Census Profile, 2016 Census
Alberta [Province] and Quebec [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Alberta [Province]			Quebec [Province]
	Data quality , Alberta [Province] Map : Alberta [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : Quebec [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	4,067,175	...	...	8,164,361	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	3,645,257	...	...	7,903,001	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	11.6	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	1,654,129	...	...	3,858,943	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	1,527,678	...	...	3,531,663	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.4	...	...	6.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	640,330.46	...	...	1,356,625.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	4,067,175	2,039,410	2,027,765	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605
0 to 14 years	779,155	399,570	379,580	1,333,260	682,535	650,720
0 to 4 years	266,515	136,520	129,995	444,930	227,965	216,970
5 to 9 years	270,715	138,990	131,725	469,165	240,225	228,940
10 to 14 years	241,920	124,060	117,860	419,160	214,345	204,815
15 to 64 years	2,787,805	1,408,150	1,379,655	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280
15 to 19 years	240,035	123,625	116,410	429,825	219,070	210,755
20 to 24 years	261,830	133,990	127,840	500,100	252,600	247,500
25 to 29 years	310,940	156,715	154,225	495,410	248,030	247,380
30 to 34 years	333,175	167,555	165,620	515,505	256,440	259,070
35 to 39 years	305,505	153,655	151,850	550,540	274,595	275,945
40 to 44 years	281,205	142,545	138,660	506,525	254,100	252,425
45 to 49 years	269,030	135,855	133,180	519,425	260,410	259,015
50 to 54 years	284,310	142,205	142,100	619,435	309,070	310,370
55 to 59 years	275,540	138,565	136,970	636,475	314,190	322,285
60 to 64 years	226,230	113,440	112,790	562,670	276,140	286,535
65 years and over	500,215	231,690	268,530	1,495,195	669,590	825,605
65 to 69 years	173,680	85,500	88,180	488,175	236,395	251,775
70 to 74 years	117,035	56,430	60,610	373,590	176,905	196,690
75 to 79 years	83,955	39,105	44,845	256,905	116,020	140,890
80 to 84 years	62,165	27,590	34,575	187,835	78,390	109,450
85 years and over	63,385	23,065	40,320	188,685	61,885	126,805
85 to 89 years	39,965	16,050	23,915	120,635	43,795	76,840
90 to 94 years	18,025	5,755	12,275	53,165	15,155	38,015
95 to 99 years	4,735	1,145	3,595	13,035	2,685	10,350
100 years and over	650	115	535	1,850	255	1,600
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.2	19.6	18.7	16.3	17.0	15.7
15 to 64 years	68.5	69.0	68.0	65.4	66.3	64.4
65 years and over	12.3	11.4	13.2	18.3	16.7	19.9
85 years and over	1.6	1.1	2.0	2.3	1.5	3.1
Average age of the population	37.8	37.2	38.4	41.9	40.9	42.9
Median age of the population	36.7	36.2	37.2	42.5	41.4	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	1,527,675	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Single-detached house	946,225	...	...	1,602,680	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	62,395	...	...	187,800	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	471,090	...	...	1,717,680	...	...
Semi-detached house	86,765	...	...	188,245	...	...
Row house	116,625	...	...	93,350	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	43,090	...	...	265,195	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	223,360	...	...	1,154,955	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,245	...	...	15,940	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	47,970	...	...	23,505	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	1,527,675	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 person	366,080	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
2 persons	524,415	...	...	1,227,765	...	...
3 persons	245,075	...	...	489,460	...	...
4 persons	233,770	...	...	426,250	...	...
5 or more persons	158,335	...	...	212,960	...	...
Number of persons in private households	3,978,145	...	...	7,965,455	...	...
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	3,288,020	1,639,835	1,648,185	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885
Married or living common law	1,969,300	988,410	980,895	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395
Married	1,648,945	828,155	820,790	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260
Living common law	320,350	160,250	160,100	1,501,160	752,025	749,135
Not married and not living common law	1,318,720	651,430	667,290	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490
Never married	905,700	505,310	400,390	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280
Separated	76,150	34,000	42,150	103,625	46,390	57,240
Divorced	195,850	82,040	113,815	483,195	194,430	288,760
Widowed	141,020	30,080	110,940	389,555	84,345	305,210
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,114,585	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
2 persons	540,850	...	...	1,204,955	...	...
3 persons	235,245	...	...	466,310	...	...
4 persons	227,165	...	...	412,160	...	...
5 or more persons	111,330	...	...	174,140	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,114,585	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
Total couple families	953,325	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Married couples	793,195	...	...	1,128,355	...	...
Common-law couples	160,130	...	...	749,740	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	161,260	...	...	379,460	...	...
Female parent	123,490	...	...	284,900	...	...
Male parent	37,770	...	...	94,565	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	953,325	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Couples without children	443,665	...	...	970,260	...	...
Couples with children	509,655	...	...	907,840	...	...
1 child	190,010	...	...	356,640	...	...
2 children	213,910	...	...	384,875	...	...
3 or more children	105,735	...	...	166,315	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	161,260	...	...	379,465	...	...
1 child	97,180	...	...	234,695	...	...
2 children	45,235	...	...	109,670	...	...
3 or more children	18,845	...	...	35,100	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	678,535	356,875	321,655	1,579,070	775,765	803,305
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	1,527,675	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
One-census-family households	1,039,985	...	...	2,197,340	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	414,570	...	...	947,305	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	625,415	...	...	1,250,040	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	36,120	...	...	29,595	...	...
Non-census-family households	451,570	...	...	1,304,725	...	...
One-person households	366,080	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	85,490	...	...	129,500	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285
English only	3,698,765	1,869,670	1,829,095	372,445	187,595	184,860
French only	3,895	1,725	2,165	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095
English and French	264,720	124,400	140,315	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275
Neither English nor French	59,280	24,715	34,565	75,065	31,000	44,060
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
English	3,880,685	1,950,980	1,929,705	964,120	482,985	481,135
French	71,535	37,205	34,330	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560
English and French	16,605	8,350	8,255	278,710	144,060	134,655
Neither English nor French	57,830	23,970	33,860	72,775	29,845	42,930
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	79,840	41,380	38,455	1,103,480	555,015	548,465
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	2.0	2.0	1.9	13.7	14.0	13.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	3,934,580	1,975,615	1,958,970	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975
Official languages	3,063,640	1,552,475	1,511,165	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845
English	2,991,485	1,515,025	1,476,460	601,155	301,860	299,300
French	72,150	37,450	34,705	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550
Non-official languages	870,940	423,140	447,805	1,060,830	517,700	543,125
Aboriginal languages	23,835	11,290	12,550	45,570	22,530	23,040
Algonquian languages	18,295	8,665	9,630	33,140	16,365	16,770
Blackfoot	2,750	1,305	1,445	5	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	14,960	7,105	7,850	31,430	15,575	15,855
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	0	5	0	8,715	4,155	4,555
Moose Cree	10	0	5	0	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	285	305
Northern East Cree	50	15	35	135	55	80
Plains Cree	720	280	435	5	0	5
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	35	15	15
Swampy Cree	50	20	35	5	5	0
Woods Cree	910	430	480	10	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	13,220	6,355	6,865	15,790	7,920	7,875
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	15	15	485	225	260
Malecite	0	5	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	35	20	15	485	220	260
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	550	235	315	1,215	565	645
Algonquin	5	0	5	1,185	555	630
Ojibway	525	230	300	20	10	15
Oji-Cree	15	5	15	5	0	5
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	5	0	5
Athabaskan languages	1,865	865	1,000	15	10	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,855	860	990	15	10	5
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	35	15	15	0	0	0
Carrier	15	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	5	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	1,470	710	760	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	40	10	30	0	0	0
Gwich'in	15	5	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	70	20	45	5	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	5	0
Slavey-Hare languages	200	90	115	10	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	10	5	10	0	0	0
South Slavey	155	70	80	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	35	15	25	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	5	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	5	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	120	35	85	11,970	5,955	6,015
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	25	5	10	0	0	0
Inuktitut	60	20	45	11,895	5,925	5,970
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	35	10	30	75	25	45
Iroquoian languages	10	10	5	375	165	210
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	5	365	160	210
Oneida	0	5	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	5	5	5
Kutenai	5	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	80	45	35	5	5	0
Salish languages	15	5	10	5	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	5	0
Siouan languages	3,370	1,630	1,745	0	0	0
Dakota	350	165	185	0	0	0
Stoney	3,020	1,460	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	15	5	5	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	5	5	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	5	5	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	5	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	5	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	55	30	25	65	30	35
Non-Aboriginal languages	847,105	411,850	435,255	1,015,260	495,175	520,090
Afro-Asiatic languages	68,415	36,215	32,200	197,535	104,185	93,355
Berber languages	340	190	145	20,845	11,125	9,720
Kabyle	165	90	75	12,470	6,625	5,840
Berber languages, n.i.e.	175	100	75	8,375	4,500	3,875
Cushitic languages	12,525	6,495	6,030	1,125	545	580
Bilen	315	185	130	10	10	5
Oromo	2,650	1,375	1,275	15	10	5
Somali	9,520	4,915	4,605	1,075	515	560
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	30	20	10
Semitic languages	55,425	29,450	25,980	175,215	92,310	82,900
Amharic	7,320	3,605	3,720	745	340	405
Arabic	40,540	21,840	18,705	169,890	89,590	80,300
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	400	210	190	150	80	70
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	145	80	65	15	10	5
Harari	260	135	120	0	5	5
Hebrew	960	505	460	3,885	2,040	1,845
Maltese	75	30	40	25	10	15
Tigrigna	5,415	2,880	2,535	385	185	205
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	305	155	145	110	60	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	130	80	50	355	200	155
Austro-Asiatic languages	25,295	11,760	13,535	36,305	17,030	19,275
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,925	910	1,010	8,855	4,105	4,750
Vietnamese	23,350	10,840	12,505	27,425	12,920	14,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	15	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	115,405	50,190	65,210	21,635	7,800	13,835
Bikol	425	205	225	115	35	80
Cebuano	5,135	2,155	2,980	885	270	610
Fijian	125	75	50	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	1,500	640	855	410	125	275
Ilocano	5,350	2,310	3,040	2,060	745	1,315
Malagasy	35	10	25	1,250	590	660
Malay	1,460	615	845	705	265	440
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	765	370	390	205	90	110
Pangasinan	290	115	175	95	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	99,035	43,120	55,920	15,545	5,480	10,065
Waray-Waray	305	145	160	50	10	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	980	430	550	320	140	180
Creole languages	1,895	990	910	56,990	25,220	31,770
Haitian Creole	95	45	50	2,220	1,055	1,170
Creole, n.o.s.	1,175	640	540	53,785	23,675	30,110
Creole languages, n.i.e.	625	305	325	980	490	490
Dravidian languages	13,490	7,075	6,415	14,865	7,435	7,430
Kannada	535	270	265	240	130	110
Malayalam	6,345	3,285	3,060	440	235	205
Tamil	4,430	2,360	2,070	13,600	6,715	6,880
Telugu	2,130	1,135	995	570	345	230
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	15	10	5
Hmong-Mien languages	105	55	45	25	10	15
Indo-European languages	442,685	220,330	222,355	553,045	269,625	283,420
Albanian	2,345	1,270	1,075	2,795	1,420	1,370
Armenian	500	250	245	16,430	7,970	8,460
Balto-Slavic languages	80,330	37,750	42,580	68,155	30,960	37,195
Baltic languages	1,010	475	535	850	335	515
Latvian	415	195	220	290	120	175
Lithuanian	600	285	315	555	215	340
Slavic languages	79,325	37,275	42,050	67,310	30,630	36,675
Belarusan	65	30	30	80	45	35
Bosnian	1,835	915	920	1,620	805	815
Bulgarian	1,545	790	755	6,985	3,385	3,600
Croatian	4,655	2,340	2,320	2,330	1,165	1,170
Czech	3,000	1,430	1,575	1,465	690	775
Macedonian	360	185	175	205	105	95
Polish	20,130	9,425	10,705	13,935	6,065	7,865
Russian	17,810	8,150	9,665	28,565	12,715	15,850
Serbian	4,020	2,035	1,985	3,140	1,590	1,545
Serbo-Croatian	970	480	485	1,805	865	940
Slovak	2,185	1,070	1,115	1,040	455	585
Slovene (Slovenian)	695	320	370	755	350	405
Ukrainian	21,835	9,985	11,850	5,210	2,285	2,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	215	120	100	175	90	85
Celtic languages	370	200	170	155	95	60
Scottish Gaelic	135	70	65	20	15	10
Welsh	175	85	80	40	20	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	90	55	30
Germanic languages	104,260	51,525	52,735	27,540	13,280	14,260
Afrikaans	3,010	1,475	1,535	125	60	65
Danish	2,380	1,245	1,135	395	190	200
Dutch	16,135	8,095	8,045	2,825	1,395	1,430
Frisian	360	200	160	10	10	0
German	80,050	39,435	40,615	13,670	6,340	7,330
Icelandic	115	55	60	65	30	35
Norwegian	815	370	445	200	100	100
Swedish	875	405	470	555	255	300
Vlaams (Flemish)	320	150	170	540	240	300
Yiddish	140	70	70	8,985	4,560	4,420
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	175	100	75
Greek	3,130	1,655	1,475	38,635	19,435	19,205
Indo-Iranian languages	166,805	85,250	81,560	76,040	39,205	36,835
Indo-Aryan languages	145,900	74,320	71,580	45,845	23,875	21,970
Bengali	7,000	3,630	3,370	10,995	5,620	5,380
Gujarati	13,140	6,785	6,355	6,070	2,980	3,090
Hindi	17,055	8,675	8,385	3,030	1,635	1,390
Kashmiri	105	60	50	20	15	5
Konkani	370	190	185	110	60	55
Marathi	1,510	775	730	255	145	110
Nepali	5,175	2,690	2,490	1,505	740	765
Oriya (Odia)	190	100	90	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	68,695	34,935	33,760	12,380	6,720	5,660
Sindhi	2,770	1,300	1,475	330	160	165
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,590	1,320	1,265	645	310	330
Urdu	27,295	13,865	13,430	10,470	5,460	5,010
Iranian languages	19,600	10,235	9,365	29,760	15,105	14,655
Kurdish	1,550	845	705	985	550	430
Pashto	2,560	1,320	1,235	1,285	680	610
Persian (Farsi)	15,490	8,070	7,425	27,490	13,875	13,615
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,310	695	615	440	225	210
Italic (Romance) languages	84,940	42,425	42,515	323,290	157,260	166,030
Catalan	75	30	45	320	170	150
Italian	11,375	5,760	5,615	104,600	51,705	52,895
Portuguese	9,050	4,380	4,670	36,770	17,735	19,035
Romanian	8,035	4,080	3,955	35,840	17,170	18,665
Spanish	56,370	28,160	28,205	145,635	70,405	75,235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	125	75	50
Japanese	4,875	1,715	3,160	2,525	775	1,750
Kartvelian languages	230	130	105	170	80	85
Georgian	230	130	100	170	80	90
Korean	17,920	8,485	9,435	5,160	2,270	2,890
Mongolic languages	545	255	290	190	75	115
Mongolian	540	255	290	195	80	115
Niger-Congo languages	15,360	7,870	7,495	28,355	14,360	13,995
Akan (Twi)	1,755	915	835	1,050	520	525
Bamanankan	35	20	15	1,200	655	545
Edo	275	155	120	75	45	30
Ewe	245	145	100	730	400	325
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	230	120	100	2,055	1,080	970
Ga	145	80	65	80	40	40
Ganda	280	145	135	35	15	20
Igbo	1,165	625	540	120	70	50
Lingala	270	130	140	2,465	1,185	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	605	305	295	3,345	1,600	1,745
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	805	405	400	2,500	1,115	1,380
Shona	1,100	545	555	85	45	40
Swahili	2,380	1,160	1,215	3,010	1,460	1,545
Wolof	280	165	110	3,230	1,745	1,485
Yoruba	2,435	1,305	1,125	255	155	100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,370	1,640	1,735	8,135	4,235	3,895
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,720	1,395	1,330	345	180	165
Dinka	1,345	705	640	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,375	685	690	335	170	165
Sign languages	830	440	390	1,330	700	630
American Sign Language	335	165	165	65	35	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	670	330	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	495	275	225	595	340	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,450	57,740	64,705	76,840	35,775	41,065
Chinese languages	120,375	56,675	63,700	76,490	35,600	40,895
Cantonese	59,145	27,755	31,385	24,375	11,505	12,875
Hakka	990	465	530	470	215	260
Mandarin	50,660	23,940	26,720	43,700	20,175	23,525
Min Dong	115	50	65	20	10	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,060	1,375	1,695	3,225	1,480	1,745
Wu (Shanghainese)	630	305	330	1,075	465	605
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,725	2,770	2,955	3,535	1,710	1,825
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	90	40	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,075	1,065	1,005	345	175	170
Burmese	430	230	200	80	30	50
Karenic languages	795	415	380	70	40	30
Tibetan	575	295	275	110	65	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	275	130	140	85	45	40
Tai-Kadai languages	2,670	955	1,710	4,895	2,185	2,710
Lao	1,020	485	535	4,115	1,995	2,120
Thai	1,630	465	1,165	765	180	585
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	10	15	10	5	10
Turkic languages	4,050	2,250	1,800	7,980	4,095	3,880
Azerbaijani	365	215	155	290	160	130
Turkish	3,140	1,760	1,375	7,155	3,685	3,470
Uyghur	130	70	60	205	100	105
Uzbek	205	115	90	145	70	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	215	95	120	185	80	105
Uralic languages	7,470	3,600	3,870	6,400	2,985	3,410
Estonian	190	90	105	195	75	120
Finnish	810	330	480	360	125	240
Hungarian	6,470	3,185	3,285	5,835	2,790	3,045
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	690	415	280	685	385	300
Multiple responses	92,070	44,900	47,175	184,905	92,600	92,310
English and French	10,230	4,950	5,280	72,395	36,695	35,695
English and non-official language	77,520	37,815	39,705	27,485	13,545	13,945
French and non-official language	2,685	1,375	1,305	67,075	33,110	33,970
English, French and non-official language	1,640	760	880	17,950	9,245	8,705
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	4,026,655	2,020,510	2,006,145	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	3,837,615	1,928,230	1,909,385	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425
Official languages	3,354,885	1,690,490	1,664,395	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685
English	3,327,255	1,676,360	1,650,895	782,185	391,125	391,060
French	27,630	14,130	13,500	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625
Non-official languages	482,725	237,740	244,990	585,890	283,150	302,735
Aboriginal languages	9,970	4,940	5,020	40,190	20,205	19,980
Algonquian languages	7,175	3,575	3,605	28,695	14,385	14,310
Blackfoot	1,110	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	5,875	2,925	2,945	28,110	14,105	14,005
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	7,375	3,590	3,790
Moose Cree	0	0	0	5	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	295	290
Northern East Cree	20	10	10	60	30	30
Plains Cree	125	60	60	5	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	15	5	10
Swampy Cree	5	0	5	5	5	5
Woods Cree	600	300	295	0	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5,120	2,540	2,575	14,590	7,355	7,235
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	220	115	110
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	220	110	105
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	190	95	95	370	170	200
Algonquin	0	0	0	360	165	195
Ojibway	185	90	95	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	620	320	300	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	620	325	300	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	10	5	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	540	280	260	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	5	0	5	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	5	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	60	35	30	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	55	30	25	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	0	10	11,375	5,770	5,615
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0	0	5	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	11,350	5,750	5,600
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	20	15	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	70	35	35
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	70	35	30
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	5	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	5	5	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	5	5	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Siouan languages	2,125	1,025	1,095	0	0	0
Dakota	175	85	85	0	0	0
Stoney	1,945	935	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	25	15	10	35	10	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	472,760	232,800	239,965	545,695	262,940	282,755
Afro-Asiatic languages	43,770	22,535	21,235	91,660	46,550	45,110
Berber languages	200	105	95	7,495	3,895	3,605
Kabyle	90	45	40	5,105	2,660	2,450
Berber languages, n.i.e.	105	60	45	2,390	1,235	1,150
Cushitic languages	9,220	4,750	4,470	535	240	295
Bilen	280	160	115	5	0	5
Oromo	2,075	1,060	1,015	5	0	0
Somali	6,850	3,520	3,325	520	230	290
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	5	5	5
Semitic languages	34,310	17,660	16,655	83,520	42,365	41,160
Amharic	4,915	2,390	2,530	340	150	185
Arabic	24,230	12,555	11,675	81,105	41,150	39,955
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	260	130	130	95	50	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	95	50	40	10	0	5
Harari	165	80	85	5	0	5
Hebrew	460	235	225	1,705	880	825
Maltese	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	3,955	2,095	1,860	205	95	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	210	110	100	60	25	35
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	105	50	55
Austro-Asiatic languages	16,355	7,635	8,715	24,980	11,675	13,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	960	460	500	5,180	2,370	2,805
Vietnamese	15,380	7,175	8,205	19,790	9,295	10,495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	0	10	15	5	10
Austronesian languages	60,860	28,765	32,100	9,715	3,960	5,750
Bikol	70	40	35	15	5	10
Cebuano	2,110	1,015	1,090	230	100	125
Fijian	45	25	20	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	470	215	255	130	55	75
Ilocano	1,975	935	1,035	740	305	435
Malagasy	20	10	10	360	185	170
Malay	405	205	195	175	85	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	220	110	110	60	30	30
Pangasinan	45	20	30	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55,105	26,005	29,100	7,905	3,150	4,760
Waray-Waray	125	60	60	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	280	120	155	75	35	35
Creole languages	970	495	475	20,705	8,780	11,925
Haitian Creole	50	25	25	855	380	475
Creole, n.o.s.	655	345	310	19,405	8,200	11,210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	270	125	140	440	200	240
Dravidian languages	8,460	4,335	4,125	11,400	5,595	5,805
Kannada	210	105	105	150	85	65
Malayalam	4,060	2,070	1,990	200	100	100
Tamil	2,915	1,515	1,395	10,720	5,215	5,500
Telugu	1,245	635	615	330	190	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	70	35	35	15	5	5
Indo-European languages	230,270	115,280	114,995	303,215	146,100	157,115
Albanian	1,060	570	485	1,615	795	820
Armenian	215	115	105	11,990	5,680	6,310
Balto-Slavic languages	30,220	14,820	15,400	40,405	19,085	21,325
Baltic languages	410	210	200	190	80	105
Latvian	165	85	80	75	40	40
Lithuanian	250	125	120	115	40	70
Slavic languages	29,815	14,610	15,205	40,220	19,000	21,220
Belarusan	15	10	5	25	15	15
Bosnian	785	400	385	965	475	495
Bulgarian	825	415	405	5,125	2,495	2,630
Croatian	1,800	905	895	1,015	475	545
Czech	875	440	430	460	220	240
Macedonian	175	90	85	130	65	65
Polish	7,705	3,675	4,030	5,970	2,695	3,270
Russian	10,145	4,965	5,175	20,680	9,775	10,900
Serbian	2,100	1,045	1,055	2,010	1,020	990
Serbo-Croatian	315	160	155	960	470	490
Slovak	710	345	365	245	120	130
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	70	75	225	95	135
Ukrainian	4,180	2,060	2,110	2,365	1,060	1,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	40	15	25
Celtic languages	40	25	15	30	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	5	5	5	0
Welsh	15	5	5	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	15	15	5
Germanic languages	40,915	20,280	20,625	9,890	4,980	4,905
Afrikaans	1,705	835	875	15	10	10
Danish	150	75	75	50	25	25
Dutch	1,980	985	1,000	375	170	205
Frisian	60	30	30	0	0	0
German	36,295	18,010	18,290	2,550	1,190	1,365
Icelandic	30	15	15	30	15	20
Norwegian	60	20	35	20	5	10
Swedish	145	65	80	105	50	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	60	30	25	70	35	40
Yiddish	15	5	5	6,665	3,485	3,180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	425	215	210	10	5	5
Greek	1,015	490	525	18,545	8,865	9,680
Indo-Iranian languages	111,975	56,535	55,445	53,555	26,845	26,710
Indo-Aryan languages	98,610	49,790	48,815	31,575	15,985	15,585
Bengali	4,530	2,300	2,225	8,180	4,055	4,125
Gujarati	8,025	4,085	3,935	3,840	1,860	1,985
Hindi	9,945	5,115	4,825	1,535	790	745
Kashmiri	50	20	25	5	0	0
Konkani	75	40	40	30	15	15
Marathi	845	440	405	80	40	40
Nepali	3,710	1,905	1,805	1,355	655	700
Oriya (Odia)	95	50	45	15	10	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	51,010	25,720	25,295	8,840	4,690	4,155
Sindhi	1,240	575	665	135	65	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,480	750	730	365	185	180
Urdu	17,600	8,795	8,810	7,180	3,620	3,565
Iranian languages	12,720	6,415	6,305	21,745	10,740	11,010
Kurdish	850	440	410	510	280	235
Pashto	1,640	845	795	925	460	465
Persian (Farsi)	10,230	5,135	5,100	20,310	10,005	10,305
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	650	325	325	235	120	120
Italic (Romance) languages	44,830	22,445	22,385	167,190	79,835	87,355
Catalan	35	10	20	110	50	60
Italian	2,840	1,275	1,560	32,935	14,595	18,340
Portuguese	3,905	1,875	2,030	17,260	8,250	9,005
Romanian	4,135	2,115	2,020	24,520	12,000	12,525
Spanish	33,910	17,160	16,755	92,330	44,920	47,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	35	20	15
Japanese	2,245	945	1,300	1,050	425	620
Kartvelian languages	160	85	70	70	35	35
Georgian	160	85	70	70	40	35
Korean	12,775	6,205	6,570	3,540	1,630	1,910
Mongolic languages	335	160	175	145	70	75
Mongolian	335	155	175	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages	5,600	2,725	2,875	7,250	3,450	3,800
Akan (Twi)	845	415	430	445	215	235
Bamanankan	10	10	0	265	135	125
Edo	70	35	35	10	5	5
Ewe	80	45	35	140	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	105	55	45	530	255	280
Ga	40	20	20	15	5	10
Ganda	95	50	50	5	5	5
Igbo	265	125	145	15	10	10
Lingala	85	35	45	625	270	355
Rundi (Kirundi)	280	135	145	1,110	510	600
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	350	175	170	530	225	305
Shona	410	190	225	20	10	10
Swahili	1,090	530	565	1,100	535	565
Wolof	170	95	75	1,035	555	480
Yoruba	690	340	350	55	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,015	485	535	1,350	635	710
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,525	765	755	135	70	65
Dinka	800	420	380	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	725	350	375	130	65	65
Sign languages	1,095	630	465	1,770	1,000	775
American Sign Language	325	170	155	90	35	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	700	360	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	765	455	310	985	600	385
Sino-Tibetan languages	82,380	39,230	43,155	60,370	28,925	31,450
Chinese languages	80,880	38,455	42,420	60,155	28,805	31,345
Cantonese	38,275	17,810	20,460	17,845	8,470	9,375
Hakka	315	135	185	155	75	80
Mandarin	37,125	18,030	19,095	37,075	17,870	19,200
Min Dong	20	5	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,245	540	705	1,830	830	1,000
Wu (Shanghainese)	340	175	165	780	355	420
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,550	1,760	1,785	2,435	1,190	1,240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	40	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,500	770	730	215	115	100
Burmese	280	145	130	35	15	20
Karenic languages	665	340	320	65	40	30
Tibetan	420	220	200	70	45	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	65	75	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,130	505	625	2,375	1,145	1,230
Lao	465	215	245	2,150	1,055	1,100
Thai	655	285	370	225	90	135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	10	0	0	0
Turkic languages	2,390	1,270	1,120	5,120	2,540	2,575
Azerbaijani	155	90	75	100	50	55
Turkish	1,945	1,030	915	4,715	2,340	2,370
Uyghur	80	45	40	140	75	70
Uzbek	135	70	65	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	35	25	65	30	35
Uralic languages	2,130	1,040	1,085	2,025	895	1,130
Estonian	25	10	15	30	10	20
Finnish	105	50	50	50	20	30
Hungarian	1,995	980	1,015	1,945	860	1,085
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	240	140	95	150	90	60
Multiple responses	189,040	92,280	96,760	322,820	157,960	164,860
English and French	6,885	3,410	3,475	86,715	43,820	42,890
English and non-official language	178,070	86,895	91,170	54,400	26,255	28,140
French and non-official language	1,125	540	580	139,385	66,610	72,775
English, French and non-official language	2,965	1,430	1,530	42,320	21,270	21,045
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	4,026,650	2,020,510	2,006,140	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285
None	3,492,295	1,760,240	1,732,055	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900
English	221,305	110,655	110,650	513,410	263,670	249,735
French	41,840	19,470	22,375	320,370	158,340	162,030
Non-official language	262,255	125,640	136,615	317,790	154,450	163,340
Aboriginal	17,430	8,325	9,105	5,700	2,645	3,060
Non-Aboriginal	244,825	117,315	127,510	312,085	151,810	160,280
English and French	1,535	775	760	36,235	18,285	17,955
English and non-official language	4,545	2,345	2,195	28,630	14,075	14,555
French and non-official language	2,795	1,340	1,455	23,470	11,365	12,095
English, French and non-official language	85	50	40	1,420	740	680
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,053,470	1,528,275	1,525,190	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,717	54,891	33,213	32,975	37,842	28,522
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,067	47,131	30,478	29,535	33,110	26,119
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,839,590	1,458,560	1,381,030	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,330	54,528	32,099	30,067	35,597	25,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	1,785,065	711,210	1,073,855	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,093	3,834	4,185	7,307	5,851	8,246
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,030	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,679	54,361	32,982	31,263	35,627	27,219
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,054,555	1,528,100	1,526,455	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	62,778	80,001	45,535	42,546	49,087	36,203
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,055,230	1,528,240	1,526,995	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	50,683	62,938	38,417	34,887	39,292	30,616
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,840,675	1,458,210	1,382,465	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	62,997	80,282	44,766	40,505	47,810	33,079
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	1,784,345	710,105	1,074,240	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,175	7,298	7,093	8,590	7,846	9,229
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,473,665	1,299,805	1,173,855	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	59,343	74,073	43,031	40,382	45,974	34,313
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,240	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,152,385	669,770	482,615	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	64,090	73,781	53,836	47,111	51,622	42,433
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	81,586	94,822	63,218	56,564	62,750	49,085
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	93.3	95.8	89.1	84.4	88.3	79.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	76.5	78.9	72.3	68.4	71.4	64.6
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	6.7	4.2	10.9	15.6	11.7	20.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140
Without total income	152,585	74,410	78,170	216,685	99,555	117,125
With total income	3,053,470	1,528,280	1,525,190	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Percentage with total income	95.2	95.4	95.1	96.7	96.9	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	389,580	146,450	243,130	789,595	351,935	437,660
$10,000 to $19,999	385,235	147,125	238,110	1,188,135	476,630	711,500
$20,000 to $29,999	364,915	142,810	222,105	976,210	428,390	547,830
$30,000 to $39,999	305,680	131,185	174,490	852,735	414,105	438,625
$40,000 to $49,999	286,615	133,715	152,900	747,995	378,215	369,780
$50,000 to $59,999	247,830	124,720	123,115	540,265	292,110	248,150
$60,000 to $69,999	205,840	114,405	91,430	375,935	214,805	161,130
$70,000 to $79,999	165,640	99,645	65,995	286,025	164,240	121,790
$80,000 to $89,999	132,720	82,700	50,020	189,350	113,715	75,635
$90,000 to $99,999	114,010	70,655	43,350	122,750	80,090	42,660
$100,000 and over	455,410	334,865	120,550	348,620	246,360	102,255
$100,000 to $149,999	274,185	191,710	82,475	236,515	164,145	72,370
$150,000 and over	181,225	143,150	38,075	112,105	82,215	29,885
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,365	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140
Without after-tax income	151,915	74,270	77,645	215,120	99,375	115,750
With after-tax income	3,054,135	1,528,420	1,525,715	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395
Percentage with after-tax income	95.3	95.4	95.2	96.8	97.0	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	399,005	149,280	249,725	822,725	359,045	463,675
$10,000 to $19,999	402,780	154,330	248,450	1,246,480	505,165	741,315
$20,000 to $29,999	420,955	166,650	254,300	1,192,885	541,080	651,810
$30,000 to $39,999	377,590	169,665	207,925	1,096,510	553,200	543,315
$40,000 to $49,999	347,960	172,595	175,365	793,150	425,040	368,115
$50,000 to $59,999	276,970	153,985	122,985	498,475	283,130	215,345
$60,000 to $69,999	208,265	127,045	81,220	309,415	180,470	128,945
$70,000 to $79,999	160,580	100,970	59,610	167,895	108,500	59,395
$80,000 and over	460,030	333,895	126,140	291,635	205,155	86,485
$80,000 to $89,999	121,015	78,400	42,620	95,010	64,670	30,335
$90,000 to $99,999	82,020	57,375	24,645	55,980	39,080	16,905
$100,000 and over	257,000	198,120	58,875	140,645	101,405	39,240
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	3,206,050	1,602,690	1,603,360	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Without employment income	732,385	301,060	431,330	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775
With employment income	2,473,665	1,301,630	1,172,035	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375
Percentage with employment income	77.2	81.2	73.1	69.8	73.9	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	273,835	122,830	151,005	606,300	311,780	294,520
$5,000 to $9,999	164,095	68,100	95,990	367,030	162,150	204,885
$10,000 to $19,999	274,105	113,680	160,430	681,920	305,995	375,920
$20,000 to $29,999	235,620	96,855	138,760	586,140	269,950	316,195
$30,000 to $39,999	227,450	100,650	126,805	565,425	277,135	288,285
$40,000 to $49,999	219,155	103,680	115,475	476,665	247,105	229,560
$50,000 to $59,999	195,145	99,285	95,860	359,180	203,580	155,600
$60,000 to $69,999	163,465	92,950	70,515	266,650	156,255	110,395
$70,000 to $79,999	135,150	83,240	51,910	224,040	129,890	94,150
$80,000 and over	585,640	420,365	165,280	494,440	344,585	149,855
$80,000 to $89,999	111,045	71,210	39,835	139,830	90,295	49,540
$90,000 to $99,999	99,785	62,305	37,480	93,860	64,160	29,700
$100,000 and over	374,815	286,855	87,960	260,745	190,125	70,620
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	93,835	...	...	59,822	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	80,300	...	...	52,207	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	366,080	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	47,948	...	...	31,574	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	41,502	...	...	28,469	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,161,600	...	...	2,356,430	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	111,435	...	...	78,645	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	94,830	...	...	67,665	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	1,527,675	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	125,522	...	...	77,306	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	101,361	...	...	63,404	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	365,000	...	...	1,174,695	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	64,341	...	...	40,042	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	52,116	...	...	33,262	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,162,675	...	...	2,356,970	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	144,729	...	...	95,878	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	116,821	...	...	78,426	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Under $5,000	21,660	...	...	47,170	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,555	...	...	56,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,070	...	...	119,570	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	33,045	...	...	180,865	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	51,505	...	...	179,690	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	38,615	...	...	154,150	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	42,580	...	...	185,000	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	46,630	...	...	184,435	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	46,520	...	...	179,855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	46,825	...	...	170,445	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	95,425	...	...	313,600	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	95,340	...	...	273,620	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	92,345	...	...	241,940	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	88,775	...	...	208,620	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	84,570	...	...	176,355	...	...
$100,000 and over	712,215	...	...	860,030	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	184,595	...	...	327,435	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	142,910	...	...	204,105	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	181,960	...	...	192,155	...	...
$200,000 and over	202,745	...	...	136,335	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Under $5,000	23,395	...	...	50,445	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,860	...	...	57,335	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,600	...	...	120,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	34,540	...	...	190,300	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	55,010	...	...	202,905	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	44,170	...	...	187,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	50,280	...	...	231,765	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	55,645	...	...	225,695	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	57,695	...	...	211,990	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	59,195	...	...	202,760	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	119,200	...	...	363,775	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	116,250	...	...	309,825	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	112,675	...	...	256,150	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	106,235	...	...	208,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	95,600	...	...	166,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	565,335	...	...	545,440	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	192,795	...	...	269,170	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	132,240	...	...	130,225	...	...
$150,000 and over	240,305	...	...	146,045	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,099,900	...	...	2,261,890	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	109,997	...	...	79,378	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	93,588	...	...	68,152	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	407,300	...	...	930,195	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,283	...	...	70,075	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	86,043	...	...	60,224	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	511,375	...	...	911,980	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	133,186	...	...	105,246	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,951	...	...	88,844	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	146,045	...	...	364,085	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	62,909	...	...	52,708	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	57,079	...	...	47,805	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,101,485	...	...	2,262,045	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	144,493	...	...	96,863	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	116,343	...	...	79,060	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	408,625	...	...	929,645	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	137,805	...	...	86,304	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	110,236	...	...	70,167	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	512,615	...	...	912,560	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	169,354	...	...	122,835	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	135,623	...	...	99,279	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	145,115	...	...	363,610	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	80,406	...	...	61,753	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	68,470	...	...	53,052	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	577,475	308,835	268,640	1,433,210	711,180	722,030
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	42,598	47,903	37,344	29,195	31,526	27,210
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	37,648	41,340	33,785	26,706	28,214	25,434
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	573,385	306,195	267,190	1,430,625	708,225	722,405
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	56,856	63,468	49,280	37,684	39,840	35,571
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	46,559	50,990	41,481	31,513	32,729	30,321
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,650	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970
In the bottom half of the distribution	1,527,695	739,210	788,485	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115
In the bottom decile	293,490	143,880	149,605	747,785	368,385	379,395
In the second decile	278,635	128,055	150,575	898,605	408,705	489,900
In the third decile	297,695	142,090	155,605	997,185	481,975	515,210
In the fourth decile	315,570	154,815	160,760	996,230	490,275	505,960
In the fifth decile	342,305	170,375	171,935	938,080	467,425	470,655
In the top half of the distribution	2,450,450	1,259,285	1,191,160	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855
In the sixth decile	366,250	183,860	182,390	881,640	444,865	436,775
In the seventh decile	397,275	201,465	195,810	806,685	409,470	397,220
In the eighth decile	443,585	227,385	216,200	700,450	357,000	343,455
In the ninth decile	522,545	268,995	253,555	557,160	286,195	270,960
In the top decile	720,795	377,585	343,215	441,630	227,185	214,445
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	3,925,220	1,971,735	1,953,485	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945
0 to 17 years	893,255	458,330	434,925	1,564,410	800,455	763,960
0 to 5 years	310,080	158,825	151,260	532,410	272,790	259,625
18 to 64 years	2,580,730	1,298,440	1,282,295	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980
65 years and over	451,235	214,965	236,265	1,335,220	620,210	715,010
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,890	171,945	191,940	1,160,190	542,405	617,785
0 to 17 years	114,215	58,665	55,555	222,955	114,410	108,540
0 to 5 years	41,755	21,350	20,400	75,270	38,595	36,670
18 to 64 years	210,870	98,415	112,455	688,130	334,825	353,305
65 years and over	38,800	14,875	23,925	249,110	93,170	155,930
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.7	9.8	14.6	13.8	15.4
0 to 17 years (%)	12.8	12.8	12.8	14.3	14.3	14.2
0 to 5 years (%)	13.5	13.4	13.5	14.1	14.1	14.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.2	7.6	8.8	13.7	13.4	14.0
65 years and over (%)	8.6	6.9	10.1	18.7	15.0	21.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	273,515	134,180	139,335	731,340	358,085	373,260
0 to 17 years	76,930	39,385	37,550	129,325	66,400	62,925
0 to 5 years	28,190	14,420	13,770	44,375	22,705	21,675
18 to 64 years	181,805	88,715	93,095	514,540	261,485	253,060
65 years and over	14,780	6,085	8,695	87,475	30,205	57,270
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.0	6.8	7.1	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.3	8.3	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	9.1	9.1	9.1	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	7.0	6.8	7.3	10.2	10.5	10.0
65 years and over (%)	3.3	2.8	3.7	6.6	4.9	8.0
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Official languages	3,920,530	1,974,435	1,946,095	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890
English	3,916,805	1,972,800	1,944,005	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225
French	264,600	123,940	140,660	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200
Non-official languages	1,082,425	527,770	554,655	1,610,980	776,265	834,720
Aboriginal languages	36,465	17,415	19,045	50,890	25,190	25,700
Algonquian languages	29,675	14,120	15,555	37,515	18,545	18,965
Blackfoot	5,575	2,665	2,905	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	23,465	11,155	12,310	34,415	17,050	17,370
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	9,850	4,735	5,115
Moose Cree	25	0	15	0	10	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	775	385	385
Northern East Cree	90	20	70	260	130	130
Plains Cree	1,580	620	965	10	0	0
Southern East Cree	10	10	0	35	25	10
Swampy Cree	45	25	25	15	0	10
Woods Cree	1,135	525	610	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20,665	9,990	10,675	17,175	8,600	8,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	35	15	15	885	460	420
Malecite	0	0	0	10	0	0
Mi'kmaq	35	15	15	880	460	425
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	955	425	530	2,340	1,105	1,235
Algonquin	10	10	0	2,240	1,055	1,185
Ojibway	925	415	505	105	50	50
Oji-Cree	20	10	15	10	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	35	20	10
Athabaskan languages	2,640	1,255	1,385	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	2,630	1,250	1,380	20	15	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Beaver	85	50	35	0	0	0
Carrier	45	10	35	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	15	10	0	0	0
Dene	2,010	975	1,035	10	0	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	75	30	45	0	0	10
Gwich'in	10	0	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	285	140	145	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	25	15	10	0	0	0
South Slavey	190	90	100	10	10	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	75	35	45	0	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	10	0	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	135	50	80	12,595	6,270	6,330
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	60	20	35	12,485	6,210	6,270
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	115	60	60
Iroquoian languages	40	25	10	740	360	375
Cayuga	0	10	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	25	0	690	350	335
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	10	10	50	15	35
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	145	75	70	30	15	10
Salish languages	50	25	25	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	10	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	15	10	10	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	10	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,050	2,005	2,045	0	0	0
Dakota	530	285	245	10	0	0
Stoney	3,650	1,790	1,855	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	35	15	15	0	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	15	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	10	10	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	90	40	55
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,046,245	510,495	535,750	1,560,375	751,215	809,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	96,210	50,675	45,535	301,035	157,545	143,490
Berber languages	540	335	205	27,595	14,650	12,945
Kabyle	225	125	90	16,170	8,580	7,590
Berber languages, n.i.e.	315	210	110	11,580	6,150	5,425
Cushitic languages	15,445	8,055	7,385	1,550	745	805
Bilen	370	235	135	35	20	10
Oromo	3,125	1,625	1,500	45	30	10
Somali	12,030	6,240	5,795	1,460	680	780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40	10	10	0
Semitic languages	82,200	43,405	38,800	286,625	149,970	136,660
Amharic	10,870	5,595	5,275	1,145	540	600
Arabic	62,730	33,365	29,370	267,965	140,280	127,685
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	430	225	210	195	95	95
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	150	70	75	10	0	0
Harari	340	150	185	0	0	0
Hebrew	3,250	1,650	1,600	18,035	9,490	8,540
Maltese	145	85	55	40	10	25
Tigrigna	7,315	3,915	3,400	420	195	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	450	250	205	180	85	95
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	375	225	145	810	430	380
Austro-Asiatic languages	32,730	15,440	17,290	46,050	21,955	24,095
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,700	1,375	1,330	11,840	5,620	6,220
Vietnamese	30,150	14,130	16,015	34,580	16,520	18,060
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	40	25	15
Austronesian languages	145,745	63,615	82,130	31,230	11,820	19,410
Bikol	330	150	180	105	45	60
Cebuano	6,690	2,940	3,750	1,105	360	750
Fijian	340	195	145	15	0	10
Hiligaynon	1,760	745	1,020	540	195	350
Ilocano	7,370	3,160	4,215	2,500	890	1,610
Malagasy	80	40	40	1,980	940	1,040
Malay	3,040	1,435	1,610	1,210	525	690
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,185	565	625	195	95	100
Pangasinan	445	190	250	60	20	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	138,440	60,115	78,325	26,705	9,785	16,915
Waray-Waray	420	170	245	55	10	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	505	650	540	270	275
Creole languages	4,585	2,390	2,195	115,445	51,970	63,475
Haitian Creole	255	140	115	4,910	2,285	2,620
Creole, n.o.s.	2,675	1,425	1,250	108,315	48,615	59,705
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,680	840	850	2,835	1,390	1,445
Dravidian languages	18,190	9,660	8,525	18,710	9,495	9,210
Kannada	1,035	520	515	415	210	205
Malayalam	8,150	4,255	3,900	510	285	220
Tamil	7,195	3,900	3,295	17,245	8,680	8,565
Telugu	2,910	1,560	1,345	930	540	390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	150	80	70	15	10	0
Hmong-Mien languages	115	55	55	35	15	25
Indo-European languages	550,490	274,510	275,980	912,945	435,785	477,155
Albanian	2,880	1,550	1,325	3,375	1,730	1,645
Armenian	530	255	275	20,290	9,790	10,500
Balto-Slavic languages	93,150	44,750	48,395	88,425	41,725	46,700
Baltic languages	1,360	660	705	1,080	500	585
Latvian	590	300	290	335	150	185
Lithuanian	775	360	415	755	350	410
Slavic languages	92,300	44,340	47,960	87,520	41,315	46,205
Belarusan	200	95	105	365	150	215
Bosnian	2,880	1,450	1,435	1,975	990	985
Bulgarian	1,795	945	850	7,345	3,595	3,750
Croatian	6,280	3,260	3,025	3,580	1,760	1,820
Czech	3,590	1,650	1,940	2,070	975	1,095
Macedonian	535	270	265	285	140	145
Polish	23,650	11,455	12,195	17,760	8,090	9,665
Russian	27,375	13,195	14,175	46,665	22,265	24,400
Serbian	5,355	2,630	2,730	4,050	1,980	2,070
Serbo-Croatian	1,095	550	540	2,385	1,140	1,245
Slovak	2,780	1,495	1,285	1,520	705	820
Slovene (Slovenian)	735	360	375	970	490	480
Ukrainian	26,600	11,980	14,620	9,015	3,885	5,135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	250	120	130	150	75	75
Celtic languages	1,180	615	560	495	305	195
Scottish Gaelic	440	215	225	155	95	65
Welsh	315	180	130	85	45	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	450	220	225	265	175	95
Germanic languages	112,670	56,325	56,345	63,370	31,835	31,530
Afrikaans	5,165	2,655	2,515	415	260	150
Danish	2,800	1,360	1,440	835	410	420
Dutch	19,480	9,595	9,890	5,060	2,665	2,395
Frisian	475	275	205	15	10	0
German	83,010	41,905	41,105	43,475	21,950	21,530
Icelandic	160	70	95	140	80	60
Norwegian	1,450	635	810	510	255	255
Swedish	1,635	800	835	1,580	785	795
Vlaams (Flemish)	380	170	215	760	265	495
Yiddish	250	130	115	12,375	6,225	6,155
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	2,115	1,095	1,015	270	125	140
Greek	4,935	2,535	2,400	51,060	25,520	25,540
Indo-Iranian languages	206,725	106,045	100,675	93,655	48,040	45,615
Indo-Aryan languages	186,005	95,045	90,960	59,570	30,870	28,700
Bengali	8,530	4,385	4,140	12,870	6,610	6,260
Gujarati	18,005	8,945	9,055	7,950	3,860	4,090
Hindi	61,290	31,900	29,385	15,570	8,285	7,280
Kashmiri	125	80	45	45	35	15
Konkani	625	300	320	150	70	75
Marathi	2,575	1,385	1,195	475	240	230
Nepali	5,510	3,000	2,510	1,445	725	720
Oriya (Odia)	255	135	120	55	35	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	90,485	46,350	44,135	17,860	9,690	8,165
Sindhi	4,595	2,065	2,530	500	240	255
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,800	1,925	1,875	1,335	625	710
Urdu	41,235	21,245	20,000	16,545	8,655	7,890
Iranian languages	22,140	11,665	10,475	35,420	17,830	17,585
Kurdish	1,930	1,100	825	1,255	665	590
Pashto	3,330	1,795	1,530	1,825	1,005	825
Persian (Farsi)	17,600	9,220	8,375	32,965	16,560	16,405
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,760	960	805	845	425	420
Italic (Romance) languages	142,340	69,885	72,450	627,545	293,620	333,920
Catalan	170	95	80	890	525	365
Italian	19,900	9,875	10,020	173,710	84,430	89,275
Portuguese	12,670	6,255	6,415	55,100	27,620	27,475
Romanian	9,915	5,185	4,735	42,655	20,550	22,110
Spanish	104,445	50,960	53,490	390,355	177,610	212,745
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	250	130	125	490	345	145
Japanese	9,215	4,115	5,100	7,040	3,340	3,695
Kartvelian languages	225	130	100	220	110	110
Georgian	230	130	100	215	105	110
Korean	19,950	9,405	10,545	6,260	2,825	3,430
Mongolic languages	800	375	430	270	135	130
Mongolian	800	370	430	265	135	130
Niger-Congo languages	29,430	14,980	14,450	52,840	26,665	26,175
Akan (Twi)	2,925	1,505	1,420	1,800	945	855
Bamanankan	60	30	30	2,385	1,240	1,145
Edo	620	325	290	190	95	95
Ewe	335	170	165	1,410	865	545
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	300	165	135	3,400	1,785	1,620
Ga	345	190	155	315	155	160
Ganda	610	305	305	90	40	55
Igbo	2,550	1,345	1,210	275	190	90
Lingala	1,240	640	605	9,630	4,430	5,200
Rundi (Kirundi)	830	420	410	4,490	2,210	2,285
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,155	605	550	3,535	1,640	1,895
Shona	1,810	850	960	150	75	80
Swahili	6,700	3,470	3,235	8,015	4,080	3,935
Wolof	600	365	235	6,555	3,545	3,015
Yoruba	5,930	3,035	2,890	885	485	395
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,585	3,265	3,320	17,720	9,125	8,595
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,070	1,495	1,575	695	345	350
Dinka	1,655	825	825	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,425	675	750	695	345	350
Sign languages	5,910	2,350	3,555	7,775	3,095	4,675
American Sign Language	3,085	1,130	1,955	675	245	435
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	10	4,405	1,590	2,815
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,855	1,230	1,625	2,960	1,350	1,605
Sino-Tibetan languages	141,860	67,945	73,915	90,460	42,695	47,770
Chinese languages	139,385	66,700	72,685	90,060	42,480	47,580
Cantonese	74,770	35,490	39,280	31,885	14,900	16,980
Hakka	1,180	515	660	545	240	310
Mandarin	70,510	33,310	37,195	59,240	27,560	31,685
Min Dong	85	50	40	15	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,140	1,765	2,380	4,215	1,860	2,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	855	380	470	1,230	535	690
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,335	3,160	3,175	4,800	2,380	2,425
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	25	35	90	40	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,590	1,290	1,300	430	235	195
Burmese	605	305	295	140	75	60
Karenic languages	805	415	390	105	55	45
Tibetan	860	430	430	65	50	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	445	215	235	140	65	80
Tai-Kadai languages	3,705	1,510	2,195	7,280	3,400	3,880
Lao	1,520	730	795	5,785	2,850	2,935
Thai	2,400	850	1,545	2,255	875	1,375
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	15	10	10
Turkic languages	5,795	3,180	2,625	12,475	6,265	6,210
Azerbaijani	630	325	300	510	275	235
Turkish	4,255	2,420	1,835	11,415	5,755	5,665
Uyghur	290	135	155	230	110	120
Uzbek	425	200	225	230	105	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	355	170	180	235	115	120
Uralic languages	8,895	4,315	4,575	7,870	3,710	4,160
Estonian	185	85	105	150	55	95
Finnish	1,045	455	590	500	195	305
Hungarian	7,660	3,770	3,890	7,215	3,450	3,765
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,820	1,025	790	2,140	1,170	970
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	3,622,740	1,825,135	1,797,600	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350
Canadian citizens aged under 18	854,815	439,065	415,755	1,521,230	779,620	741,610
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	2,767,920	1,386,070	1,381,850	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	355,410	173,365	182,045	379,910	188,245	191,665
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	3,062,775	1,550,445	1,512,335	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	845,220	412,320	432,895	1,091,310	530,325	560,980
Before 1981	163,460	81,620	81,840	238,655	117,080	121,575
1981 to 1990	86,350	41,690	44,660	127,340	63,150	64,190
1991 to 2000	131,560	62,930	68,630	187,860	89,210	98,650
2001 to 2010	256,055	125,235	130,820	322,280	155,785	166,495
2001 to 2005	109,145	53,425	55,720	140,170	67,835	72,335
2006 to 2010	146,910	71,810	75,100	182,115	87,945	94,165
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	207,790	100,845	106,945	215,170	105,105	110,065
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	70,155	35,735	34,420	86,065	45,765	40,295
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	845,220	412,320	432,895	1,091,305	530,325	560,980
Under 5 years	82,175	42,200	39,975	112,930	54,600	58,330
5 to 14 years	149,815	77,820	71,995	174,020	87,165	86,855
15 to 24 years	168,965	78,215	90,755	215,350	98,880	116,475
25 to 44 years	372,805	180,265	192,535	515,770	256,095	259,675
45 years and over	71,450	33,820	37,630	73,230	33,590	39,640
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	845,215	412,325	432,895	1,091,305	530,330	560,980
Americas	103,540	49,345	54,190	247,505	113,190	134,315
Brazil	2,545	1,100	1,440	7,345	3,515	3,830
Colombia	9,535	4,570	4,960	25,580	11,645	13,935
El Salvador	7,255	3,725	3,530	11,120	5,500	5,615
Guyana	2,555	1,200	1,355	2,490	1,085	1,410
Haiti	1,270	675	600	80,965	35,375	45,585
Jamaica	6,845	3,170	3,680	4,665	2,040	2,625
Mexico	15,665	7,860	7,805	15,820	7,090	8,730
Peru	1,920	780	1,140	13,265	5,945	7,325
Trinidad and Tobago	3,415	1,670	1,750	4,075	1,840	2,240
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	30,460	13,675	16,785	25,955	12,800	13,155
Other places of birth in Americas	22,075	10,925	11,150	56,235	26,370	29,870
Europe	189,770	95,355	94,415	311,090	154,910	156,185
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,555	2,325	2,230	3,785	1,890	1,895
Croatia	3,080	1,615	1,465	2,140	1,085	1,050
France	2,535	1,215	1,320	81,225	43,490	37,735
Germany	19,205	9,485	9,715	9,750	4,365	5,390
Greece	2,005	1,115	890	18,420	9,135	9,285
Hungary	3,665	1,880	1,785	3,325	1,620	1,700
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	3,935	2,100	1,835	820	485	330
Italy	8,110	4,370	3,745	51,025	25,370	25,655
Netherlands	14,035	7,420	6,610	1,990	1,035	955
Poland	16,925	8,045	8,880	10,735	4,675	6,060
Portugal	4,050	1,985	2,070	18,985	9,185	9,800
Romania	7,725	3,930	3,795	28,695	13,695	15,005
Russian Federation	7,260	3,135	4,125	11,355	4,975	6,375
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	2,255	1,080	1,170	1,790	830	960
Ukraine	8,150	3,700	4,455	8,670	3,800	4,870
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	59,215	30,280	28,935	12,905	6,645	6,260
Other places of birth in Europe	23,060	11,670	11,390	45,500	22,630	22,870
Africa	89,740	46,705	43,030	241,410	125,250	116,165
Algeria	1,340	715	625	59,465	31,180	28,280
Egypt	5,320	2,940	2,375	19,490	10,290	9,200
Ethiopia	10,570	5,355	5,215	995	495	495
Kenya	5,120	2,555	2,565	785	355	430
Morocco	1,695	1,005	695	60,700	31,435	29,270
Nigeria	12,405	6,520	5,880	1,340	740	600
Somalia	7,060	3,665	3,395	580	270	310
South Africa, Republic of	7,355	3,670	3,685	865	475	385
Other places of birth in Africa	38,865	20,275	18,590	97,200	50,005	47,190
Asia	452,225	215,955	236,265	289,825	136,175	153,655
Afghanistan	5,190	2,765	2,430	7,280	3,640	3,640
Bangladesh	5,085	2,590	2,500	7,940	3,990	3,950
China^{Census data footnote 59}	57,690	26,510	31,185	49,555	19,905	29,655
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	19,110	9,265	9,850	4,730	2,290	2,435
India	91,660	46,625	45,035	17,865	9,195	8,670
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	8,910	4,655	4,250	17,760	8,880	8,885
Iraq	5,935	3,205	2,730	3,735	1,960	1,775
Japan	3,065	905	2,160	1,725	395	1,330
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	13,850	6,530	7,320	4,230	1,995	2,230
Lebanon	10,395	5,640	4,750	39,135	20,800	18,340
Pakistan	28,075	14,630	13,445	10,010	5,260	4,750
Philippines	123,830	54,075	69,755	24,410	9,040	15,370
Sri Lanka	4,835	2,475	2,365	10,715	5,335	5,380
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	4,800	2,515	2,280	17,775	8,800	8,980
Taiwan	3,455	1,460	2,000	2,735	1,100	1,635
Viet Nam	27,080	12,645	14,435	25,440	11,765	13,675
Other places of birth in Asia	39,250	19,485	19,765	44,795	21,840	22,950
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	9,940	4,950	4,990	1,480	805	670
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	207,790	100,845	106,945	215,170	105,105	110,065
Americas	20,060	9,660	10,400	47,710	22,625	25,085
Brazil	860	370	490	3,010	1,495	1,520
Colombia	2,295	1,020	1,275	7,540	3,465	4,075
Cuba	465	215	255	2,565	1,260	1,315
Haiti	385	240	150	16,880	7,690	9,190
Jamaica	1,660	765	895	190	140	55
Mexico	4,405	2,250	2,150	4,210	1,955	2,255
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	4,645	2,130	2,515	3,990	2,265	1,720
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,570	745	820	1,955	935	1,020
Other places of birth in Americas	3,785	1,930	1,855	7,365	3,425	3,935
Europe	20,870	10,830	10,045	39,320	20,085	19,235
France	425	240	180	20,030	10,855	9,175
Germany	1,370	710	655	580	250	330
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,355	835	520	135	105	35
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	715	365	350	3,750	1,695	2,055
Romania	1,100	545	555	2,945	1,260	1,685
Russian Federation	1,235	430	805	1,970	865	1,105
Ukraine	2,340	1,060	1,280	2,460	1,110	1,350
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	6,225	3,570	2,650	860	565	290
Other places of birth in Europe	6,100	3,065	3,040	6,590	3,385	3,205
Africa	27,770	14,165	13,610	74,200	37,110	37,090
Algeria	255	115	135	16,380	8,060	8,320
Cameroon	1,055	515	545	7,550	3,705	3,845
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	805	365	440	3,370	1,655	1,715
Côte d'Ivoire	420	210	210	5,070	2,505	2,565
Egypt	1,940	1,045	895	4,360	2,260	2,095
Eritrea	2,390	1,335	1,055	50	30	20
Ethiopia	3,445	1,670	1,780	125	65	60
Morocco	515	265	250	13,475	6,675	6,805
Nigeria	6,110	3,200	2,910	540	280	260
Somalia	2,120	1,110	1,010	95	40	50
South Africa, Republic of	1,590	800	785	175	115	60
Tunisia	255	135	125	5,855	3,025	2,825
Other places of birth in Africa	6,870	3,400	3,470	17,155	8,690	8,470
Asia	137,110	65,055	72,050	53,595	25,070	28,525
Afghanistan	810	435	375	1,555	715	840
Bangladesh	1,355	635	715	860	455	405
China^{Census data footnote 59}	10,525	4,700	5,825	10,705	4,805	5,895
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	750	305	450	120	35	80
India	28,820	14,915	13,900	2,960	1,555	1,405
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	3,265	1,665	1,600	7,505	3,545	3,960
Iraq	2,010	1,045	960	985	465	515
Israel	480	250	230	645	390	255
Japan	665	195	475	330	30	295
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	3,840	1,710	2,125	825	370	455
Lebanon	1,470	755	710	3,955	2,100	1,860
Nepal	2,615	1,380	1,240	360	165	195
Pakistan	6,910	3,420	3,490	1,815	920	895
Philippines	59,390	26,960	32,435	5,635	2,345	3,290
Saudi Arabia	820	435	385	435	210	225
Sri Lanka	1,345	650	695	860	380	480
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	3,340	1,705	1,630	7,455	3,740	3,715
Taiwan	505	165	340	170	60	105
Turkey	390	215	180	585	300	285
United Arab Emirates	810	430	375	300	160	145
Viet Nam	2,040	795	1,240	1,505	560	945
Other places of birth in Asia	4,965	2,285	2,680	4,025	1,765	2,265
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	1,980	1,135	845	345	215	135
Australia	1,065	600	465	190	120	70
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	915	535	375	155	95	65
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,650	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	938,500	460,015	478,480	1,204,895	590,175	614,720
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	742,455	374,065	368,390	792,085	399,535	392,550
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	2,297,195	1,164,420	1,132,775	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	694,945	337,380	357,565	867,685	420,465	447,220
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	387,275	195,845	191,430	469,015	243,915	225,100
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	154,700	96,855	57,850	224,720	137,975	86,745
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	232,570	98,990	133,575	244,300	105,945	138,360
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	198,575	81,650	116,920	241,225	96,130	145,095
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	103,785	57,130	46,650	146,295	75,100	71,195
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	5,320	2,745	2,570	11,150	5,320	5,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,650	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	258,640	125,445	133,195	182,885	91,890	90,995
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	253,460	123,115	130,340	175,960	88,635	87,325
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	136,585	65,755	70,835	92,655	45,510	47,145
Métis	114,370	56,170	58,200	69,365	36,260	33,100
Inuk (Inuit)	2,500	1,195	1,305	13,940	6,865	7,075
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	2,905	1,350	1,555	2,760	1,330	1,430
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	2,280	975	1,300	4,170	1,930	2,245
Non-Aboriginal identity	3,719,505	1,873,055	1,846,450	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	123,235	59,065	64,170	77,490	38,580	38,915
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	3,854,915	1,939,430	1,915,475	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	3,978,145	1,998,500	1,979,645	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	103,600	50,680	52,915	118,780	58,535	60,245
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	99,940	48,860	51,070	115,480	56,930	58,550
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	81,685	39,815	41,870	87,700	42,730	44,965
Métis single ancestry	17,515	8,690	8,820	17,585	9,225	8,360
Inuit single ancestry	735	355	380	10,200	4,980	5,220
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	3,665	1,820	1,845	3,300	1,605	1,700
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	3,490	1,725	1,765	2,220	1,115	1,105
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	105	55	50	995	455	540
Métis and Inuit ancestries	50	35	15	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	0	15	20	10	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	200,215	97,055	103,160	240,650	113,905	126,740
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	189,830	92,295	97,530	235,365	111,205	124,165
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	104,875	50,595	54,280	193,625	90,650	102,975
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	82,585	40,530	42,060	37,080	18,320	18,760
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,365	1,170	1,195	4,660	2,230	2,425
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	10,385	4,760	5,625	5,280	2,700	2,575
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	9,760	4,465	5,295	4,040	2,105	1,940
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	310	155	155	990	475	515
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	270	110	160	225	110	115
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	40	25	20	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	3,674,330	1,850,760	1,823,570	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	3,978,145	1,998,495	1,979,645	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	933,165	461,460	471,705	1,032,365	505,180	527,185
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	230,930	118,535	112,390	90,335	46,750	43,585
Chinese	158,200	77,035	81,165	99,505	44,370	55,135
Black	129,390	66,960	62,440	319,230	154,110	165,120
Filipino	166,195	74,770	91,425	34,910	14,275	20,635
Latin American	55,090	27,560	27,525	133,920	64,655	69,260
Arab	56,700	30,245	26,450	213,740	113,420	100,320
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	43,985	21,025	22,960	62,820	29,960	32,865
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	20,980	11,010	9,965	32,405	16,200	16,210
Korean	21,275	10,130	11,145	8,055	3,865	4,190
Japanese	12,165	5,495	6,670	4,570	1,755	2,820
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	9,900	4,700	5,205	9,840	4,670	5,175
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	28,360	13,985	14,375	23,045	11,160	11,885
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	3,044,980	1,537,040	1,507,940	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	3,978,150	1,998,500	1,979,645	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010
North American Aboriginal origins	303,815	147,735	156,075	359,430	172,440	186,985
First Nations (North American Indian)	200,290	96,845	103,445	289,610	137,550	152,065
Inuit	3,900	1,915	1,985	17,175	8,300	8,880
Métis	113,735	55,590	58,150	61,260	30,915	30,345
Other North American origins	955,040	486,735	468,305	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605
Acadian	5,545	2,970	2,570	34,785	16,440	18,345
American	72,355	35,480	36,875	45,050	21,470	23,580
Canadian	902,315	460,335	441,975	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555
New Brunswicker	50	35	15	750	370	380
Newfoundlander	1,985	1,135	850	570	280	295
Nova Scotian	190	115	70	365	155	215
Ontarian	110	65	45	1,345	660	685
Québécois	1,380	750	630	184,005	93,895	90,110
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	415	210	205	205	110	100
European origins	2,580,720	1,292,280	1,288,440	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825
British Isles origins	1,581,265	787,205	794,060	745,715	360,135	385,575
Channel Islander	225	115	115	1,440	725	720
Cornish	210	90	115	70	35	40
English	899,440	444,010	455,440	228,520	111,855	116,670
Irish	596,750	288,710	308,040	446,215	211,545	234,665
Manx	945	450	495	200	105	95
Scottish	704,205	347,740	356,460	215,030	103,395	111,635
Welsh	80,455	38,715	41,740	10,765	5,075	5,690
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	90,865	44,055	46,815	32,525	15,440	17,080
French origins	411,560	201,160	210,395	1,878,795	941,770	937,025
Alsatian	200	120	80	1,050	520	525
Breton	60	25	35	11,140	5,410	5,725
Corsican	125	65	70	1,270	690	580
French	411,315	201,030	210,290	1,870,545	937,665	932,875
Western European origins (except French origins)	915,185	455,115	460,065	244,380	119,115	125,260
Austrian	39,530	19,225	20,305	12,710	6,285	6,430
Bavarian	110	60	55	40	30	20
Belgian	21,210	10,320	10,890	51,340	25,295	26,050
Dutch	195,720	97,735	97,990	26,000	12,805	13,190
Flemish	2,005	870	1,140	1,345	660	685
Frisian	685	380	305	15	20	0
German	712,955	353,755	359,195	142,225	68,250	73,975
Luxembourger	680	355	320	910	445	460
Swiss	24,310	11,905	12,410	24,500	12,615	11,885
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	830	390	440	125	80	50
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	329,990	159,695	170,295	25,460	12,490	12,975
Danish	60,380	29,240	31,135	5,700	2,815	2,885
Finnish	17,755	8,780	8,975	3,130	1,430	1,700
Icelandic	20,225	10,050	10,175	955	480	470
Norwegian	156,595	75,160	81,430	7,820	3,835	3,985
Swedish	97,840	46,445	51,385	6,840	3,275	3,565
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	13,515	7,005	6,505	2,500	1,265	1,230
Eastern European origins	685,270	336,430	348,845	249,940	121,660	128,285
Bulgarian	2,935	1,510	1,425	9,570	4,675	4,895
Byelorussian	2,200	1,165	1,035	2,530	1,235	1,295
Czech	20,865	10,405	10,460	6,295	2,965	3,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	10,055	4,800	5,255	2,150	1,100	1,050
Estonian	2,715	1,240	1,470	890	460	435
Hungarian	56,270	27,385	28,885	28,280	13,970	14,310
Latvian	3,245	1,585	1,660	1,740	835	905
Lithuanian	6,090	2,915	3,175	6,630	3,320	3,305
Moldovan	1,585	790	790	7,620	3,710	3,900
Polish	186,510	91,115	95,395	79,040	38,705	40,335
Romanian	34,230	16,520	17,710	53,060	25,935	27,125
Russian	107,800	51,840	55,960	55,230	26,405	28,830
Slovak	11,010	5,495	5,515	4,770	2,375	2,395
Ukrainian	369,090	181,600	187,490	42,550	20,575	21,975
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	1,910	1,015	895	2,900	1,505	1,400
Southern European origins	215,725	107,495	108,230	549,750	273,670	276,080
Albanian	2,935	1,555	1,385	3,760	1,950	1,805
Bosnian	3,870	1,985	1,890	2,970	1,485	1,490
Catalan	85	55	25	735	395	340
Croatian	14,220	7,535	6,690	6,745	3,375	3,370
Cypriot	160	90	70	480	240	245
Greek	15,025	7,790	7,235	71,330	36,235	35,090
Italian	101,265	50,975	50,285	326,700	162,650	164,045
Kosovar	420	210	210	505	295	210
Macedonian	1,015	485	535	775	400	370
Maltese	1,560	845	715	1,220	615	610
Montenegrin	290	185	105	450	250	200
Portuguese	22,385	11,395	10,985	69,805	34,825	34,980
Serbian	7,755	3,875	3,875	5,950	2,915	3,040
Sicilian	330	160	170	1,435	710	725
Slovenian	3,885	2,010	1,875	2,510	1,225	1,280
Spanish	48,055	22,225	25,835	85,360	41,745	43,615
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	5,120	2,495	2,625	3,270	1,595	1,670
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	245	120	125	300	155	145
Other European origins	22,805	11,700	11,105	38,670	19,875	18,800
Basque	425	210	215	3,620	1,930	1,690
Jewish	9,780	4,890	4,885	25,235	12,955	12,280
Roma (Gypsy)	465	220	245	475	270	205
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	995	505	490	360	180	185
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	11,255	5,940	5,310	9,215	4,690	4,530
Caribbean origins	36,120	18,050	18,070	201,625	93,935	107,690
Antiguan	455	265	190	380	170	205
Bahamian	310	180	130	430	205	225
Barbadian	2,065	980	1,080	5,570	2,585	2,985
Bermudan	210	120	90	115	50	65
Carib	135	45	85	405	150	255
Cuban	2,175	1,110	1,060	9,830	4,800	5,035
Dominican	930	530	395	11,560	5,320	6,235
Grenadian	595	300	295	1,965	790	1,175
Guadeloupean	0	0	0	1,010	475	535
Haitian	2,235	1,210	1,025	143,165	66,245	76,925
Jamaican	17,325	8,540	8,785	14,100	6,785	7,315
Kittitian/Nevisian	95	65	30	360	200	160
Martinican	10	0	0	1,775	820	950
Montserratan	30	10	25	240	140	105
Puerto Rican	460	225	240	530	270	255
St. Lucian	595	295	300	860	450	405
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,180	2,685	2,490	6,585	2,925	3,660
Vincentian/Grenadinian	535	215	325	4,020	1,695	2,325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	2,670	1,275	1,395	5,635	2,610	3,025
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	2,305	1,110	1,200	4,195	1,995	2,205
Latin, Central and South American origins	78,405	39,030	39,375	167,275	81,215	86,065
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	1,980	965	1,015	6,100	2,885	3,210
Arawak	105	30	70	180	60	120
Argentinian	1,385	705	680	4,950	2,490	2,460
Belizean	445	250	190	80	40	40
Bolivian	590	305	285	1,730	815	915
Brazilian	3,030	1,330	1,700	8,345	4,075	4,275
Chilean	8,105	4,115	3,990	14,060	7,055	7,005
Colombian	12,585	6,060	6,525	33,965	15,915	18,050
Costa Rican	575	270	305	1,180	570	610
Ecuadorian	890	405	485	2,720	1,255	1,470
Guatemalan	2,395	1,270	1,120	10,175	5,380	4,795
Guyanese	3,095	1,545	1,555	3,670	1,810	1,860
Hispanic	1,785	905	885	1,155	570	585
Honduran	760	405	355	4,335	2,135	2,200
Maya	580	310	275	1,670	935	735
Mexican	22,475	11,430	11,045	26,930	13,185	13,745
Nicaraguan	1,675	825	855	2,805	1,360	1,445
Panamanian	320	150	170	1,460	755	710
Paraguayan	340	155	190	365	155	205
Peruvian	2,740	1,245	1,495	19,735	9,240	10,495
Salvadorean	8,810	4,545	4,270	19,200	9,535	9,665
Uruguayan	315	180	135	1,755	815	940
Venezuelan	4,690	2,295	2,390	7,475	3,430	4,045
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	3,430	1,735	1,695	5,845	2,965	2,880
African origins	136,510	70,620	65,885	382,665	196,910	185,755
Central and West African origins	33,170	17,430	15,735	86,695	44,720	41,975
Akan	130	80	50	630	325	310
Angolan	295	155	140	875	425	450
Ashanti	130	70	55	120	90	35
Beninese	200	90	105	4,125	2,220	1,915
Burkinabe	100	50	50	2,465	1,325	1,145
Cameroonian	2,040	1,010	1,035	17,095	8,635	8,465
Chadian	75	55	20	1,045	525	520
Congolese	4,095	2,100	1,990	20,210	9,960	10,250
Edo	555	320	235	110	60	45
Ewe	125	70	55	460	265	200
Gabonese	25	10	20	1,165	545	620
Gambian	110	60	50	150	95	55
Ghanaian	4,470	2,365	2,100	3,235	1,660	1,575
Guinean	455	235	215	5,255	2,765	2,485
Ibo	1,760	935	825	185	95	95
Ivorian	655	355	295	8,545	4,350	4,200
Liberian	1,040	495	540	150	60	90
Malian	70	45	25	3,535	1,755	1,775
Malinké	95	55	45	635	340	295
Nigerian	13,010	6,815	6,200	2,820	1,510	1,310
Peulh	105	70	35	2,110	1,080	1,030
Senegalese	575	370	205	8,250	4,420	3,835
Sierra Leonean	740	395	345	110	55	55
Togolese	150	70	80	4,080	2,210	1,870
Wolof	70	45	25	660	390	270
Yoruba	2,990	1,600	1,385	460	225	235
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	1,865	985	875	6,955	3,690	3,275
North African origins	23,235	12,305	10,935	225,125	117,725	107,410
Algerian	1,620	805	815	60,375	31,185	29,190
Berber	685	415	270	33,825	17,840	15,985
Coptic	225	115	110	685	385	305
Dinka	565	320	250	15	10	10
Egyptian	8,525	4,515	4,010	29,400	15,295	14,100
Libyan	1,300	665	635	1,075	590	485
Maure	95	70	25	530	290	240
Moroccan	2,510	1,380	1,130	85,940	44,520	41,420
Sudanese	7,070	3,695	3,375	370	220	150
Tunisian	940	480	455	21,475	11,775	9,695
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	575	315	260	3,340	1,845	1,490
Southern and East African origins	56,560	29,285	27,275	28,925	14,225	14,705
Afrikaner	315	155	160	115	75	40
Amhara	450	240	215	65	30	35
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	700	395	310	1,905	1,040	870
Burundian	975	555	420	6,015	2,945	3,070
Djiboutian	170	90	75	450	205	245
Eritrean	7,960	4,250	3,715	580	290	290
Ethiopian	13,225	6,710	6,510	1,575	785	785
Harari	165	85	80	20	10	10
Kenyan	2,175	1,035	1,140	530	270	260
Malagasy	125	55	70	3,735	1,815	1,920
Mauritian	550	310	235	3,695	1,735	1,960
Oromo	1,355	765	595	20	15	10
Rwandan	1,420	745	675	5,130	2,445	2,685
Seychellois	35	25	10	775	345	425
Somali	14,100	7,315	6,790	1,785	865	915
South African	6,635	3,310	3,320	900	490	420
Tanzanian	1,030	525	505	325	190	140
Tigrian	700	380	320	95	35	55
Ugandan	1,155	645	510	290	135	160
Zambian	265	155	110	45	20	25
Zimbabwean	2,590	1,300	1,285	300	150	145
Zulu	295	135	160	70	35	35
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	3,875	2,010	1,870	1,790	915	875
Other African origins	26,150	12,995	13,155	46,805	22,845	23,965
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	2,525	1,220	1,305	3,800	1,845	1,950
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	23,960	11,950	12,010	43,785	21,415	22,370
Asian origins	756,335	370,390	385,945	563,150	275,170	287,980
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	97,355	51,035	46,315	240,795	123,985	116,810
Afghan	8,540	4,545	3,995	10,945	5,550	5,395
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	10,470	5,690	4,780	44,875	23,680	21,195
Armenian	1,780	865	910	27,380	13,515	13,865
Assyrian	560	300	255	370	205	165
Azerbaijani	615	280	335	555	295	255
Georgian	400	230	165	635	295	345
Hazara	365	190	170	385	190	200
Iranian	13,925	7,220	6,705	25,530	12,845	12,685
Iraqi	6,165	3,250	2,915	5,520	2,780	2,740
Israeli	1,565	830	740	6,060	3,235	2,830
Jordanian	1,325	670	655	1,610	840	770
Kazakh	565	260	310	620	295	325
Kurd	2,040	1,160	880	2,135	1,180	960
Kuwaiti	185	110	80	95	50	50
Kyrgyz	200	110	90	260	140	120
Lebanese	32,365	16,835	15,525	78,140	40,695	37,450
Palestinian	4,880	2,675	2,210	6,865	3,520	3,345
Pashtun	645	305	345	515	280	235
Saudi Arabian	390	205	180	645	390	255
Syrian	7,215	3,605	3,610	27,465	13,845	13,620
Tajik	265	160	105	390	180	210
Tatar	530	215	315	910	430	485
Turk	5,745	3,155	2,595	15,060	7,520	7,545
Turkmen	105	55	50	65	45	25
Uighur	270	125	140	375	185	190
Uzbek	485	225	260	465	210	255
Yemeni	930	440	485	805	450	355
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,445	1,305	1,140	2,465	1,385	1,075
South Asian origins	231,550	118,855	112,695	95,670	48,925	46,745
Bangladeshi	4,155	2,085	2,070	7,075	3,625	3,450
Bengali	1,660	870	790	4,125	2,035	2,090
Bhutanese	815	410	400	420	205	215
East Indian	174,510	89,140	85,370	51,650	26,505	25,140
Goan	495	265	225	210	105	110
Gujarati	855	445	410	420	205	215
Kashmiri	720	355	365	260	155	105
Nepali	4,600	2,490	2,110	930	460	470
Pakistani	29,265	15,075	14,190	13,535	7,000	6,535
Punjabi	15,645	8,230	7,420	2,970	1,675	1,295
Sinhalese	750	400	355	310	135	175
Sri Lankan	5,585	2,885	2,695	14,750	7,300	7,450
Tamil	1,050	565	485	3,100	1,610	1,495
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	4,845	2,500	2,335	2,135	1,190	945
East and Southeast Asian origins	431,135	202,400	228,735	229,985	103,805	126,180
Burmese	1,270	650	615	530	270	255
Cambodian (Khmer)	4,260	2,245	2,015	15,345	7,360	7,985
Chinese	188,280	90,735	97,545	121,445	54,595	66,850
Filipino	175,130	79,150	95,975	37,910	15,590	22,320
Hmong	0	0	0	35	10	20
Indonesian	3,005	1,425	1,575	1,320	570	755
Japanese	16,595	7,510	9,085	6,495	2,615	3,875
Karen	740	390	345	95	55	40
Korean	22,410	10,655	11,755	8,740	4,155	4,580
Laotian	2,050	1,020	1,030	7,625	3,860	3,770
Malaysian	2,970	1,340	1,630	645	300	340
Mongolian	1,565	725	835	960	470	485
Singaporean	370	180	190	105	65	40
Taiwanese	1,995	855	1,140	2,205	940	1,265
Thai	2,735	980	1,750	2,695	1,065	1,635
Tibetan	965	500	465	80	45	30
Vietnamese	36,780	17,720	19,060	43,080	20,790	22,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	735	385	345	275	125	155
Other Asian origins	3,115	1,580	1,530	1,765	905	865
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	3,115	1,585	1,530	1,770	905	860
Oceania origins	15,500	7,825	7,680	3,250	1,730	1,515
Australian	7,785	3,975	3,810	2,055	1,125	935
New Zealander	2,905	1,535	1,370	490	245	245
Pacific Islands origins	5,150	2,510	2,635	785	410	380
Fijian	3,325	1,580	1,745	70	25	40
Hawaiian	425	190	235	60	40	20
Maori	640	325	320	90	55	35
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	205	105	95	290	145	145
Samoan	280	180	100	15	15	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	375	195	180	295	155	145
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Owner	1,105,795	...	...	2,163,735	...	...
Renter	412,150	...	...	1,362,010	...	...
Band housing	9,730	...	...	5,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	1,527,675	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Condominium	256,015	...	...	413,325	...	...
Not condominium	1,271,660	...	...	3,118,340	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
No bedrooms	5,440	...	...	23,725	...	...
1 bedroom	139,820	...	...	573,370	...	...
2 bedrooms	322,370	...	...	1,100,310	...	...
3 bedrooms	540,505	...	...	1,157,300	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	519,545	...	...	676,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	358,650	...	...	1,258,215	...	...
5 rooms	238,870	...	...	620,935	...	...
6 rooms	224,335	...	...	432,090	...	...
7 rooms	201,560	...	...	403,255	...	...
8 or more rooms	504,270	...	...	817,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	1,527,675	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,494,875	...	...	3,492,135	...	...
More than 1 person per room	32,805	...	...	39,530	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	1,527,675	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Suitable	1,458,550	...	...	3,398,910	...	...
Not suitable	69,125	...	...	132,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
1960 or before	177,780	...	...	894,495	...	...
1961 to 1980	439,505	...	...	1,116,760	...	...
1981 to 1990	193,360	...	...	503,495	...	...
1991 to 2000	216,410	...	...	369,020	...	...
2001 to 2005	157,420	...	...	196,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	180,645	...	...	241,545	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	162,560	...	...	209,515	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	1,440,440	...	...	3,304,625	...	...
Major repairs needed	87,240	...	...	227,040	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 household maintainer	873,125	...	...	2,221,970	...	...
2 household maintainers	605,830	...	...	1,264,195	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	48,725	...	...	45,500	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	1,527,680	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
15 to 24 years	53,955	...	...	119,495	...	...
25 to 34 years	281,820	...	...	498,070	...	...
35 to 44 years	307,930	...	...	603,840	...	...
45 to 54 years	310,435	...	...	682,290	...	...
55 to 64 years	288,480	...	...	731,390	...	...
65 to 74 years	169,505	...	...	541,630	...	...
75 to 84 years	86,970	...	...	270,280	...	...
85 years and over	28,585	...	...	84,680	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	1,479,270	...	...	3,496,460	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,170,780	...	...	2,763,105	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	308,485	...	...	733,355	...	...
30% to less than 100%	268,795	...	...	647,975	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,075,465	...	...	2,141,690	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	65.2	...	...	61.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	15.1	...	...	12.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,481	...	...	983	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,531	...	...	1,085	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	400,104	...	...	250,302	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	449,790	...	...	290,484	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	410,225	...	...	1,358,265	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	10.4	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	36.0	...	...	33.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,243	...	...	720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,279	...	...	775	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
No certificate, diploma or degree	540,665	284,020	256,640	1,323,070	674,955	648,115
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	895,885	440,665	455,220	1,426,980	674,820	752,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,769,500	878,130	891,375	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	309,465	242,160	67,305	1,120,730	681,515	439,215
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	94,735	56,255	38,480	806,585	435,090	371,495
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	214,730	185,905	28,825	314,145	246,425	67,720
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	615,480	250,590	364,895	1,165,515	506,775	658,740
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	94,620	36,875	57,750	236,255	93,680	142,575
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	749,930	348,510	401,425	1,361,730	628,290	733,440
Bachelor's degree	530,085	235,610	294,470	872,060	384,275	487,790
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	39,955	18,075	21,880	118,955	54,255	64,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	21,850	11,810	10,045	39,045	19,865	19,185
Master's degree	133,265	67,215	66,055	281,215	139,280	141,935
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	24,770	15,805	8,965	50,455	30,615	19,840
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125
No certificate, diploma or degree	244,755	136,085	108,675	580,635	323,880	256,750
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	569,435	283,290	286,145	808,955	396,620	412,330
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,443,635	711,655	731,975	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	238,220	189,180	49,035	866,595	513,575	353,015
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	69,415	42,445	26,970	631,795	330,140	301,655
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	168,805	146,740	22,065	234,800	183,440	51,360
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	496,375	203,350	293,020	832,430	367,185	465,245
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	73,315	29,315	44,005	167,025	67,530	99,495
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	635,730	289,810	345,920	1,116,300	499,010	617,290
Bachelor's degree	448,235	197,045	251,195	712,935	308,760	404,175
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	32,095	14,155	17,940	94,240	40,085	54,160
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	18,855	9,505	9,350	30,775	13,505	17,270
Master's degree	116,975	57,230	59,740	238,300	113,895	124,410
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	19,570	11,875	7,695	40,050	22,780	17,270
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,436,545	724,680	711,865	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270
Education	121,930	29,000	92,930	273,320	62,470	210,845
13. Education	121,930	29,000	92,930	273,320	62,470	210,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	49,660	20,960	28,705	156,720	71,485	85,240
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	9,130	6,305	2,820	25,380	18,280	7,100
50. Visual and performing arts	40,535	14,650	25,885	131,340	53,200	78,140
Humanities	69,305	27,480	41,830	215,735	86,065	129,675
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	6,790	1,620	5,170	32,180	7,165	25,020
23. English language and literature/letters	15,110	4,270	10,840	12,900	4,060	8,835
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	20,660	7,275	13,390	103,120	42,685	60,435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	225	105	125	880	395	485
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,890	2,750	2,140	10,400	6,650	3,755
39. Theology and religious vocations	11,435	6,560	4,865	10,125	6,200	3,930
54. History	8,600	4,560	4,045	17,055	9,990	7,065
55. French language and literature/letters	1,595	345	1,250	29,070	8,920	20,155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	159,735	51,705	108,030	380,995	125,025	255,975
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,345	470	1,875	4,315	1,165	3,150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	17,180	6,320	10,865	48,530	16,690	31,845
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	28,750	2,185	26,570	77,470	6,070	71,400
22. Legal professions and studies	29,000	9,355	19,645	67,185	25,785	41,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	2,190	605	1,580	9,905	2,035	7,870
42. Psychology	27,275	6,765	20,515	57,335	14,030	43,305
45. Social sciences	52,985	26,000	26,985	116,255	59,245	57,015
Business, management and public administration	361,530	133,045	228,485	879,190	321,450	557,740
30.16 Accounting and computer science	670	155	520	815	300	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	21,565	4,015	17,555	47,715	10,490	37,225
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	339,295	128,885	210,410	830,660	310,665	519,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,850	38,330	34,525	140,990	76,780	64,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	25,850	10,955	14,895	49,705	20,900	28,805
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,410	7,270	8,145	23,210	13,865	9,350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	555	170	385	21,890	10,810	11,080
40. Physical sciences	26,130	17,875	8,255	39,060	27,545	11,515
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,900	2,055	2,845	7,120	3,660	3,465
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	60,830	37,710	23,120	152,105	104,850	47,255
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	48,975	32,855	16,125	125,480	92,730	32,750
25. Library science	4,295	515	3,780	11,110	2,145	8,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,050	4,020	3,035	13,415	8,365	5,045
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	515	330	185	2,100	1,605	495
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	463,185	415,665	47,520	828,400	758,350	70,055
04. Architecture and related services	11,325	7,140	4,190	29,015	17,055	11,960
14. Engineering	110,345	89,275	21,070	150,450	124,585	25,865
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	84,800	72,145	12,655	150,640	135,445	15,195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	60	10	50	60	20	40
46. Construction trades	100,370	96,810	3,560	185,385	179,995	5,390
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	103,880	100,100	3,785	184,280	178,510	5,770
48. Precision production	52,400	50,195	2,205	128,580	122,750	5,830
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	44,270	27,245	17,025	85,485	56,900	28,585
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	28,440	17,860	10,580	51,770	30,870	20,900
03. Natural resources and conservation	15,830	9,390	6,445	33,715	26,025	7,690
Health and related fields	270,920	51,220	219,700	480,230	95,450	384,780
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	19,300	9,110	10,195	27,955	14,675	13,280
51. Health professions and related programs	245,265	38,460	206,810	441,105	74,630	366,470
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	6,350	3,650	2,695	11,160	6,140	5,020
Personal, protective and transportation services	95,140	45,720	49,415	290,005	151,070	138,935
12. Personal and culinary services	57,285	14,985	42,305	164,595	43,720	120,875
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250	230	20	290	270	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	740	655	85	1,345	1,245	100
43. Security and protective services	16,985	11,590	5,400	54,625	42,415	12,210
49. Transportation and materials moving	19,880	18,270	1,610	69,160	63,425	5,740
Other	150	60	95	1,055	375	680
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	145	60	95	1,055	375	675
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	2,257,820	1,131,025	1,126,795	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	814,190	419,370	394,820	1,389,585	720,500	669,085
Education	91,020	19,920	71,105	180,615	37,990	142,625
13. Education	91,025	19,920	71,100	180,615	37,990	142,625
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	40,255	16,670	23,585	122,045	55,575	66,475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,095	4,810	2,285	19,510	13,740	5,770
50. Visual and performing arts	33,155	11,860	21,300	102,535	41,830	60,705
Humanities	55,985	21,840	34,145	138,330	54,580	83,750
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	5,690	1,310	4,380	25,220	5,455	19,765
23. English language and literature/letters	12,345	3,425	8,920	9,585	2,990	6,595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	17,320	6,020	11,300	57,730	25,305	32,430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	200	95	100	600	255	350
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,930	2,205	1,725	6,980	4,415	2,570
39. Theology and religious vocations	8,500	4,960	3,545	5,415	3,380	2,035
54. History	6,855	3,565	3,285	12,235	7,140	5,095
55. French language and literature/letters	1,140	245	895	20,555	5,640	14,915
Social and behavioural sciences and law	135,545	42,855	92,685	301,550	95,120	206,430
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,025	425	1,600	3,550	925	2,620
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	14,880	5,360	9,520	40,275	13,900	26,370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	23,730	1,770	21,960	63,120	4,295	58,825
22. Legal professions and studies	25,095	7,395	17,705	53,620	18,830	34,790
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	1,790	530	1,255	6,840	1,420	5,420
42. Psychology	22,460	5,290	17,170	44,540	10,255	34,285
45. Social sciences	45,565	22,095	23,465	89,610	45,495	44,110
Business, management and public administration	301,995	110,825	191,170	706,400	248,920	457,480
30.16 Accounting and computer science	560	135	420	615	215	400
44. Public administration and social service professions	18,035	3,130	14,910	38,320	7,835	30,485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	283,400	107,560	175,840	667,470	240,870	426,600
Physical and life sciences and technologies	58,120	29,655	28,465	92,480	49,390	43,090
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	20,925	8,620	12,310	40,895	16,635	24,260
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,175	5,740	6,435	12,450	7,435	5,015
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	460	155	305	4,175	2,385	1,785
40. Physical sciences	20,785	13,645	7,140	29,705	20,255	9,445
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,775	1,500	2,270	5,255	2,675	2,580
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	53,975	33,590	20,385	132,750	91,865	40,885
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	44,735	29,980	14,750	112,715	83,240	29,470
25. Library science	3,400	440	2,965	8,720	1,665	7,055
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,420	2,915	2,500	9,725	5,815	3,915
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	420	255	165	1,585	1,150	440
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	376,875	335,210	41,670	639,185	577,845	61,335
04. Architecture and related services	9,335	5,630	3,710	24,260	13,870	10,385
14. Engineering	95,005	75,840	19,170	126,835	103,165	23,665
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	69,300	58,610	10,690	116,595	103,710	12,885
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	55	10	50	50	15	30
46. Construction trades	80,455	77,430	3,020	134,865	130,350	4,510
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	81,470	78,290	3,180	139,935	135,155	4,780
48. Precision production	41,255	39,405	1,850	96,655	91,580	5,075
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	35,820	21,060	14,760	69,865	45,215	24,655
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	21,990	12,970	9,025	41,755	23,965	17,795
03. Natural resources and conservation	13,825	8,090	5,740	28,110	21,250	6,860
Health and related fields	217,640	42,225	175,410	368,600	72,245	296,355
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	15,955	7,530	8,425	22,660	11,635	11,030
51. Health professions and related programs	196,250	31,775	164,475	337,320	56,510	280,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	5,435	2,925	2,505	8,620	4,110	4,510
Personal, protective and transportation services	76,300	37,755	38,540	229,640	118,260	111,375
12. Personal and culinary services	44,755	12,085	32,670	129,245	32,830	96,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	190	170	20	225	200	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	460	410	50	875	795	80
43. Security and protective services	14,100	9,595	4,505	42,550	32,575	9,975
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,795	15,490	1,305	56,750	51,860	4,890
Other	115	55	60	890	300	595
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	110	55	60	890	300	595
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,206,045	1,602,810	1,603,235	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,436,545	724,685	711,865	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,769,505	878,130	891,370	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970
Location of study inside Canada	1,424,855	709,950	714,905	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880
Same as province or territory of residence	1,064,560	530,135	534,430	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270
Different than province or territory of residence	360,290	179,815	180,475	142,415	73,800	68,610
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	344,645	168,180	176,465	374,620	193,530	181,090
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	45,690	25,545	20,145	28,320	16,915	11,410
Philippines	68,760	26,480	42,280	12,515	3,600	8,920
India	41,560	21,025	20,535	6,805	3,660	3,150
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	28,630	16,255	12,370	11,250	6,535	4,715
China^{Census data footnote 162}	18,850	8,805	10,050	17,155	7,755	9,395
France	2,150	1,275	875	69,665	39,885	29,780
Other	139,010	68,800	70,210	228,905	115,185	113,725
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	2,257,820	1,131,030	1,126,795	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	814,190	419,375	394,820	1,389,590	720,505	669,085
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,443,630	711,655	731,980	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045
Location of study inside Canada	1,150,780	572,180	578,595	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780
Same as province or territory of residence	857,370	426,365	431,010	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280
Different than province or territory of residence	293,410	145,820	147,590	108,630	55,125	53,500
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	292,850	139,470	153,380	306,115	153,850	152,265
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	34,655	18,640	16,015	19,655	11,145	8,505
Philippines	64,000	24,435	39,565	10,545	2,935	7,610
India	37,240	18,505	18,740	4,865	2,465	2,400
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	20,065	11,390	8,675	7,390	4,245	3,145
China^{Census data footnote 162}	16,600	7,630	8,965	15,420	6,865	8,550
France	1,870	1,105	765	57,315	32,115	25,205
Other	118,425	57,770	60,655	190,930	94,085	96,850
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
In the labour force	2,302,945	1,238,280	1,064,655	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Employed	2,096,105	1,114,360	981,745	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Unemployed	206,835	123,925	82,910	306,170	177,630	128,540
Not in the labour force	903,105	364,525	538,580	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480
Participation rate	71.8	77.3	66.4	64.1	67.9	60.5
Employment rate	65.4	69.5	61.2	59.5	62.5	56.7
Unemployment rate	9.0	10.0	7.8	7.2	8.0	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	3,206,050	1,602,810	1,603,235	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	806,150	318,845	487,310	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655
Worked	2,399,895	1,283,965	1,115,930	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,193,860	698,530	495,330	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,206,035	585,430	620,595	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	43.1	41.7	42.5	42.7	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	2,302,940	1,238,285	1,064,660	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	40,005	18,650	21,360	101,485	51,640	49,850
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915
Employee	1,984,225	1,042,630	941,595	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	278,710	177,010	101,705	489,090	299,355	189,730
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	40,010	18,645	21,360	101,490	51,640	49,850
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	2,262,935	1,219,635	1,043,300	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
0 Management occupations	261,505	167,260	94,245	418,450	263,585	154,875
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	353,965	95,685	258,280	677,390	210,525	466,865
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	175,025	136,240	38,795	286,270	222,375	63,895
3 Health occupations	150,415	28,130	122,290	295,765	57,160	238,610
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	228,325	74,105	154,220	502,945	147,145	355,795
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	50,170	19,960	30,210	135,730	64,370	71,365
6 Sales and service occupations	491,495	204,245	287,255	988,610	449,820	538,790
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	406,495	376,375	30,120	574,675	544,100	30,570
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	72,465	59,465	13,000	67,290	55,610	11,685
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	73,070	58,170	14,895	206,875	148,405	58,475
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	2,302,940	1,238,280	1,064,660	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	40,005	18,650	21,360	101,490	51,635	49,850
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	2,262,935	1,219,630	1,043,305	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	64,035	43,045	20,990	84,060	60,460	23,595
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	142,490	109,105	33,390	20,920	18,175	2,745
22 Utilities	21,940	15,345	6,595	28,410	20,650	7,755
23 Construction	236,370	201,640	34,730	254,055	223,770	30,285
31-33 Manufacturing	127,535	96,045	31,490	458,315	332,080	126,240
41 Wholesale trade	80,610	56,840	23,775	157,365	104,885	52,475
44-45 Retail trade	249,880	115,065	134,810	508,170	239,625	268,545
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	115,295	83,675	31,620	187,550	142,550	45,000
51 Information and cultural industries	33,045	18,625	14,420	100,775	59,705	41,070
52 Finance and insurance	69,225	25,230	43,995	165,140	66,175	98,965
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,520	23,075	18,450	61,380	36,505	24,875
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	167,800	94,565	73,240	288,715	161,030	127,685
55 Management of companies and enterprises	5,560	2,760	2,795	3,305	1,270	2,035
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	87,350	49,595	37,760	176,185	108,280	67,905
61 Educational services	147,270	44,160	103,110	306,575	96,170	210,405
62 Health care and social assistance	245,875	41,235	204,645	532,680	99,380	433,295
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	44,880	21,550	23,335	84,130	44,235	39,895
72 Accommodation and food services	153,790	62,220	91,570	278,500	123,235	155,265
81 Other services (except public administration)	105,865	50,455	55,405	193,700	89,455	104,245
91 Public administration	122,595	65,420	57,175	264,085	135,455	128,630
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	2,096,110	1,114,360	981,745	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Worked at home	162,465	77,935	84,530	266,285	134,325	131,960
Worked outside Canada	6,270	4,715	1,555	10,600	7,580	3,020
No fixed workplace address	307,065	236,995	70,070	351,595	265,405	86,185
Worked at usual place	1,620,310	794,720	825,595	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	1,620,310	794,720	825,595	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,186,170	554,850	631,330	1,732,155	810,895	921,260
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	358,010	190,730	167,280	485,450	234,700	250,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	64,360	41,925	22,435	1,037,125	549,095	488,030
Commute to a different province or territory	11,770	7,210	4,560	66,125	35,110	31,015
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,497,440	832,890	664,545	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	99,635	40,215	59,420	133,760	51,045	82,715
Public transit	194,560	88,325	106,235	503,285	217,465	285,820
Walked	85,805	38,030	47,775	205,350	93,595	111,760
Bicycle	21,925	14,685	7,240	54,625	36,470	18,155
Other method	28,015	17,560	10,455	36,010	20,845	15,170
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240
Less than 15 minutes	519,085	237,105	281,980	1,035,455	493,225	542,235
15 to 29 minutes	706,940	377,165	329,780	1,200,455	617,010	583,445
30 to 44 minutes	422,070	243,905	178,165	777,955	425,640	352,310
45 to 59 minutes	148,620	86,485	62,135	343,540	184,440	159,100
60 minutes and over	130,665	87,060	43,605	315,035	174,875	140,160
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	1,927,375	1,031,710	895,665	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	145,660	107,460	38,200	256,150	192,835	63,315
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	395,425	254,225	141,200	675,585	420,120	255,465
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	567,530	297,825	269,705	1,133,510	527,925	605,580
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	347,270	147,425	199,845	714,935	296,300	418,630
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	188,660	77,175	111,490	349,845	148,715	201,125
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	282,820	147,600	135,225	542,425	309,295	233,125
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,090	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655
Single responses	2,446,600	1,304,240	1,142,360	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385
Official languages	2,425,545	1,292,940	1,132,610	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420
English	2,418,990	1,290,870	1,128,120	541,720	294,935	246,780
French	6,560	2,070	4,490	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640
Non-official languages	21,055	11,305	9,750	34,160	17,190	16,970
Aboriginal languages	1,000	550	450	12,670	6,180	6,490
Algonquian languages	670	355	315	8,350	4,095	4,260
Blackfoot	75	50	30	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	565	295	270	8,285	4,060	4,220
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,100	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	1,800	840	960
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	210	105	100
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	35	20	15
Plains Cree	10	10	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	30	10	20	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	535	280	255	5,145	2,515	2,630
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	30	20	10
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	25	20	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	15	10	45	15	25
Algonquin	0	0	0	45	20	30
Ojibway	25	15	10	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	75	45	30	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	75	40	35	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	60	35	25	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	10	10	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	10	10	10	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	4,305	2,080	2,220
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	4,290	2,075	2,215
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	15	0	15
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	10	0	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	255	155	105	0	0	0
Dakota	15	10	10	0	0	0
Stoney	240	140	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	20,050	10,755	9,300	21,490	11,005	10,480
Afro-Asiatic languages	940	575	360	1,895	1,125	775
Berber languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0	15	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	100	45	55	0	0	0
Bilen	10	0	10	0	0	0
Oromo	25	15	15	0	0	0
Somali	60	25	35	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	840	530	305	1,860	1,110	745
Amharic	85	50	35	0	0	0
Arabic	610	415	195	1,715	1,045	665
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	50	15	35	140	70	70
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	40	15	25	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	515	790	1,725	850	870
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	0	315	140	175
Vietnamese	1,290	505	780	1,410	710	695
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	850	420	430	135	65	70
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	15	0	10	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0	0	0
Ilocano	30	10	20	10	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	10	10	10	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	785	405	380	115	50	60
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0	275	90	190
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	10	0	10
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	265	90	175
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	55	25	35	150	75	75
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	15	10	0	0	0	0
Tamil	35	15	15	145	75	70
Telugu	0	0	0	0	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	8,280	4,855	3,425	10,165	5,255	4,910
Albanian	30	20	10	30	20	10
Armenian	0	0	0	275	130	145
Balto-Slavic languages	690	335	355	1,130	500	635
Baltic languages	0	0	0	15	0	10
Latvian	0	0	0	15	10	10
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0	10	0
Slavic languages	695	335	360	1,115	495	625
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	15	15	0	10	0	0
Bulgarian	10	0	10	55	20	30
Croatian	15	10	15	10	0	10
Czech	0	0	0	10	0	10
Macedonian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Polish	220	135	85	170	65	105
Russian	275	120	160	735	340	395
Serbian	25	0	20	10	15	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	10	10	0
Slovak	25	0	20	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	100	40	55	110	35	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,535	1,700	840	1,285	575	715
Afrikaans	30	10	20	0	0	0
Danish	10	0	10	15	10	0
Dutch	145	80	65	25	10	15
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	2,160	1,455	700	370	170	195
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Swedish	15	10	10	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0	860	375	485
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	165	135	30	0	0	0
Greek	20	15	0	525	260	270
Indo-Iranian languages	3,215	1,870	1,350	1,385	780	600
Indo-Aryan languages	3,010	1,735	1,275	680	390	295
Bengali	25	10	15	110	70	35
Gujarati	75	15	60	20	0	10
Hindi	210	110	100	35	20	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	40	20	15	20	0	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,480	1,510	970	415	225	190
Sindhi	10	0	10	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0	0	0	0
Urdu	155	50	100	85	50	35
Iranian languages	200	130	70	700	395	305
Kurdish	15	10	0	15	0	15
Pashto	15	15	0	10	0	15
Persian (Farsi)	175	105	70	675	385	285
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,780	920	860	5,525	2,990	2,540
Catalan	0	0	0	15	0	15
Italian	30	10	15	590	315	275
Portuguese	140	70	70	635	365	270
Romanian	50	30	20	320	140	175
Spanish	1,560	800	760	3,975	2,165	1,810
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Japanese	195	75	125	235	80	150
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Georgian	0	0	0	10	0	0
Korean	785	350	435	300	150	150
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	35	10	30	45	25	20
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	30	10	25	25	20	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	10	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	230	120	115	205	60	140
American Sign Language	125	40	85	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	125	20	110
Sign languages, n.i.e	105	80	30	70	45	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,080	3,665	3,420	6,070	3,125	2,945
Chinese languages	7,035	3,635	3,400	6,075	3,130	2,950
Cantonese	4,545	2,340	2,205	2,655	1,325	1,330
Hakka	15	0	10	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,170	1,125	1,045	3,100	1,630	1,465
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	10	15	70	40	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	275	155	125	235	130	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	30	20	0	0	0
Burmese	10	10	10	0	0	0
Karenic languages	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	10	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	60	65	110	40	75
Lao	0	0	0	55	25	30
Thai	130	60	65	55	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	80	35	45	110	60	50
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkish	65	30	30	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	10	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Uralic languages	70	45	25	40	10	40
Estonian	0	0	0	10	0	0
Finnish	10	10	0	0	0	0
Hungarian	65	40	25	35	0	35
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	0	10
Multiple responses	20,810	10,080	10,735	341,900	182,635	159,265
English and French	4,525	2,050	2,475	315,620	169,365	146,255
English and non-official language	15,935	7,860	8,075	6,545	3,655	2,890
French and non-official language	55	25	30	7,525	3,460	4,065
English, French and non-official language	295	140	155	12,205	6,160	6,055
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	2,467,410	1,314,320	1,153,095	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655
None	2,370,575	1,264,955	1,105,620	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690
English	13,805	6,540	7,270	1,031,380	555,940	475,440
French	23,920	11,380	12,545	317,490	169,785	147,705
Non-official language	57,640	30,700	26,935	49,850	25,900	23,950
Aboriginal	5,045	2,370	2,680	4,985	2,285	2,705
Non-Aboriginal	52,590	28,335	24,260	44,865	23,620	21,245
English and French	30	15	15	2,185	1,040	1,140
English and non-official language	215	105	110	14,910	7,255	7,655
French and non-official language	1,220	625	595	6,855	3,795	3,055
English, French and non-official language	0	10	0	65	50	20
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	3,925,440	1,971,515	1,953,920	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575
Non-movers	3,318,340	1,667,060	1,651,280	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195
Movers	607,095	304,450	302,640	914,800	450,420	464,380
Non-migrants	394,230	199,640	194,590	547,410	269,850	277,560
Migrants	212,865	104,815	108,050	367,385	180,565	186,820
Internal migrants	166,390	82,335	84,055	305,465	149,335	156,135
Intraprovincial migrants	120,105	59,845	60,260	284,280	137,945	146,330
Interprovincial migrants	46,280	22,490	23,795	21,190	11,385	9,805
External migrants	46,475	22,480	23,995	61,920	31,235	30,685
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	3,714,635	1,863,450	1,851,190	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805
Non-movers	2,052,580	1,028,510	1,024,070	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065
Movers	1,662,055	834,935	827,120	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740
Non-migrants	899,165	454,700	444,465	1,507,665	741,220	766,440
Migrants	762,890	380,235	382,655	1,187,425	584,125	603,295
Internal migrants	559,860	280,255	279,610	949,170	464,830	484,340
Intraprovincial migrants	333,775	165,900	167,875	893,800	436,525	457,270
Interprovincial migrants	226,090	114,355	111,730	55,370	28,300	27,070
External migrants	203,025	99,980	103,045	238,250	119,295	118,960

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 44 referrer

Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 45 referrer

Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Return to footnote 46 referrer

Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Return to footnote 47 referrer

Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Alberta [Province] and Quebec [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 5, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Alberta [Province] and Quebec [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Alberta [Province] and Quebec [Province]