Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Quebec [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Toronto Ontario [Economic region]			Quebec [Province]
	Data quality , Toronto [Economic region], Ontario Map : Toronto [Economic region], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Quebec [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	6,234,202	...	...	8,164,361	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	5,878,412	...	...	7,903,001	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	6.1	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	2,352,468	...	...	3,858,943	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	2,249,703	...	...	3,531,663	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	898.1	...	...	6.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	6,941.47	...	...	1,356,625.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	6,234,200	3,026,110	3,208,090	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605
0 to 14 years	1,039,970	533,790	506,180	1,333,260	682,535	650,720
0 to 4 years	326,565	167,265	159,305	444,930	227,965	216,970
5 to 9 years	357,060	183,320	173,730	469,165	240,225	228,940
10 to 14 years	356,345	183,200	173,145	419,160	214,345	204,815
15 to 64 years	4,289,265	2,089,550	2,199,715	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280
15 to 19 years	386,265	198,700	187,560	429,825	219,070	210,755
20 to 24 years	432,340	220,945	211,390	500,100	252,600	247,500
25 to 29 years	441,820	218,575	223,250	495,410	248,030	247,380
30 to 34 years	438,180	210,530	227,645	515,505	256,440	259,070
35 to 39 years	425,755	199,810	225,950	550,540	274,595	275,945
40 to 44 years	435,115	205,570	229,540	506,525	254,100	252,425
45 to 49 years	462,125	220,695	241,425	519,425	260,410	259,015
50 to 54 years	486,620	237,875	248,740	619,435	309,070	310,370
55 to 59 years	430,205	209,590	220,620	636,475	314,190	322,285
60 to 64 years	350,840	167,255	183,580	562,670	276,140	286,535
65 years and over	904,970	402,775	502,195	1,495,195	669,590	825,605
65 to 69 years	296,470	139,530	156,940	488,175	236,395	251,775
70 to 74 years	208,245	96,910	111,330	373,590	176,905	196,690
75 to 79 years	159,900	71,560	88,340	256,905	116,020	140,890
80 to 84 years	119,215	51,655	67,560	187,835	78,390	109,450
85 years and over	121,145	43,115	78,025	188,685	61,885	126,805
85 to 89 years	76,155	29,565	46,595	120,635	43,795	76,840
90 to 94 years	35,235	11,115	24,120	53,165	15,155	38,015
95 to 99 years	8,440	2,195	6,240	13,035	2,685	10,350
100 years and over	1,315	245	1,070	1,850	255	1,600
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.7	17.6	15.8	16.3	17.0	15.7
15 to 64 years	68.8	69.1	68.6	65.4	66.3	64.4
65 years and over	14.5	13.3	15.7	18.3	16.7	19.9
85 years and over	1.9	1.4	2.4	2.3	1.5	3.1
Average age of the population	39.7	38.7	40.6	41.9	40.9	42.9
Median age of the population	39.4	38.2	40.5	42.5	41.4	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Single-detached house	921,815	...	...	1,602,680	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	636,695	...	...	187,800	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	690,475	...	...	1,717,680	...	...
Semi-detached house	163,675	...	...	188,245	...	...
Row house	206,630	...	...	93,350	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	93,835	...	...	265,195	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	222,615	...	...	1,154,955	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,720	...	...	15,940	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	715	...	...	23,505	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 person	545,140	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
2 persons	634,980	...	...	1,227,765	...	...
3 persons	394,035	...	...	489,460	...	...
4 persons	397,735	...	...	426,250	...	...
5 or more persons	277,820	...	...	212,960	...	...
Number of persons in private households	6,165,600	...	...	7,965,455	...	...
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	5,194,230	2,492,325	2,701,905	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885
Married or living common law	2,902,635	1,451,000	1,451,635	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395
Married	2,587,840	1,291,310	1,296,525	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260
Living common law	314,800	159,685	155,105	1,501,160	752,025	749,135
Not married and not living common law	2,291,595	1,041,320	1,250,275	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490
Never married	1,607,225	835,095	772,130	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280
Separated	138,685	54,780	83,905	103,625	46,390	57,240
Divorced	287,075	103,290	183,785	483,195	194,430	288,760
Widowed	258,610	48,160	210,450	389,555	84,345	305,210
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,713,865	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
2 persons	723,000	...	...	1,204,955	...	...
3 persons	418,000	...	...	466,310	...	...
4 persons	411,310	...	...	412,160	...	...
5 or more persons	161,550	...	...	174,140	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,713,865	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
Total couple families	1,404,700	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Married couples	1,247,420	...	...	1,128,355	...	...
Common-law couples	157,285	...	...	749,740	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	309,160	...	...	379,460	...	...
Female parent	255,305	...	...	284,900	...	...
Male parent	53,860	...	...	94,565	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,404,700	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Couples without children	539,895	...	...	970,260	...	...
Couples with children	864,810	...	...	907,840	...	...
1 child	327,910	...	...	356,640	...	...
2 children	384,680	...	...	384,875	...	...
3 or more children	152,220	...	...	166,315	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	309,160	...	...	379,465	...	...
1 child	183,105	...	...	234,695	...	...
2 children	90,095	...	...	109,670	...	...
3 or more children	35,965	...	...	35,100	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	964,335	434,985	529,355	1,579,070	775,765	803,305
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
One-census-family households	1,512,445	...	...	2,197,340	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	462,620	...	...	947,305	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	1,049,825	...	...	1,250,040	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	96,820	...	...	29,595	...	...
Non-census-family households	640,440	...	...	1,304,725	...	...
One-person households	545,135	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	95,305	...	...	129,500	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	6,187,365	3,007,255	3,180,105	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285
English only	5,433,360	2,690,825	2,742,540	372,445	187,595	184,860
French only	5,080	2,140	2,940	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095
English and French	488,665	211,120	277,550	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275
Neither English nor French	260,255	103,185	157,075	75,065	31,000	44,060
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
English	5,799,765	2,845,905	2,953,860	964,120	482,985	481,135
French	78,295	36,160	42,140	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560
English and French	52,755	23,825	28,930	278,710	144,060	134,655
Neither English nor French	256,550	101,370	155,175	72,775	29,845	42,930
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	104,675	48,070	56,605	1,103,480	555,015	548,465
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.7	1.6	1.8	13.7	14.0	13.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	6,187,365	3,007,255	3,180,105	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	5,945,455	2,890,340	3,055,110	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975
Official languages	3,397,250	1,682,940	1,714,310	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845
English	3,326,120	1,649,935	1,676,185	601,155	301,860	299,300
French	71,130	33,005	38,125	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550
Non-official languages	2,548,200	1,207,395	1,340,805	1,060,830	517,700	543,125
Aboriginal languages	605	265	340	45,570	22,530	23,040
Algonquian languages	415	180	230	33,140	16,365	16,770
Blackfoot	5	10	0	5	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	120	45	75	31,430	15,575	15,855
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	0	5	0	8,715	4,155	4,555
Moose Cree	10	5	10	0	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	285	305
Northern East Cree	5	5	0	135	55	80
Plains Cree	5	0	5	5	0	5
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	35	15	15
Swampy Cree	30	15	20	5	5	0
Woods Cree	5	0	0	10	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	55	25	35	15,790	7,920	7,875
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	15	485	225	260
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	15	485	220	260
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	255	115	140	1,215	565	645
Algonquin	5	0	5	1,185	555	630
Ojibway	230	110	125	20	10	15
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	5	0	5
Ottawa (Odawa)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	5	0	5
Athabaskan languages	30	10	15	15	10	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	15	15	10	5
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	5	5	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	5	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	10	5	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	0	5	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	5	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	40	15	25	11,970	5,955	6,015
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35	15	25	11,895	5,925	5,970
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	75	25	45
Iroquoian languages	20	5	15	375	165	210
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	20	5	10	365	160	210
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	5	5	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	5	5	5	0
Salish languages	5	0	0	5	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	5	0
Siouan languages	5	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	90	45	40	65	30	35
Non-Aboriginal languages	2,547,600	1,207,135	1,340,465	1,015,260	495,175	520,090
Afro-Asiatic languages	141,580	70,725	70,855	197,535	104,185	93,355
Berber languages	215	130	90	20,845	11,125	9,720
Kabyle	100	55	45	12,470	6,625	5,840
Berber languages, n.i.e.	115	75	45	8,375	4,500	3,875
Cushitic languages	14,455	6,220	8,240	1,125	545	580
Bilen	80	45	30	10	10	5
Oromo	1,015	490	525	15	10	5
Somali	13,300	5,645	7,650	1,075	515	560
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30	30	20	10
Semitic languages	126,545	64,195	62,355	175,215	92,310	82,900
Amharic	7,515	3,410	4,110	745	340	405
Arabic	86,605	44,585	42,020	169,890	89,590	80,300
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	9,950	4,870	5,085	150	80	70
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,810	905	905	15	10	5
Harari	940	440	495	0	5	5
Hebrew	10,380	5,555	4,825	3,885	2,040	1,845
Maltese	3,695	1,805	1,885	25	10	15
Tigrigna	4,750	2,175	2,570	385	185	205
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	905	450	450	110	60	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	185	175	355	200	155
Austro-Asiatic languages	51,135	23,335	27,800	36,305	17,030	19,275
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,015	1,365	1,655	8,855	4,105	4,750
Vietnamese	48,045	21,945	26,100	27,425	12,920	14,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	70	25	40	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	162,855	64,570	98,285	21,635	7,800	13,835
Bikol	470	205	265	115	35	80
Cebuano	5,135	2,040	3,095	885	270	610
Fijian	55	30	25	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,335	895	1,445	410	125	275
Ilocano	9,435	3,700	5,745	2,060	745	1,315
Malagasy	30	15	20	1,250	590	660
Malay	4,470	2,015	2,460	705	265	440
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,315	590	725	205	90	110
Pangasinan	460	185	270	95	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	137,800	54,380	83,420	15,545	5,480	10,065
Waray-Waray	320	105	210	50	10	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,015	405	610	320	140	180
Creole languages	5,670	2,645	3,025	56,990	25,220	31,770
Haitian Creole	225	105	115	2,220	1,055	1,170
Creole, n.o.s.	3,450	1,630	1,820	53,785	23,675	30,110
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,990	910	1,085	980	490	490
Dravidian languages	135,105	66,500	68,605	14,865	7,435	7,430
Kannada	2,050	1,030	1,020	240	130	110
Malayalam	12,750	6,540	6,205	440	235	205
Tamil	110,915	53,865	57,045	13,600	6,715	6,880
Telugu	9,120	4,930	4,190	570	345	230
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	280	135	140	15	10	5
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	25	10	15
Indo-European languages	1,391,750	673,845	717,905	553,045	269,625	283,420
Albanian	13,295	6,630	6,665	2,795	1,420	1,370
Armenian	12,660	6,110	6,550	16,430	7,970	8,460
Balto-Slavic languages	266,925	122,315	144,610	68,155	30,960	37,195
Baltic languages	5,530	2,220	3,310	850	335	515
Latvian	2,310	925	1,380	290	120	175
Lithuanian	3,215	1,290	1,925	555	215	340
Slavic languages	261,395	120,095	141,300	67,310	30,630	36,675
Belarusan	360	170	190	80	45	35
Bosnian	2,760	1,335	1,425	1,620	805	815
Bulgarian	7,010	3,380	3,630	6,985	3,385	3,600
Croatian	16,770	8,060	8,705	2,330	1,165	1,170
Czech	4,890	2,265	2,625	1,465	690	775
Macedonian	12,680	6,025	6,655	205	105	95
Polish	72,345	32,690	39,655	13,935	6,065	7,865
Russian	83,105	37,685	45,425	28,565	12,715	15,850
Serbian	21,770	10,615	11,155	3,140	1,590	1,545
Serbo-Croatian	2,460	1,160	1,305	1,805	865	940
Slovak	5,355	2,475	2,880	1,040	455	585
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,880	1,710	2,170	755	350	405
Ukrainian	27,470	12,240	15,225	5,210	2,285	2,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	540	280	260	175	90	85
Celtic languages	495	235	265	155	95	60
Scottish Gaelic	185	85	100	20	15	10
Welsh	170	75	100	40	20	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	140	75	60	90	55	30
Germanic languages	49,180	22,260	26,920	27,540	13,280	14,260
Afrikaans	1,060	510	555	125	60	65
Danish	1,610	735	875	395	190	200
Dutch	10,010	4,695	5,315	2,825	1,395	1,430
Frisian	190	80	110	10	10	0
German	30,915	13,815	17,100	13,670	6,340	7,330
Icelandic	90	45	50	65	30	35
Norwegian	415	180	225	200	100	100
Swedish	1,175	505	670	555	255	300
Vlaams (Flemish)	305	115	185	540	240	300
Yiddish	3,355	1,555	1,800	8,985	4,560	4,420
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	175	100	75
Greek	42,260	20,540	21,720	38,635	19,435	19,205
Indo-Iranian languages	595,725	299,925	295,805	76,040	39,205	36,835
Indo-Aryan languages	481,075	242,275	238,800	45,845	23,875	21,970
Bengali	38,805	19,520	19,285	10,995	5,620	5,380
Gujarati	64,820	32,465	32,355	6,070	2,980	3,090
Hindi	48,620	24,410	24,215	3,030	1,635	1,390
Kashmiri	275	140	135	20	15	5
Konkani	2,175	1,030	1,145	110	60	55
Marathi	4,510	2,290	2,220	255	145	110
Nepali	4,695	2,360	2,335	1,505	740	765
Oriya (Odia)	590	320	270	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	171,465	87,125	84,340	12,380	6,720	5,660
Sindhi	5,875	2,750	3,125	330	160	165
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	8,035	3,885	4,150	645	310	330
Urdu	131,205	65,985	65,220	10,470	5,460	5,010
Iranian languages	112,705	56,625	56,085	29,760	15,105	14,655
Kurdish	2,800	1,575	1,225	985	550	430
Pashto	7,855	4,050	3,810	1,285	680	610
Persian (Farsi)	102,050	50,995	51,050	27,490	13,875	13,615
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,950	1,030	920	440	225	210
Italic (Romance) languages	411,210	195,830	215,375	323,290	157,260	166,030
Catalan	170	95	85	320	170	150
Italian	153,095	73,500	79,595	104,600	51,705	52,895
Portuguese	103,775	49,730	54,045	36,770	17,735	19,035
Romanian	25,535	11,875	13,655	35,840	17,170	18,665
Spanish	128,405	60,530	67,875	145,635	70,405	75,235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	105	125	125	75	50
Japanese	9,730	3,400	6,330	2,525	775	1,750
Kartvelian languages	1,105	595	510	170	80	85
Georgian	1,110	595	510	170	80	90
Korean	55,300	25,400	29,905	5,160	2,270	2,890
Mongolic languages	350	160	190	190	75	115
Mongolian	350	160	190	195	80	115
Niger-Congo languages	24,615	11,545	13,070	28,355	14,360	13,995
Akan (Twi)	8,540	3,930	4,610	1,050	520	525
Bamanankan	55	30	30	1,200	655	545
Edo	1,030	415	615	75	45	30
Ewe	380	185	195	730	400	325
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	230	120	110	2,055	1,080	970
Ga	455	205	250	80	40	40
Ganda	520	245	275	35	15	20
Igbo	1,575	805	775	120	70	50
Lingala	395	190	210	2,465	1,185	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	370	175	195	3,345	1,600	1,745
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	400	180	220	2,500	1,115	1,380
Shona	720	345	380	85	45	40
Swahili	3,290	1,535	1,750	3,010	1,460	1,545
Wolof	165	85	80	3,230	1,745	1,485
Yoruba	3,445	1,750	1,695	255	155	100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,040	1,355	1,685	8,135	4,235	3,895
Nilo-Saharan languages	375	205	160	345	180	165
Dinka	40	25	20	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	330	185	145	335	170	165
Sign languages	1,300	700	605	1,330	700	630
American Sign Language	505	265	245	65	35	30
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	670	330	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	795	440	360	595	340	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	519,890	241,410	278,480	76,840	35,775	41,065
Chinese languages	513,390	238,240	275,145	76,490	35,600	40,895
Cantonese	248,980	115,625	133,355	24,375	11,505	12,875
Hakka	6,530	2,930	3,600	470	215	260
Mandarin	228,755	106,410	122,345	43,700	20,175	23,525
Min Dong	770	365	400	20	10	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,625	5,360	6,265	3,225	1,480	1,745
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,330	2,400	2,935	1,075	465	605
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,210	5,055	6,160	3,535	1,710	1,825
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	190	90	95	90	40	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,505	3,170	3,330	345	175	170
Burmese	1,005	455	555	80	30	50
Karenic languages	265	125	140	70	40	30
Tibetan	4,885	2,415	2,470	110	65	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	345	175	170	85	45	40
Tai-Kadai languages	3,960	1,610	2,355	4,895	2,185	2,710
Lao	2,195	1,060	1,130	4,115	1,995	2,120
Thai	1,740	540	1,205	765	180	585
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	5	15	10	5	10
Turkic languages	16,775	8,725	8,050	7,980	4,095	3,880
Azerbaijani	1,615	865	755	290	160	130
Turkish	13,755	7,175	6,580	7,155	3,685	3,470
Uyghur	395	195	195	205	100	105
Uzbek	595	300	295	145	70	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	415	190	225	185	80	105
Uralic languages	25,115	11,260	13,850	6,400	2,985	3,410
Estonian	2,765	1,160	1,610	195	75	120
Finnish	2,575	1,040	1,535	360	125	240
Hungarian	19,770	9,065	10,710	5,835	2,790	3,045
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	970	500	470	685	385	300
Multiple responses	241,910	116,915	124,995	184,905	92,600	92,310
English and French	15,865	7,345	8,520	72,395	36,695	35,695
English and non-official language	213,300	103,825	109,470	27,485	13,545	13,945
French and non-official language	6,205	2,795	3,410	67,075	33,110	33,970
English, French and non-official language	6,550	2,955	3,595	17,950	9,245	8,705
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	5,618,495	2,733,315	2,885,175	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425
Official languages	4,151,660	2,039,295	2,112,370	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685
English	4,119,700	2,024,485	2,095,215	782,185	391,125	391,060
French	31,965	14,810	17,155	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625
Non-official languages	1,466,830	694,025	772,810	585,890	283,150	302,735
Aboriginal languages	160	85	80	40,190	20,205	19,980
Algonquian languages	75	40	40	28,695	14,385	14,310
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	25	15	10	28,110	14,105	14,005
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	7,375	3,590	3,790
Moose Cree	0	0	0	5	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	295	290
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	60	30	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0	5	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	15	5	10
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	5	5	5
Woods Cree	5	0	0	0	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	5	14,590	7,355	7,235
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	220	115	110
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5	220	110	105
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	25	25	370	170	200
Algonquin	0	0	0	360	165	195
Ojibway	35	20	15	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	5	5	5	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	5	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	5	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	5	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	0	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	5	5	11,375	5,770	5,615
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	5	0
Inuktitut	10	10	5	11,350	5,750	5,600
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	15	10
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	70	35	35
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	5	70	35	30
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	5	5	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	5	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	50	25	25	35	10	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,466,670	693,945	772,730	545,695	262,940	282,755
Afro-Asiatic languages	74,640	35,765	38,875	91,660	46,550	45,110
Berber languages	65	30	30	7,495	3,895	3,605
Kabyle	35	20	15	5,105	2,660	2,450
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	2,390	1,235	1,150
Cushitic languages	8,410	3,545	4,865	535	240	295
Bilen	40	15	25	5	0	5
Oromo	555	255	295	5	0	0
Somali	7,785	3,255	4,530	520	230	290
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	5	5	5
Semitic languages	65,980	32,100	33,880	83,520	42,365	41,160
Amharic	3,830	1,690	2,145	340	150	185
Arabic	45,655	22,470	23,185	81,105	41,150	39,955
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,645	3,190	3,460	95	50	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,075	525	550	10	0	5
Harari	525	240	285	5	0	5
Hebrew	4,385	2,260	2,125	1,705	880	825
Maltese	915	420	495	0	0	0
Tigrigna	2,480	1,090	1,395	205	95	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	470	220	245	60	25	35
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	105	50	55
Austro-Asiatic languages	33,420	15,240	18,185	24,980	11,675	13,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,615	700	915	5,180	2,370	2,805
Vietnamese	31,775	14,525	17,250	19,790	9,295	10,495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	20	15	5	10
Austronesian languages	73,035	31,170	41,860	9,715	3,960	5,750
Bikol	85	35	50	15	5	10
Cebuano	1,895	820	1,080	230	100	125
Fijian	10	5	5	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	780	335	450	130	55	75
Ilocano	3,440	1,475	1,965	740	305	435
Malagasy	15	10	10	360	185	170
Malay	1,465	705	755	175	85	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	405	180	225	60	30	30
Pangasinan	75	35	40	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	64,495	27,405	37,090	7,905	3,150	4,760
Waray-Waray	75	30	50	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	285	130	150	75	35	35
Creole languages	2,900	1,340	1,565	20,705	8,780	11,925
Haitian Creole	130	60	65	855	380	475
Creole, n.o.s.	1,970	910	1,060	19,405	8,200	11,210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	800	365	430	440	200	240
Dravidian languages	89,300	43,085	46,215	11,400	5,595	5,805
Kannada	830	420	415	150	85	65
Malayalam	6,530	3,335	3,190	200	100	100
Tamil	76,905	36,645	40,260	10,720	5,215	5,500
Telugu	4,935	2,640	2,295	330	190	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	15	5	5
Indo-European languages	730,175	350,535	379,640	303,215	146,100	157,115
Albanian	6,395	3,200	3,190	1,615	795	820
Armenian	7,505	3,550	3,965	11,990	5,680	6,310
Balto-Slavic languages	136,810	63,965	72,845	40,405	19,085	21,325
Baltic languages	1,645	685	960	190	80	105
Latvian	595	240	355	75	40	40
Lithuanian	1,045	445	605	115	40	70
Slavic languages	135,170	63,280	71,885	40,220	19,000	21,220
Belarusan	120	60	65	25	15	15
Bosnian	1,330	645	690	965	475	495
Bulgarian	3,895	1,900	1,995	5,125	2,495	2,630
Croatian	6,015	2,880	3,135	1,015	475	545
Czech	1,435	695	740	460	220	240
Macedonian	5,140	2,435	2,710	130	65	65
Polish	34,330	16,005	18,325	5,970	2,695	3,270
Russian	53,515	24,855	28,660	20,680	9,775	10,900
Serbian	12,385	6,000	6,390	2,010	1,020	990
Serbo-Croatian	960	450	510	960	470	490
Slovak	2,300	1,120	1,185	245	120	130
Slovene (Slovenian)	920	395	515	225	95	135
Ukrainian	12,680	5,785	6,895	2,365	1,060	1,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	145	60	85	40	15	25
Celtic languages	65	35	30	30	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	30	15	10	5	5	0
Welsh	15	10	10	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	15	15	5
Germanic languages	5,550	2,520	3,030	9,890	4,980	4,905
Afrikaans	295	140	155	15	10	10
Danish	135	65	75	50	25	25
Dutch	730	330	400	375	170	205
Frisian	10	5	5	0	0	0
German	3,710	1,665	2,040	2,550	1,190	1,365
Icelandic	25	10	15	30	15	20
Norwegian	45	20	25	20	5	10
Swedish	220	100	125	105	50	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	15	70	35	40
Yiddish	355	180	180	6,665	3,485	3,180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	10	5	5
Greek	17,225	8,040	9,180	18,545	8,865	9,680
Indo-Iranian languages	370,650	183,405	187,250	53,555	26,845	26,710
Indo-Aryan languages	295,325	146,735	148,585	31,575	15,985	15,585
Bengali	24,870	12,265	12,600	8,180	4,055	4,125
Gujarati	38,595	18,905	19,690	3,840	1,860	1,985
Hindi	24,215	12,030	12,185	1,535	790	745
Kashmiri	50	25	25	5	0	0
Konkani	445	210	235	30	15	15
Marathi	2,040	1,050	990	80	40	40
Nepali	3,095	1,565	1,530	1,355	655	700
Oriya (Odia)	275	140	140	15	10	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	116,115	58,385	57,725	8,840	4,690	4,155
Sindhi	2,510	1,150	1,365	135	65	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,620	1,770	1,850	365	185	180
Urdu	79,500	39,245	40,255	7,180	3,620	3,565
Iranian languages	74,555	36,270	38,280	21,745	10,740	11,010
Kurdish	1,480	805	675	510	280	235
Pashto	4,930	2,480	2,455	925	460	465
Persian (Farsi)	68,140	32,995	35,145	20,310	10,005	10,305
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	775	400	380	235	120	120
Italic (Romance) languages	185,970	85,810	100,155	167,190	79,835	87,355
Catalan	80	40	45	110	50	60
Italian	52,280	22,440	29,840	32,935	14,595	18,340
Portuguese	49,840	23,870	25,970	17,260	8,250	9,005
Romanian	12,410	5,760	6,650	24,520	12,000	12,525
Spanish	71,290	33,675	37,615	92,330	44,920	47,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	35	20	15
Japanese	4,590	1,965	2,625	1,050	425	620
Kartvelian languages	745	405	340	70	35	35
Georgian	745	405	335	70	40	35
Korean	38,610	18,045	20,565	3,540	1,630	1,910
Mongolic languages	205	105	105	145	70	75
Mongolian	205	105	100	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages	9,050	4,035	5,010	7,250	3,450	3,800
Akan (Twi)	4,065	1,760	2,305	445	215	235
Bamanankan	15	5	10	265	135	125
Edo	290	115	175	10	5	5
Ewe	95	40	55	140	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	45	530	255	280
Ga	145	65	85	15	5	10
Ganda	155	65	85	5	5	5
Igbo	420	210	215	15	10	10
Lingala	105	45	60	625	270	355
Rundi (Kirundi)	135	65	75	1,110	510	600
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	125	55	70	530	225	305
Shona	240	115	125	20	10	10
Swahili	1,245	550	695	1,100	535	565
Wolof	75	45	30	1,035	555	480
Yoruba	1,095	525	565	55	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	755	340	415	1,350	635	710
Nilo-Saharan languages	90	45	45	135	70	65
Dinka	10	10	5	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	130	65	65
Sign languages	2,050	1,170	875	1,770	1,000	775
American Sign Language	770	395	370	90	35	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	700	360	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,280	770	510	985	600	385
Sino-Tibetan languages	387,190	181,130	206,065	60,370	28,925	31,450
Chinese languages	382,595	178,860	203,730	60,155	28,805	31,345
Cantonese	183,450	84,365	99,085	17,845	8,470	9,375
Hakka	2,735	1,245	1,490	155	75	80
Mandarin	180,885	86,115	94,770	37,075	17,870	19,200
Min Dong	245	105	135	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,075	2,320	2,755	1,830	830	1,000
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,150	1,480	1,670	780	355	420
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,975	3,195	3,775	2,435	1,190	1,240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45	40	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,600	2,270	2,330	215	115	100
Burmese	570	265	305	35	15	20
Karenic languages	210	105	105	65	40	30
Tibetan	3,715	1,845	1,865	70	45	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	55	50	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,670	785	885	2,375	1,145	1,230
Lao	1,015	490	520	2,150	1,055	1,100
Thai	650	285	360	225	90	135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	0	5	0	0	0
Turkic languages	9,515	4,770	4,755	5,120	2,540	2,575
Azerbaijani	645	325	320	100	50	55
Turkish	8,175	4,080	4,095	4,715	2,340	2,370
Uyghur	230	125	110	140	75	70
Uzbek	315	165	145	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	155	70	75	65	30	35
Uralic languages	9,160	4,195	4,965	2,025	895	1,130
Estonian	650	240	415	30	10	20
Finnish	480	210	270	50	20	30
Hungarian	8,025	3,745	4,285	1,945	860	1,085
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	320	165	155	150	90	60
Multiple responses	568,870	273,940	294,930	322,820	157,960	164,860
English and French	13,745	6,285	7,455	86,715	43,820	42,890
English and non-official language	541,750	261,790	279,965	54,400	26,255	28,140
French and non-official language	2,440	1,080	1,365	139,385	66,610	72,775
English, French and non-official language	10,935	4,790	6,145	42,320	21,270	21,045
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285
None	4,771,940	2,328,490	2,443,445	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900
English	601,065	294,730	306,335	513,410	263,670	249,735
French	56,935	24,605	32,330	320,370	158,340	162,030
Non-official language	730,875	347,040	383,835	317,790	154,450	163,340
Aboriginal	525	230	295	5,700	2,645	3,060
Non-Aboriginal	730,350	346,810	383,540	312,085	151,810	160,280
English and French	4,090	1,880	2,210	36,235	18,285	17,955
English and non-official language	13,645	6,675	6,970	28,630	14,075	14,555
French and non-official language	8,565	3,725	4,840	23,470	11,365	12,095
English, French and non-official language	255	115	140	1,420	740	680
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,127,565	2,465,145	2,662,420	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,867,890	2,341,390	2,526,495	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,001	37,081	28,205	32,975	37,842	28,522
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,868,795	2,341,595	2,527,200	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,479	33,581	26,332	29,535	33,110	26,119
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,296,980	2,116,635	2,180,340	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,895	38,686	28,032	30,067	35,597	25,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,492,795	1,537,600	1,955,195	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	2,321	1,060	3,854	7,307	5,851	8,246
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,634,695	1,844,230	1,790,465	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,913	39,713	30,749	31,263	35,627	27,219
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,867,905	2,341,125	2,526,780	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	50,416	60,259	41,296	42,546	49,087	36,203
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,868,800	2,341,350	2,527,445	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,559	47,030	34,565	34,887	39,292	30,616
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,296,625	2,116,255	2,180,375	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,882	62,603	41,477	40,505	47,810	33,079
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,492,260	1,537,245	1,955,015	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,443	5,589	7,115	8,590	7,846	9,229
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,634,695	1,844,350	1,790,350	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,594	60,847	42,063	40,382	45,974	34,313
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,732,445	956,920	775,520	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	56,715	61,339	52,017	47,111	51,622	42,433
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	74,525	83,831	63,041	56,564	62,750	49,085
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	90.8	93.8	86.7	84.4	88.3	79.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	76.3	79.5	72.1	68.4	71.4	64.6
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	9.2	6.2	13.3	15.6	11.7	20.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	5,127,570	2,465,145	2,662,420	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140
Without total income	259,680	123,755	135,925	216,685	99,555	117,125
With total income	4,867,890	2,341,390	2,526,500	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Percentage with total income	94.9	95.0	94.9	96.7	96.9	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	850,760	383,365	467,395	789,595	351,935	437,660
$10,000 to $19,999	860,845	362,785	498,065	1,188,135	476,630	711,500
$20,000 to $29,999	616,775	265,280	351,495	976,210	428,390	547,830
$30,000 to $39,999	488,220	220,375	267,845	852,735	414,105	438,625
$40,000 to $49,999	431,695	200,935	230,760	747,995	378,215	369,780
$50,000 to $59,999	344,940	168,770	176,175	540,265	292,110	248,150
$60,000 to $69,999	273,180	142,460	130,720	375,935	214,805	161,130
$70,000 to $79,999	215,270	117,935	97,330	286,025	164,240	121,790
$80,000 to $89,999	172,035	96,395	75,645	189,350	113,715	75,635
$90,000 to $99,999	146,455	78,960	67,490	122,750	80,090	42,660
$100,000 and over	467,725	304,140	163,580	348,620	246,360	102,255
$100,000 to $149,999	289,295	179,660	109,635	236,515	164,145	72,370
$150,000 and over	178,430	124,485	53,945	112,105	82,215	29,885
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	5,127,565	2,465,145	2,662,420	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140
Without after-tax income	258,770	123,550	135,220	215,120	99,375	115,750
With after-tax income	4,868,795	2,341,595	2,527,200	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395
Percentage with after-tax income	95.0	95.0	94.9	96.8	97.0	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	865,940	388,325	477,615	822,725	359,045	463,675
$10,000 to $19,999	894,920	378,810	516,110	1,246,480	505,165	741,315
$20,000 to $29,999	705,330	306,720	398,610	1,192,885	541,080	651,810
$30,000 to $39,999	583,650	268,290	315,355	1,096,510	553,200	543,315
$40,000 to $49,999	500,340	240,710	259,635	793,150	425,040	368,115
$50,000 to $59,999	369,040	191,325	177,715	498,475	283,130	215,345
$60,000 to $69,999	271,845	150,780	121,060	309,415	180,470	128,945
$70,000 to $79,999	210,910	116,515	94,400	167,895	108,500	59,395
$80,000 and over	466,820	300,120	166,700	291,635	205,155	86,485
$80,000 to $89,999	140,730	81,340	59,390	95,010	64,670	30,335
$90,000 to $99,999	84,200	53,210	30,995	55,980	39,080	16,905
$100,000 and over	241,885	165,575	76,315	140,645	101,405	39,240
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	5,127,570	2,465,145	2,662,420	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Without employment income	1,492,870	620,915	871,955	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775
With employment income	3,634,695	1,844,230	1,790,470	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375
Percentage with employment income	70.9	74.8	67.2	69.8	73.9	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	462,940	219,525	243,425	606,300	311,780	294,520
$5,000 to $9,999	299,400	134,955	164,445	367,030	162,150	204,885
$10,000 to $19,999	491,370	230,165	261,200	681,920	305,995	375,920
$20,000 to $29,999	387,370	177,760	209,610	586,140	269,950	316,195
$30,000 to $39,999	352,280	164,255	188,025	565,425	277,135	288,285
$40,000 to $49,999	325,475	154,225	171,250	476,665	247,105	229,560
$50,000 to $59,999	269,240	136,390	132,855	359,180	203,580	155,600
$60,000 to $69,999	217,295	116,415	100,880	266,650	156,255	110,395
$70,000 to $79,999	175,750	99,220	76,530	224,040	129,890	94,150
$80,000 and over	653,575	411,325	242,255	494,440	344,585	149,855
$80,000 to $89,999	145,105	83,190	61,915	139,830	90,295	49,540
$90,000 to $99,999	129,705	69,990	59,715	93,860	64,160	29,700
$100,000 and over	378,765	258,145	120,620	260,745	190,125	70,620
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	78,676	...	...	59,822	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	68,856	...	...	52,207	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	545,135	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,604	...	...	31,574	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,320	...	...	28,469	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,704,565	...	...	2,356,430	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	94,776	...	...	78,645	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	82,773	...	...	67,665	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	109,090	...	...	77,306	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	87,778	...	...	63,404	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	545,245	...	...	1,174,695	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	55,558	...	...	40,042	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	44,604	...	...	33,262	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,704,460	...	...	2,356,970	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	126,214	...	...	95,878	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	101,589	...	...	78,426	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	2,249,700	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Under $5,000	48,180	...	...	47,170	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	33,265	...	...	56,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	53,350	...	...	119,570	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	78,785	...	...	180,865	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	76,775	...	...	179,690	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	78,400	...	...	154,150	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	80,655	...	...	185,000	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	82,555	...	...	184,435	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	82,940	...	...	179,855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	81,385	...	...	170,445	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	158,445	...	...	313,600	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	149,175	...	...	273,620	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	138,685	...	...	241,940	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	129,205	...	...	208,620	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	119,740	...	...	176,355	...	...
$100,000 and over	858,155	...	...	860,030	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	242,750	...	...	327,435	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	178,170	...	...	204,105	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	213,020	...	...	192,155	...	...
$200,000 and over	224,220	...	...	136,335	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	2,249,700	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Under $5,000	51,015	...	...	50,445	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	33,655	...	...	57,335	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	54,235	...	...	120,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	81,805	...	...	190,300	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	84,245	...	...	202,905	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	86,510	...	...	187,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	91,825	...	...	231,765	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	97,495	...	...	225,695	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	100,145	...	...	211,990	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	98,460	...	...	202,760	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	189,855	...	...	363,775	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	174,620	...	...	309,825	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	161,990	...	...	256,150	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	145,090	...	...	208,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	125,425	...	...	166,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	673,335	...	...	545,440	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	243,325	...	...	269,170	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	159,030	...	...	130,225	...	...
$150,000 and over	270,985	...	...	146,045	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,643,655	...	...	2,261,890	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	94,466	...	...	79,378	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	82,425	...	...	68,152	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	450,490	...	...	930,195	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	85,144	...	...	70,075	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	73,859	...	...	60,224	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	864,260	...	...	911,980	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	114,898	...	...	105,246	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,263	...	...	88,844	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	272,855	...	...	364,085	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	57,244	...	...	52,708	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,793	...	...	47,805	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,642,870	...	...	2,262,045	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	126,678	...	...	96,863	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	101,694	...	...	79,060	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	450,560	...	...	929,645	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	119,383	...	...	86,304	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	93,957	...	...	70,167	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	864,735	...	...	912,560	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	148,707	...	...	122,835	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	118,866	...	...	99,279	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	271,225	...	...	363,610	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	73,407	...	...	61,753	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	62,688	...	...	53,052	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	781,470	369,605	411,865	1,433,210	711,180	722,030
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	32,763	33,916	31,879	29,195	31,526	27,210
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,985	30,740	29,410	26,706	28,214	25,434
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	779,995	368,475	411,515	1,430,625	708,225	722,405
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	47,828	50,519	45,418	37,684	39,840	35,571
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	38,980	40,370	37,735	31,513	32,729	30,321
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	6,165,600	2,997,950	3,167,650	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970
In the bottom half of the distribution	2,938,540	1,397,320	1,541,230	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115
In the bottom decile	676,120	326,535	349,585	747,785	368,385	379,395
In the second decile	606,155	279,150	327,015	898,605	408,705	489,900
In the third decile	563,160	265,280	297,885	997,185	481,975	515,210
In the fourth decile	544,890	260,960	283,930	996,230	490,275	505,960
In the fifth decile	548,220	265,400	282,820	938,080	467,425	470,655
In the top half of the distribution	3,227,055	1,600,635	1,626,425	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855
In the sixth decile	559,915	272,570	287,340	881,640	444,865	436,775
In the seventh decile	580,740	284,615	296,120	806,685	409,470	397,220
In the eighth decile	617,835	305,590	312,245	700,450	357,000	343,455
In the ninth decile	680,510	338,890	341,620	557,160	286,195	270,960
In the top decile	788,065	398,970	389,095	441,630	227,185	214,445
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	6,165,205	2,997,755	3,167,450	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945
0 to 17 years	1,261,825	647,850	613,975	1,564,410	800,455	763,960
0 to 5 years	394,455	202,140	192,310	532,410	272,790	259,625
18 to 64 years	4,043,815	1,960,900	2,082,915	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980
65 years and over	859,570	389,005	470,560	1,335,220	620,210	715,010
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	945,120	445,130	499,985	1,160,190	542,405	617,785
0 to 17 years	244,610	126,045	118,565	222,955	114,410	108,540
0 to 5 years	79,010	40,625	38,385	75,270	38,595	36,670
18 to 64 years	584,600	273,440	311,160	688,130	334,825	353,305
65 years and over	115,905	45,645	70,260	249,110	93,170	155,930
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.3	14.8	15.8	14.6	13.8	15.4
0 to 17 years (%)	19.4	19.5	19.3	14.3	14.3	14.2
0 to 5 years (%)	20.0	20.1	20.0	14.1	14.1	14.1
18 to 64 years (%)	14.5	13.9	14.9	13.7	13.4	14.0
65 years and over (%)	13.5	11.7	14.9	18.7	15.0	21.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	769,025	368,690	400,335	731,340	358,085	373,260
0 to 17 years	183,495	94,555	88,945	129,325	66,400	62,925
0 to 5 years	59,780	30,725	29,060	44,375	22,705	21,675
18 to 64 years	512,610	246,395	266,210	514,540	261,485	253,060
65 years and over	72,915	27,740	45,175	87,475	30,205	57,270
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.5	12.3	12.6	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	14.6	14.5	8.3	8.3	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	15.2	15.2	15.1	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.7	12.6	12.8	10.2	10.5	10.0
65 years and over (%)	8.5	7.1	9.6	6.6	4.9	8.0
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Official languages	5,906,410	2,895,015	3,011,395	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890
English	5,901,645	2,893,055	3,008,590	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225
French	490,680	211,075	279,605	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200
Non-official languages	3,153,820	1,503,675	1,650,150	1,610,980	776,265	834,720
Aboriginal languages	1,195	490	710	50,890	25,190	25,700
Algonquian languages	995	410	585	37,515	18,545	18,965
Blackfoot	10	10	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	225	100	130	34,415	17,050	17,370
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	9,850	4,735	5,115
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	10	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	775	385	385
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	260	130	130
Plains Cree	55	30	25	10	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	35	25	10
Swampy Cree	45	15	30	15	0	10
Woods Cree	20	15	0	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	100	45	60	17,175	8,600	8,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	45	20	25	885	460	420
Malecite	0	0	0	10	0	0
Mi'kmaq	45	20	25	880	460	425
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	725	285	435	2,340	1,105	1,235
Algonquin	15	0	10	2,240	1,055	1,185
Ojibway	690	280	415	105	50	50
Oji-Cree	0	0	10	10	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	35	20	10
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	0	15	20	15	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	15	0	10	10	0	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	0	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	10	10	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	30	10	20	12,595	6,270	6,330
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	10	15	12,485	6,210	6,270
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	115	60	60
Iroquoian languages	85	40	50	740	360	375
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	70	30	40	690	350	335
Oneida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	15	35
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	20	10	10	30	15	10
Salish languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Dakota	10	0	0	10	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0	0	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	90	40	55
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,152,680	1,503,210	1,649,475	1,560,375	751,215	809,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	213,065	107,025	106,040	301,035	157,545	143,490
Berber languages	245	135	110	27,595	14,650	12,945
Kabyle	75	40	40	16,170	8,580	7,590
Berber languages, n.i.e.	175	95	80	11,580	6,150	5,425
Cushitic languages	20,520	8,955	11,565	1,550	745	805
Bilen	85	50	35	35	20	10
Oromo	1,395	600	800	45	30	10
Somali	19,030	8,280	10,750	1,460	680	780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	85	30	50	10	10	0
Semitic languages	193,560	98,565	94,995	286,625	149,970	136,660
Amharic	11,485	5,350	6,135	1,145	540	600
Arabic	127,595	65,960	61,625	267,965	140,280	127,685
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	12,225	5,975	6,255	195	95	95
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,180	1,085	1,090	10	0	0
Harari	1,270	640	635	0	0	0
Hebrew	38,340	19,560	18,780	18,035	9,490	8,540
Maltese	4,865	2,365	2,500	40	10	25
Tigrigna	5,975	2,790	3,180	420	195	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,130	555	575	180	85	95
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	740	340	405	810	430	380
Austro-Asiatic languages	66,875	30,690	36,185	46,050	21,955	24,095
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,165	1,835	2,330	11,840	5,620	6,220
Vietnamese	62,985	29,005	33,985	34,580	16,520	18,060
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	35	40	25	15
Austronesian languages	208,410	83,040	125,370	31,230	11,820	19,410
Bikol	585	260	330	105	45	60
Cebuano	7,515	3,035	4,485	1,105	360	750
Fijian	50	20	30	15	0	10
Hiligaynon	2,550	1,010	1,530	540	195	350
Ilocano	12,800	5,040	7,765	2,500	890	1,610
Malagasy	90	45	45	1,980	940	1,040
Malay	7,440	3,410	4,030	1,210	525	690
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,650	740	910	195	95	100
Pangasinan	450	200	255	60	20	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	195,790	77,565	118,225	26,705	9,785	16,915
Waray-Waray	315	100	220	55	10	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,305	545	765	540	270	275
Creole languages	17,315	7,775	9,535	115,445	51,970	63,475
Haitian Creole	690	305	385	4,910	2,285	2,620
Creole, n.o.s.	9,350	4,200	5,150	108,315	48,615	59,705
Creole languages, n.i.e.	7,430	3,325	4,100	2,835	1,390	1,445
Dravidian languages	178,705	88,885	89,815	18,710	9,495	9,210
Kannada	4,525	2,280	2,245	415	210	205
Malayalam	17,550	8,910	8,640	510	285	220
Tamil	147,970	72,895	75,075	17,245	8,680	8,565
Telugu	13,780	7,530	6,255	930	540	390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	435	230	210	15	10	0
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	35	15	25
Indo-European languages	1,793,870	873,140	920,730	912,945	435,785	477,155
Albanian	15,415	7,700	7,710	3,375	1,730	1,645
Armenian	15,310	7,310	7,995	20,290	9,790	10,500
Balto-Slavic languages	307,305	143,315	163,990	88,425	41,725	46,700
Baltic languages	6,420	2,625	3,790	1,080	500	585
Latvian	2,670	1,135	1,535	335	150	185
Lithuanian	3,750	1,495	2,260	755	350	410
Slavic languages	302,600	141,410	161,190	87,520	41,315	46,205
Belarusan	955	505	450	365	150	215
Bosnian	4,420	2,145	2,275	1,975	990	985
Bulgarian	8,080	3,960	4,120	7,345	3,595	3,750
Croatian	24,285	11,845	12,440	3,580	1,760	1,820
Czech	6,510	3,095	3,415	2,070	975	1,095
Macedonian	17,550	8,435	9,115	285	140	145
Polish	86,300	39,470	46,830	17,760	8,090	9,665
Russian	111,515	51,750	59,760	46,665	22,265	24,400
Serbian	28,010	13,900	14,115	4,050	1,980	2,070
Serbo-Croatian	2,910	1,415	1,500	2,385	1,140	1,245
Slovak	6,205	2,860	3,350	1,520	705	820
Slovene (Slovenian)	4,610	2,065	2,540	970	490	480
Ukrainian	39,275	17,675	21,605	9,015	3,885	5,135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	680	390	290	150	75	75
Celtic languages	2,040	1,045	995	495	305	195
Scottish Gaelic	720	365	350	155	95	65
Welsh	260	115	140	85	45	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	1,065	570	500	265	175	95
Germanic languages	84,965	40,310	44,655	63,370	31,835	31,530
Afrikaans	4,450	2,170	2,285	415	260	150
Danish	2,200	985	1,210	835	410	420
Dutch	13,180	6,145	7,030	5,060	2,665	2,395
Frisian	265	115	150	15	10	0
German	57,165	27,260	29,905	43,475	21,950	21,530
Icelandic	150	55	85	140	80	60
Norwegian	1,005	490	515	510	255	255
Swedish	2,620	1,200	1,420	1,580	785	795
Vlaams (Flemish)	290	115	170	760	265	495
Yiddish	6,530	3,210	3,320	12,375	6,225	6,155
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	40	50	270	125	140
Greek	61,935	30,450	31,485	51,060	25,520	25,540
Indo-Iranian languages	773,455	390,400	383,055	93,655	48,040	45,615
Indo-Aryan languages	646,525	326,940	319,590	59,570	30,870	28,700
Bengali	49,050	24,905	24,145	12,870	6,610	6,260
Gujarati	88,455	44,230	44,225	7,950	3,860	4,090
Hindi	209,850	106,625	103,225	15,570	8,285	7,280
Kashmiri	495	255	240	45	35	15
Konkani	5,055	2,305	2,755	150	70	75
Marathi	8,725	4,505	4,220	475	240	230
Nepali	6,415	3,170	3,245	1,445	725	720
Oriya (Odia)	930	440	485	55	35	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	244,900	125,760	119,140	17,860	9,690	8,165
Sindhi	9,805	4,605	5,200	500	240	255
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15,530	7,770	7,765	1,335	625	710
Urdu	197,805	100,140	97,675	16,545	8,655	7,890
Iranian languages	132,425	66,075	66,345	35,420	17,830	17,585
Kurdish	3,875	2,205	1,675	1,255	665	590
Pashto	11,515	6,115	5,400	1,825	1,005	825
Persian (Farsi)	121,440	60,310	61,130	32,965	16,560	16,405
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	3,600	1,950	1,650	845	425	420
Italic (Romance) languages	572,510	271,405	301,105	627,545	293,620	333,920
Catalan	320	165	150	890	525	365
Italian	222,755	106,620	116,135	173,710	84,430	89,275
Portuguese	133,265	64,015	69,245	55,100	27,620	27,475
Romanian	30,360	14,060	16,295	42,655	20,550	22,110
Spanish	209,375	97,670	111,705	390,355	177,610	212,745
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	670	335	340	490	345	145
Japanese	17,650	7,610	10,040	7,040	3,340	3,695
Kartvelian languages	1,465	740	725	220	110	110
Georgian	1,465	740	720	215	105	110
Korean	62,730	29,345	33,380	6,260	2,825	3,430
Mongolic languages	440	185	255	270	135	130
Mongolian	440	190	255	265	135	130
Niger-Congo languages	48,715	23,215	25,500	52,840	26,665	26,175
Akan (Twi)	13,850	6,425	7,425	1,800	945	855
Bamanankan	220	120	100	2,385	1,240	1,145
Edo	1,915	835	1,080	190	95	95
Ewe	525	270	255	1,410	865	545
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	480	240	240	3,400	1,785	1,620
Ga	1,025	495	530	315	155	160
Ganda	860	415	450	90	40	55
Igbo	2,995	1,480	1,510	275	190	90
Lingala	2,205	975	1,235	9,630	4,430	5,200
Rundi (Kirundi)	590	275	320	4,490	2,210	2,285
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	750	325	425	3,535	1,640	1,895
Shona	1,220	540	680	150	75	80
Swahili	10,525	5,210	5,315	8,015	4,080	3,935
Wolof	425	185	235	6,555	3,545	3,015
Yoruba	8,105	4,055	4,055	885	485	395
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,620	3,065	3,545	17,720	9,125	8,595
Nilo-Saharan languages	510	295	215	695	345	350
Dinka	85	60	20	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	425	230	195	695	345	350
Sign languages	6,575	2,755	3,820	7,775	3,095	4,675
American Sign Language	3,895	1,435	2,460	675	245	435
Quebec Sign Language	15	0	10	4,405	1,590	2,815
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,365	1,405	2,960	1,350	1,605
Sino-Tibetan languages	584,845	274,435	310,410	90,460	42,695	47,770
Chinese languages	577,725	270,930	306,800	90,060	42,480	47,580
Cantonese	308,185	143,230	164,955	31,885	14,900	16,980
Hakka	7,205	3,155	4,045	545	240	310
Mandarin	315,835	146,905	168,925	59,240	27,560	31,685
Min Dong	710	290	425	15	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	14,050	6,310	7,740	4,215	1,860	2,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,965	3,245	3,720	1,230	535	690
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,660	5,290	6,365	4,800	2,380	2,425
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	135	75	60	90	40	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,505	3,715	3,785	430	235	195
Burmese	1,340	610	730	140	75	60
Karenic languages	245	110	135	105	55	45
Tibetan	5,490	2,740	2,750	65	50	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	505	295	215	140	65	80
Tai-Kadai languages	5,090	2,210	2,885	7,280	3,400	3,880
Lao	2,825	1,335	1,485	5,785	2,850	2,935
Thai	2,555	995	1,555	2,255	875	1,375
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	15	10	10
Turkic languages	24,805	12,900	11,900	12,475	6,265	6,210
Azerbaijani	2,665	1,355	1,310	510	275	235
Turkish	20,855	10,895	9,960	11,415	5,755	5,665
Uyghur	490	230	260	230	110	120
Uzbek	815	440	375	230	105	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	560	270	295	235	115	120
Uralic languages	28,445	12,950	15,495	7,870	3,710	4,160
Estonian	3,045	1,335	1,710	150	55	95
Finnish	2,850	1,230	1,620	500	195	305
Hungarian	22,615	10,395	12,215	7,215	3,450	3,765
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,220	1,130	2,140	1,170	970
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	5,427,650	2,647,135	2,780,520	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,168,090	599,370	568,720	1,521,230	779,620	741,610
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	4,259,560	2,047,765	2,211,795	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	737,950	350,855	387,095	379,910	188,245	191,665
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,610	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	3,270,330	1,634,580	1,635,755	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	2,756,645	1,294,280	1,462,365	1,091,310	530,325	560,980
Before 1981	634,265	295,550	338,710	238,655	117,080	121,575
1981 to 1990	377,295	180,415	196,875	127,340	63,150	64,190
1991 to 2000	647,110	302,230	344,880	187,860	89,210	98,650
2001 to 2010	737,850	345,745	392,105	322,280	155,785	166,495
2001 to 2005	384,620	181,205	203,415	140,170	67,835	72,335
2006 to 2010	353,235	164,540	188,695	182,115	87,945	94,165
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	360,130	170,340	189,790	215,170	105,105	110,065
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	138,625	69,130	69,500	86,065	45,765	40,295
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	2,756,650	1,294,285	1,462,365	1,091,305	530,325	560,980
Under 5 years	231,670	115,375	116,290	112,930	54,600	58,330
5 to 14 years	461,170	232,220	228,950	174,020	87,165	86,855
15 to 24 years	600,970	266,960	334,005	215,350	98,880	116,475
25 to 44 years	1,172,935	550,180	622,750	515,770	256,095	259,675
45 years and over	289,905	129,540	160,365	73,230	33,590	39,640
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	2,756,645	1,294,280	1,462,365	1,091,305	530,330	560,980
Americas	423,325	187,835	235,490	247,505	113,190	134,315
Brazil	10,790	5,005	5,785	7,345	3,515	3,830
Colombia	17,430	7,990	9,440	25,580	11,645	13,935
El Salvador	11,190	5,575	5,610	11,120	5,500	5,615
Guyana	71,305	31,565	39,740	2,490	1,085	1,410
Haiti	2,715	1,280	1,435	80,965	35,375	45,585
Jamaica	103,900	43,615	60,285	4,665	2,040	2,625
Mexico	11,580	5,130	6,450	15,820	7,090	8,730
Peru	8,210	3,640	4,570	13,265	5,945	7,325
Trinidad and Tobago	45,025	19,965	25,060	4,075	1,840	2,240
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	48,625	22,570	26,050	25,955	12,800	13,155
Other places of birth in Americas	92,565	41,515	51,050	56,235	26,370	29,870
Europe	637,680	301,330	336,350	311,090	154,910	156,185
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,835	4,890	4,945	3,785	1,890	1,895
Croatia	12,390	5,940	6,445	2,140	1,085	1,050
France	7,080	3,340	3,745	81,225	43,490	37,735
Germany	24,145	11,355	12,790	9,750	4,365	5,390
Greece	28,470	13,915	14,555	18,420	9,135	9,285
Hungary	12,310	5,625	6,685	3,325	1,620	1,700
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	8,670	4,195	4,480	820	485	330
Italy	104,795	51,175	53,625	51,025	25,370	25,655
Netherlands	8,945	4,365	4,580	1,990	1,035	955
Poland	59,130	26,505	32,625	10,735	4,675	6,060
Portugal	70,280	33,840	36,445	18,985	9,185	9,800
Romania	26,060	11,880	14,180	28,695	13,695	15,005
Russian Federation	34,575	14,940	19,635	11,355	4,975	6,375
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	13,395	6,500	6,895	1,790	830	960
Ukraine	32,310	14,790	17,520	8,670	3,800	4,870
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	109,500	52,190	57,315	12,905	6,645	6,260
Other places of birth in Europe	75,770	35,885	39,890	45,500	22,630	22,870
Africa	155,780	75,140	80,640	241,410	125,250	116,165
Algeria	1,250	650	600	59,465	31,180	28,280
Egypt	25,190	13,075	12,115	19,490	10,290	9,200
Ethiopia	10,950	5,000	5,945	995	495	495
Kenya	11,475	5,250	6,230	785	355	430
Morocco	3,545	1,745	1,795	60,700	31,435	29,270
Nigeria	16,770	8,310	8,460	1,340	740	600
Somalia	10,880	4,370	6,510	580	270	310
South Africa, Republic of	13,525	6,610	6,915	865	475	385
Other places of birth in Africa	62,195	30,125	32,065	97,200	50,005	47,190
Asia	1,532,405	726,320	806,075	289,825	136,175	153,655
Afghanistan	26,255	13,140	13,115	7,280	3,640	3,640
Bangladesh	32,785	16,525	16,265	7,940	3,990	3,950
China^{Census data footnote 59}	268,750	122,405	146,345	49,555	19,905	29,655
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	100,505	47,180	53,325	4,730	2,290	2,435
India	309,810	154,460	155,350	17,865	9,195	8,670
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	74,815	37,315	37,505	17,760	8,880	8,885
Iraq	29,080	14,555	14,525	3,735	1,960	1,775
Japan	5,935	1,910	4,030	1,725	395	1,330
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	46,045	21,475	24,570	4,230	1,995	2,230
Lebanon	13,865	7,450	6,415	39,135	20,800	18,340
Pakistan	121,215	61,240	59,970	10,010	5,260	4,750
Philippines	194,840	79,755	115,085	24,410	9,040	15,370
Sri Lanka	103,020	50,290	52,730	10,715	5,335	5,380
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	10,820	5,450	5,370	17,775	8,800	8,980
Taiwan	15,090	6,565	8,525	2,735	1,100	1,635
Viet Nam	59,405	26,825	32,580	25,440	11,765	13,675
Other places of birth in Asia	120,165	59,790	60,375	44,795	21,840	22,950
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	7,460	3,655	3,810	1,480	805	670
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	360,130	170,340	189,790	215,170	105,105	110,065
Americas	41,650	19,910	21,745	47,710	22,625	25,085
Brazil	2,590	1,220	1,375	3,010	1,495	1,520
Colombia	2,680	1,265	1,415	7,540	3,465	4,075
Cuba	1,225	550	680	2,565	1,260	1,315
Haiti	905	440	465	16,880	7,690	9,190
Jamaica	7,520	3,960	3,555	190	140	55
Mexico	3,065	1,455	1,615	4,210	1,955	2,255
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	8,300	4,180	4,115	3,990	2,265	1,720
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,900	885	1,015	1,955	935	1,020
Other places of birth in Americas	13,470	5,955	7,510	7,365	3,425	3,935
Europe	32,055	15,700	16,355	39,320	20,085	19,235
France	1,400	680	720	20,030	10,855	9,175
Germany	925	495	430	580	250	330
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,515	955	565	135	105	35
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	780	365	415	3,750	1,695	2,055
Romania	1,520	605	915	2,945	1,260	1,685
Russian Federation	3,930	1,430	2,505	1,970	865	1,105
Ukraine	3,665	1,690	1,980	2,460	1,110	1,350
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	4,155	2,475	1,675	860	565	290
Other places of birth in Europe	14,170	7,005	7,155	6,590	3,385	3,205
Africa	25,155	12,370	12,780	74,200	37,110	37,090
Algeria	205	90	110	16,380	8,060	8,320
Cameroon	815	355	455	7,550	3,705	3,845
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	590	265	325	3,370	1,655	1,715
Côte d'Ivoire	300	145	155	5,070	2,505	2,565
Egypt	6,100	3,165	2,935	4,360	2,260	2,095
Eritrea	1,060	525	540	50	30	20
Ethiopia	1,660	750	915	125	65	60
Morocco	365	140	225	13,475	6,675	6,805
Nigeria	4,885	2,390	2,500	540	280	260
Somalia	1,150	550	595	95	40	50
South Africa, Republic of	855	455	400	175	115	60
Tunisia	130	90	40	5,855	3,025	2,825
Other places of birth in Africa	7,040	3,445	3,600	17,155	8,690	8,470
Asia	259,925	121,565	138,365	53,595	25,070	28,525
Afghanistan	4,630	2,315	2,315	1,555	715	840
Bangladesh	6,910	3,420	3,485	860	455	405
China^{Census data footnote 59}	50,140	22,300	27,845	10,705	4,805	5,895
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,825	730	1,095	120	35	80
India	59,255	29,760	29,495	2,960	1,555	1,405
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	18,720	9,065	9,655	7,505	3,545	3,960
Iraq	8,270	4,115	4,155	985	465	515
Israel	1,630	855	775	645	390	255
Japan	985	265	720	330	30	295
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,910	2,225	2,680	825	370	455
Lebanon	1,440	780	665	3,955	2,100	1,860
Nepal	2,430	1,240	1,190	360	165	195
Pakistan	22,005	10,770	11,230	1,815	920	895
Philippines	43,850	18,045	25,800	5,635	2,345	3,290
Saudi Arabia	2,200	1,130	1,080	435	210	225
Sri Lanka	7,505	3,285	4,220	860	380	480
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	5,455	2,840	2,610	7,455	3,740	3,715
Taiwan	775	310	465	170	60	105
Turkey	2,060	1,150	905	585	300	285
United Arab Emirates	3,390	1,705	1,685	300	160	145
Viet Nam	2,670	1,045	1,625	1,505	560	945
Other places of birth in Asia	8,875	4,210	4,665	4,025	1,765	2,265
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	1,335	790	545	345	215	135
Australia	1,040	645	400	190	120	70
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	300	145	150	155	95	65
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	2,928,005	1,380,235	1,547,765	1,204,895	590,175	614,720
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	1,742,215	877,670	864,545	792,085	399,535	392,550
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	1,495,380	740,080	755,300	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	2,158,735	1,016,170	1,142,565	867,685	420,465	447,220
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	1,077,315	532,750	544,560	469,015	243,915	225,100
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	429,475	265,070	164,400	224,720	137,975	86,745
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	647,840	267,680	380,160	244,300	105,945	138,360
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	728,110	297,705	430,410	241,225	96,130	145,095
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	323,445	172,100	151,345	146,295	75,100	71,195
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	29,865	13,615	16,250	11,150	5,320	5,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	54,125	25,590	28,530	182,885	91,890	90,995
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	51,180	24,100	27,080	175,960	88,635	87,325
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	32,170	15,025	17,145	92,655	45,510	47,145
Métis	18,185	8,690	9,495	69,365	36,260	33,100
Inuk (Inuit)	825	390	435	13,940	6,865	7,075
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	1,290	595	690	2,760	1,330	1,430
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	1,655	895	760	4,170	1,930	2,245
Non-Aboriginal identity	6,111,475	2,972,395	3,139,080	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	6,165,600	2,997,990	3,167,615	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	16,930	7,945	8,985	77,490	38,580	38,915
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	6,148,665	2,990,040	3,158,630	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,610	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	8,525	3,885	4,635	118,780	58,535	60,245
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	8,325	3,795	4,525	115,480	56,930	58,550
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	6,445	2,910	3,530	87,700	42,730	44,965
Métis single ancestry	1,755	840	915	17,585	9,225	8,360
Inuit single ancestry	130	50	80	10,200	4,980	5,220
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	200	90	110	3,300	1,605	1,700
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	145	65	75	2,220	1,115	1,105
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	25	10	15	995	455	540
Métis and Inuit ancestries	15	0	10	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	10	10	20	10	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	77,800	36,665	41,130	240,650	113,905	126,740
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	75,720	35,670	40,050	235,365	111,205	124,165
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	57,060	26,935	30,130	193,625	90,650	102,975
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	17,560	8,205	9,355	37,080	18,320	18,760
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,100	520	570	4,660	2,230	2,425
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	2,080	1,000	1,080	5,280	2,700	2,575
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,800	850	950	4,040	2,105	1,940
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	175	90	85	990	475	515
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	95	55	40	225	110	115
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	6,079,275	2,957,430	3,121,845	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	3,065,110	1,475,720	1,589,385	1,032,365	505,180	527,185
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	986,160	497,590	488,570	90,335	46,750	43,585
Chinese	636,045	302,585	333,460	99,505	44,370	55,135
Black	461,500	214,100	247,395	319,230	154,110	165,120
Filipino	258,755	110,640	148,120	34,910	14,275	20,635
Latin American	134,630	64,625	70,000	133,920	64,655	69,260
Arab	107,465	55,845	51,620	213,740	113,420	100,320
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	83,575	39,230	44,350	62,820	29,960	32,865
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	125,205	62,610	62,595	32,405	16,200	16,210
Korean	70,160	33,450	36,715	8,055	3,865	4,190
Japanese	21,380	9,355	12,025	4,570	1,755	2,820
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	80,105	37,420	42,680	9,840	4,670	5,175
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	100,115	48,265	51,855	23,045	11,160	11,885
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	3,100,495	1,522,265	1,578,230	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010
North American Aboriginal origins	86,320	40,555	45,770	359,430	172,440	186,985
First Nations (North American Indian)	65,675	30,875	34,795	289,610	137,550	152,065
Inuit	1,560	740	815	17,175	8,300	8,880
Métis	21,390	10,035	11,355	61,260	30,915	30,345
Other North American origins	890,400	441,050	449,350	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605
Acadian	4,665	2,295	2,370	34,785	16,440	18,345
American	52,945	25,715	27,230	45,050	21,470	23,580
Canadian	847,465	420,100	427,365	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555
New Brunswicker	105	70	35	750	370	380
Newfoundlander	3,860	1,960	1,900	570	280	295
Nova Scotian	670	325	345	365	155	215
Ontarian	695	395	300	1,345	660	685
Québécois	1,725	885	840	184,005	93,895	90,110
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	250	135	115	205	110	100
European origins	2,976,435	1,449,425	1,527,010	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825
British Isles origins	1,453,875	708,915	744,960	745,715	360,135	385,575
Channel Islander	455	235	225	1,440	725	720
Cornish	210	105	105	70	35	40
English	829,660	404,155	425,505	228,520	111,855	116,670
Irish	613,845	292,610	321,235	446,215	211,545	234,665
Manx	910	495	415	200	105	95
Scottish	615,415	297,395	318,025	215,030	103,395	111,635
Welsh	63,700	30,410	33,285	10,765	5,075	5,690
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	118,795	56,595	62,200	32,525	15,440	17,080
French origins	280,315	132,865	147,450	1,878,795	941,770	937,025
Alsatian	355	130	220	1,050	520	525
Breton	55	35	20	11,140	5,410	5,725
Corsican	55	30	30	1,270	690	580
French	279,965	132,705	147,255	1,870,545	937,665	932,875
Western European origins (except French origins)	438,815	213,090	225,725	244,380	119,115	125,260
Austrian	32,295	15,750	16,550	12,710	6,285	6,430
Bavarian	160	65	95	40	30	20
Belgian	10,695	4,965	5,730	51,340	25,295	26,050
Dutch	114,480	55,130	59,350	26,000	12,805	13,190
Flemish	955	480	480	1,345	660	685
Frisian	435	250	190	15	20	0
German	298,670	145,360	153,305	142,225	68,250	73,975
Luxembourger	310	150	165	910	445	460
Swiss	15,915	8,000	7,915	24,500	12,615	11,885
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	550	260	285	125	80	50
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	75,360	36,240	39,120	25,460	12,490	12,975
Danish	16,980	8,390	8,590	5,700	2,815	2,885
Finnish	17,505	8,140	9,370	3,130	1,430	1,700
Icelandic	4,450	2,210	2,240	955	480	470
Norwegian	17,730	8,635	9,095	7,820	3,835	3,985
Swedish	20,370	9,430	10,945	6,840	3,275	3,565
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	3,805	1,805	2,005	2,500	1,265	1,230
Eastern European origins	626,465	298,640	327,830	249,940	121,660	128,285
Bulgarian	11,420	5,655	5,765	9,570	4,675	4,895
Byelorussian	8,405	4,140	4,265	2,530	1,235	1,295
Czech	17,435	8,415	9,020	6,295	2,965	3,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	4,980	2,355	2,630	2,150	1,100	1,050
Estonian	8,020	3,820	4,200	890	460	435
Hungarian	63,320	30,715	32,605	28,280	13,970	14,310
Latvian	9,945	4,665	5,275	1,740	835	905
Lithuanian	20,030	9,605	10,420	6,630	3,320	3,305
Moldovan	3,045	1,560	1,490	7,620	3,710	3,900
Polish	249,230	118,935	130,300	79,040	38,705	40,335
Romanian	51,845	24,690	27,150	53,060	25,935	27,125
Russian	142,520	66,315	76,205	55,230	26,405	28,830
Slovak	15,325	7,415	7,915	4,770	2,375	2,395
Ukrainian	155,850	74,695	81,150	42,550	20,575	21,975
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	7,350	3,450	3,905	2,900	1,505	1,400
Southern European origins	1,016,050	501,945	514,100	549,750	273,670	276,080
Albanian	17,790	8,975	8,810	3,760	1,950	1,805
Bosnian	6,645	3,250	3,395	2,970	1,485	1,490
Catalan	165	105	60	735	395	340
Croatian	38,560	19,280	19,275	6,745	3,375	3,370
Cypriot	2,695	1,325	1,370	480	240	245
Greek	103,175	51,765	51,415	71,330	36,235	35,090
Italian	497,450	248,620	248,830	326,700	162,650	164,045
Kosovar	505	260	245	505	295	210
Macedonian	30,255	15,190	15,060	775	400	370
Maltese	21,040	10,295	10,745	1,220	615	610
Montenegrin	1,480	705	775	450	250	200
Portuguese	212,190	103,565	108,630	69,805	34,825	34,980
Serbian	33,860	17,065	16,795	5,950	2,915	3,040
Sicilian	1,755	885	870	1,435	710	725
Slovenian	13,615	6,820	6,800	2,510	1,225	1,280
Spanish	110,580	51,650	58,925	85,360	41,745	43,615
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	7,355	3,570	3,785	3,270	1,595	1,670
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	515	210	305	300	155	145
Other European origins	73,765	36,970	36,795	38,670	19,875	18,800
Basque	865	420	450	3,620	1,930	1,690
Jewish	59,740	30,040	29,700	25,235	12,955	12,280
Roma (Gypsy)	1,235	575	660	475	270	205
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	1,040	555	485	360	180	185
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	11,350	5,610	5,745	9,215	4,690	4,530
Caribbean origins	364,700	165,915	198,785	201,625	93,935	107,690
Antiguan	2,590	1,155	1,435	380	170	205
Bahamian	1,375	705	675	430	205	225
Barbadian	19,865	9,065	10,805	5,570	2,585	2,985
Bermudan	1,040	485	550	115	50	65
Carib	1,975	695	1,275	405	150	255
Cuban	9,560	4,335	5,225	9,830	4,800	5,035
Dominican	6,615	3,125	3,490	11,560	5,320	6,235
Grenadian	12,970	5,580	7,390	1,965	790	1,175
Guadeloupean	40	15	30	1,010	475	535
Haitian	5,430	2,555	2,875	143,165	66,245	76,925
Jamaican	210,990	96,185	114,805	14,100	6,785	7,315
Kittitian/Nevisian	1,920	905	1,010	360	200	160
Martinican	155	50	100	1,775	820	950
Montserratan	460	220	245	240	140	105
Puerto Rican	785	415	370	530	270	255
St. Lucian	5,690	2,500	3,195	860	450	405
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	47,350	21,810	25,540	6,585	2,925	3,660
Vincentian/Grenadinian	10,880	4,620	6,260	4,020	1,695	2,325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	48,565	21,530	27,040	5,635	2,610	3,025
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	13,795	6,170	7,625	4,195	1,995	2,205
Latin, Central and South American origins	220,030	103,845	116,180	167,275	81,215	86,065
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	7,325	3,425	3,900	6,100	2,885	3,210
Arawak	780	340	445	180	60	120
Argentinian	8,410	4,075	4,340	4,950	2,490	2,460
Belizean	390	180	210	80	40	40
Bolivian	1,360	675	685	1,730	815	915
Brazilian	13,250	6,350	6,900	8,345	4,075	4,275
Chilean	10,735	5,150	5,580	14,060	7,055	7,005
Colombian	25,240	12,095	13,145	33,965	15,915	18,050
Costa Rican	1,805	930	870	1,180	570	610
Ecuadorian	17,795	8,390	9,405	2,720	1,255	1,470
Guatemalan	6,115	2,960	3,160	10,175	5,380	4,795
Guyanese	61,130	28,055	33,075	3,670	1,810	1,860
Hispanic	3,705	1,805	1,900	1,155	570	585
Honduran	1,785	830	950	4,335	2,135	2,200
Maya	1,185	590	600	1,670	935	735
Mexican	20,480	9,570	10,905	26,930	13,185	13,745
Nicaraguan	3,725	1,795	1,935	2,805	1,360	1,445
Panamanian	1,905	820	1,080	1,460	755	710
Paraguayan	320	145	175	365	155	205
Peruvian	10,905	5,075	5,830	19,735	9,240	10,495
Salvadorean	15,270	7,545	7,725	19,200	9,535	9,665
Uruguayan	3,395	1,750	1,645	1,755	815	940
Venezuelan	8,585	3,960	4,630	7,475	3,430	4,045
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	9,420	4,590	4,840	5,845	2,965	2,880
African origins	274,125	133,800	140,330	382,665	196,910	185,755
Central and West African origins	60,375	29,860	30,515	86,695	44,720	41,975
Akan	720	415	305	630	325	310
Angolan	1,085	540	545	875	425	450
Ashanti	1,085	555	525	120	90	35
Beninese	370	190	185	4,125	2,220	1,915
Burkinabe	100	45	60	2,465	1,325	1,145
Cameroonian	2,700	1,330	1,365	17,095	8,635	8,465
Chadian	190	95	95	1,045	525	520
Congolese	4,275	2,075	2,205	20,210	9,960	10,250
Edo	945	495	445	110	60	45
Ewe	165	90	75	460	265	200
Gabonese	50	10	35	1,165	545	620
Gambian	555	260	295	150	95	55
Ghanaian	20,780	9,890	10,890	3,235	1,660	1,575
Guinean	695	360	335	5,255	2,765	2,485
Ibo	1,525	800	725	185	95	95
Ivorian	680	300	375	8,545	4,350	4,200
Liberian	305	135	175	150	60	90
Malian	280	145	135	3,535	1,755	1,775
Malinké	225	105	120	635	340	295
Nigerian	19,805	10,015	9,790	2,820	1,510	1,310
Peulh	65	40	20	2,110	1,080	1,030
Senegalese	540	280	260	8,250	4,420	3,835
Sierra Leonean	865	430	435	110	55	55
Togolese	315	205	105	4,080	2,210	1,870
Wolof	45	25	25	660	390	270
Yoruba	3,055	1,605	1,455	460	225	235
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	3,010	1,480	1,535	6,955	3,690	3,275
North African origins	54,675	28,110	26,565	225,125	117,725	107,410
Algerian	1,735	850	885	60,375	31,185	29,190
Berber	685	375	315	33,825	17,840	15,985
Coptic	1,845	940	900	685	385	305
Dinka	35	25	10	15	10	10
Egyptian	36,930	18,975	17,955	29,400	15,295	14,100
Libyan	1,375	735	635	1,075	590	485
Maure	240	130	105	530	290	240
Moroccan	8,675	4,490	4,180	85,940	44,520	41,420
Sudanese	3,775	1,845	1,930	370	220	150
Tunisian	1,110	595	510	21,475	11,775	9,695
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	895	475	430	3,340	1,845	1,490
Southern and East African origins	81,750	39,080	42,670	28,925	14,225	14,705
Afrikaner	340	175	165	115	75	40
Amhara	490	235	260	65	30	35
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	330	195	140	1,905	1,040	870
Burundian	785	420	365	6,015	2,945	3,070
Djiboutian	215	95	115	450	205	245
Eritrean	7,655	3,690	3,970	580	290	290
Ethiopian	16,110	7,725	8,385	1,575	785	785
Harari	460	250	210	20	10	10
Kenyan	4,075	1,895	2,180	530	270	260
Malagasy	180	75	105	3,735	1,815	1,920
Mauritian	2,855	1,470	1,385	3,695	1,735	1,960
Oromo	840	380	465	20	15	10
Rwandan	1,135	510	625	5,130	2,445	2,685
Seychellois	190	75	115	775	345	425
Somali	25,650	11,860	13,785	1,785	865	915
South African	12,455	6,280	6,175	900	490	420
Tanzanian	1,915	975	940	325	190	140
Tigrian	410	210	205	95	35	55
Ugandan	2,055	1,000	1,050	290	135	160
Zambian	425	215	215	45	20	25
Zimbabwean	1,875	875	995	300	150	145
Zulu	225	110	110	70	35	35
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	5,660	2,495	3,165	1,790	915	875
Other African origins	81,240	38,620	42,615	46,805	22,845	23,965
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	11,635	5,095	6,535	3,800	1,845	1,950
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	70,510	33,955	36,555	43,785	21,415	22,370
Asian origins	2,469,215	1,197,195	1,272,015	563,150	275,170	287,980
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	335,045	169,465	165,580	240,795	123,985	116,810
Afghan	43,305	21,735	21,570	10,945	5,550	5,395
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	23,810	12,320	11,490	44,875	23,680	21,195
Armenian	22,005	10,700	11,300	27,380	13,515	13,865
Assyrian	7,530	3,870	3,660	370	205	165
Azerbaijani	3,345	1,625	1,715	555	295	255
Georgian	2,375	1,220	1,160	635	295	345
Hazara	520	280	240	385	190	200
Iranian	97,660	49,065	48,590	25,530	12,845	12,685
Iraqi	28,895	14,505	14,385	5,520	2,780	2,740
Israeli	14,620	7,585	7,030	6,060	3,235	2,830
Jordanian	5,470	2,955	2,515	1,610	840	770
Kazakh	980	445	535	620	295	325
Kurd	4,390	2,355	2,040	2,135	1,180	960
Kuwaiti	375	215	160	95	50	50
Kyrgyz	260	90	170	260	140	120
Lebanese	30,540	15,475	15,070	78,140	40,695	37,450
Palestinian	16,005	8,640	7,365	6,865	3,520	3,345
Pashtun	2,125	1,180	945	515	280	235
Saudi Arabian	1,805	960	850	645	390	255
Syrian	16,450	8,015	8,435	27,465	13,845	13,620
Tajik	1,450	685	770	390	180	210
Tatar	1,810	775	1,040	910	430	485
Turk	23,365	11,840	11,525	15,060	7,520	7,545
Turkmen	410	205	200	65	45	25
Uighur	545	260	290	375	185	190
Uzbek	1,800	890	910	465	210	255
Yemeni	2,510	1,200	1,315	805	450	355
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	10,285	5,305	4,980	2,465	1,385	1,075
South Asian origins	1,010,270	507,255	503,010	95,670	48,925	46,745
Bangladeshi	23,725	12,120	11,605	7,075	3,625	3,450
Bengali	12,620	6,455	6,170	4,125	2,035	2,090
Bhutanese	150	80	65	420	205	215
East Indian	653,400	327,990	325,410	51,650	26,505	25,140
Goan	4,090	1,895	2,200	210	105	110
Gujarati	5,045	2,615	2,430	420	205	215
Kashmiri	1,405	735	670	260	155	105
Nepali	5,410	2,655	2,755	930	460	470
Pakistani	125,270	63,625	61,650	13,535	7,000	6,535
Punjabi	47,970	24,665	23,305	2,970	1,675	1,295
Sinhalese	4,085	1,990	2,095	310	135	175
Sri Lankan	116,195	56,715	59,475	14,750	7,300	7,450
Tamil	40,605	20,630	19,985	3,100	1,610	1,495
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	50,925	25,770	25,150	2,135	1,190	945
East and Southeast Asian origins	1,146,980	531,630	615,350	229,985	103,805	126,180
Burmese	2,240	980	1,260	530	270	255
Cambodian (Khmer)	6,235	2,910	3,330	15,345	7,360	7,985
Chinese	707,805	336,025	371,780	121,445	54,595	66,850
Filipino	279,435	120,465	158,970	37,910	15,590	22,320
Hmong	55	30	30	35	10	20
Indonesian	6,375	2,965	3,410	1,320	570	755
Japanese	28,960	12,820	16,145	6,495	2,615	3,875
Karen	265	120	150	95	55	40
Korean	73,905	35,210	38,695	8,740	4,155	4,580
Laotian	4,070	2,005	2,060	7,625	3,860	3,770
Malaysian	5,745	2,740	3,005	645	300	340
Mongolian	2,005	920	1,085	960	470	485
Singaporean	1,075	485	595	105	65	40
Taiwanese	8,045	3,645	4,395	2,205	940	1,265
Thai	3,505	1,360	2,145	2,695	1,065	1,635
Tibetan	6,035	3,030	3,010	80	45	30
Vietnamese	73,730	34,880	38,850	43,080	20,790	22,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	3,445	1,695	1,745	275	125	155
Other Asian origins	10,790	5,320	5,470	1,765	905	865
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	10,790	5,320	5,470	1,770	905	860
Oceania origins	10,235	5,195	5,040	3,250	1,730	1,515
Australian	6,300	3,295	3,000	2,055	1,125	935
New Zealander	2,045	1,070	975	490	245	245
Pacific Islands origins	2,125	985	1,150	785	410	380
Fijian	1,230	520	705	70	25	40
Hawaiian	250	125	120	60	40	20
Maori	190	100	85	90	55	35
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	115	45	70	290	145	145
Samoan	90	45	45	15	15	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	355	170	185	295	155	145
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Owner	1,508,050	...	...	2,163,735	...	...
Renter	741,635	...	...	1,362,010	...	...
Band housing	15	...	...	5,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Condominium	451,480	...	...	413,325	...	...
Not condominium	1,798,220	...	...	3,118,340	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
No bedrooms	24,470	...	...	23,725	...	...
1 bedroom	392,455	...	...	573,370	...	...
2 bedrooms	471,420	...	...	1,100,310	...	...
3 bedrooms	675,530	...	...	1,157,300	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	685,825	...	...	676,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	769,935	...	...	1,258,215	...	...
5 rooms	305,120	...	...	620,935	...	...
6 rooms	298,100	...	...	432,090	...	...
7 rooms	268,285	...	...	403,255	...	...
8 or more rooms	608,260	...	...	817,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	2,249,700	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
One person or fewer per room	2,155,575	...	...	3,492,135	...	...
More than 1 person per room	94,130	...	...	39,530	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	2,249,700	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Suitable	2,040,055	...	...	3,398,910	...	...
Not suitable	209,650	...	...	132,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
1960 or before	461,890	...	...	894,495	...	...
1961 to 1980	596,580	...	...	1,116,760	...	...
1981 to 1990	318,720	...	...	503,495	...	...
1991 to 2000	284,125	...	...	369,020	...	...
2001 to 2005	211,220	...	...	196,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	194,820	...	...	241,545	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	182,345	...	...	209,515	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	2,249,700	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	2,126,815	...	...	3,304,625	...	...
Major repairs needed	122,885	...	...	227,040	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 household maintainer	1,268,650	...	...	2,221,970	...	...
2 household maintainers	889,850	...	...	1,264,195	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	91,210	...	...	45,500	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	2,249,705	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
15 to 24 years	50,295	...	...	119,495	...	...
25 to 34 years	309,555	...	...	498,070	...	...
35 to 44 years	427,295	...	...	603,840	...	...
45 to 54 years	523,950	...	...	682,290	...	...
55 to 64 years	438,675	...	...	731,390	...	...
65 to 74 years	280,175	...	...	541,630	...	...
75 to 84 years	158,225	...	...	270,280	...	...
85 years and over	61,535	...	...	84,680	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	2,244,090	...	...	3,496,460	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,503,705	...	...	2,763,105	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	740,390	...	...	733,355	...	...
30% to less than 100%	614,715	...	...	647,975	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,505,930	...	...	2,141,690	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	63.5	...	...	61.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	26.1	...	...	12.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,643	...	...	983	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,741	...	...	1,085	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	601,801	...	...	250,302	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	718,283	...	...	290,484	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	741,470	...	...	1,358,265	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	14.7	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	47.0	...	...	33.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,205	...	...	720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,258	...	...	775	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
No certificate, diploma or degree	835,885	398,720	437,165	1,323,070	674,955	648,115
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,336,090	657,155	678,935	1,426,980	674,820	752,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,955,595	1,409,260	1,546,335	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	233,655	157,070	76,585	1,120,730	681,515	439,215
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	124,295	74,045	50,250	806,585	435,090	371,495
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	109,355	83,020	26,340	314,145	246,425	67,720
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	911,320	398,310	513,015	1,165,515	506,775	658,740
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	138,905	62,070	76,830	236,255	93,680	142,575
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,671,725	791,820	879,905	1,361,730	628,290	733,440
Bachelor's degree	1,108,835	509,125	599,705	872,060	384,275	487,790
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	110,490	50,230	60,260	118,955	54,255	64,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	45,720	22,855	22,870	39,045	19,865	19,185
Master's degree	358,270	180,120	178,150	281,215	139,280	141,935
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	48,405	29,490	18,920	50,455	30,615	19,840
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,453,070	1,658,085	1,794,995	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125
No certificate, diploma or degree	330,455	168,305	162,150	580,635	323,880	256,750
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	763,495	383,035	380,460	808,955	396,620	412,330
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,359,120	1,106,740	1,252,385	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	159,805	106,765	53,045	866,595	513,575	353,015
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	85,460	50,660	34,800	631,795	330,140	301,655
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	74,340	56,100	18,240	234,800	183,440	51,360
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	713,845	310,985	402,860	832,430	367,185	465,245
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	104,165	46,160	58,005	167,025	67,530	99,495
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,381,310	642,835	738,475	1,116,300	499,010	617,290
Bachelor's degree	903,185	410,675	492,515	712,935	308,760	404,175
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	89,860	39,260	50,595	94,240	40,085	54,160
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	37,365	17,445	19,920	30,775	13,505	17,270
Master's degree	312,795	153,565	159,235	238,300	113,895	124,410
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	38,100	21,890	16,220	40,050	22,780	17,270
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	5,127,570	2,465,130	2,662,435	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	2,171,970	1,055,875	1,116,100	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270
Education	152,070	31,295	120,780	273,320	62,470	210,845
13. Education	152,070	31,295	120,775	273,320	62,470	210,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	143,925	65,075	78,855	156,720	71,485	85,240
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	19,340	14,390	4,950	25,380	18,280	7,100
50. Visual and performing arts	124,590	50,685	73,905	131,340	53,200	78,140
Humanities	196,840	69,600	127,245	215,735	86,065	129,675
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	22,870	4,990	17,880	32,180	7,165	25,020
23. English language and literature/letters	55,685	15,720	39,965	12,900	4,060	8,835
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	58,975	19,690	39,280	103,120	42,685	60,435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	955	430	525	880	395	485
38. Philosophy and religious studies	12,755	7,105	5,650	10,400	6,650	3,755
39. Theology and religious vocations	10,875	6,820	4,055	10,125	6,200	3,930
54. History	27,730	13,795	13,930	17,055	9,990	7,065
55. French language and literature/letters	7,000	1,050	5,950	29,070	8,920	20,155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	422,140	146,075	276,065	380,995	125,025	255,975
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,715	1,060	4,655	4,315	1,165	3,150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	46,600	18,130	28,475	48,530	16,690	31,845
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	60,420	5,555	54,865	77,470	6,070	71,400
22. Legal professions and studies	73,180	27,680	45,500	67,185	25,785	41,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	7,085	1,590	5,495	9,905	2,035	7,870
42. Psychology	59,035	13,965	45,065	57,335	14,030	43,305
45. Social sciences	170,100	78,095	92,005	116,255	59,245	57,015
Business, management and public administration	710,290	316,185	394,110	879,190	321,450	557,740
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,450	550	900	815	300	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	44,090	8,915	35,175	47,715	10,490	37,225
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	664,745	306,720	358,025	830,660	310,665	519,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	139,280	65,385	73,895	140,990	76,780	64,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	58,500	23,085	35,410	49,705	20,900	28,805
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	34,525	15,160	19,365	23,210	13,865	9,350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	2,490	780	1,715	21,890	10,810	11,080
40. Physical sciences	38,775	24,610	14,160	39,060	27,545	11,515
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,995	1,745	3,245	7,120	3,660	3,465
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	172,415	111,640	60,775	152,105	104,850	47,255
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	133,530	91,695	41,830	125,480	92,730	32,750
25. Library science	6,160	1,010	5,150	11,110	2,145	8,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	29,965	17,020	12,945	13,415	8,365	5,045
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,760	1,915	845	2,100	1,605	495
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	512,040	443,510	68,535	828,400	758,350	70,055
04. Architecture and related services	31,495	20,350	11,140	29,015	17,055	11,960
14. Engineering	214,355	170,975	43,385	150,450	124,585	25,865
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	89,340	80,240	9,100	150,640	135,445	15,195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	25	75	60	20	40
46. Construction trades	69,290	67,765	1,525	185,385	179,995	5,390
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	71,415	69,560	1,855	184,280	178,510	5,770
48. Precision production	36,050	34,595	1,455	128,580	122,750	5,830
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	33,130	17,945	15,185	85,485	56,900	28,585
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	19,660	11,120	8,545	51,770	30,870	20,900
03. Natural resources and conservation	13,470	6,825	6,640	33,715	26,025	7,690
Health and related fields	350,515	82,575	267,945	480,230	95,450	384,780
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	30,095	15,365	14,730	27,955	14,675	13,280
51. Health professions and related programs	307,835	60,640	247,200	441,105	74,630	366,470
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	12,585	6,570	6,015	11,160	6,140	5,020
Personal, protective and transportation services	122,605	59,890	62,710	290,005	151,070	138,935
12. Personal and culinary services	73,665	22,575	51,090	164,595	43,720	120,875
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	400	345	55	290	270	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	560	530	35	1,345	1,245	100
43. Security and protective services	31,600	21,895	9,700	54,625	42,415	12,210
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,380	14,540	1,840	69,160	63,425	5,740
Other	335	100	240	1,055	375	680
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	340	100	240	1,055	375	675
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,453,075	1,658,080	1,794,995	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,093,950	551,340	542,605	1,389,585	720,500	669,085
Education	111,515	22,360	89,150	180,615	37,990	142,625
13. Education	111,515	22,360	89,155	180,615	37,990	142,625
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	115,180	51,975	63,205	122,045	55,575	66,475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	14,710	10,965	3,745	19,510	13,740	5,770
50. Visual and performing arts	100,465	41,010	59,455	102,535	41,830	60,705
Humanities	152,610	52,495	100,110	138,330	54,580	83,750
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	17,955	3,595	14,365	25,220	5,455	19,765
23. English language and literature/letters	43,250	11,900	31,350	9,585	2,990	6,595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	46,590	15,100	31,485	57,730	25,305	32,430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	755	350	405	600	255	350
38. Philosophy and religious studies	9,865	5,520	4,345	6,980	4,415	2,570
39. Theology and religious vocations	7,970	4,980	2,985	5,415	3,380	2,035
54. History	21,045	10,390	10,650	12,235	7,140	5,095
55. French language and literature/letters	5,180	650	4,525	20,555	5,640	14,915
Social and behavioural sciences and law	343,020	115,640	227,375	301,550	95,120	206,430
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,675	895	3,780	3,550	925	2,620
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	38,535	14,990	23,540	40,275	13,900	26,370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	46,755	3,895	42,860	63,120	4,295	58,825
22. Legal professions and studies	62,345	21,545	40,805	53,620	18,830	34,790
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	5,560	1,305	4,260	6,840	1,420	5,420
42. Psychology	46,440	10,375	36,065	44,540	10,255	34,285
45. Social sciences	138,705	62,635	76,070	89,610	45,495	44,110
Business, management and public administration	586,770	256,525	330,245	706,400	248,920	457,480
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,225	450	770	615	215	400
44. Public administration and social service professions	35,730	7,150	28,580	38,320	7,835	30,485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	549,820	248,930	300,890	667,470	240,870	426,600
Physical and life sciences and technologies	106,185	48,100	58,085	92,480	49,390	43,090
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	44,740	17,110	27,635	40,895	16,635	24,260
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	26,645	11,315	15,325	12,450	7,435	5,015
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	2,045	655	1,390	4,175	2,385	1,785
40. Physical sciences	29,015	17,810	11,205	29,705	20,255	9,445
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,740	1,205	2,530	5,255	2,675	2,580
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	153,315	99,790	53,525	132,750	91,865	40,885
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	122,125	83,960	38,165	112,715	83,240	29,470
25. Library science	4,420	770	3,645	8,720	1,665	7,055
27. Mathematics and statistics	24,330	13,405	10,920	9,725	5,815	3,915
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,450	1,650	795	1,585	1,150	440
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	394,190	336,265	57,930	639,185	577,845	61,335
04. Architecture and related services	25,855	16,295	9,560	24,260	13,870	10,385
14. Engineering	175,000	137,235	37,760	126,835	103,165	23,665
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	66,985	59,980	7,005	116,595	103,710	12,885
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	95	20	75	50	15	30
46. Construction trades	50,050	48,900	1,150	134,865	130,350	4,510
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	51,840	50,495	1,345	139,935	135,155	4,780
48. Precision production	24,365	23,330	1,030	96,655	91,580	5,075
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	26,330	13,690	12,640	69,865	45,215	24,655
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	15,345	8,185	7,165	41,755	23,965	17,795
03. Natural resources and conservation	10,985	5,500	5,480	28,110	21,250	6,860
Health and related fields	276,985	64,810	212,175	368,600	72,245	296,355
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	22,850	11,585	11,265	22,660	11,635	11,030
51. Health professions and related programs	244,170	48,335	195,840	337,320	56,510	280,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	9,960	4,895	5,070	8,620	4,110	4,510
Personal, protective and transportation services	92,740	45,005	47,735	229,640	118,260	111,375
12. Personal and culinary services	55,105	16,430	38,670	129,245	32,830	96,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	290	245	45	225	200	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	270	255	20	875	795	80
43. Security and protective services	24,105	16,480	7,625	42,550	32,575	9,975
49. Transportation and materials moving	12,975	11,595	1,380	56,750	51,860	4,890
Other	280	75	205	890	300	595
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	280	80	200	890	300	595
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,430	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,171,970	1,055,875	1,116,100	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,955,595	1,409,260	1,546,335	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970
Location of study inside Canada	2,030,770	958,975	1,071,795	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880
Same as province or territory of residence	1,876,620	883,400	993,215	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270
Different than province or territory of residence	154,150	75,570	78,585	142,415	73,800	68,610
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	924,825	450,290	474,540	374,620	193,530	181,090
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	87,045	47,790	39,255	28,320	16,915	11,410
Philippines	97,275	34,080	63,195	12,515	3,600	8,920
India	143,425	72,340	71,090	6,805	3,660	3,150
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	62,945	35,240	27,705	11,250	6,535	4,715
China^{Census data footnote 162}	79,715	37,720	41,995	17,155	7,755	9,395
France	6,770	3,685	3,085	69,665	39,885	29,780
Other	447,650	219,440	228,210	228,905	115,185	113,725
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,453,070	1,658,080	1,794,990	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,093,950	551,345	542,605	1,389,590	720,505	669,085
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,359,125	1,106,740	1,252,385	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045
Location of study inside Canada	1,619,990	756,860	863,130	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780
Same as province or territory of residence	1,497,405	696,605	800,805	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280
Different than province or territory of residence	122,580	60,255	62,325	108,630	55,125	53,500
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	739,135	349,880	389,260	306,115	153,850	152,265
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	69,385	37,000	32,390	19,655	11,145	8,505
Philippines	82,075	28,300	53,775	10,545	2,935	7,610
India	123,205	60,375	62,825	4,865	2,465	2,400
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	38,455	21,100	17,350	7,390	4,245	3,145
China^{Census data footnote 162}	67,305	31,345	35,955	15,420	6,865	8,550
France	5,705	3,090	2,610	57,315	32,115	25,205
Other	353,015	168,670	184,345	190,930	94,085	96,850
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	5,127,570	2,465,135	2,662,435	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
In the labour force	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Employed	3,131,310	1,620,650	1,510,665	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Unemployed	263,725	131,045	132,680	306,170	177,630	128,540
Not in the labour force	1,732,530	713,440	1,019,095	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480
Participation rate	66.2	71.1	61.7	64.1	67.9	60.5
Employment rate	61.1	65.7	56.7	59.5	62.5	56.7
Unemployment rate	7.8	7.5	8.1	7.2	8.0	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	5,127,570	2,465,135	2,662,435	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	1,676,685	690,615	986,070	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655
Worked	3,450,885	1,774,515	1,676,365	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,783,150	991,020	792,130	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,667,730	783,495	884,240	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.6	43.3	41.9	42.5	42.7	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,340	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,665	43,825	50,840	101,485	51,640	49,850
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,870	1,592,500	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915
Employee	2,886,735	1,438,530	1,448,200	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	413,635	269,335	144,300	489,090	299,355	189,730
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,665	43,830	50,840	101,490	51,640	49,850
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,865	1,592,500	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
0 Management occupations	394,280	239,200	155,080	418,450	263,585	154,875
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	601,285	210,175	391,110	677,390	210,525	466,865
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	279,765	214,135	65,630	286,270	222,375	63,895
3 Health occupations	184,005	43,195	140,810	295,765	57,160	238,610
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	378,750	115,535	263,210	502,945	147,145	355,795
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	131,660	64,385	67,280	135,730	64,370	71,365
6 Sales and service occupations	773,450	355,335	418,115	988,610	449,820	538,790
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	374,450	348,325	26,125	574,675	544,100	30,570
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	26,040	20,920	5,120	67,290	55,610	11,685
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	156,695	96,670	60,030	206,875	148,405	58,475
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,670	43,825	50,840	101,490	51,635	49,850
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,870	1,592,505	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,650	6,355	4,300	84,060	60,460	23,595
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,840	3,360	1,485	20,920	18,175	2,745
22 Utilities	21,020	14,710	6,315	28,410	20,650	7,755
23 Construction	202,820	176,825	25,995	254,055	223,770	30,285
31-33 Manufacturing	297,095	197,110	99,985	458,315	332,080	126,240
41 Wholesale trade	148,765	92,475	56,290	157,365	104,885	52,475
44-45 Retail trade	357,305	170,725	186,585	508,170	239,625	268,545
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	175,370	128,850	46,515	187,550	142,550	45,000
51 Information and cultural industries	111,260	64,370	46,885	100,775	59,705	41,070
52 Finance and insurance	256,030	122,265	133,765	165,140	66,175	98,965
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	85,340	45,945	39,400	61,380	36,505	24,875
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	349,475	196,515	152,960	288,715	161,030	127,685
55 Management of companies and enterprises	8,980	3,725	5,245	3,305	1,270	2,035
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	170,015	93,700	76,315	176,185	108,280	67,905
61 Educational services	242,880	74,790	168,090	306,575	96,170	210,405
62 Health care and social assistance	306,505	60,805	245,700	532,680	99,380	433,295
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	67,460	35,520	31,935	84,130	44,235	39,895
72 Accommodation and food services	214,090	97,280	116,810	278,500	123,235	155,265
81 Other services (except public administration)	140,750	59,140	81,610	193,700	89,455	104,245
91 Public administration	129,730	63,405	66,325	264,085	135,455	128,630
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	3,131,315	1,620,650	1,510,660	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Worked at home	227,805	115,735	112,070	266,285	134,325	131,960
Worked outside Canada	19,885	13,445	6,445	10,600	7,580	3,020
No fixed workplace address	362,910	258,955	103,960	351,595	265,405	86,185
Worked at usual place	2,520,710	1,232,520	1,288,190	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	2,520,710	1,232,520	1,288,190	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,390,920	629,775	761,150	1,732,155	810,895	921,260
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	296,770	144,860	151,910	485,450	234,700	250,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	827,240	454,405	372,840	1,037,125	549,095	488,030
Commute to a different province or territory	5,780	3,480	2,300	66,125	35,110	31,015
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,150	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,822,275	1,038,935	783,340	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	162,250	60,150	102,105	133,760	51,045	82,715
Public transit	682,935	287,755	395,180	503,285	217,465	285,820
Walked	148,075	65,960	82,115	205,350	93,595	111,760
Bicycle	39,580	25,130	14,450	54,625	36,470	18,155
Other method	28,510	13,545	14,965	36,010	20,845	15,170
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,145	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240
Less than 15 minutes	421,685	190,530	231,160	1,035,455	493,225	542,235
15 to 29 minutes	828,535	419,575	408,960	1,200,455	617,010	583,445
30 to 44 minutes	747,815	406,185	341,625	777,955	425,640	352,310
45 to 59 minutes	383,645	205,085	178,565	343,540	184,440	159,100
60 minutes and over	501,935	270,105	231,830	315,035	174,875	140,160
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,150	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	171,870	123,165	48,705	256,150	192,835	63,315
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	443,415	265,760	177,645	675,585	420,120	255,465
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	733,585	355,240	378,345	1,133,510	527,925	605,580
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	674,150	309,245	364,905	714,935	296,300	418,630
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	418,610	198,245	220,360	349,845	148,715	201,125
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	441,995	239,820	202,175	542,425	309,295	233,125
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	3,573,895	1,834,125	1,739,765	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655
Single responses	3,491,900	1,794,810	1,697,090	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385
Official languages	3,398,800	1,745,460	1,653,335	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420
English	3,386,000	1,742,070	1,643,925	541,720	294,935	246,780
French	12,795	3,390	9,410	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640
Non-official languages	93,100	49,350	43,755	34,160	17,190	16,970
Aboriginal languages	10	10	10	12,670	6,180	6,490
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	8,350	4,095	4,260
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	10	8,285	4,060	4,220
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,100	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	1,800	840	960
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	210	105	100
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	35	20	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	10	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	5,145	2,515	2,630
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	30	20	10
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	25	20	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	45	15	25
Algonquin	0	0	0	45	20	30
Ojibway	10	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	4,305	2,080	2,220
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	4,290	2,075	2,215
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	15	0	15
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	10	0	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	93,095	49,345	43,745	21,490	11,005	10,480
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,860	1,060	800	1,895	1,125	775
Berber languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0	15	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	100	45	60	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	15	10	0	0	0	0
Somali	85	35	55	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,750	1,015	735	1,860	1,110	745
Amharic	55	20	35	0	0	0
Arabic	1,170	765	405	1,715	1,045	665
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	110	80	30	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	340	105	240	140	70	70
Maltese	20	15	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	45	25	20	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,800	740	1,055	1,725	850	870
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	25	20	315	140	175
Vietnamese	1,745	715	1,035	1,410	710	695
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,105	405	700	135	65	70
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	10	10	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	10	10	0	0	0
Ilocano	35	20	20	10	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	35	15	25	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	985	360	625	115	50	60
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	0	0	0
Creole languages	20	20	10	275	90	190
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	10	0	10
Creole, n.o.s.	20	20	10	265	90	175
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,935	930	1,005	150	75	75
Kannada	0	0	10	0	0	0
Malayalam	65	30	30	0	0	0
Tamil	1,835	890	945	145	75	70
Telugu	35	10	25	0	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	27,135	14,985	12,150	10,165	5,255	4,910
Albanian	215	120	90	30	20	10
Armenian	145	65	75	275	130	145
Balto-Slavic languages	5,340	2,575	2,760	1,130	500	635
Baltic languages	55	20	30	15	0	10
Latvian	10	0	10	15	10	10
Lithuanian	50	20	25	0	10	0
Slavic languages	5,290	2,555	2,730	1,115	495	625
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	45	30	10	10	0	0
Bulgarian	110	75	35	55	20	30
Croatian	90	60	30	10	0	10
Czech	15	10	0	10	0	10
Macedonian	80	35	45	0	0	0
Polish	1,510	800	710	170	65	105
Russian	2,500	1,090	1,410	735	340	395
Serbian	170	110	55	10	15	0
Serbo-Croatian	20	15	10	10	10	0
Slovak	50	30	15	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	690	295	400	110	35	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	380	155	230	1,285	575	715
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	20	0	10	15	10	0
Dutch	65	50	20	25	10	15
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	235	80	160	370	170	195
Icelandic	10	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Swedish	20	10	15	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Yiddish	15	10	15	860	375	485
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Greek	345	190	150	525	260	270
Indo-Iranian languages	10,900	6,060	4,845	1,385	780	600
Indo-Aryan languages	8,445	4,520	3,935	680	390	295
Bengali	295	145	155	110	70	35
Gujarati	620	210	410	20	0	10
Hindi	730	355	375	35	20	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	55	20	35	20	0	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,655	3,255	2,400	415	225	190
Sindhi	25	10	15	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Urdu	1,005	495	510	85	50	35
Iranian languages	2,450	1,545	905	700	395	305
Kurdish	80	75	10	15	0	15
Pashto	15	0	10	10	0	15
Persian (Farsi)	2,355	1,470	890	675	385	285
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,815	5,805	4,005	5,525	2,990	2,540
Catalan	0	0	0	15	0	15
Italian	750	405	345	590	315	275
Portuguese	4,975	3,295	1,680	635	365	270
Romanian	245	105	140	320	140	175
Spanish	3,830	1,995	1,835	3,975	2,165	1,810
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	0	0
Japanese	770	255	525	235	80	150
Kartvelian languages	10	0	10	10	0	10
Georgian	10	10	0	10	0	0
Korean	4,280	2,160	2,115	300	150	150
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	75	40	35	45	25	20
Akan (Twi)	15	0	15	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	10	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	15	15	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	10	0	25	20	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	365	145	220	205	60	140
American Sign Language	255	80	180	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	125	20	110
Sign languages, n.i.e	105	65	45	70	45	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	52,950	28,150	24,795	6,070	3,125	2,945
Chinese languages	52,900	28,125	24,775	6,075	3,130	2,950
Cantonese	25,385	13,225	12,160	2,655	1,325	1,330
Hakka	35	10	25	0	0	0
Mandarin	26,295	14,290	12,005	3,100	1,630	1,465
Min Dong	30	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	145	75	70	40	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	20	10	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	910	425	490	235	130	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	30	20	0	0	0
Burmese	10	0	10	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibetan	40	30	10	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	45	110	40	75
Lao	0	0	10	55	25	30
Thai	70	30	35	55	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	415	285	130	110	60	50
Azerbaijani	10	10	10	0	0	0
Turkish	400	270	125	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	300	145	160	40	10	40
Estonian	45	10	35	10	0	0
Finnish	35	10	30	0	0	0
Hungarian	220	120	95	35	0	35
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Multiple responses	81,990	39,315	42,680	341,900	182,635	159,265
English and French	17,250	6,625	10,620	315,620	169,365	146,255
English and non-official language	63,475	32,120	31,360	6,545	3,655	2,890
French and non-official language	85	45	40	7,525	3,460	4,065
English, French and non-official language	1,180	520	660	12,205	6,160	6,055
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	3,573,890	1,834,125	1,739,765	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655
None	3,303,720	1,698,930	1,604,790	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690
English	45,255	21,620	23,630	1,031,380	555,940	475,440
French	50,065	21,430	28,635	317,490	169,785	147,705
Non-official language	170,330	89,990	80,340	49,850	25,900	23,950
Aboriginal	160	45	115	4,985	2,285	2,705
Non-Aboriginal	170,170	89,945	80,220	44,865	23,620	21,245
English and French	80	40	40	2,185	1,040	1,140
English and non-official language	1,240	595	645	14,910	7,255	7,655
French and non-official language	3,180	1,495	1,685	6,855	3,795	3,055
English, French and non-official language	25	20	10	65	50	20
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	6,102,380	2,965,875	3,136,510	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575
Non-movers	5,339,195	2,590,535	2,748,660	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195
Movers	763,190	375,335	387,855	914,800	450,420	464,380
Non-migrants	448,425	219,440	228,980	547,410	269,850	277,560
Migrants	314,765	155,890	158,870	367,385	180,565	186,820
Internal migrants	209,390	103,440	105,950	305,465	149,335	156,135
Intraprovincial migrants	182,460	89,955	92,505	284,280	137,945	146,330
Interprovincial migrants	26,930	13,485	13,445	21,190	11,385	9,805
External migrants	105,375	52,455	52,920	61,920	31,235	30,685
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	5,839,885	2,831,440	3,008,450	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805
Non-movers	3,600,585	1,739,465	1,861,115	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065
Movers	2,239,300	1,091,970	1,147,335	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740
Non-migrants	1,222,360	594,025	628,335	1,507,665	741,220	766,440
Migrants	1,016,945	497,950	518,995	1,187,425	584,125	603,295
Internal migrants	622,105	304,350	317,760	949,170	464,830	484,340
Intraprovincial migrants	553,000	270,880	282,120	893,800	436,525	457,270
Interprovincial migrants	69,105	33,465	35,635	55,370	28,300	27,070
External migrants	394,840	193,600	201,240	238,250	119,295	118,960

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Quebec [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 14, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Quebec [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Quebec [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Quebec [Province]