85 to 89 years	76,155	29,565	46,595	39,965	16,050	23,915
90 to 94 years	35,235	11,115	24,120	18,025	5,755	12,275
95 to 99 years	8,440	2,195	6,240	4,735	1,145	3,595
100 years and over	1,315	245	1,070	650	115	535
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.7	17.6	15.8	19.2	19.6	18.7
15 to 64 years	68.8	69.1	68.6	68.5	69.0	68.0
65 years and over	14.5	13.3	15.7	12.3	11.4	13.2
85 years and over	1.9	1.4	2.4	1.6	1.1	2.0
Average age of the population	39.7	38.7	40.6	37.8	37.2	38.4
Median age of the population	39.4	38.2	40.5	36.7	36.2	37.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Single-detached house	921,815	...	...	946,225	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	636,695	...	...	62,395	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	690,475	...	...	471,090	...	...
Semi-detached house	163,675	...	...	86,765	...	...
Row house	206,630	...	...	116,625	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	93,835	...	...	43,090	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	222,615	...	...	223,360	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,720	...	...	1,245	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	715	...	...	47,970	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
1 person	545,140	...	...	366,080	...	...
2 persons	634,980	...	...	524,415	...	...
3 persons	394,035	...	...	245,075	...	...
4 persons	397,735	...	...	233,770	...	...
5 or more persons	277,820	...	...	158,335	...	...
Number of persons in private households	6,165,600	...	...	3,978,145	...	...
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	5,194,230	2,492,325	2,701,905	3,288,020	1,639,835	1,648,185
Married or living common law	2,902,635	1,451,000	1,451,635	1,969,300	988,410	980,895
Married	2,587,840	1,291,310	1,296,525	1,648,945	828,155	820,790
Living common law	314,800	159,685	155,105	320,350	160,250	160,100
Not married and not living common law	2,291,595	1,041,320	1,250,275	1,318,720	651,430	667,290
Never married	1,607,225	835,095	772,130	905,700	505,310	400,390
Separated	138,685	54,780	83,905	76,150	34,000	42,150
Divorced	287,075	103,290	183,785	195,850	82,040	113,815
Widowed	258,610	48,160	210,450	141,020	30,080	110,940
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,713,865	...	...	1,114,585	...	...
2 persons	723,000	...	...	540,850	...	...
3 persons	418,000	...	...	235,245	...	...
4 persons	411,310	...	...	227,165	...	...
5 or more persons	161,550	...	...	111,330	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,713,865	...	...	1,114,585	...	...
Total couple families	1,404,700	...	...	953,325	...	...
Married couples	1,247,420	...	...	793,195	...	...
Common-law couples	157,285	...	...	160,130	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	309,160	...	...	161,260	...	...
Female parent	255,305	...	...	123,490	...	...
Male parent	53,860	...	...	37,770	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,404,700	...	...	953,325	...	...
Couples without children	539,895	...	...	443,665	...	...
Couples with children	864,810	...	...	509,655	...	...
1 child	327,910	...	...	190,010	...	...
2 children	384,680	...	...	213,910	...	...
3 or more children	152,220	...	...	105,735	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	309,160	...	...	161,260	...	...
1 child	183,105	...	...	97,180	...	...
2 children	90,095	...	...	45,235	...	...
3 or more children	35,965	...	...	18,845	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	964,335	434,985	529,355	678,535	356,875	321,655
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
One-census-family households	1,512,445	...	...	1,039,985	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	462,620	...	...	414,570	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	1,049,825	...	...	625,415	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	96,820	...	...	36,120	...	...
Non-census-family households	640,440	...	...	451,570	...	...
One-person households	545,135	...	...	366,080	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	95,305	...	...	85,490	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	6,187,365	3,007,255	3,180,105	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
English only	5,433,360	2,690,825	2,742,540	3,698,765	1,869,670	1,829,095
French only	5,080	2,140	2,940	3,895	1,725	2,165
English and French	488,665	211,120	277,550	264,720	124,400	140,315
Neither English nor French	260,255	103,185	157,075	59,280	24,715	34,565
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
English	5,799,765	2,845,905	2,953,860	3,880,685	1,950,980	1,929,705
French	78,295	36,160	42,140	71,535	37,205	34,330
English and French	52,755	23,825	28,930	16,605	8,350	8,255
Neither English nor French	256,550	101,370	155,175	57,830	23,970	33,860
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	104,675	48,070	56,605	79,840	41,380	38,455
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.7	1.6	1.8	2.0	2.0	1.9
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	6,187,365	3,007,255	3,180,105	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
Single responses	5,945,455	2,890,340	3,055,110	3,934,580	1,975,615	1,958,970
Official languages	3,397,250	1,682,940	1,714,310	3,063,640	1,552,475	1,511,165
English	3,326,120	1,649,935	1,676,185	2,991,485	1,515,025	1,476,460
French	71,130	33,005	38,125	72,150	37,450	34,705
Non-official languages	2,548,200	1,207,395	1,340,805	870,940	423,140	447,805
Aboriginal languages	605	265	340	23,835	11,290	12,550
Algonquian languages	415	180	230	18,295	8,665	9,630
Blackfoot	5	10	0	2,750	1,305	1,445
Cree-Montagnais languages	120	45	75	14,960	7,105	7,850
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	5	0	0	5	0
Moose Cree	10	5	10	10	0	5
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	5	5	0	50	15	35
Plains Cree	5	0	5	720	280	435
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	30	15	20	50	20	35
Woods Cree	5	0	0	910	430	480
Cree, n.o.s.	55	25	35	13,220	6,355	6,865
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	15	30	15	15
Malecite	0	0	0	0	5	0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	15	35	20	15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	255	115	140	550	235	315
Algonquin	5	0	5	5	0	5
Ojibway	230	110	125	525	230	300
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	15	5	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0	0	5
Athabaskan languages	30	10	15	1,865	865	1,000
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	15	1,855	860	990
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	35	15	15
Carrier	5	5	0	15	0	15
Chilcotin	5	0	0	5	0	0
Dene	10	5	0	1,470	710	760
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	40	10	30
Gwich'in	0	0	0	15	5	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	0	70	20	45
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	200	90	115
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	10	5	10
South Slavey	0	0	0	155	70	80
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	35	15	25
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	5	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	10	0	10
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	40	15	25	120	35	85
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	25	5	10
Inuktitut	35	15	25	60	20	45
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	35	10	30
Iroquoian languages	20	5	15	10	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	20	5	10	5	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0	0	5	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	5	0	0
Michif	5	0	5	80	45	35
Salish languages	5	0	0	15	5	10
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	5	5
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	5	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Siouan languages	5	0	0	3,370	1,630	1,745
Dakota	0	0	0	350	165	185
Stoney	0	0	0	3,020	1,460	1,555
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	15	5	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	5	5
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	5	5	5
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	0	0	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	90	45	40	55	30	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	2,547,600	1,207,135	1,340,465	847,105	411,850	435,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	141,580	70,725	70,855	68,415	36,215	32,200
Berber languages	215	130	90	340	190	145
Kabyle	100	55	45	165	90	75
Berber languages, n.i.e.	115	75	45	175	100	75
Cushitic languages	14,455	6,220	8,240	12,525	6,495	6,030
Bilen	80	45	30	315	185	130
Oromo	1,015	490	525	2,650	1,375	1,275
Somali	13,300	5,645	7,650	9,520	4,915	4,605
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30	40	20	20
Semitic languages	126,545	64,195	62,355	55,425	29,450	25,980
Amharic	7,515	3,410	4,110	7,320	3,605	3,720
Arabic	86,605	44,585	42,020	40,540	21,840	18,705
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	9,950	4,870	5,085	400	210	190
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,810	905	905	145	80	65
Harari	940	440	495	260	135	120
Hebrew	10,380	5,555	4,825	960	505	460
Maltese	3,695	1,805	1,885	75	30	40
Tigrigna	4,750	2,175	2,570	5,415	2,880	2,535
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	905	450	450	305	155	145
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	185	175	130	80	50
Austro-Asiatic languages	51,135	23,335	27,800	25,295	11,760	13,535
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,015	1,365	1,655	1,925	910	1,010
Vietnamese	48,045	21,945	26,100	23,350	10,840	12,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	70	25	40	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	162,855	64,570	98,285	115,405	50,190	65,210
Bikol	470	205	265	425	205	225
Cebuano	5,135	2,040	3,095	5,135	2,155	2,980
Fijian	55	30	25	125	75	50
Hiligaynon	2,335	895	1,445	1,500	640	855
Ilocano	9,435	3,700	5,745	5,350	2,310	3,040
Malagasy	30	15	20	35	10	25
Malay	4,470	2,015	2,460	1,460	615	845
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,315	590	725	765	370	390
Pangasinan	460	185	270	290	115	175
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	137,800	54,380	83,420	99,035	43,120	55,920
Waray-Waray	320	105	210	305	145	160
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,015	405	610	980	430	550
Creole languages	5,670	2,645	3,025	1,895	990	910
Haitian Creole	225	105	115	95	45	50
Creole, n.o.s.	3,450	1,630	1,820	1,175	640	540
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,990	910	1,085	625	305	325
Dravidian languages	135,105	66,500	68,605	13,490	7,075	6,415
Kannada	2,050	1,030	1,020	535	270	265
Malayalam	12,750	6,540	6,205	6,345	3,285	3,060
Tamil	110,915	53,865	57,045	4,430	2,360	2,070
Telugu	9,120	4,930	4,190	2,130	1,135	995
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	280	135	140	50	25	25
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	105	55	45
Indo-European languages	1,391,750	673,845	717,905	442,685	220,330	222,355
Albanian	13,295	6,630	6,665	2,345	1,270	1,075
Armenian	12,660	6,110	6,550	500	250	245
Balto-Slavic languages	266,925	122,315	144,610	80,330	37,750	42,580
Baltic languages	5,530	2,220	3,310	1,010	475	535
Latvian	2,310	925	1,380	415	195	220
Lithuanian	3,215	1,290	1,925	600	285	315
Slavic languages	261,395	120,095	141,300	79,325	37,275	42,050
Belarusan	360	170	190	65	30	30
Bosnian	2,760	1,335	1,425	1,835	915	920
Bulgarian	7,010	3,380	3,630	1,545	790	755
Croatian	16,770	8,060	8,705	4,655	2,340	2,320
Czech	4,890	2,265	2,625	3,000	1,430	1,575
Macedonian	12,680	6,025	6,655	360	185	175
Polish	72,345	32,690	39,655	20,130	9,425	10,705
Russian	83,105	37,685	45,425	17,810	8,150	9,665
Serbian	21,770	10,615	11,155	4,020	2,035	1,985
Serbo-Croatian	2,460	1,160	1,305	970	480	485
Slovak	5,355	2,475	2,880	2,185	1,070	1,115
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,880	1,710	2,170	695	320	370
Ukrainian	27,470	12,240	15,225	21,835	9,985	11,850
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	540	280	260	215	120	100
Celtic languages	495	235	265	370	200	170
Scottish Gaelic	185	85	100	135	70	65
Welsh	170	75	100	175	85	80
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	140	75	60	65	40	25
Germanic languages	49,180	22,260	26,920	104,260	51,525	52,735
Afrikaans	1,060	510	555	3,010	1,475	1,535
Danish	1,610	735	875	2,380	1,245	1,135
Dutch	10,010	4,695	5,315	16,135	8,095	8,045
Frisian	190	80	110	360	200	160
German	30,915	13,815	17,100	80,050	39,435	40,615
Icelandic	90	45	50	115	55	60
Norwegian	415	180	225	815	370	445
Swedish	1,175	505	670	875	405	470
Vlaams (Flemish)	305	115	185	320	150	170
Yiddish	3,355	1,555	1,800	140	70	70
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	55	30	25
Greek	42,260	20,540	21,720	3,130	1,655	1,475
Indo-Iranian languages	595,725	299,925	295,805	166,805	85,250	81,560
Indo-Aryan languages	481,075	242,275	238,800	145,900	74,320	71,580
Bengali	38,805	19,520	19,285	7,000	3,630	3,370
Gujarati	64,820	32,465	32,355	13,140	6,785	6,355
Hindi	48,620	24,410	24,215	17,055	8,675	8,385
Kashmiri	275	140	135	105	60	50
Konkani	2,175	1,030	1,145	370	190	185
Marathi	4,510	2,290	2,220	1,510	775	730
Nepali	4,695	2,360	2,335	5,175	2,690	2,490
Oriya (Odia)	590	320	270	190	100	90
Punjabi (Panjabi)	171,465	87,125	84,340	68,695	34,935	33,760
Sindhi	5,875	2,750	3,125	2,770	1,300	1,475
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	8,035	3,885	4,150	2,590	1,320	1,265
Urdu	131,205	65,985	65,220	27,295	13,865	13,430
Iranian languages	112,705	56,625	56,085	19,600	10,235	9,365
Kurdish	2,800	1,575	1,225	1,550	845	705
Pashto	7,855	4,050	3,810	2,560	1,320	1,235
Persian (Farsi)	102,050	50,995	51,050	15,490	8,070	7,425
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,950	1,030	920	1,310	695	615
Italic (Romance) languages	411,210	195,830	215,375	84,940	42,425	42,515
Catalan	170	95	85	75	30	45
Italian	153,095	73,500	79,595	11,375	5,760	5,615
Portuguese	103,775	49,730	54,045	9,050	4,380	4,670
Romanian	25,535	11,875	13,655	8,035	4,080	3,955
Spanish	128,405	60,530	67,875	56,370	28,160	28,205
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	105	125	35	20	15
Japanese	9,730	3,400	6,330	4,875	1,715	3,160
Kartvelian languages	1,105	595	510	230	130	105
Georgian	1,110	595	510	230	130	100
Korean	55,300	25,400	29,905	17,920	8,485	9,435
Mongolic languages	350	160	190	545	255	290
Mongolian	350	160	190	540	255	290
Niger-Congo languages	24,615	11,545	13,070	15,360	7,870	7,495
Akan (Twi)	8,540	3,930	4,610	1,755	915	835
Bamanankan	55	30	30	35	20	15
Edo	1,030	415	615	275	155	120
Ewe	380	185	195	245	145	100
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	230	120	110	230	120	100
Ga	455	205	250	145	80	65
Ganda	520	245	275	280	145	135
Igbo	1,575	805	775	1,165	625	540
Lingala	395	190	210	270	130	140
Rundi (Kirundi)	370	175	195	605	305	295
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	400	180	220	805	405	400
Shona	720	345	380	1,100	545	555
Swahili	3,290	1,535	1,750	2,380	1,160	1,215
Wolof	165	85	80	280	165	110
Yoruba	3,445	1,750	1,695	2,435	1,305	1,125
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,040	1,355	1,685	3,370	1,640	1,735
Nilo-Saharan languages	375	205	160	2,720	1,395	1,330
Dinka	40	25	20	1,345	705	640
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	330	185	145	1,375	685	690
Sign languages	1,300	700	605	830	440	390
American Sign Language	505	265	245	335	165	165
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	795	440	360	495	275	225
Sino-Tibetan languages	519,890	241,410	278,480	122,450	57,740	64,705
Chinese languages	513,390	238,240	275,145	120,375	56,675	63,700
Cantonese	248,980	115,625	133,355	59,145	27,755	31,385
Hakka	6,530	2,930	3,600	990	465	530
Mandarin	228,755	106,410	122,345	50,660	23,940	26,720
Min Dong	770	365	400	115	50	65
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,625	5,360	6,265	3,060	1,375	1,695
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,330	2,400	2,935	630	305	330
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,210	5,055	6,160	5,725	2,770	2,955
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	190	90	95	40	15	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,505	3,170	3,330	2,075	1,065	1,005
Burmese	1,005	455	555	430	230	200
Karenic languages	265	125	140	795	415	380
Tibetan	4,885	2,415	2,470	575	295	275
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	345	175	170	275	130	140
Tai-Kadai languages	3,960	1,610	2,355	2,670	955	1,710
Lao	2,195	1,060	1,130	1,020	485	535
Thai	1,740	540	1,205	1,630	465	1,165
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	5	15	20	10	15
Turkic languages	16,775	8,725	8,050	4,050	2,250	1,800
Azerbaijani	1,615	865	755	365	215	155
Turkish	13,755	7,175	6,580	3,140	1,760	1,375
Uyghur	395	195	195	130	70	60
Uzbek	595	300	295	205	115	90
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	415	190	225	215	95	120
Uralic languages	25,115	11,260	13,850	7,470	3,600	3,870
Estonian	2,765	1,160	1,610	190	90	105
Finnish	2,575	1,040	1,535	810	330	480
Hungarian	19,770	9,065	10,710	6,470	3,185	3,285
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	970	500	470	690	415	280
Multiple responses	241,910	116,915	124,995	92,070	44,900	47,175
English and French	15,865	7,345	8,520	10,230	4,950	5,280
English and non-official language	213,300	103,825	109,470	77,520	37,815	39,705
French and non-official language	6,205	2,795	3,410	2,685	1,375	1,305
English, French and non-official language	6,550	2,955	3,595	1,640	760	880
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	4,026,655	2,020,510	2,006,145
Single responses	5,618,495	2,733,315	2,885,175	3,837,615	1,928,230	1,909,385
Official languages	4,151,660	2,039,295	2,112,370	3,354,885	1,690,490	1,664,395
English	4,119,700	2,024,485	2,095,215	3,327,255	1,676,360	1,650,895
French	31,965	14,810	17,155	27,630	14,130	13,500
Non-official languages	1,466,830	694,025	772,810	482,725	237,740	244,990
Aboriginal languages	160	85	80	9,970	4,940	5,020
Algonquian languages	75	40	40	7,175	3,575	3,605
Blackfoot	0	0	0	1,110	555	555
Cree-Montagnais languages	25	15	10	5,875	2,925	2,945
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	20	10	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0	125	60	60
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	5	0	5
Woods Cree	5	0	0	600	300	295
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	5	5,120	2,540	2,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	5	5	5
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	25	25	190	95	95
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	35	20	15	185	90	95
Oji-Cree	5	5	5	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	5	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	5	620	320	300
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	620	325	300
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	10	5	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	5	540	280	260
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	5	0	5
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	0	0	5	5	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	60	35	30
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	55	30	25
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	0	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	5	5	10	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Inuktitut	10	10	5	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	5	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	10	5	5
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	2,125	1,025	1,095
Dakota	0	5	0	175	85	85
Stoney	0	0	0	1,945	935	1,010
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	50	25	25	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,466,670	693,945	772,730	472,760	232,800	239,965
Afro-Asiatic languages	74,640	35,765	38,875	43,770	22,535	21,235
Berber languages	65	30	30	200	105	95
Kabyle	35	20	15	90	45	40
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	105	60	45
Cushitic languages	8,410	3,545	4,865	9,220	4,750	4,470
Bilen	40	15	25	280	160	115
Oromo	555	255	295	2,075	1,060	1,015
Somali	7,785	3,255	4,530	6,850	3,520	3,325
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	15	5	10
Semitic languages	65,980	32,100	33,880	34,310	17,660	16,655
Amharic	3,830	1,690	2,145	4,915	2,390	2,530
Arabic	45,655	22,470	23,185	24,230	12,555	11,675
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,645	3,190	3,460	260	130	130
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,075	525	550	95	50	40
Harari	525	240	285	165	80	85
Hebrew	4,385	2,260	2,125	460	235	225
Maltese	915	420	495	15	10	10
Tigrigna	2,480	1,090	1,395	3,955	2,095	1,860
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	470	220	245	210	110	100
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	45	20	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	33,420	15,240	18,185	16,355	7,635	8,715
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,615	700	915	960	460	500
Vietnamese	31,775	14,525	17,250	15,380	7,175	8,205
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	20	15	0	10
Austronesian languages	73,035	31,170	41,860	60,860	28,765	32,100
Bikol	85	35	50	70	40	35
Cebuano	1,895	820	1,080	2,110	1,015	1,090
Fijian	10	5	5	45	25	20
Hiligaynon	780	335	450	470	215	255
Ilocano	3,440	1,475	1,965	1,975	935	1,035
Malagasy	15	10	10	20	10	10
Malay	1,465	705	755	405	205	195
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	405	180	225	220	110	110
Pangasinan	75	35	40	45	20	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	64,495	27,405	37,090	55,105	26,005	29,100
Waray-Waray	75	30	50	125	60	60
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	285	130	150	280	120	155
Creole languages	2,900	1,340	1,565	970	495	475
Haitian Creole	130	60	65	50	25	25
Creole, n.o.s.	1,970	910	1,060	655	345	310
Creole languages, n.i.e.	800	365	430	270	125	140
Dravidian languages	89,300	43,085	46,215	8,460	4,335	4,125
Kannada	830	420	415	210	105	105
Malayalam	6,530	3,335	3,190	4,060	2,070	1,990
Tamil	76,905	36,645	40,260	2,915	1,515	1,395
Telugu	4,935	2,640	2,295	1,245	635	615
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	30	10	15
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	70	35	35
Indo-European languages	730,175	350,535	379,640	230,270	115,280	114,995
Albanian	6,395	3,200	3,190	1,060	570	485
Armenian	7,505	3,550	3,965	215	115	105
Balto-Slavic languages	136,810	63,965	72,845	30,220	14,820	15,400
Baltic languages	1,645	685	960	410	210	200
Latvian	595	240	355	165	85	80
Lithuanian	1,045	445	605	250	125	120
Slavic languages	135,170	63,280	71,885	29,815	14,610	15,205
Belarusan	120	60	65	15	10	5
Bosnian	1,330	645	690	785	400	385
Bulgarian	3,895	1,900	1,995	825	415	405
Croatian	6,015	2,880	3,135	1,800	905	895
Czech	1,435	695	740	875	440	430
Macedonian	5,140	2,435	2,710	175	90	85
Polish	34,330	16,005	18,325	7,705	3,675	4,030
Russian	53,515	24,855	28,660	10,145	4,965	5,175
Serbian	12,385	6,000	6,390	2,100	1,045	1,055
Serbo-Croatian	960	450	510	315	160	155
Slovak	2,300	1,120	1,185	710	345	365
Slovene (Slovenian)	920	395	515	150	70	75
Ukrainian	12,680	5,785	6,895	4,180	2,060	2,110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	145	60	85	55	30	25
Celtic languages	65	35	30	40	25	15
Scottish Gaelic	30	15	10	15	15	5
Welsh	15	10	10	15	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	10	5	0
Germanic languages	5,550	2,520	3,030	40,915	20,280	20,625
Afrikaans	295	140	155	1,705	835	875
Danish	135	65	75	150	75	75
Dutch	730	330	400	1,980	985	1,000
Frisian	10	5	5	60	30	30
German	3,710	1,665	2,040	36,295	18,010	18,290
Icelandic	25	10	15	30	15	15
Norwegian	45	20	25	60	20	35
Swedish	220	100	125	145	65	80
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	15	60	30	25
Yiddish	355	180	180	15	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	425	215	210
Greek	17,225	8,040	9,180	1,015	490	525
Indo-Iranian languages	370,650	183,405	187,250	111,975	56,535	55,445
Indo-Aryan languages	295,325	146,735	148,585	98,610	49,790	48,815
Bengali	24,870	12,265	12,600	4,530	2,300	2,225
Gujarati	38,595	18,905	19,690	8,025	4,085	3,935
Hindi	24,215	12,030	12,185	9,945	5,115	4,825
Kashmiri	50	25	25	50	20	25
Konkani	445	210	235	75	40	40
Marathi	2,040	1,050	990	845	440	405
Nepali	3,095	1,565	1,530	3,710	1,905	1,805
Oriya (Odia)	275	140	140	95	50	45
Punjabi (Panjabi)	116,115	58,385	57,725	51,010	25,720	25,295
Sindhi	2,510	1,150	1,365	1,240	575	665
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,620	1,770	1,850	1,480	750	730
Urdu	79,500	39,245	40,255	17,600	8,795	8,810
Iranian languages	74,555	36,270	38,280	12,720	6,415	6,305
Kurdish	1,480	805	675	850	440	410
Pashto	4,930	2,480	2,455	1,640	845	795
Persian (Farsi)	68,140	32,995	35,145	10,230	5,135	5,100
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	775	400	380	650	325	325
Italic (Romance) languages	185,970	85,810	100,155	44,830	22,445	22,385
Catalan	80	40	45	35	10	20
Italian	52,280	22,440	29,840	2,840	1,275	1,560
Portuguese	49,840	23,870	25,970	3,905	1,875	2,030
Romanian	12,410	5,760	6,650	4,135	2,115	2,020
Spanish	71,290	33,675	37,615	33,910	17,160	16,755
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	10	5	5
Japanese	4,590	1,965	2,625	2,245	945	1,300
Kartvelian languages	745	405	340	160	85	70
Georgian	745	405	335	160	85	70
Korean	38,610	18,045	20,565	12,775	6,205	6,570
Mongolic languages	205	105	105	335	160	175
Mongolian	205	105	100	335	155	175
Niger-Congo languages	9,050	4,035	5,010	5,600	2,725	2,875
Akan (Twi)	4,065	1,760	2,305	845	415	430
Bamanankan	15	5	10	10	10	0
Edo	290	115	175	70	35	35
Ewe	95	40	55	80	45	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	45	105	55	45
Ga	145	65	85	40	20	20
Ganda	155	65	85	95	50	50
Igbo	420	210	215	265	125	145
Lingala	105	45	60	85	35	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	135	65	75	280	135	145
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	125	55	70	350	175	170
Shona	240	115	125	410	190	225
Swahili	1,245	550	695	1,090	530	565
Wolof	75	45	30	170	95	75
Yoruba	1,095	525	565	690	340	350
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	755	340	415	1,015	485	535
Nilo-Saharan languages	90	45	45	1,525	765	755
Dinka	10	10	5	800	420	380
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	725	350	375
Sign languages	2,050	1,170	875	1,095	630	465
American Sign Language	770	395	370	325	170	155
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,280	770	510	765	455	310
Sino-Tibetan languages	387,190	181,130	206,065	82,380	39,230	43,155
Chinese languages	382,595	178,860	203,730	80,880	38,455	42,420
Cantonese	183,450	84,365	99,085	38,275	17,810	20,460
Hakka	2,735	1,245	1,490	315	135	185
Mandarin	180,885	86,115	94,770	37,125	18,030	19,095
Min Dong	245	105	135	20	5	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,075	2,320	2,755	1,245	540	705
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,150	1,480	1,670	340	175	165
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,975	3,195	3,775	3,550	1,760	1,785
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,600	2,270	2,330	1,500	770	730
Burmese	570	265	305	280	145	130
Karenic languages	210	105	105	665	340	320
Tibetan	3,715	1,845	1,865	420	220	200
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	55	50	140	65	75
Tai-Kadai languages	1,670	785	885	1,130	505	625
Lao	1,015	490	520	465	215	245
Thai	650	285	360	655	285	370
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	0	5	10	5	10
Turkic languages	9,515	4,770	4,755	2,390	1,270	1,120
Azerbaijani	645	325	320	155	90	75
Turkish	8,175	4,080	4,095	1,945	1,030	915
Uyghur	230	125	110	80	45	40
Uzbek	315	165	145	135	70	65
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	155	70	75	70	35	25
Uralic languages	9,160	4,195	4,965	2,130	1,040	1,085
Estonian	650	240	415	25	10	15
Finnish	480	210	270	105	50	50
Hungarian	8,025	3,745	4,285	1,995	980	1,015
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	320	165	155	240	140	95
Multiple responses	568,870	273,940	294,930	189,040	92,280	96,760
English and French	13,745	6,285	7,455	6,885	3,410	3,475
English and non-official language	541,750	261,790	279,965	178,070	86,895	91,170
French and non-official language	2,440	1,080	1,365	1,125	540	580
English, French and non-official language	10,935	4,790	6,145	2,965	1,430	1,530
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140
None	4,771,940	2,328,490	2,443,445	3,492,295	1,760,240	1,732,055
English	601,065	294,730	306,335	221,305	110,655	110,650
French	56,935	24,605	32,330	41,840	19,470	22,375
Non-official language	730,875	347,040	383,835	262,255	125,640	136,615
Aboriginal	525	230	295	17,430	8,325	9,105
Non-Aboriginal	730,350	346,810	383,540	244,825	117,315	127,510
English and French	4,090	1,880	2,210	1,535	775	760
English and non-official language	13,645	6,675	6,970	4,545	2,345	2,195
French and non-official language	8,565	3,725	4,840	2,795	1,340	1,455
English, French and non-official language	255	115	140	85	50	40
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,127,565	2,465,145	2,662,420	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,867,890	2,341,390	2,526,495	3,053,470	1,528,275	1,525,190
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,001	37,081	28,205	42,717	54,891	33,213
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,868,795	2,341,595	2,527,200	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,479	33,581	26,332	38,067	47,131	30,478
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,296,980	2,116,635	2,180,340	2,839,590	1,458,560	1,381,030
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,895	38,686	28,032	42,330	54,528	32,099
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,492,795	1,537,600	1,955,195	1,785,065	711,210	1,073,855
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	2,321	1,060	3,854	4,093	3,834	4,185
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,634,695	1,844,230	1,790,465	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,030
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,913	39,713	30,749	42,679	54,361	32,982
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,867,905	2,341,125	2,526,780	3,054,555	1,528,100	1,526,455
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	50,416	60,259	41,296	62,778	80,001	45,535
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,868,800	2,341,350	2,527,445	3,055,230	1,528,240	1,526,995
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,559	47,030	34,565	50,683	62,938	38,417
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,296,625	2,116,255	2,180,375	2,840,675	1,458,210	1,382,465
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,882	62,603	41,477	62,997	80,282	44,766
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,492,260	1,537,245	1,955,015	1,784,345	710,105	1,074,240
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,443	5,589	7,115	7,175	7,298	7,093
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,634,695	1,844,350	1,790,350	2,473,665	1,299,805	1,173,855
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,594	60,847	42,063	59,343	74,073	43,031
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,732,445	956,920	775,520	1,152,385	669,770	482,615
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	56,715	61,339	52,017	64,090	73,781	53,836
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	74,525	83,831	63,041	81,586	94,822	63,218
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	90.8	93.8	86.7	93.3	95.8	89.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	76.3	79.5	72.1	76.5	78.9	72.3
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	9.2	6.2	13.3	6.7	4.2	10.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	5,127,570	2,465,145	2,662,420	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Without total income	259,680	123,755	135,925	152,585	74,410	78,170
With total income	4,867,890	2,341,390	2,526,500	3,053,470	1,528,280	1,525,190
Percentage with total income	94.9	95.0	94.9	95.2	95.4	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	850,760	383,365	467,395	389,580	146,450	243,130
$10,000 to $19,999	860,845	362,785	498,065	385,235	147,125	238,110
$20,000 to $29,999	616,775	265,280	351,495	364,915	142,810	222,105
$30,000 to $39,999	488,220	220,375	267,845	305,680	131,185	174,490
$40,000 to $49,999	431,695	200,935	230,760	286,615	133,715	152,900
$50,000 to $59,999	344,940	168,770	176,175	247,830	124,720	123,115
$60,000 to $69,999	273,180	142,460	130,720	205,840	114,405	91,430
$70,000 to $79,999	215,270	117,935	97,330	165,640	99,645	65,995
$80,000 to $89,999	172,035	96,395	75,645	132,720	82,700	50,020
$90,000 to $99,999	146,455	78,960	67,490	114,010	70,655	43,350
$100,000 and over	467,725	304,140	163,580	455,410	334,865	120,550
$100,000 to $149,999	289,295	179,660	109,635	274,185	191,710	82,475
$150,000 and over	178,430	124,485	53,945	181,225	143,150	38,075
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	5,127,565	2,465,145	2,662,420	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,365
Without after-tax income	258,770	123,550	135,220	151,915	74,270	77,645
With after-tax income	4,868,795	2,341,595	2,527,200	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715
Percentage with after-tax income	95.0	95.0	94.9	95.3	95.4	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	865,940	388,325	477,615	399,005	149,280	249,725
$10,000 to $19,999	894,920	378,810	516,110	402,780	154,330	248,450
$20,000 to $29,999	705,330	306,720	398,610	420,955	166,650	254,300
$30,000 to $39,999	583,650	268,290	315,355	377,590	169,665	207,925
$40,000 to $49,999	500,340	240,710	259,635	347,960	172,595	175,365
$50,000 to $59,999	369,040	191,325	177,715	276,970	153,985	122,985
$60,000 to $69,999	271,845	150,780	121,060	208,265	127,045	81,220
$70,000 to $79,999	210,910	116,515	94,400	160,580	100,970	59,610
$80,000 and over	466,820	300,120	166,700	460,030	333,895	126,140
$80,000 to $89,999	140,730	81,340	59,390	121,015	78,400	42,620
$90,000 to $99,999	84,200	53,210	30,995	82,020	57,375	24,645
$100,000 and over	241,885	165,575	76,315	257,000	198,120	58,875
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	5,127,570	2,465,145	2,662,420	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360
Without employment income	1,492,870	620,915	871,955	732,385	301,060	431,330
With employment income	3,634,695	1,844,230	1,790,470	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,035
Percentage with employment income	70.9	74.8	67.2	77.2	81.2	73.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	462,940	219,525	243,425	273,835	122,830	151,005
$5,000 to $9,999	299,400	134,955	164,445	164,095	68,100	95,990
$10,000 to $19,999	491,370	230,165	261,200	274,105	113,680	160,430
$20,000 to $29,999	387,370	177,760	209,610	235,620	96,855	138,760
$30,000 to $39,999	352,280	164,255	188,025	227,450	100,650	126,805
$40,000 to $49,999	325,475	154,225	171,250	219,155	103,680	115,475
$50,000 to $59,999	269,240	136,390	132,855	195,145	99,285	95,860
$60,000 to $69,999	217,295	116,415	100,880	163,465	92,950	70,515
$70,000 to $79,999	175,750	99,220	76,530	135,150	83,240	51,910
$80,000 and over	653,575	411,325	242,255	585,640	420,365	165,280
$80,000 to $89,999	145,105	83,190	61,915	111,045	71,210	39,835
$90,000 to $99,999	129,705	69,990	59,715	99,785	62,305	37,480
$100,000 and over	378,765	258,145	120,620	374,815	286,855	87,960
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	78,676	...	...	93,835	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	68,856	...	...	80,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	545,135	...	...	366,080	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,604	...	...	47,948	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,320	...	...	41,502	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,704,565	...	...	1,161,600	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	94,776	...	...	111,435	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	82,773	...	...	94,830	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	109,090	...	...	125,522	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	87,778	...	...	101,361	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	545,245	...	...	365,000	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	55,558	...	...	64,341	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	44,604	...	...	52,116	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,704,460	...	...	1,162,675	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	126,214	...	...	144,729	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	101,589	...	...	116,821	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	2,249,700	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Under $5,000	48,180	...	...	21,660	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	33,265	...	...	13,555	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	53,350	...	...	18,070	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	78,785	...	...	33,045	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	76,775	...	...	51,505	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	78,400	...	...	38,615	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	80,655	...	...	42,580	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	82,555	...	...	46,630	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	82,940	...	...	46,520	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	81,385	...	...	46,825	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	158,445	...	...	95,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	149,175	...	...	95,340	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	138,685	...	...	92,345	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	129,205	...	...	88,775	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	119,740	...	...	84,570	...	...
$100,000 and over	858,155	...	...	712,215	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	242,750	...	...	184,595	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	178,170	...	...	142,910	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	213,020	...	...	181,960	...	...
$200,000 and over	224,220	...	...	202,745	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	2,249,700	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Under $5,000	51,015	...	...	23,395	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	33,655	...	...	13,860	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	54,235	...	...	18,600	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	81,805	...	...	34,540	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	84,245	...	...	55,010	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	86,510	...	...	44,170	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	91,825	...	...	50,280	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	97,495	...	...	55,645	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	100,145	...	...	57,695	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	98,460	...	...	59,195	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	189,855	...	...	119,200	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	174,620	...	...	116,250	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	161,990	...	...	112,675	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	145,090	...	...	106,235	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	125,425	...	...	95,600	...	...
$100,000 and over	673,335	...	...	565,335	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	243,325	...	...	192,795	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	159,030	...	...	132,240	...	...
$150,000 and over	270,985	...	...	240,305	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,643,655	...	...	1,099,900	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	94,466	...	...	109,997	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	82,425	...	...	93,588	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	450,490	...	...	407,300	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	85,144	...	...	101,283	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	73,859	...	...	86,043	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	864,260	...	...	511,375	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	114,898	...	...	133,186	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,263	...	...	111,951	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	272,855	...	...	146,045	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	57,244	...	...	62,909	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,793	...	...	57,079	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,642,870	...	...	1,101,485	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	126,678	...	...	144,493	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	101,694	...	...	116,343	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	450,560	...	...	408,625	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	119,383	...	...	137,805	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	93,957	...	...	110,236	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	864,735	...	...	512,615	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	148,707	...	...	169,354	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	118,866	...	...	135,623	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	271,225	...	...	145,115	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	73,407	...	...	80,406	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	62,688	...	...	68,470	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	781,470	369,605	411,865	577,475	308,835	268,640
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	32,763	33,916	31,879	42,598	47,903	37,344
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,985	30,740	29,410	37,648	41,340	33,785
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	779,995	368,475	411,515	573,385	306,195	267,190
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	47,828	50,519	45,418	56,856	63,468	49,280
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	38,980	40,370	37,735	46,559	50,990	41,481
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	6,165,600	2,997,950	3,167,650	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,650
In the bottom half of the distribution	2,938,540	1,397,320	1,541,230	1,527,695	739,210	788,485
In the bottom decile	676,120	326,535	349,585	293,490	143,880	149,605
In the second decile	606,155	279,150	327,015	278,635	128,055	150,575
In the third decile	563,160	265,280	297,885	297,695	142,090	155,605
In the fourth decile	544,890	260,960	283,930	315,570	154,815	160,760
In the fifth decile	548,220	265,400	282,820	342,305	170,375	171,935
In the top half of the distribution	3,227,055	1,600,635	1,626,425	2,450,450	1,259,285	1,191,160
In the sixth decile	559,915	272,570	287,340	366,250	183,860	182,390
In the seventh decile	580,740	284,615	296,120	397,275	201,465	195,810
In the eighth decile	617,835	305,590	312,245	443,585	227,385	216,200
In the ninth decile	680,510	338,890	341,620	522,545	268,995	253,555
In the top decile	788,065	398,970	389,095	720,795	377,585	343,215
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	6,165,205	2,997,755	3,167,450	3,925,220	1,971,735	1,953,485
0 to 17 years	1,261,825	647,850	613,975	893,255	458,330	434,925
0 to 5 years	394,455	202,140	192,310	310,080	158,825	151,260
18 to 64 years	4,043,815	1,960,900	2,082,915	2,580,730	1,298,440	1,282,295
65 years and over	859,570	389,005	470,560	451,235	214,965	236,265
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	945,120	445,130	499,985	363,890	171,945	191,940
0 to 17 years	244,610	126,045	118,565	114,215	58,665	55,555
0 to 5 years	79,010	40,625	38,385	41,755	21,350	20,400
18 to 64 years	584,600	273,440	311,160	210,870	98,415	112,455
65 years and over	115,905	45,645	70,260	38,800	14,875	23,925
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.3	14.8	15.8	9.3	8.7	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	19.4	19.5	19.3	12.8	12.8	12.8
0 to 5 years (%)	20.0	20.1	20.0	13.5	13.4	13.5
18 to 64 years (%)	14.5	13.9	14.9	8.2	7.6	8.8
65 years and over (%)	13.5	11.7	14.9	8.6	6.9	10.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	769,025	368,690	400,335	273,515	134,180	139,335
0 to 17 years	183,495	94,555	88,945	76,930	39,385	37,550
0 to 5 years	59,780	30,725	29,060	28,190	14,420	13,770
18 to 64 years	512,610	246,395	266,210	181,805	88,715	93,095
65 years and over	72,915	27,740	45,175	14,780	6,085	8,695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.5	12.3	12.6	7.0	6.8	7.1
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	14.6	14.5	8.6	8.6	8.6
0 to 5 years (%)	15.2	15.2	15.1	9.1	9.1	9.1
18 to 64 years (%)	12.7	12.6	12.8	7.0	6.8	7.3
65 years and over (%)	8.5	7.1	9.6	3.3	2.8	3.7
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Official languages	5,906,410	2,895,015	3,011,395	3,920,530	1,974,435	1,946,095
English	5,901,645	2,893,055	3,008,590	3,916,805	1,972,800	1,944,005
French	490,680	211,075	279,605	264,600	123,940	140,660
Non-official languages	3,153,820	1,503,675	1,650,150	1,082,425	527,770	554,655
Aboriginal languages	1,195	490	710	36,465	17,415	19,045
Algonquian languages	995	410	585	29,675	14,120	15,555
Blackfoot	10	10	0	5,575	2,665	2,905
Cree-Montagnais languages	225	100	130	23,465	11,155	12,310
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	25	0	15
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	90	20	70
Plains Cree	55	30	25	1,580	620	965
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	10	10	0
Swampy Cree	45	15	30	45	25	25
Woods Cree	20	15	0	1,135	525	610
Cree, n.o.s.	100	45	60	20,665	9,990	10,675
Eastern Algonquian languages	45	20	25	35	15	15
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	45	20	25	35	15	15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	725	285	435	955	425	530
Algonquin	15	0	10	10	10	0
Ojibway	690	280	415	925	415	505
Oji-Cree	0	0	10	20	10	15
Ottawa (Odawa)	15	10	10	0	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	10	0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	2,640	1,255	1,385
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	0	15	2,630	1,250	1,380
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Beaver	0	0	0	85	50	35
Carrier	0	0	0	45	10	35
Chilcotin	0	0	0	20	15	10
Dene	15	0	10	2,010	975	1,035
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	75	30	45
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	150	65	85
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	285	140	145
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	25	15	10
South Slavey	0	0	0	190	90	100
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	75	35	45
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	10	0	10
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Haida	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuit languages	30	10	20	135	50	80
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	35	10	25
Inuktitut	20	10	15	60	20	35
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	40	25	20
Iroquoian languages	85	40	50	40	25	10
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	10	0
Mohawk	70	30	40	35	25	0
Oneida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	10	10
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	20	10	10	145	75	70
Salish languages	10	0	0	50	25	25
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	10	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	15	10	10
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	10	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	4,050	2,005	2,045
Dakota	10	0	0	530	285	245
Stoney	0	0	0	3,650	1,790	1,855
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0	35	15	15
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	15	0	0
Tsimshian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	0	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	10	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	30	15	15
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,152,680	1,503,210	1,649,475	1,046,245	510,495	535,750
Afro-Asiatic languages	213,065	107,025	106,040	96,210	50,675	45,535
Berber languages	245	135	110	540	335	205
Kabyle	75	40	40	225	125	90
Berber languages, n.i.e.	175	95	80	315	210	110
Cushitic languages	20,520	8,955	11,565	15,445	8,055	7,385
Bilen	85	50	35	370	235	135
Oromo	1,395	600	800	3,125	1,625	1,500
Somali	19,030	8,280	10,750	12,030	6,240	5,795
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	85	30	50	55	20	40
Semitic languages	193,560	98,565	94,995	82,200	43,405	38,800
Amharic	11,485	5,350	6,135	10,870	5,595	5,275
Arabic	127,595	65,960	61,625	62,730	33,365	29,370
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	12,225	5,975	6,255	430	225	210
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,180	1,085	1,090	150	70	75
Harari	1,270	640	635	340	150	185
Hebrew	38,340	19,560	18,780	3,250	1,650	1,600
Maltese	4,865	2,365	2,500	145	85	55
Tigrigna	5,975	2,790	3,180	7,315	3,915	3,400
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,130	555	575	450	250	205
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	740	340	405	375	225	145
Austro-Asiatic languages	66,875	30,690	36,185	32,730	15,440	17,290
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,165	1,835	2,330	2,700	1,375	1,330
Vietnamese	62,985	29,005	33,985	30,150	14,130	16,015
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	35	15	0	10
Austronesian languages	208,410	83,040	125,370	145,745	63,615	82,130
Bikol	585	260	330	330	150	180
Cebuano	7,515	3,035	4,485	6,690	2,940	3,750
Fijian	50	20	30	340	195	145
Hiligaynon	2,550	1,010	1,530	1,760	745	1,020
Ilocano	12,800	5,040	7,765	7,370	3,160	4,215
Malagasy	90	45	45	80	40	40
Malay	7,440	3,410	4,030	3,040	1,435	1,610
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,650	740	910	1,185	565	625
Pangasinan	450	200	255	445	190	250
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	195,790	77,565	118,225	138,440	60,115	78,325
Waray-Waray	315	100	220	420	170	245
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,305	545	765	1,160	505	650
Creole languages	17,315	7,775	9,535	4,585	2,390	2,195
Haitian Creole	690	305	385	255	140	115
Creole, n.o.s.	9,350	4,200	5,150	2,675	1,425	1,250
Creole languages, n.i.e.	7,430	3,325	4,100	1,680	840	850
Dravidian languages	178,705	88,885	89,815	18,190	9,660	8,525
Kannada	4,525	2,280	2,245	1,035	520	515
Malayalam	17,550	8,910	8,640	8,150	4,255	3,900
Tamil	147,970	72,895	75,075	7,195	3,900	3,295
Telugu	13,780	7,530	6,255	2,910	1,560	1,345
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	435	230	210	150	80	70
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	115	55	55
Indo-European languages	1,793,870	873,140	920,730	550,490	274,510	275,980
Albanian	15,415	7,700	7,710	2,880	1,550	1,325
Armenian	15,310	7,310	7,995	530	255	275
Balto-Slavic languages	307,305	143,315	163,990	93,150	44,750	48,395
Baltic languages	6,420	2,625	3,790	1,360	660	705
Latvian	2,670	1,135	1,535	590	300	290
Lithuanian	3,750	1,495	2,260	775	360	415
Slavic languages	302,600	141,410	161,190	92,300	44,340	47,960
Belarusan	955	505	450	200	95	105
Bosnian	4,420	2,145	2,275	2,880	1,450	1,435
Bulgarian	8,080	3,960	4,120	1,795	945	850
Croatian	24,285	11,845	12,440	6,280	3,260	3,025
Czech	6,510	3,095	3,415	3,590	1,650	1,940
Macedonian	17,550	8,435	9,115	535	270	265
Polish	86,300	39,470	46,830	23,650	11,455	12,195
Russian	111,515	51,750	59,760	27,375	13,195	14,175
Serbian	28,010	13,900	14,115	5,355	2,630	2,730
Serbo-Croatian	2,910	1,415	1,500	1,095	550	540
Slovak	6,205	2,860	3,350	2,780	1,495	1,285
Slovene (Slovenian)	4,610	2,065	2,540	735	360	375
Ukrainian	39,275	17,675	21,605	26,600	11,980	14,620
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	680	390	290	250	120	130
Celtic languages	2,040	1,045	995	1,180	615	560
Scottish Gaelic	720	365	350	440	215	225
Welsh	260	115	140	315	180	130
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	1,065	570	500	450	220	225
Germanic languages	84,965	40,310	44,655	112,670	56,325	56,345
Afrikaans	4,450	2,170	2,285	5,165	2,655	2,515
Danish	2,200	985	1,210	2,800	1,360	1,440
Dutch	13,180	6,145	7,030	19,480	9,595	9,890
Frisian	265	115	150	475	275	205
German	57,165	27,260	29,905	83,010	41,905	41,105
Icelandic	150	55	85	160	70	95
Norwegian	1,005	490	515	1,450	635	810
Swedish	2,620	1,200	1,420	1,635	800	835
Vlaams (Flemish)	290	115	170	380	170	215
Yiddish	6,530	3,210	3,320	250	130	115
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	40	50	2,115	1,095	1,015
Greek	61,935	30,450	31,485	4,935	2,535	2,400
Indo-Iranian languages	773,455	390,400	383,055	206,725	106,045	100,675
Indo-Aryan languages	646,525	326,940	319,590	186,005	95,045	90,960
Bengali	49,050	24,905	24,145	8,530	4,385	4,140
Gujarati	88,455	44,230	44,225	18,005	8,945	9,055
Hindi	209,850	106,625	103,225	61,290	31,900	29,385
Kashmiri	495	255	240	125	80	45
Konkani	5,055	2,305	2,755	625	300	320
Marathi	8,725	4,505	4,220	2,575	1,385	1,195
Nepali	6,415	3,170	3,245	5,510	3,000	2,510
Oriya (Odia)	930	440	485	255	135	120
Punjabi (Panjabi)	244,900	125,760	119,140	90,485	46,350	44,135
Sindhi	9,805	4,605	5,200	4,595	2,065	2,530
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15,530	7,770	7,765	3,800	1,925	1,875
Urdu	197,805	100,140	97,675	41,235	21,245	20,000
Iranian languages	132,425	66,075	66,345	22,140	11,665	10,475
Kurdish	3,875	2,205	1,675	1,930	1,100	825
Pashto	11,515	6,115	5,400	3,330	1,795	1,530
Persian (Farsi)	121,440	60,310	61,130	17,600	9,220	8,375
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	3,600	1,950	1,650	1,760	960	805
Italic (Romance) languages	572,510	271,405	301,105	142,340	69,885	72,450
Catalan	320	165	150	170	95	80
Italian	222,755	106,620	116,135	19,900	9,875	10,020
Portuguese	133,265	64,015	69,245	12,670	6,255	6,415
Romanian	30,360	14,060	16,295	9,915	5,185	4,735
Spanish	209,375	97,670	111,705	104,445	50,960	53,490
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	670	335	340	250	130	125
Japanese	17,650	7,610	10,040	9,215	4,115	5,100
Kartvelian languages	1,465	740	725	225	130	100
Georgian	1,465	740	720	230	130	100
Korean	62,730	29,345	33,380	19,950	9,405	10,545
Mongolic languages	440	185	255	800	375	430
Mongolian	440	190	255	800	370	430
Niger-Congo languages	48,715	23,215	25,500	29,430	14,980	14,450
Akan (Twi)	13,850	6,425	7,425	2,925	1,505	1,420
Bamanankan	220	120	100	60	30	30
Edo	1,915	835	1,080	620	325	290
Ewe	525	270	255	335	170	165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	480	240	240	300	165	135
Ga	1,025	495	530	345	190	155
Ganda	860	415	450	610	305	305
Igbo	2,995	1,480	1,510	2,550	1,345	1,210
Lingala	2,205	975	1,235	1,240	640	605
Rundi (Kirundi)	590	275	320	830	420	410
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	750	325	425	1,155	605	550
Shona	1,220	540	680	1,810	850	960
Swahili	10,525	5,210	5,315	6,700	3,470	3,235
Wolof	425	185	235	600	365	235
Yoruba	8,105	4,055	4,055	5,930	3,035	2,890
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,620	3,065	3,545	6,585	3,265	3,320
Nilo-Saharan languages	510	295	215	3,070	1,495	1,575
Dinka	85	60	20	1,655	825	825
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	425	230	195	1,425	675	750
Sign languages	6,575	2,755	3,820	5,910	2,350	3,555
American Sign Language	3,895	1,435	2,460	3,085	1,130	1,955
Quebec Sign Language	15	0	10	0	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,365	1,405	2,855	1,230	1,625
Sino-Tibetan languages	584,845	274,435	310,410	141,860	67,945	73,915
Chinese languages	577,725	270,930	306,800	139,385	66,700	72,685
Cantonese	308,185	143,230	164,955	74,770	35,490	39,280
Hakka	7,205	3,155	4,045	1,180	515	660
Mandarin	315,835	146,905	168,925	70,510	33,310	37,195
Min Dong	710	290	425	85	50	40
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	14,050	6,310	7,740	4,140	1,765	2,380
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,965	3,245	3,720	855	380	470
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,660	5,290	6,365	6,335	3,160	3,175
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	135	75	60	55	25	35
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,505	3,715	3,785	2,590	1,290	1,300
Burmese	1,340	610	730	605	305	295
Karenic languages	245	110	135	805	415	390
Tibetan	5,490	2,740	2,750	860	430	430
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	505	295	215	445	215	235
Tai-Kadai languages	5,090	2,210	2,885	3,705	1,510	2,195
Lao	2,825	1,335	1,485	1,520	730	795
Thai	2,555	995	1,555	2,400	850	1,545
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	45	25	25
Turkic languages	24,805	12,900	11,900	5,795	3,180	2,625
Azerbaijani	2,665	1,355	1,310	630	325	300
Turkish	20,855	10,895	9,960	4,255	2,420	1,835
Uyghur	490	230	260	290	135	155
Uzbek	815	440	375	425	200	225
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	560	270	295	355	170	180
Uralic languages	28,445	12,950	15,495	8,895	4,315	4,575
Estonian	3,045	1,335	1,710	185	85	105
Finnish	2,850	1,230	1,620	1,045	455	590
Hungarian	22,615	10,395	12,215	7,660	3,770	3,890
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,220	1,130	1,820	1,025	790
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	5,427,650	2,647,135	2,780,520	3,622,740	1,825,135	1,797,600
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,168,090	599,370	568,720	854,815	439,065	415,755
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	4,259,560	2,047,765	2,211,795	2,767,920	1,386,070	1,381,850
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	737,950	350,855	387,095	355,410	173,365	182,045
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,610	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	3,270,330	1,634,580	1,635,755	3,062,775	1,550,445	1,512,335
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	2,756,645	1,294,280	1,462,365	845,220	412,320	432,895
Before 1981	634,265	295,550	338,710	163,460	81,620	81,840
1981 to 1990	377,295	180,415	196,875	86,350	41,690	44,660
1991 to 2000	647,110	302,230	344,880	131,560	62,930	68,630
2001 to 2010	737,850	345,745	392,105	256,055	125,235	130,820
2001 to 2005	384,620	181,205	203,415	109,145	53,425	55,720
2006 to 2010	353,235	164,540	188,695	146,910	71,810	75,100
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	360,130	170,340	189,790	207,790	100,845	106,945
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	138,625	69,130	69,500	70,155	35,735	34,420
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	2,756,650	1,294,285	1,462,365	845,220	412,320	432,895
Under 5 years	231,670	115,375	116,290	82,175	42,200	39,975
5 to 14 years	461,170	232,220	228,950	149,815	77,820	71,995
15 to 24 years	600,970	266,960	334,005	168,965	78,215	90,755
25 to 44 years	1,172,935	550,180	622,750	372,805	180,265	192,535
45 years and over	289,905	129,540	160,365	71,450	33,820	37,630
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	2,756,645	1,294,280	1,462,365	845,215	412,325	432,895
Americas	423,325	187,835	235,490	103,540	49,345	54,190
Brazil	10,790	5,005	5,785	2,545	1,100	1,440
Colombia	17,430	7,990	9,440	9,535	4,570	4,960
El Salvador	11,190	5,575	5,610	7,255	3,725	3,530
Guyana	71,305	31,565	39,740	2,555	1,200	1,355
Haiti	2,715	1,280	1,435	1,270	675	600
Jamaica	103,900	43,615	60,285	6,845	3,170	3,680
Mexico	11,580	5,130	6,450	15,665	7,860	7,805
Peru	8,210	3,640	4,570	1,920	780	1,140
Trinidad and Tobago	45,025	19,965	25,060	3,415	1,670	1,750
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	48,625	22,570	26,050	30,460	13,675	16,785
Other places of birth in Americas	92,565	41,515	51,050	22,075	10,925	11,150
Europe	637,680	301,330	336,350	189,770	95,355	94,415
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,835	4,890	4,945	4,555	2,325	2,230
Croatia	12,390	5,940	6,445	3,080	1,615	1,465
France	7,080	3,340	3,745	2,535	1,215	1,320
Germany	24,145	11,355	12,790	19,205	9,485	9,715
Greece	28,470	13,915	14,555	2,005	1,115	890
Hungary	12,310	5,625	6,685	3,665	1,880	1,785
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	8,670	4,195	4,480	3,935	2,100	1,835
Italy	104,795	51,175	53,625	8,110	4,370	3,745
Netherlands	8,945	4,365	4,580	14,035	7,420	6,610
Poland	59,130	26,505	32,625	16,925	8,045	8,880
Portugal	70,280	33,840	36,445	4,050	1,985	2,070
Romania	26,060	11,880	14,180	7,725	3,930	3,795
Russian Federation	34,575	14,940	19,635	7,260	3,135	4,125
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	13,395	6,500	6,895	2,255	1,080	1,170
Ukraine	32,310	14,790	17,520	8,150	3,700	4,455
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	109,500	52,190	57,315	59,215	30,280	28,935
Other places of birth in Europe	75,770	35,885	39,890	23,060	11,670	11,390
Africa	155,780	75,140	80,640	89,740	46,705	43,030
Algeria	1,250	650	600	1,340	715	625
Egypt	25,190	13,075	12,115	5,320	2,940	2,375
Ethiopia	10,950	5,000	5,945	10,570	5,355	5,215
Kenya	11,475	5,250	6,230	5,120	2,555	2,565
Morocco	3,545	1,745	1,795	1,695	1,005	695
Nigeria	16,770	8,310	8,460	12,405	6,520	5,880
Somalia	10,880	4,370	6,510	7,060	3,665	3,395
South Africa, Republic of	13,525	6,610	6,915	7,355	3,670	3,685
Other places of birth in Africa	62,195	30,125	32,065	38,865	20,275	18,590
Asia	1,532,405	726,320	806,075	452,225	215,955	236,265
Afghanistan	26,255	13,140	13,115	5,190	2,765	2,430
Bangladesh	32,785	16,525	16,265	5,085	2,590	2,500
China^{Census data footnote 59}	268,750	122,405	146,345	57,690	26,510	31,185
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	100,505	47,180	53,325	19,110	9,265	9,850
India	309,810	154,460	155,350	91,660	46,625	45,035
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	74,815	37,315	37,505	8,910	4,655	4,250
Iraq	29,080	14,555	14,525	5,935	3,205	2,730
Japan	5,935	1,910	4,030	3,065	905	2,160
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	46,045	21,475	24,570	13,850	6,530	7,320
Lebanon	13,865	7,450	6,415	10,395	5,640	4,750
Pakistan	121,215	61,240	59,970	28,075	14,630	13,445
Philippines	194,840	79,755	115,085	123,830	54,075	69,755
Sri Lanka	103,020	50,290	52,730	4,835	2,475	2,365
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	10,820	5,450	5,370	4,800	2,515	2,280
Taiwan	15,090	6,565	8,525	3,455	1,460	2,000
Viet Nam	59,405	26,825	32,580	27,080	12,645	14,435
Other places of birth in Asia	120,165	59,790	60,375	39,250	19,485	19,765
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	7,460	3,655	3,810	9,940	4,950	4,990
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	360,130	170,340	189,790	207,790	100,845	106,945
Americas	41,650	19,910	21,745	20,060	9,660	10,400
Brazil	2,590	1,220	1,375	860	370	490
Colombia	2,680	1,265	1,415	2,295	1,020	1,275
Cuba	1,225	550	680	465	215	255
Haiti	905	440	465	385	240	150
Jamaica	7,520	3,960	3,555	1,660	765	895
Mexico	3,065	1,455	1,615	4,405	2,250	2,150
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	8,300	4,180	4,115	4,645	2,130	2,515
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,900	885	1,015	1,570	745	820
Other places of birth in Americas	13,470	5,955	7,510	3,785	1,930	1,855
Europe	32,055	15,700	16,355	20,870	10,830	10,045
France	1,400	680	720	425	240	180
Germany	925	495	430	1,370	710	655
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,515	955	565	1,355	835	520
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	780	365	415	715	365	350
Romania	1,520	605	915	1,100	545	555
Russian Federation	3,930	1,430	2,505	1,235	430	805
Ukraine	3,665	1,690	1,980	2,340	1,060	1,280
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	4,155	2,475	1,675	6,225	3,570	2,650
Other places of birth in Europe	14,170	7,005	7,155	6,100	3,065	3,040
Africa	25,155	12,370	12,780	27,770	14,165	13,610
Algeria	205	90	110	255	115	135
Cameroon	815	355	455	1,055	515	545
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	590	265	325	805	365	440
Côte d'Ivoire	300	145	155	420	210	210
Egypt	6,100	3,165	2,935	1,940	1,045	895
Eritrea	1,060	525	540	2,390	1,335	1,055
Ethiopia	1,660	750	915	3,445	1,670	1,780
Morocco	365	140	225	515	265	250
Nigeria	4,885	2,390	2,500	6,110	3,200	2,910
Somalia	1,150	550	595	2,120	1,110	1,010
South Africa, Republic of	855	455	400	1,590	800	785
Tunisia	130	90	40	255	135	125
Other places of birth in Africa	7,040	3,445	3,600	6,870	3,400	3,470
Asia	259,925	121,565	138,365	137,110	65,055	72,050
Afghanistan	4,630	2,315	2,315	810	435	375
Bangladesh	6,910	3,420	3,485	1,355	635	715
China^{Census data footnote 59}	50,140	22,300	27,845	10,525	4,700	5,825
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,825	730	1,095	750	305	450
India	59,255	29,760	29,495	28,820	14,915	13,900
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	18,720	9,065	9,655	3,265	1,665	1,600
Iraq	8,270	4,115	4,155	2,010	1,045	960
Israel	1,630	855	775	480	250	230
Japan	985	265	720	665	195	475
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,910	2,225	2,680	3,840	1,710	2,125
Lebanon	1,440	780	665	1,470	755	710
Nepal	2,430	1,240	1,190	2,615	1,380	1,240
Pakistan	22,005	10,770	11,230	6,910	3,420	3,490
Philippines	43,850	18,045	25,800	59,390	26,960	32,435
Saudi Arabia	2,200	1,130	1,080	820	435	385
Sri Lanka	7,505	3,285	4,220	1,345	650	695
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	5,455	2,840	2,610	3,340	1,705	1,630
Taiwan	775	310	465	505	165	340
Turkey	2,060	1,150	905	390	215	180
United Arab Emirates	3,390	1,705	1,685	810	430	375
Viet Nam	2,670	1,045	1,625	2,040	795	1,240
Other places of birth in Asia	8,875	4,210	4,665	4,965	2,285	2,680
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	1,335	790	545	1,980	1,135	845
Australia	1,040	645	400	1,065	600	465
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	300	145	150	915	535	375
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	2,928,005	1,380,235	1,547,765	938,500	460,015	478,480
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	1,742,215	877,670	864,545	742,455	374,065	368,390
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	1,495,380	740,080	755,300	2,297,195	1,164,420	1,132,775
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	2,158,735	1,016,170	1,142,565	694,945	337,380	357,565
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	1,077,315	532,750	544,560	387,275	195,845	191,430
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	429,475	265,070	164,400	154,700	96,855	57,850
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	647,840	267,680	380,160	232,570	98,990	133,575
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	728,110	297,705	430,410	198,575	81,650	116,920
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	323,445	172,100	151,345	103,785	57,130	46,650
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	29,865	13,615	16,250	5,320	2,745	2,570
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	54,125	25,590	28,530	258,640	125,445	133,195
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	51,180	24,100	27,080	253,460	123,115	130,340
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	32,170	15,025	17,145	136,585	65,755	70,835
Métis	18,185	8,690	9,495	114,370	56,170	58,200
Inuk (Inuit)	825	390	435	2,500	1,195	1,305
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	1,290	595	690	2,905	1,350	1,555
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	1,655	895	760	2,280	975	1,300
Non-Aboriginal identity	6,111,475	2,972,395	3,139,080	3,719,505	1,873,055	1,846,450
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	6,165,600	2,997,990	3,167,615	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	16,930	7,945	8,985	123,235	59,065	64,170
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	6,148,665	2,990,040	3,158,630	3,854,915	1,939,430	1,915,475
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,610	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	8,525	3,885	4,635	103,600	50,680	52,915
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	8,325	3,795	4,525	99,940	48,860	51,070
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	6,445	2,910	3,530	81,685	39,815	41,870
Métis single ancestry	1,755	840	915	17,515	8,690	8,820
Inuit single ancestry	130	50	80	735	355	380
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	200	90	110	3,665	1,820	1,845
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	145	65	75	3,490	1,725	1,765
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	25	10	15	105	55	50
Métis and Inuit ancestries	15	0	10	50	35	15
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	10	10	20	0	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	77,800	36,665	41,130	200,215	97,055	103,160
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	75,720	35,670	40,050	189,830	92,295	97,530
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	57,060	26,935	30,130	104,875	50,595	54,280
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	17,560	8,205	9,355	82,585	40,530	42,060
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,100	520	570	2,365	1,170	1,195
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	2,080	1,000	1,080	10,385	4,760	5,625
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,800	850	950	9,760	4,465	5,295
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	175	90	85	310	155	155
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	95	55	40	270	110	160
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	40	25	20
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	6,079,275	2,957,430	3,121,845	3,674,330	1,850,760	1,823,570
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	3,065,110	1,475,720	1,589,385	933,165	461,460	471,705
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	986,160	497,590	488,570	230,930	118,535	112,390
Chinese	636,045	302,585	333,460	158,200	77,035	81,165
Black	461,500	214,100	247,395	129,390	66,960	62,440
Filipino	258,755	110,640	148,120	166,195	74,770	91,425
Latin American	134,630	64,625	70,000	55,090	27,560	27,525
Arab	107,465	55,845	51,620	56,700	30,245	26,450
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	83,575	39,230	44,350	43,985	21,025	22,960
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	125,205	62,610	62,595	20,980	11,010	9,965
Korean	70,160	33,450	36,715	21,275	10,130	11,145
Japanese	21,380	9,355	12,025	12,165	5,495	6,670
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	80,105	37,420	42,680	9,900	4,700	5,205
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	100,115	48,265	51,855	28,360	13,985	14,375
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	3,100,495	1,522,265	1,578,230	3,044,980	1,537,040	1,507,940
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,645
North American Aboriginal origins	86,320	40,555	45,770	303,815	147,735	156,075
First Nations (North American Indian)	65,675	30,875	34,795	200,290	96,845	103,445
Inuit	1,560	740	815	3,900	1,915	1,985
Métis	21,390	10,035	11,355	113,735	55,590	58,150
Other North American origins	890,400	441,050	449,350	955,040	486,735	468,305
Acadian	4,665	2,295	2,370	5,545	2,970	2,570
American	52,945	25,715	27,230	72,355	35,480	36,875
Canadian	847,465	420,100	427,365	902,315	460,335	441,975
New Brunswicker	105	70	35	50	35	15
Newfoundlander	3,860	1,960	1,900	1,985	1,135	850
Nova Scotian	670	325	345	190	115	70
Ontarian	695	395	300	110	65	45
Québécois	1,725	885	840	1,380	750	630
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	250	135	115	415	210	205
European origins	2,976,435	1,449,425	1,527,010	2,580,720	1,292,280	1,288,440
British Isles origins	1,453,875	708,915	744,960	1,581,265	787,205	794,060
Channel Islander	455	235	225	225	115	115
Cornish	210	105	105	210	90	115
English	829,660	404,155	425,505	899,440	444,010	455,440
Irish	613,845	292,610	321,235	596,750	288,710	308,040
Manx	910	495	415	945	450	495
Scottish	615,415	297,395	318,025	704,205	347,740	356,460
Welsh	63,700	30,410	33,285	80,455	38,715	41,740
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	118,795	56,595	62,200	90,865	44,055	46,815
French origins	280,315	132,865	147,450	411,560	201,160	210,395
Alsatian	355	130	220	200	120	80
Breton	55	35	20	60	25	35
Corsican	55	30	30	125	65	70
French	279,965	132,705	147,255	411,315	201,030	210,290
Western European origins (except French origins)	438,815	213,090	225,725	915,185	455,115	460,065
Austrian	32,295	15,750	16,550	39,530	19,225	20,305
Bavarian	160	65	95	110	60	55
Belgian	10,695	4,965	5,730	21,210	10,320	10,890
Dutch	114,480	55,130	59,350	195,720	97,735	97,990
Flemish	955	480	480	2,005	870	1,140
Frisian	435	250	190	685	380	305
German	298,670	145,360	153,305	712,955	353,755	359,195
Luxembourger	310	150	165	680	355	320
Swiss	15,915	8,000	7,915	24,310	11,905	12,410
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	550	260	285	830	390	440
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	75,360	36,240	39,120	329,990	159,695	170,295
Danish	16,980	8,390	8,590	60,380	29,240	31,135
Finnish	17,505	8,140	9,370	17,755	8,780	8,975
Icelandic	4,450	2,210	2,240	20,225	10,050	10,175
Norwegian	17,730	8,635	9,095	156,595	75,160	81,430
Swedish	20,370	9,430	10,945	97,840	46,445	51,385
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	3,805	1,805	2,005	13,515	7,005	6,505
Eastern European origins	626,465	298,640	327,830	685,270	336,430	348,845
Bulgarian	11,420	5,655	5,765	2,935	1,510	1,425
Byelorussian	8,405	4,140	4,265	2,200	1,165	1,035
Czech	17,435	8,415	9,020	20,865	10,405	10,460
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	4,980	2,355	2,630	10,055	4,800	5,255
Estonian	8,020	3,820	4,200	2,715	1,240	1,470
Hungarian	63,320	30,715	32,605	56,270	27,385	28,885
Latvian	9,945	4,665	5,275	3,245	1,585	1,660
Lithuanian	20,030	9,605	10,420	6,090	2,915	3,175
Moldovan	3,045	1,560	1,490	1,585	790	790
Polish	249,230	118,935	130,300	186,510	91,115	95,395
Romanian	51,845	24,690	27,150	34,230	16,520	17,710
Russian	142,520	66,315	76,205	107,800	51,840	55,960
Slovak	15,325	7,415	7,915	11,010	5,495	5,515
Ukrainian	155,850	74,695	81,150	369,090	181,600	187,490
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	7,350	3,450	3,905	1,910	1,015	895
Southern European origins	1,016,050	501,945	514,100	215,725	107,495	108,230
Albanian	17,790	8,975	8,810	2,935	1,555	1,385
Bosnian	6,645	3,250	3,395	3,870	1,985	1,890
Catalan	165	105	60	85	55	25
Croatian	38,560	19,280	19,275	14,220	7,535	6,690
Cypriot	2,695	1,325	1,370	160	90	70
Greek	103,175	51,765	51,415	15,025	7,790	7,235
Italian	497,450	248,620	248,830	101,265	50,975	50,285
Kosovar	505	260	245	420	210	210
Macedonian	30,255	15,190	15,060	1,015	485	535
Maltese	21,040	10,295	10,745	1,560	845	715
Montenegrin	1,480	705	775	290	185	105
Portuguese	212,190	103,565	108,630	22,385	11,395	10,985
Serbian	33,860	17,065	16,795	7,755	3,875	3,875
Sicilian	1,755	885	870	330	160	170
Slovenian	13,615	6,820	6,800	3,885	2,010	1,875
Spanish	110,580	51,650	58,925	48,055	22,225	25,835
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	7,355	3,570	3,785	5,120	2,495	2,625
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	515	210	305	245	120	125
Other European origins	73,765	36,970	36,795	22,805	11,700	11,105
Basque	865	420	450	425	210	215
Jewish	59,740	30,040	29,700	9,780	4,890	4,885
Roma (Gypsy)	1,235	575	660	465	220	245
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	1,040	555	485	995	505	490
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	11,350	5,610	5,745	11,255	5,940	5,310
Caribbean origins	364,700	165,915	198,785	36,120	18,050	18,070
Antiguan	2,590	1,155	1,435	455	265	190
Bahamian	1,375	705	675	310	180	130
Barbadian	19,865	9,065	10,805	2,065	980	1,080
Bermudan	1,040	485	550	210	120	90
Carib	1,975	695	1,275	135	45	85
Cuban	9,560	4,335	5,225	2,175	1,110	1,060
Dominican	6,615	3,125	3,490	930	530	395
Grenadian	12,970	5,580	7,390	595	300	295
Guadeloupean	40	15	30	0	0	0
Haitian	5,430	2,555	2,875	2,235	1,210	1,025
Jamaican	210,990	96,185	114,805	17,325	8,540	8,785
Kittitian/Nevisian	1,920	905	1,010	95	65	30
Martinican	155	50	100	10	0	0
Montserratan	460	220	245	30	10	25
Puerto Rican	785	415	370	460	225	240
St. Lucian	5,690	2,500	3,195	595	295	300
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	47,350	21,810	25,540	5,180	2,685	2,490
Vincentian/Grenadinian	10,880	4,620	6,260	535	215	325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	48,565	21,530	27,040	2,670	1,275	1,395
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	13,795	6,170	7,625	2,305	1,110	1,200
Latin, Central and South American origins	220,030	103,845	116,180	78,405	39,030	39,375
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	7,325	3,425	3,900	1,980	965	1,015
Arawak	780	340	445	105	30	70
Argentinian	8,410	4,075	4,340	1,385	705	680
Belizean	390	180	210	445	250	190
Bolivian	1,360	675	685	590	305	285
Brazilian	13,250	6,350	6,900	3,030	1,330	1,700
Chilean	10,735	5,150	5,580	8,105	4,115	3,990
Colombian	25,240	12,095	13,145	12,585	6,060	6,525
Costa Rican	1,805	930	870	575	270	305
Ecuadorian	17,795	8,390	9,405	890	405	485
Guatemalan	6,115	2,960	3,160	2,395	1,270	1,120
Guyanese	61,130	28,055	33,075	3,095	1,545	1,555
Hispanic	3,705	1,805	1,900	1,785	905	885
Honduran	1,785	830	950	760	405	355
Maya	1,185	590	600	580	310	275
Mexican	20,480	9,570	10,905	22,475	11,430	11,045
Nicaraguan	3,725	1,795	1,935	1,675	825	855
Panamanian	1,905	820	1,080	320	150	170
Paraguayan	320	145	175	340	155	190
Peruvian	10,905	5,075	5,830	2,740	1,245	1,495
Salvadorean	15,270	7,545	7,725	8,810	4,545	4,270
Uruguayan	3,395	1,750	1,645	315	180	135
Venezuelan	8,585	3,960	4,630	4,690	2,295	2,390
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	9,420	4,590	4,840	3,430	1,735	1,695
African origins	274,125	133,800	140,330	136,510	70,620	65,885
Central and West African origins	60,375	29,860	30,515	33,170	17,430	15,735
Akan	720	415	305	130	80	50
Angolan	1,085	540	545	295	155	140
Ashanti	1,085	555	525	130	70	55
Beninese	370	190	185	200	90	105
Burkinabe	100	45	60	100	50	50
Cameroonian	2,700	1,330	1,365	2,040	1,010	1,035
Chadian	190	95	95	75	55	20
Congolese	4,275	2,075	2,205	4,095	2,100	1,990
Edo	945	495	445	555	320	235
Ewe	165	90	75	125	70	55
Gabonese	50	10	35	25	10	20
Gambian	555	260	295	110	60	50
Ghanaian	20,780	9,890	10,890	4,470	2,365	2,100
Guinean	695	360	335	455	235	215
Ibo	1,525	800	725	1,760	935	825
Ivorian	680	300	375	655	355	295
Liberian	305	135	175	1,040	495	540
Malian	280	145	135	70	45	25
Malinké	225	105	120	95	55	45
Nigerian	19,805	10,015	9,790	13,010	6,815	6,200
Peulh	65	40	20	105	70	35
Senegalese	540	280	260	575	370	205
Sierra Leonean	865	430	435	740	395	345
Togolese	315	205	105	150	70	80
Wolof	45	25	25	70	45	25
Yoruba	3,055	1,605	1,455	2,990	1,600	1,385
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	3,010	1,480	1,535	1,865	985	875
North African origins	54,675	28,110	26,565	23,235	12,305	10,935
Algerian	1,735	850	885	1,620	805	815
Berber	685	375	315	685	415	270
Coptic	1,845	940	900	225	115	110
Dinka	35	25	10	565	320	250
Egyptian	36,930	18,975	17,955	8,525	4,515	4,010
Libyan	1,375	735	635	1,300	665	635
Maure	240	130	105	95	70	25
Moroccan	8,675	4,490	4,180	2,510	1,380	1,130
Sudanese	3,775	1,845	1,930	7,070	3,695	3,375
Tunisian	1,110	595	510	940	480	455
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	895	475	430	575	315	260
Southern and East African origins	81,750	39,080	42,670	56,560	29,285	27,275
Afrikaner	340	175	165	315	155	160
Amhara	490	235	260	450	240	215
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	330	195	140	700	395	310
Burundian	785	420	365	975	555	420
Djiboutian	215	95	115	170	90	75
Eritrean	7,655	3,690	3,970	7,960	4,250	3,715
Ethiopian	16,110	7,725	8,385	13,225	6,710	6,510
Harari	460	250	210	165	85	80
Kenyan	4,075	1,895	2,180	2,175	1,035	1,140
Malagasy	180	75	105	125	55	70
Mauritian	2,855	1,470	1,385	550	310	235
Oromo	840	380	465	1,355	765	595
Rwandan	1,135	510	625	1,420	745	675
Seychellois	190	75	115	35	25	10
Somali	25,650	11,860	13,785	14,100	7,315	6,790
South African	12,455	6,280	6,175	6,635	3,310	3,320
Tanzanian	1,915	975	940	1,030	525	505
Tigrian	410	210	205	700	380	320
Ugandan	2,055	1,000	1,050	1,155	645	510
Zambian	425	215	215	265	155	110
Zimbabwean	1,875	875	995	2,590	1,300	1,285
Zulu	225	110	110	295	135	160
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	5,660	2,495	3,165	3,875	2,010	1,870
Other African origins	81,240	38,620	42,615	26,150	12,995	13,155
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	11,635	5,095	6,535	2,525	1,220	1,305
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	70,510	33,955	36,555	23,960	11,950	12,010
Asian origins	2,469,215	1,197,195	1,272,015	756,335	370,390	385,945
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	335,045	169,465	165,580	97,355	51,035	46,315
Afghan	43,305	21,735	21,570	8,540	4,545	3,995
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	23,810	12,320	11,490	10,470	5,690	4,780
Armenian	22,005	10,700	11,300	1,780	865	910
Assyrian	7,530	3,870	3,660	560	300	255
Azerbaijani	3,345	1,625	1,715	615	280	335
Georgian	2,375	1,220	1,160	400	230	165
Hazara	520	280	240	365	190	170
Iranian	97,660	49,065	48,590	13,925	7,220	6,705
Iraqi	28,895	14,505	14,385	6,165	3,250	2,915
Israeli	14,620	7,585	7,030	1,565	830	740
Jordanian	5,470	2,955	2,515	1,325	670	655
Kazakh	980	445	535	565	260	310
Kurd	4,390	2,355	2,040	2,040	1,160	880
Kuwaiti	375	215	160	185	110	80
Kyrgyz	260	90	170	200	110	90
Lebanese	30,540	15,475	15,070	32,365	16,835	15,525
Palestinian	16,005	8,640	7,365	4,880	2,675	2,210
Pashtun	2,125	1,180	945	645	305	345
Saudi Arabian	1,805	960	850	390	205	180
Syrian	16,450	8,015	8,435	7,215	3,605	3,610
Tajik	1,450	685	770	265	160	105
Tatar	1,810	775	1,040	530	215	315
Turk	23,365	11,840	11,525	5,745	3,155	2,595
Turkmen	410	205	200	105	55	50
Uighur	545	260	290	270	125	140
Uzbek	1,800	890	910	485	225	260
Yemeni	2,510	1,200	1,315	930	440	485
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	10,285	5,305	4,980	2,445	1,305	1,140
South Asian origins	1,010,270	507,255	503,010	231,550	118,855	112,695
Bangladeshi	23,725	12,120	11,605	4,155	2,085	2,070
Bengali	12,620	6,455	6,170	1,660	870	790
Bhutanese	150	80	65	815	410	400
East Indian	653,400	327,990	325,410	174,510	89,140	85,370
Goan	4,090	1,895	2,200	495	265	225
Gujarati	5,045	2,615	2,430	855	445	410
Kashmiri	1,405	735	670	720	355	365
Nepali	5,410	2,655	2,755	4,600	2,490	2,110
Pakistani	125,270	63,625	61,650	29,265	15,075	14,190
Punjabi	47,970	24,665	23,305	15,645	8,230	7,420
Sinhalese	4,085	1,990	2,095	750	400	355
Sri Lankan	116,195	56,715	59,475	5,585	2,885	2,695
Tamil	40,605	20,630	19,985	1,050	565	485
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	50,925	25,770	25,150	4,845	2,500	2,335
East and Southeast Asian origins	1,146,980	531,630	615,350	431,135	202,400	228,735
Burmese	2,240	980	1,260	1,270	650	615
Cambodian (Khmer)	6,235	2,910	3,330	4,260	2,245	2,015
Chinese	707,805	336,025	371,780	188,280	90,735	97,545
Filipino	279,435	120,465	158,970	175,130	79,150	95,975
Hmong	55	30	30	0	0	0
Indonesian	6,375	2,965	3,410	3,005	1,425	1,575
Japanese	28,960	12,820	16,145	16,595	7,510	9,085
Karen	265	120	150	740	390	345
Korean	73,905	35,210	38,695	22,410	10,655	11,755
Laotian	4,070	2,005	2,060	2,050	1,020	1,030
Malaysian	5,745	2,740	3,005	2,970	1,340	1,630
Mongolian	2,005	920	1,085	1,565	725	835
Singaporean	1,075	485	595	370	180	190
Taiwanese	8,045	3,645	4,395	1,995	855	1,140
Thai	3,505	1,360	2,145	2,735	980	1,750
Tibetan	6,035	3,030	3,010	965	500	465
Vietnamese	73,730	34,880	38,850	36,780	17,720	19,060
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	3,445	1,695	1,745	735	385	345
Other Asian origins	10,790	5,320	5,470	3,115	1,580	1,530
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	10,790	5,320	5,470	3,115	1,585	1,530
Oceania origins	10,235	5,195	5,040	15,500	7,825	7,680
Australian	6,300	3,295	3,000	7,785	3,975	3,810
New Zealander	2,045	1,070	975	2,905	1,535	1,370
Pacific Islands origins	2,125	985	1,150	5,150	2,510	2,635
Fijian	1,230	520	705	3,325	1,580	1,745
Hawaiian	250	125	120	425	190	235
Maori	190	100	85	640	325	320
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	115	45	70	205	105	95
Samoan	90	45	45	280	180	100
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	355	170	185	375	195	180
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Owner	1,508,050	...	...	1,105,795	...	...
Renter	741,635	...	...	412,150	...	...
Band housing	15	...	...	9,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Condominium	451,480	...	...	256,015	...	...
Not condominium	1,798,220	...	...	1,271,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
No bedrooms	24,470	...	...	5,440	...	...
1 bedroom	392,455	...	...	139,820	...	...
2 bedrooms	471,420	...	...	322,370	...	...
3 bedrooms	675,530	...	...	540,505	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	685,825	...	...	519,545	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	769,935	...	...	358,650	...	...
5 rooms	305,120	...	...	238,870	...	...
6 rooms	298,100	...	...	224,335	...	...
7 rooms	268,285	...	...	201,560	...	...
8 or more rooms	608,260	...	...	504,270	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	2,249,700	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
One person or fewer per room	2,155,575	...	...	1,494,875	...	...
More than 1 person per room	94,130	...	...	32,805	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	2,249,700	...	...	1,527,675	...	...
Suitable	2,040,055	...	...	1,458,550	...	...
Not suitable	209,650	...	...	69,125	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1960 or before	461,890	...	...	177,780	...	...
1961 to 1980	596,580	...	...	439,505	...	...
1981 to 1990	318,720	...	...	193,360	...	...
1991 to 2000	284,125	...	...	216,410	...	...
2001 to 2005	211,220	...	...	157,420	...	...
2006 to 2010	194,820	...	...	180,645	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	182,345	...	...	162,560	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	2,249,700	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	2,126,815	...	...	1,440,440	...	...
Major repairs needed	122,885	...	...	87,240	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
1 household maintainer	1,268,650	...	...	873,125	...	...
2 household maintainers	889,850	...	...	605,830	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	91,210	...	...	48,725	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	2,249,705	...	...	1,527,680	...	...
15 to 24 years	50,295	...	...	53,955	...	...
25 to 34 years	309,555	...	...	281,820	...	...
35 to 44 years	427,295	...	...	307,930	...	...
45 to 54 years	523,950	...	...	310,435	...	...
55 to 64 years	438,675	...	...	288,480	...	...
65 to 74 years	280,175	...	...	169,505	...	...
75 to 84 years	158,225	...	...	86,970	...	...
85 years and over	61,535	...	...	28,585	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	2,244,090	...	...	1,479,270	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,503,705	...	...	1,170,780	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	740,390	...	...	308,485	...	...
30% to less than 100%	614,715	...	...	268,795	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,505,930	...	...	1,075,465	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	63.5	...	...	65.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	26.1	...	...	15.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,643	...	...	1,481	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,741	...	...	1,531	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	601,801	...	...	400,104	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	718,283	...	...	449,790	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	741,470	...	...	410,225	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	14.7	...	...	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	47.0	...	...	36.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,205	...	...	1,243	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,258	...	...	1,279	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
No certificate, diploma or degree	835,885	398,720	437,165	540,665	284,020	256,640
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,336,090	657,155	678,935	895,885	440,665	455,220
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,955,595	1,409,260	1,546,335	1,769,500	878,130	891,375
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	233,655	157,070	76,585	309,465	242,160	67,305
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	124,295	74,045	50,250	94,735	56,255	38,480
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	109,355	83,020	26,340	214,730	185,905	28,825
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	911,320	398,310	513,015	615,480	250,590	364,895
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	138,905	62,070	76,830	94,620	36,875	57,750
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,671,725	791,820	879,905	749,930	348,510	401,425
Bachelor's degree	1,108,835	509,125	599,705	530,085	235,610	294,470
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	110,490	50,230	60,260	39,955	18,075	21,880
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	45,720	22,855	22,870	21,850	11,810	10,045
Master's degree	358,270	180,120	178,150	133,265	67,215	66,055
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	48,405	29,490	18,920	24,770	15,805	8,965
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,453,070	1,658,085	1,794,995	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795
No certificate, diploma or degree	330,455	168,305	162,150	244,755	136,085	108,675
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	763,495	383,035	380,460	569,435	283,290	286,145
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,359,120	1,106,740	1,252,385	1,443,635	711,655	731,975
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	159,805	106,765	53,045	238,220	189,180	49,035
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	85,460	50,660	34,800	69,415	42,445	26,970
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	74,340	56,100	18,240	168,805	146,740	22,065
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	713,845	310,985	402,860	496,375	203,350	293,020
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	104,165	46,160	58,005	73,315	29,315	44,005
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,381,310	642,835	738,475	635,730	289,810	345,920
Bachelor's degree	903,185	410,675	492,515	448,235	197,045	251,195
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	89,860	39,260	50,595	32,095	14,155	17,940
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	37,365	17,445	19,920	18,855	9,505	9,350
Master's degree	312,795	153,565	159,235	116,975	57,230	59,740
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	38,100	21,890	16,220	19,570	11,875	7,695
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	5,127,570	2,465,130	2,662,435	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	2,171,970	1,055,875	1,116,100	1,436,545	724,680	711,865
Education	152,070	31,295	120,780	121,930	29,000	92,930
13. Education	152,070	31,295	120,775	121,930	29,000	92,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	143,925	65,075	78,855	49,660	20,960	28,705
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	19,340	14,390	4,950	9,130	6,305	2,820
50. Visual and performing arts	124,590	50,685	73,905	40,535	14,650	25,885
Humanities	196,840	69,600	127,245	69,305	27,480	41,830
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	22,870	4,990	17,880	6,790	1,620	5,170
23. English language and literature/letters	55,685	15,720	39,965	15,110	4,270	10,840
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	58,975	19,690	39,280	20,660	7,275	13,390
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	955	430	525	225	105	125
38. Philosophy and religious studies	12,755	7,105	5,650	4,890	2,750	2,140
39. Theology and religious vocations	10,875	6,820	4,055	11,435	6,560	4,865
54. History	27,730	13,795	13,930	8,600	4,560	4,045
55. French language and literature/letters	7,000	1,050	5,950	1,595	345	1,250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	422,140	146,075	276,065	159,735	51,705	108,030
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,715	1,060	4,655	2,345	470	1,875
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	46,600	18,130	28,475	17,180	6,320	10,865
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	60,420	5,555	54,865	28,750	2,185	26,570
22. Legal professions and studies	73,180	27,680	45,500	29,000	9,355	19,645
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	7,085	1,590	5,495	2,190	605	1,580
42. Psychology	59,035	13,965	45,065	27,275	6,765	20,515
45. Social sciences	170,100	78,095	92,005	52,985	26,000	26,985
Business, management and public administration	710,290	316,185	394,110	361,530	133,045	228,485
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,450	550	900	670	155	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	44,090	8,915	35,175	21,565	4,015	17,555
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	664,745	306,720	358,025	339,295	128,885	210,410
Physical and life sciences and technologies	139,280	65,385	73,895	72,850	38,330	34,525
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	58,500	23,085	35,410	25,850	10,955	14,895
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	34,525	15,160	19,365	15,410	7,270	8,145
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	2,490	780	1,715	555	170	385
40. Physical sciences	38,775	24,610	14,160	26,130	17,875	8,255
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,995	1,745	3,245	4,900	2,055	2,845
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	172,415	111,640	60,775	60,830	37,710	23,120
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	133,530	91,695	41,830	48,975	32,855	16,125
25. Library science	6,160	1,010	5,150	4,295	515	3,780
27. Mathematics and statistics	29,965	17,020	12,945	7,050	4,020	3,035
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,760	1,915	845	515	330	185
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	512,040	443,510	68,535	463,185	415,665	47,520
04. Architecture and related services	31,495	20,350	11,140	11,325	7,140	4,190
14. Engineering	214,355	170,975	43,385	110,345	89,275	21,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	89,340	80,240	9,100	84,800	72,145	12,655
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	25	75	60	10	50
46. Construction trades	69,290	67,765	1,525	100,370	96,810	3,560
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	71,415	69,560	1,855	103,880	100,100	3,785
48. Precision production	36,050	34,595	1,455	52,400	50,195	2,205
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	33,130	17,945	15,185	44,270	27,245	17,025
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	19,660	11,120	8,545	28,440	17,860	10,580
03. Natural resources and conservation	13,470	6,825	6,640	15,830	9,390	6,445
Health and related fields	350,515	82,575	267,945	270,920	51,220	219,700
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	30,095	15,365	14,730	19,300	9,110	10,195
51. Health professions and related programs	307,835	60,640	247,200	245,265	38,460	206,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	12,585	6,570	6,015	6,350	3,650	2,695
Personal, protective and transportation services	122,605	59,890	62,710	95,140	45,720	49,415
12. Personal and culinary services	73,665	22,575	51,090	57,285	14,985	42,305
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	400	345	55	250	230	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	560	530	35	740	655	85
43. Security and protective services	31,600	21,895	9,700	16,985	11,590	5,400
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,380	14,540	1,840	19,880	18,270	1,610
Other	335	100	240	150	60	95
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	340	100	240	145	60	95
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,453,075	1,658,080	1,794,995	2,257,820	1,131,025	1,126,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,093,950	551,340	542,605	814,190	419,370	394,820
Education	111,515	22,360	89,150	91,020	19,920	71,105
13. Education	111,515	22,360	89,155	91,025	19,920	71,100
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	115,180	51,975	63,205	40,255	16,670	23,585
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	14,710	10,965	3,745	7,095	4,810	2,285
50. Visual and performing arts	100,465	41,010	59,455	33,155	11,860	21,300
Humanities	152,610	52,495	100,110	55,985	21,840	34,145
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	17,955	3,595	14,365	5,690	1,310	4,380
23. English language and literature/letters	43,250	11,900	31,350	12,345	3,425	8,920
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	46,590	15,100	31,485	17,320	6,020	11,300
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	755	350	405	200	95	100
38. Philosophy and religious studies	9,865	5,520	4,345	3,930	2,205	1,725
39. Theology and religious vocations	7,970	4,980	2,985	8,500	4,960	3,545
54. History	21,045	10,390	10,650	6,855	3,565	3,285
55. French language and literature/letters	5,180	650	4,525	1,140	245	895
Social and behavioural sciences and law	343,020	115,640	227,375	135,545	42,855	92,685
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,675	895	3,780	2,025	425	1,600
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	38,535	14,990	23,540	14,880	5,360	9,520
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	46,755	3,895	42,860	23,730	1,770	21,960
22. Legal professions and studies	62,345	21,545	40,805	25,095	7,395	17,705
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	5,560	1,305	4,260	1,790	530	1,255
42. Psychology	46,440	10,375	36,065	22,460	5,290	17,170
45. Social sciences	138,705	62,635	76,070	45,565	22,095	23,465
Business, management and public administration	586,770	256,525	330,245	301,995	110,825	191,170
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,225	450	770	560	135	420
44. Public administration and social service professions	35,730	7,150	28,580	18,035	3,130	14,910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	549,820	248,930	300,890	283,400	107,560	175,840
Physical and life sciences and technologies	106,185	48,100	58,085	58,120	29,655	28,465
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	44,740	17,110	27,635	20,925	8,620	12,310
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	26,645	11,315	15,325	12,175	5,740	6,435
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	2,045	655	1,390	460	155	305
40. Physical sciences	29,015	17,810	11,205	20,785	13,645	7,140
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,740	1,205	2,530	3,775	1,500	2,270
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	153,315	99,790	53,525	53,975	33,590	20,385
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	122,125	83,960	38,165	44,735	29,980	14,750
25. Library science	4,420	770	3,645	3,400	440	2,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	24,330	13,405	10,920	5,420	2,915	2,500
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,450	1,650	795	420	255	165
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	394,190	336,265	57,930	376,875	335,210	41,670
04. Architecture and related services	25,855	16,295	9,560	9,335	5,630	3,710
14. Engineering	175,000	137,235	37,760	95,005	75,840	19,170
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	66,985	59,980	7,005	69,300	58,610	10,690
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	95	20	75	55	10	50
46. Construction trades	50,050	48,900	1,150	80,455	77,430	3,020
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	51,840	50,495	1,345	81,470	78,290	3,180
48. Precision production	24,365	23,330	1,030	41,255	39,405	1,850
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	26,330	13,690	12,640	35,820	21,060	14,760
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	15,345	8,185	7,165	21,990	12,970	9,025
03. Natural resources and conservation	10,985	5,500	5,480	13,825	8,090	5,740
Health and related fields	276,985	64,810	212,175	217,640	42,225	175,410
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	22,850	11,585	11,265	15,955	7,530	8,425
51. Health professions and related programs	244,170	48,335	195,840	196,250	31,775	164,475
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	9,960	4,895	5,070	5,435	2,925	2,505
Personal, protective and transportation services	92,740	45,005	47,735	76,300	37,755	38,540
12. Personal and culinary services	55,105	16,430	38,670	44,755	12,085	32,670
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	290	245	45	190	170	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	270	255	20	460	410	50
43. Security and protective services	24,105	16,480	7,625	14,100	9,595	4,505
49. Transportation and materials moving	12,975	11,595	1,380	16,795	15,490	1,305
Other	280	75	205	115	55	60
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	280	80	200	110	55	60
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,430	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,171,970	1,055,875	1,116,100	1,436,545	724,685	711,865
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,955,595	1,409,260	1,546,335	1,769,505	878,130	891,370
Location of study inside Canada	2,030,770	958,975	1,071,795	1,424,855	709,950	714,905
Same as province or territory of residence	1,876,620	883,400	993,215	1,064,560	530,135	534,430
Different than province or territory of residence	154,150	75,570	78,585	360,290	179,815	180,475
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	924,825	450,290	474,540	344,645	168,180	176,465
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	87,045	47,790	39,255	45,690	25,545	20,145
Philippines	97,275	34,080	63,195	68,760	26,480	42,280
India	143,425	72,340	71,090	41,560	21,025	20,535
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	62,945	35,240	27,705	28,630	16,255	12,370
China^{Census data footnote 162}	79,715	37,720	41,995	18,850	8,805	10,050
France	6,770	3,685	3,085	2,150	1,275	875
Other	447,650	219,440	228,210	139,010	68,800	70,210
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,453,070	1,658,080	1,794,990	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,093,950	551,345	542,605	814,190	419,375	394,820
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,359,125	1,106,740	1,252,385	1,443,630	711,655	731,980
Location of study inside Canada	1,619,990	756,860	863,130	1,150,780	572,180	578,595
Same as province or territory of residence	1,497,405	696,605	800,805	857,370	426,365	431,010
Different than province or territory of residence	122,580	60,255	62,325	293,410	145,820	147,590
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	739,135	349,880	389,260	292,850	139,470	153,380
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	69,385	37,000	32,390	34,655	18,640	16,015
Philippines	82,075	28,300	53,775	64,000	24,435	39,565
India	123,205	60,375	62,825	37,240	18,505	18,740
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	38,455	21,100	17,350	20,065	11,390	8,675
China^{Census data footnote 162}	67,305	31,345	35,955	16,600	7,630	8,965
France	5,705	3,090	2,610	1,870	1,105	765
Other	353,015	168,670	184,345	118,425	57,770	60,655
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	5,127,570	2,465,135	2,662,435	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
In the labour force	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	2,302,945	1,238,280	1,064,655
Employed	3,131,310	1,620,650	1,510,665	2,096,105	1,114,360	981,745
Unemployed	263,725	131,045	132,680	206,835	123,925	82,910
Not in the labour force	1,732,530	713,440	1,019,095	903,105	364,525	538,580
Participation rate	66.2	71.1	61.7	71.8	77.3	66.4
Employment rate	61.1	65.7	56.7	65.4	69.5	61.2
Unemployment rate	7.8	7.5	8.1	9.0	10.0	7.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	5,127,570	2,465,135	2,662,435	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	1,676,685	690,615	986,070	806,150	318,845	487,310
Worked	3,450,885	1,774,515	1,676,365	2,399,895	1,283,965	1,115,930
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,783,150	991,020	792,130	1,193,860	698,530	495,330
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,667,730	783,495	884,240	1,206,035	585,430	620,595
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.6	43.3	41.9	42.5	43.1	41.7
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,340	2,302,940	1,238,285	1,064,660
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,665	43,825	50,840	40,005	18,650	21,360
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,870	1,592,500	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300
Employee	2,886,735	1,438,530	1,448,200	1,984,225	1,042,630	941,595
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	413,635	269,335	144,300	278,710	177,010	101,705
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,665	43,830	50,840	40,010	18,645	21,360
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,865	1,592,500	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300
0 Management occupations	394,280	239,200	155,080	261,505	167,260	94,245
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	601,285	210,175	391,110	353,965	95,685	258,280
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	279,765	214,135	65,630	175,025	136,240	38,795
3 Health occupations	184,005	43,195	140,810	150,415	28,130	122,290
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	378,750	115,535	263,210	228,325	74,105	154,220
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	131,660	64,385	67,280	50,170	19,960	30,210
6 Sales and service occupations	773,450	355,335	418,115	491,495	204,245	287,255
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	374,450	348,325	26,125	406,495	376,375	30,120
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	26,040	20,920	5,120	72,465	59,465	13,000
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	156,695	96,670	60,030	73,070	58,170	14,895
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,670	43,825	50,840	40,005	18,650	21,360
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,870	1,592,505	2,262,935	1,219,630	1,043,305
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,650	6,355	4,300	64,035	43,045	20,990
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,840	3,360	1,485	142,490	109,105	33,390
22 Utilities	21,020	14,710	6,315	21,940	15,345	6,595
23 Construction	202,820	176,825	25,995	236,370	201,640	34,730
31-33 Manufacturing	297,095	197,110	99,985	127,535	96,045	31,490
41 Wholesale trade	148,765	92,475	56,290	80,610	56,840	23,775
44-45 Retail trade	357,305	170,725	186,585	249,880	115,065	134,810
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	175,370	128,850	46,515	115,295	83,675	31,620
51 Information and cultural industries	111,260	64,370	46,885	33,045	18,625	14,420
52 Finance and insurance	256,030	122,265	133,765	69,225	25,230	43,995
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	85,340	45,945	39,400	41,520	23,075	18,450
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	349,475	196,515	152,960	167,800	94,565	73,240
55 Management of companies and enterprises	8,980	3,725	5,245	5,560	2,760	2,795
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	170,015	93,700	76,315	87,350	49,595	37,760
61 Educational services	242,880	74,790	168,090	147,270	44,160	103,110
62 Health care and social assistance	306,505	60,805	245,700	245,875	41,235	204,645
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	67,460	35,520	31,935	44,880	21,550	23,335
72 Accommodation and food services	214,090	97,280	116,810	153,790	62,220	91,570
81 Other services (except public administration)	140,750	59,140	81,610	105,865	50,455	55,405
91 Public administration	129,730	63,405	66,325	122,595	65,420	57,175
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	3,131,315	1,620,650	1,510,660	2,096,110	1,114,360	981,745
Worked at home	227,805	115,735	112,070	162,465	77,935	84,530
Worked outside Canada	19,885	13,445	6,445	6,270	4,715	1,555
No fixed workplace address	362,910	258,955	103,960	307,065	236,995	70,070
Worked at usual place	2,520,710	1,232,520	1,288,190	1,620,310	794,720	825,595
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	2,520,710	1,232,520	1,288,190	1,620,310	794,720	825,595
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,390,920	629,775	761,150	1,186,170	554,850	631,330
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	296,770	144,860	151,910	358,010	190,730	167,280
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	827,240	454,405	372,840	64,360	41,925	22,435
Commute to a different province or territory	5,780	3,480	2,300	11,770	7,210	4,560
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,150	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,822,275	1,038,935	783,340	1,497,440	832,890	664,545
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	162,250	60,150	102,105	99,635	40,215	59,420
Public transit	682,935	287,755	395,180	194,560	88,325	106,235
Walked	148,075	65,960	82,115	85,805	38,030	47,775
Bicycle	39,580	25,130	14,450	21,925	14,685	7,240
Other method	28,510	13,545	14,965	28,015	17,560	10,455
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,145	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Less than 15 minutes	421,685	190,530	231,160	519,085	237,105	281,980
15 to 29 minutes	828,535	419,575	408,960	706,940	377,165	329,780
30 to 44 minutes	747,815	406,185	341,625	422,070	243,905	178,165
45 to 59 minutes	383,645	205,085	178,565	148,620	86,485	62,135
60 minutes and over	501,935	270,105	231,830	130,665	87,060	43,605
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,150	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	171,870	123,165	48,705	145,660	107,460	38,200
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	443,415	265,760	177,645	395,425	254,225	141,200
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	733,585	355,240	378,345	567,530	297,825	269,705
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	674,150	309,245	364,905	347,270	147,425	199,845
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	418,610	198,245	220,360	188,660	77,175	111,490
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	441,995	239,820	202,175	282,820	147,600	135,225
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	3,573,895	1,834,125	1,739,765	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,090
Single responses	3,491,900	1,794,810	1,697,090	2,446,600	1,304,240	1,142,360
Official languages	3,398,800	1,745,460	1,653,335	2,425,545	1,292,940	1,132,610
English	3,386,000	1,742,070	1,643,925	2,418,990	1,290,870	1,128,120
French	12,795	3,390	9,410	6,560	2,070	4,490
Non-official languages	93,100	49,350	43,755	21,055	11,305	9,750
Aboriginal languages	10	10	10	1,000	550	450
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	670	355	315
Blackfoot	0	0	0	75	50	30
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	10	565	295	270
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	10	10	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	10	0	0	30	10	20
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	535	280	255
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	20	15	10
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	10	0	0	25	15	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	75	45	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	75	40	35
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	60	35	25
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	10	10	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	255	155	105
Dakota	0	0	0	15	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	240	140	95
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	93,095	49,345	43,745	20,050	10,755	9,300
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,860	1,060	800	940	575	360
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	100	45	60	100	45	55
Bilen	0	0	0	10	0	10
Oromo	15	10	0	25	15	15
Somali	85	35	55	60	25	35
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,750	1,015	735	840	530	305
Amharic	55	20	35	85	50	35
Arabic	1,170	765	405	610	415	195
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	110	80	30	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	340	105	240	50	15	35
Maltese	20	15	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	45	25	20	40	15	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	50	25	25
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,800	740	1,055	1,305	515	790
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	25	20	15	10	0
Vietnamese	1,745	715	1,035	1,290	505	780
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,105	405	700	850	420	430
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	10	10	15	0	10
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	10	10	10	0	10
Ilocano	35	20	20	30	10	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	35	15	25	10	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	985	360	625	785	405	380
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	10	0	10
Creole languages	20	20	10	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	20	10	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,935	930	1,005	55	25	35
Kannada	0	0	10	0	0	0
Malayalam	65	30	30	15	10	0
Tamil	1,835	890	945	35	15	15
Telugu	35	10	25	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	27,135	14,985	12,150	8,280	4,855	3,425
Albanian	215	120	90	30	20	10
Armenian	145	65	75	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,340	2,575	2,760	690	335	355
Baltic languages	55	20	30	0	0	0
Latvian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Lithuanian	50	20	25	0	0	0
Slavic languages	5,290	2,555	2,730	695	335	360
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	45	30	10	15	15	0
Bulgarian	110	75	35	10	0	10
Croatian	90	60	30	15	10	15
Czech	15	10	0	0	0	0
Macedonian	80	35	45	10	10	0
Polish	1,510	800	710	220	135	85
Russian	2,500	1,090	1,410	275	120	160
Serbian	170	110	55	25	0	20
Serbo-Croatian	20	15	10	0	0	0
Slovak	50	30	15	25	0	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	690	295	400	100	40	55
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	380	155	230	2,535	1,700	840
Afrikaans	0	0	0	30	10	20
Danish	20	0	10	10	0	10
Dutch	65	50	20	145	80	65
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	235	80	160	2,160	1,455	700
Icelandic	10	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	10	0	10	0	10
Swedish	20	10	15	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	10	0	0	0	10
Yiddish	15	10	15	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	165	135	30
Greek	345	190	150	20	15	0
Indo-Iranian languages	10,900	6,060	4,845	3,215	1,870	1,350
Indo-Aryan languages	8,445	4,520	3,935	3,010	1,735	1,275
Bengali	295	145	155	25	10	15
Gujarati	620	210	410	75	15	60
Hindi	730	355	375	210	110	100
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	55	20	35	40	20	15
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,655	3,255	2,400	2,480	1,510	970
Sindhi	25	10	15	10	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	10	10	0
Urdu	1,005	495	510	155	50	100
Iranian languages	2,450	1,545	905	200	130	70
Kurdish	80	75	10	15	10	0
Pashto	15	0	10	15	15	0
Persian (Farsi)	2,355	1,470	890	175	105	70
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,815	5,805	4,005	1,780	920	860
Catalan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Italian	750	405	345	30	10	15
Portuguese	4,975	3,295	1,680	140	70	70
Romanian	245	105	140	50	30	20
Spanish	3,830	1,995	1,835	1,560	800	760
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Japanese	770	255	525	195	75	125
Kartvelian languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Georgian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Korean	4,280	2,160	2,115	785	350	435
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	75	40	35	35	10	30
Akan (Twi)	15	0	15	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	10	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	15	15	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	10	0	30	10	25
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	365	145	220	230	120	115
American Sign Language	255	80	180	125	40	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	105	65	45	105	80	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	52,950	28,150	24,795	7,080	3,665	3,420
Chinese languages	52,900	28,125	24,775	7,035	3,635	3,400
Cantonese	25,385	13,225	12,160	4,545	2,340	2,205
Hakka	35	10	25	15	0	10
Mandarin	26,295	14,290	12,005	2,170	1,125	1,045
Min Dong	30	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	145	75	30	10	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	20	10	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	910	425	490	275	155	125
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	30	20	45	30	20
Burmese	10	0	10	10	10	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0	25	15	10
Tibetan	40	30	10	0	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	45	125	60	65
Lao	0	0	10	0	0	0
Thai	70	30	35	130	60	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	415	285	130	80	35	45
Azerbaijani	10	10	10	0	0	0
Turkish	400	270	125	65	30	30
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	10	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Uralic languages	300	145	160	70	45	25
Estonian	45	10	35	0	0	0
Finnish	35	10	30	10	10	0
Hungarian	220	120	95	65	40	25
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Multiple responses	81,990	39,315	42,680	20,810	10,080	10,735
English and French	17,250	6,625	10,620	4,525	2,050	2,475
English and non-official language	63,475	32,120	31,360	15,935	7,860	8,075
French and non-official language	85	45	40	55	25	30
English, French and non-official language	1,180	520	660	295	140	155
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	3,573,890	1,834,125	1,739,765	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,095
None	3,303,720	1,698,930	1,604,790	2,370,575	1,264,955	1,105,620
English	45,255	21,620	23,630	13,805	6,540	7,270
French	50,065	21,430	28,635	23,920	11,380	12,545
Non-official language	170,330	89,990	80,340	57,640	30,700	26,935
Aboriginal	160	45	115	5,045	2,370	2,680
Non-Aboriginal	170,170	89,945	80,220	52,590	28,335	24,260
English and French	80	40	40	30	15	15
English and non-official language	1,240	595	645	215	105	110
French and non-official language	3,180	1,495	1,685	1,220	625	595
English, French and non-official language	25	20	10	0	10	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	6,102,380	2,965,875	3,136,510	3,925,440	1,971,515	1,953,920
Non-movers	5,339,195	2,590,535	2,748,660	3,318,340	1,667,060	1,651,280
Movers	763,190	375,335	387,855	607,095	304,450	302,640
Non-migrants	448,425	219,440	228,980	394,230	199,640	194,590
Migrants	314,765	155,890	158,870	212,865	104,815	108,050
Internal migrants	209,390	103,440	105,950	166,390	82,335	84,055
Intraprovincial migrants	182,460	89,955	92,505	120,105	59,845	60,260
Interprovincial migrants	26,930	13,485	13,445	46,280	22,490	23,795
External migrants	105,375	52,455	52,920	46,475	22,480	23,995
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	5,839,885	2,831,440	3,008,450	3,714,635	1,863,450	1,851,190
Non-movers	3,600,585	1,739,465	1,861,115	2,052,580	1,028,510	1,024,070
Movers	2,239,300	1,091,970	1,147,335	1,662,055	834,935	827,120
Non-migrants	1,222,360	594,025	628,335	899,165	454,700	444,465
Migrants	1,016,945	497,950	518,995	762,890	380,235	382,655
Internal migrants	622,105	304,350	317,760	559,860	280,255	279,610
Intraprovincial migrants	553,000	270,880	282,120	333,775	165,900	167,875
Interprovincial migrants	69,105	33,465	35,635	226,090	114,355	111,730
External migrants	394,840	193,600	201,240	203,025	99,980	103,045

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Alberta [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 6, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Alberta [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Alberta [Province]