Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Ontario [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Toronto Ontario [Economic region]			Ontario [Province]
	Data quality , Toronto [Economic region], Ontario Map : Toronto [Economic region], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Ontario [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	6,234,202	...	...	13,448,494	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	5,878,412	...	...	12,851,821	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	6.1	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	2,352,468	...	...	5,598,391	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	2,249,703	...	...	5,169,174	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	898.1	...	...	14.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	6,941.47	...	...	908,699.33	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	6,234,200	3,026,110	3,208,090	13,448,495	6,559,390	6,889,105
0 to 14 years	1,039,970	533,790	506,180	2,207,970	1,131,615	1,076,350
0 to 4 years	326,565	167,265	159,305	697,360	357,300	340,055
5 to 9 years	357,060	183,320	173,730	756,085	387,320	368,765
10 to 14 years	356,345	183,200	173,145	754,530	387,000	367,530
15 to 64 years	4,289,265	2,089,550	2,199,715	8,988,865	4,412,115	4,576,750
15 to 19 years	386,265	198,700	187,560	811,670	416,730	394,945
20 to 24 years	432,340	220,945	211,390	894,390	457,815	436,570
25 to 29 years	441,820	218,575	223,250	874,350	436,345	438,010
30 to 34 years	438,180	210,530	227,645	864,765	420,800	443,965
35 to 39 years	425,755	199,810	225,950	842,485	402,900	439,585
40 to 44 years	435,115	205,570	229,540	871,875	418,465	453,415
45 to 49 years	462,125	220,695	241,425	937,385	453,105	484,275
50 to 54 years	486,620	237,875	248,740	1,056,345	517,170	539,175
55 to 59 years	430,205	209,590	220,620	989,460	482,280	507,180
60 to 64 years	350,840	167,255	183,580	846,145	406,505	439,640
65 years and over	904,970	402,775	502,195	2,251,655	1,015,655	1,236,000
65 to 69 years	296,470	139,530	156,940	737,745	352,475	385,270
70 to 74 years	208,245	96,910	111,330	528,645	250,455	278,185
75 to 79 years	159,900	71,560	88,340	393,010	179,810	213,195
80 to 84 years	119,215	51,655	67,560	291,185	126,825	164,360
85 years and over	121,145	43,115	78,025	301,075	106,090	194,985
85 to 89 years	76,155	29,565	46,595	188,470	73,045	115,425
90 to 94 years	35,235	11,115	24,120	88,390	27,400	60,990
95 to 99 years	8,440	2,195	6,240	21,210	5,150	16,060
100 years and over	1,315	245	1,070	3,005	495	2,520
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.7	17.6	15.8	16.4	17.3	15.6
15 to 64 years	68.8	69.1	68.6	66.8	67.3	66.4
65 years and over	14.5	13.3	15.7	16.7	15.5	17.9
85 years and over	1.9	1.4	2.4	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	39.7	38.7	40.6	41.0	40.0	41.9
Median age of the population	39.4	38.2	40.5	41.3	40.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Single-detached house	921,815	...	...	2,807,380	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	636,695	...	...	886,705	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	690,475	...	...	1,460,200	...	...
Semi-detached house	163,675	...	...	289,975	...	...
Row house	206,630	...	...	460,425	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	93,835	...	...	176,080	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	222,615	...	...	522,810	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,720	...	...	10,910	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	715	...	...	14,890	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 person	545,140	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
2 persons	634,980	...	...	1,693,525	...	...
3 persons	394,035	...	...	834,260	...	...
4 persons	397,735	...	...	796,320	...	...
5 or more persons	277,820	...	...	503,775	...	...
Number of persons in private households	6,165,600	...	...	13,242,160	...	...
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	5,194,230	2,492,325	2,701,905	11,240,525	5,427,775	5,812,750
Married or living common law	2,902,635	1,451,000	1,451,635	6,438,085	3,219,290	3,218,795
Married	2,587,840	1,291,310	1,296,525	5,531,930	2,764,275	2,767,655
Living common law	314,800	159,685	155,105	906,155	455,015	451,145
Not married and not living common law	2,291,595	1,041,320	1,250,275	4,802,440	2,208,485	2,593,955
Never married	1,607,225	835,095	772,130	3,182,785	1,689,180	1,493,605
Separated	138,685	54,780	83,905	328,675	138,140	190,535
Divorced	287,075	103,290	183,785	653,835	252,900	400,935
Widowed	258,610	48,160	210,450	637,150	128,265	508,880
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,713,865	...	...	3,782,540	...	...
2 persons	723,000	...	...	1,815,000	...	...
3 persons	418,000	...	...	844,545	...	...
4 persons	411,310	...	...	792,435	...	...
5 or more persons	161,550	...	...	330,560	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,713,865	...	...	3,782,545	...	...
Total couple families	1,404,700	...	...	3,137,570	...	...
Married couples	1,247,420	...	...	2,684,735	...	...
Common-law couples	157,285	...	...	452,840	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	309,160	...	...	644,975	...	...
Female parent	255,305	...	...	518,480	...	...
Male parent	53,860	...	...	126,495	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,404,700	...	...	3,137,565	...	...
Couples without children	539,895	...	...	1,428,575	...	...
Couples with children	864,810	...	...	1,708,995	...	...
1 child	327,910	...	...	658,305	...	...
2 children	384,680	...	...	738,710	...	...
3 or more children	152,220	...	...	311,975	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	309,160	...	...	644,975	...	...
1 child	183,105	...	...	386,425	...	...
2 children	90,095	...	...	186,240	...	...
3 or more children	35,965	...	...	72,310	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	964,335	434,985	529,355	2,139,825	990,525	1,149,300
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One-census-family households	1,512,445	...	...	3,481,885	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	462,620	...	...	1,311,575	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	1,049,825	...	...	2,170,315	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	96,820	...	...	145,615	...	...
Non-census-family households	640,440	...	...	1,541,665	...	...
One-person households	545,135	...	...	1,341,305	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	95,305	...	...	200,365	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	6,187,365	3,007,255	3,180,105	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
English only	5,433,360	2,690,825	2,742,540	11,455,500	5,689,830	5,765,665
French only	5,080	2,140	2,940	40,040	17,340	22,705
English and French	488,665	211,120	277,550	1,490,390	665,850	824,540
Neither English nor French	260,255	103,185	157,075	326,935	130,850	196,085
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	13,312,865	6,503,880	6,808,995
English	5,799,765	2,845,905	2,953,860	12,394,325	6,095,970	6,298,355
French	78,295	36,160	42,140	504,130	236,875	267,250
English and French	52,755	23,825	28,930	92,940	42,910	50,030
Neither English nor French	256,550	101,370	155,175	321,480	128,125	193,355
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	104,675	48,070	56,605	550,600	258,330	292,270
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.7	1.6	1.8	4.1	4.0	4.3
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	6,187,365	3,007,255	3,180,105	13,312,870	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	5,945,455	2,890,340	3,055,110	12,946,960	6,327,630	6,619,330
Official languages	3,397,250	1,682,940	1,714,310	9,393,040	4,637,520	4,755,520
English	3,326,120	1,649,935	1,676,185	8,902,320	4,406,210	4,496,110
French	71,130	33,005	38,125	490,715	231,310	259,410
Non-official languages	2,548,200	1,207,395	1,340,805	3,553,920	1,690,110	1,863,810
Aboriginal languages	605	265	340	22,765	10,815	11,950
Algonquian languages	415	180	230	21,235	10,175	11,060
Blackfoot	5	10	0	10	5	5
Cree-Montagnais languages	120	45	75	5,080	2,485	2,595
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	5	0	5	5	5
Moose Cree	10	5	10	85	40	45
Naskapi	0	0	0	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	5	5	0	55	25	30
Plains Cree	5	0	5	35	5	30
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	5	0	0
Swampy Cree	30	15	20	355	135	225
Woods Cree	5	0	0	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	55	25	35	4,500	2,255	2,245
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	15	90	40	50
Malecite	0	0	0	10	5	0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	15	85	35	50
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	255	115	140	16,025	7,620	8,400
Algonquin	5	0	5	65	30	35
Ojibway	230	110	125	9,505	4,515	4,985
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	6,310	3,015	3,300
Ottawa (Odawa)	10	0	10	145	65	80
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	30	20	10
Athabaskan languages	30	10	15	60	20	40
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	15	55	20	35
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	5	5	0	5	0	5
Chilcotin	5	0	0	5	0	5
Dene	10	5	0	20	10	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	0	10	0	5
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	5	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	5
Haida	0	0	0	0	5	0
Inuit languages	40	15	25	475	165	305
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Inuktitut	35	15	25	425	145	280
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	45	20	25
Iroquoian languages	20	5	15	710	300	410
Cayuga	0	0	0	40	20	20
Mohawk	20	5	10	590	255	335
Oneida	0	0	0	55	15	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	20	5	15
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	5	0	5	25	15	15
Salish languages	5	0	0	5	0	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5	0	0	10	5	5
Dakota	0	0	0	5	5	5
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	5	5	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	5	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	0	5	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	90	45	40	235	130	105
Non-Aboriginal languages	2,547,600	1,207,135	1,340,465	3,531,160	1,679,300	1,851,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	141,580	70,725	70,855	253,830	127,720	126,110
Berber languages	215	130	90	725	405	320
Kabyle	100	55	45	425	225	200
Berber languages, n.i.e.	115	75	45	305	180	120
Cushitic languages	14,455	6,220	8,240	24,605	10,730	13,870
Bilen	80	45	30	250	140	110
Oromo	1,015	490	525	1,445	720	730
Somali	13,300	5,645	7,650	22,680	9,755	12,925
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30	225	115	110
Semitic languages	126,545	64,195	62,355	227,985	116,320	111,665
Amharic	7,515	3,410	4,110	10,720	4,960	5,760
Arabic	86,605	44,585	42,020	171,370	88,400	82,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	9,950	4,870	5,085	14,555	7,135	7,420
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,810	905	905	4,795	2,365	2,425
Harari	940	440	495	1,030	485	545
Hebrew	10,380	5,555	4,825	11,575	6,220	5,350
Maltese	3,695	1,805	1,885	5,175	2,575	2,600
Tigrigna	4,750	2,175	2,570	7,345	3,470	3,870
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	905	450	450	1,435	705	730
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	185	175	520	265	250
Austro-Asiatic languages	51,135	23,335	27,800	78,125	35,880	42,240
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,015	1,365	1,655	7,355	3,330	4,020
Vietnamese	48,045	21,945	26,100	70,690	32,520	38,165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	70	25	40	85	30	50
Austronesian languages	162,855	64,570	98,285	194,380	76,060	118,315
Bikol	470	205	265	595	260	330
Cebuano	5,135	2,040	3,095	6,545	2,500	4,045
Fijian	55	30	25	80	45	40
Hiligaynon	2,335	895	1,445	2,750	1,030	1,725
Ilocano	9,435	3,700	5,745	11,285	4,430	6,860
Malagasy	30	15	20	100	45	55
Malay	4,470	2,015	2,460	5,760	2,520	3,240
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,315	590	725	1,505	670	840
Pangasinan	460	185	270	535	215	315
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	137,800	54,380	83,420	163,415	63,665	99,755
Waray-Waray	320	105	210	405	140	270
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,015	405	610	1,400	550	850
Creole languages	5,670	2,645	3,025	11,255	5,095	6,165
Haitian Creole	225	105	115	630	290	340
Creole, n.o.s.	3,450	1,630	1,820	8,025	3,580	4,440
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,990	910	1,085	2,605	1,225	1,380
Dravidian languages	135,105	66,500	68,605	148,605	73,530	75,075
Kannada	2,050	1,030	1,020	2,670	1,365	1,305
Malayalam	12,750	6,540	6,205	17,140	8,795	8,350
Tamil	110,915	53,865	57,045	117,630	57,310	60,320
Telugu	9,120	4,930	4,190	10,820	5,895	4,925
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	280	135	140	340	165	175
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	525	250	270
Indo-European languages	1,391,750	673,845	717,905	2,024,365	980,200	1,044,165
Albanian	13,295	6,630	6,665	19,045	9,535	9,510
Armenian	12,660	6,110	6,550	15,070	7,305	7,765
Balto-Slavic languages	266,925	122,315	144,610	410,725	188,695	222,025
Baltic languages	5,530	2,220	3,310	9,080	3,785	5,295
Latvian	2,310	925	1,380	3,910	1,650	2,260
Lithuanian	3,215	1,290	1,925	5,175	2,135	3,035
Slavic languages	261,395	120,095	141,300	401,645	184,915	216,730
Belarusan	360	170	190	515	230	280
Bosnian	2,760	1,335	1,425	6,370	3,125	3,245
Bulgarian	7,010	3,380	3,630	9,095	4,355	4,740
Croatian	16,770	8,060	8,705	31,875	15,460	16,410
Czech	4,890	2,265	2,625	10,670	4,930	5,740
Macedonian	12,680	6,025	6,655	15,635	7,470	8,165
Polish	72,345	32,690	39,655	121,075	54,675	66,405
Russian	83,105	37,685	45,425	101,100	45,630	55,470
Serbian	21,770	10,615	11,155	41,740	20,585	21,150
Serbo-Croatian	2,460	1,160	1,305	4,875	2,310	2,570
Slovak	5,355	2,475	2,880	10,280	4,710	5,565
Slovene (Slovenian)	3,880	1,710	2,170	6,740	2,995	3,745
Ukrainian	27,470	12,240	15,225	40,375	17,760	22,610
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	540	280	260	1,310	670	635
Celtic languages	495	235	265	1,110	505	605
Scottish Gaelic	185	85	100	450	210	240
Welsh	170	75	100	435	180	260
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	140	75	60	225	120	110
Germanic languages	49,180	22,260	26,920	200,640	94,475	106,165
Afrikaans	1,060	510	555	2,295	1,125	1,170
Danish	1,610	735	875	4,265	2,010	2,250
Dutch	10,010	4,695	5,315	51,720	24,875	26,840
Frisian	190	80	110	1,240	630	620
German	30,915	13,815	17,100	131,525	61,520	70,005
Icelandic	90	45	50	210	100	110
Norwegian	415	180	225	940	405	540
Swedish	1,175	505	670	2,395	1,040	1,350
Vlaams (Flemish)	305	115	185	2,150	925	1,225
Yiddish	3,355	1,555	1,800	3,735	1,765	1,970
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	170	80	85
Greek	42,260	20,540	21,720	55,415	27,305	28,110
Indo-Iranian languages	595,725	299,925	295,805	707,845	357,350	350,495
Indo-Aryan languages	481,075	242,275	238,800	565,600	285,720	279,875
Bengali	38,805	19,520	19,285	46,810	23,615	23,195
Gujarati	64,820	32,465	32,355	76,675	38,740	37,940
Hindi	48,620	24,410	24,215	58,735	29,805	28,930
Kashmiri	275	140	135	345	170	175
Konkani	2,175	1,030	1,145	2,510	1,195	1,315
Marathi	4,510	2,290	2,220	5,490	2,805	2,685
Nepali	4,695	2,360	2,335	7,870	3,915	3,960
Oriya (Odia)	590	320	270	715	380	335
Punjabi (Panjabi)	171,465	87,125	84,340	197,060	100,160	96,895
Sindhi	5,875	2,750	3,125	6,840	3,225	3,615
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	8,035	3,885	4,150	10,165	4,925	5,235
Urdu	131,205	65,985	65,220	152,385	76,795	75,595
Iranian languages	112,705	56,625	56,085	139,675	70,270	69,405
Kurdish	2,800	1,575	1,225	6,665	3,615	3,050
Pashto	7,855	4,050	3,810	10,950	5,630	5,315
Persian (Farsi)	102,050	50,995	51,050	122,070	61,025	61,040
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,950	1,030	920	2,565	1,350	1,215
Italic (Romance) languages	411,210	195,830	215,375	614,525	295,030	319,490
Catalan	170	95	85	285	150	135
Italian	153,095	73,500	79,595	231,040	112,440	118,600
Portuguese	103,775	49,730	54,045	150,000	72,280	77,715
Romanian	25,535	11,875	13,655	41,755	19,565	22,190
Spanish	128,405	60,530	67,875	191,025	90,390	100,630
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	105	125	420	200	215
Japanese	9,730	3,400	6,330	13,260	4,590	8,670
Kartvelian languages	1,105	595	510	1,200	635	565
Georgian	1,110	595	510	1,200	635	565
Korean	55,300	25,400	29,905	69,775	32,035	37,740
Mongolic languages	350	160	190	405	180	220
Mongolian	350	160	190	405	180	225
Niger-Congo languages	24,615	11,545	13,070	35,760	16,705	19,050
Akan (Twi)	8,540	3,930	4,610	9,695	4,510	5,190
Bamanankan	55	30	30	140	60	80
Edo	1,030	415	615	1,140	475	670
Ewe	380	185	195	560	270	295
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	230	120	110	365	180	185
Ga	455	205	250	600	275	325
Ganda	520	245	275	760	360	400
Igbo	1,575	805	775	2,090	1,080	1,010
Lingala	395	190	210	850	365	485
Rundi (Kirundi)	370	175	195	1,430	640	785
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	400	180	220	1,330	545	785
Shona	720	345	380	1,455	660	790
Swahili	3,290	1,535	1,750	5,525	2,540	2,985
Wolof	165	85	80	290	145	150
Yoruba	3,445	1,750	1,695	4,365	2,260	2,105
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,040	1,355	1,685	5,155	2,345	2,810
Nilo-Saharan languages	375	205	160	1,610	810	800
Dinka	40	25	20	345	170	175
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	330	185	145	1,260	635	625
Sign languages	1,300	700	605	3,030	1,570	1,455
American Sign Language	505	265	245	1,305	640	670
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	20	10	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	795	440	360	1,700	925	780
Sino-Tibetan languages	519,890	241,410	278,480	611,795	284,865	326,935
Chinese languages	513,390	238,240	275,145	602,610	280,340	322,270
Cantonese	248,980	115,625	133,355	275,315	128,090	147,220
Hakka	6,530	2,930	3,600	6,985	3,140	3,840
Mandarin	228,755	106,410	122,345	283,735	132,275	151,460
Min Dong	770	365	400	855	405	450
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,625	5,360	6,265	13,545	6,240	7,300
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,330	2,400	2,935	6,300	2,825	3,470
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,210	5,055	6,160	15,645	7,235	8,410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	190	90	95	240	120	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,505	3,170	3,330	9,185	4,520	4,660
Burmese	1,005	455	555	1,640	775	865
Karenic languages	265	125	140	1,730	865	860
Tibetan	4,885	2,415	2,470	5,115	2,530	2,585
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	345	175	170	700	345	350
Tai-Kadai languages	3,960	1,610	2,355	8,485	3,535	4,945
Lao	2,195	1,060	1,130	5,190	2,480	2,710
Thai	1,740	540	1,205	3,270	1,045	2,220
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	5	15	25	10	15
Turkic languages	16,775	8,725	8,050	22,615	11,745	10,870
Azerbaijani	1,615	865	755	1,990	1,070	920
Turkish	13,755	7,175	6,580	18,415	9,610	8,810
Uyghur	395	195	195	515	255	260
Uzbek	595	300	295	1,055	515	545
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	415	190	225	640	295	345
Uralic languages	25,115	11,260	13,850	50,670	23,095	27,570
Estonian	2,765	1,160	1,610	4,205	1,810	2,400
Finnish	2,575	1,040	1,535	9,720	4,140	5,580
Hungarian	19,770	9,065	10,710	36,740	17,150	19,590
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	970	500	470	1,475	780	690
Multiple responses	241,910	116,915	124,995	365,910	176,250	189,660
English and French	15,865	7,345	8,520	54,045	25,165	28,880
English and non-official language	213,300	103,825	109,470	288,285	140,345	147,940
French and non-official language	6,205	2,795	3,410	12,565	5,735	6,830
English, French and non-official language	6,550	2,955	3,595	11,010	5,000	6,005
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	5,618,495	2,733,315	2,885,175	12,522,045	6,123,955	6,398,085
Official languages	4,151,660	2,039,295	2,112,370	10,605,725	5,214,425	5,391,300
English	4,119,700	2,024,485	2,095,215	10,328,680	5,084,885	5,243,800
French	31,965	14,810	17,155	277,045	129,540	147,500
Non-official languages	1,466,830	694,025	772,810	1,916,315	909,530	1,006,780
Aboriginal languages	160	85	80	9,210	4,600	4,610
Algonquian languages	75	40	40	8,685	4,370	4,320
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	25	15	10	2,370	1,205	1,165
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Moose Cree	0	0	0	10	10	5
Naskapi	0	0	0	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	20	10	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	105	50	55
Woods Cree	5	0	0	5	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	5	2,220	1,135	1,085
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	5	5	5
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	25	25	6,305	3,155	3,145
Algonquin	0	0	0	5	0	0
Ojibway	35	20	15	3,315	1,695	1,620
Oji-Cree	5	5	5	2,905	1,420	1,490
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	5	0	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	5	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	15	10	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	5	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	5	5	0	5
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Gwich'in	5	0	0	5	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	0	0	5	5	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0	5	0
Haida	0	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	5	5	160	60	90
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Inuktitut	10	10	5	140	60	80
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	210	90	120
Cayuga	0	0	0	5	5	5
Mohawk	0	0	5	185	80	100
Oneida	0	0	0	20	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	5	5	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	5	0	5
Dakota	0	5	0	5	5	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	50	25	25	120	55	65
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,466,670	693,945	772,730	1,907,105	904,930	1,002,170
Afro-Asiatic languages	74,640	35,765	38,875	138,460	66,865	71,590
Berber languages	65	30	30	345	175	170
Kabyle	35	20	15	255	125	130
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	90	50	45
Cushitic languages	8,410	3,545	4,865	14,460	6,100	8,360
Bilen	40	15	25	170	80	85
Oromo	555	255	295	805	380	425
Somali	7,785	3,255	4,530	13,370	5,590	7,780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	110	50	65
Semitic languages	65,980	32,100	33,880	123,410	60,475	62,940
Amharic	3,830	1,690	2,145	5,625	2,540	3,085
Arabic	45,655	22,470	23,185	94,195	46,505	47,695
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,645	3,190	3,460	9,515	4,595	4,920
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,075	525	550	2,915	1,410	1,500
Harari	525	240	285	555	250	305
Hebrew	4,385	2,260	2,125	4,850	2,505	2,345
Maltese	915	420	495	1,090	505	580
Tigrigna	2,480	1,090	1,395	3,920	1,805	2,115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	470	220	245	755	360	395
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	245	115	125
Austro-Asiatic languages	33,420	15,240	18,185	50,245	23,105	27,140
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,615	700	915	3,770	1,650	2,120
Vietnamese	31,775	14,525	17,250	46,435	21,435	25,000
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	20	40	20	20
Austronesian languages	73,035	31,170	41,860	85,370	36,525	48,845
Bikol	85	35	50	90	35	55
Cebuano	1,895	820	1,080	2,325	1,020	1,315
Fijian	10	5	5	15	10	10
Hiligaynon	780	335	450	910	385	530
Ilocano	3,440	1,475	1,965	4,100	1,780	2,320
Malagasy	15	10	10	35	15	20
Malay	1,465	705	755	1,810	860	945
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	405	180	225	445	200	250
Pangasinan	75	35	40	90	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	64,495	27,405	37,090	75,070	31,965	43,105
Waray-Waray	75	30	50	90	35	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	285	130	150	380	175	200
Creole languages	2,900	1,340	1,565	5,325	2,355	2,970
Haitian Creole	130	60	65	355	165	190
Creole, n.o.s.	1,970	910	1,060	3,995	1,735	2,255
Creole languages, n.i.e.	800	365	430	975	455	520
Dravidian languages	89,300	43,085	46,215	96,250	46,575	49,680
Kannada	830	420	415	1,060	540	520
Malayalam	6,530	3,335	3,190	8,760	4,460	4,295
Tamil	76,905	36,645	40,260	80,600	38,460	42,140
Telugu	4,935	2,640	2,295	5,705	3,050	2,655
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	125	55	70
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	200	95	105
Indo-European languages	730,175	350,535	379,640	978,300	469,640	508,670
Albanian	6,395	3,200	3,190	9,190	4,580	4,605
Armenian	7,505	3,550	3,965	8,630	4,065	4,560
Balto-Slavic languages	136,810	63,965	72,845	192,945	90,585	102,365
Baltic languages	1,645	685	960	2,305	950	1,355
Latvian	595	240	355	860	350	515
Lithuanian	1,045	445	605	1,440	600	840
Slavic languages	135,170	63,280	71,885	190,645	89,635	101,005
Belarusan	120	60	65	175	80	90
Bosnian	1,330	645	690	3,220	1,595	1,620
Bulgarian	3,895	1,900	1,995	4,830	2,350	2,480
Croatian	6,015	2,880	3,135	11,125	5,275	5,855
Czech	1,435	695	740	3,070	1,480	1,595
Macedonian	5,140	2,435	2,710	6,255	2,965	3,285
Polish	34,330	16,005	18,325	52,555	24,510	28,045
Russian	53,515	24,855	28,660	63,570	29,655	33,920
Serbian	12,385	6,000	6,390	23,175	11,335	11,840
Serbo-Croatian	960	450	510	1,925	920	1,010
Slovak	2,300	1,120	1,185	3,520	1,680	1,845
Slovene (Slovenian)	920	395	515	1,465	645	815
Ukrainian	12,680	5,785	6,895	15,415	6,995	8,420
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	145	60	85	355	160	190
Celtic languages	65	35	30	120	65	55
Scottish Gaelic	30	15	10	60	30	25
Welsh	15	10	10	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	35	20	15
Germanic languages	5,550	2,520	3,030	44,515	21,630	22,880
Afrikaans	295	140	155	755	365	390
Danish	135	65	75	280	135	150
Dutch	730	330	400	4,450	2,145	2,305
Frisian	10	5	5	90	45	45
German	3,710	1,665	2,040	37,255	18,140	19,120
Icelandic	25	10	15	45	20	30
Norwegian	45	20	25	70	30	40
Swedish	220	100	125	385	190	190
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	15	145	60	85
Yiddish	355	180	180	370	190	185
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	655	315	340
Greek	17,225	8,040	9,180	21,700	10,160	11,535
Indo-Iranian languages	370,650	183,405	187,250	435,835	215,755	220,080
Indo-Aryan languages	295,325	146,735	148,585	344,050	171,125	172,920
Bengali	24,870	12,265	12,600	29,590	14,595	14,995
Gujarati	38,595	18,905	19,690	45,445	22,410	23,035
Hindi	24,215	12,030	12,185	28,960	14,485	14,475
Kashmiri	50	25	25	65	30	35
Konkani	445	210	235	540	260	280
Marathi	2,040	1,050	990	2,420	1,230	1,190
Nepali	3,095	1,565	1,530	5,640	2,815	2,820
Oriya (Odia)	275	140	140	325	160	165
Punjabi (Panjabi)	116,115	58,385	57,725	132,135	66,410	65,725
Sindhi	2,510	1,150	1,365	2,880	1,320	1,560
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,620	1,770	1,850	4,595	2,250	2,345
Urdu	79,500	39,245	40,255	91,450	45,160	46,295
Iranian languages	74,555	36,270	38,280	90,730	44,090	46,640
Kurdish	1,480	805	675	3,675	1,900	1,770
Pashto	4,930	2,480	2,455	6,750	3,360	3,395
Persian (Farsi)	68,140	32,995	35,145	80,305	38,830	41,475
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	775	400	380	1,050	540	515
Italic (Romance) languages	185,970	85,810	100,155	265,375	122,790	142,585
Catalan	80	40	45	135	60	75
Italian	52,280	22,440	29,840	72,960	31,195	41,770
Portuguese	49,840	23,870	25,970	67,415	32,065	35,355
Romanian	12,410	5,760	6,650	19,920	9,380	10,535
Spanish	71,290	33,675	37,615	104,820	50,035	54,785
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	110	50	60
Japanese	4,590	1,965	2,625	6,040	2,590	3,450
Kartvelian languages	745	405	340	770	420	355
Georgian	745	405	335	775	420	355
Korean	38,610	18,045	20,565	48,540	22,685	25,855
Mongolic languages	205	105	105	225	115	110
Mongolian	205	105	100	230	120	110
Niger-Congo languages	9,050	4,035	5,010	12,120	5,400	6,725
Akan (Twi)	4,065	1,760	2,305	4,415	1,915	2,495
Bamanankan	15	5	10	25	15	15
Edo	290	115	175	305	120	180
Ewe	95	40	55	135	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	45	110	55	55
Ga	145	65	85	175	80	100
Ganda	155	65	85	195	85	110
Igbo	420	210	215	540	265	275
Lingala	105	45	60	225	100	130
Rundi (Kirundi)	135	65	75	475	230	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	125	55	70	420	160	260
Shona	240	115	125	455	210	245
Swahili	1,245	550	695	2,085	925	1,160
Wolof	75	45	30	130	65	65
Yoruba	1,095	525	565	1,300	625	675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	755	340	415	1,120	500	625
Nilo-Saharan languages	90	45	45	550	260	290
Dinka	10	10	5	120	60	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	425	195	225
Sign languages	2,050	1,170	875	4,425	2,485	1,940
American Sign Language	770	395	370	1,605	830	770
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	25	15	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,280	770	510	2,795	1,640	1,150
Sino-Tibetan languages	387,190	181,130	206,065	448,200	210,560	237,640
Chinese languages	382,595	178,860	203,730	441,615	207,305	234,310
Cantonese	183,450	84,365	99,085	198,745	91,545	107,200
Hakka	2,735	1,245	1,490	2,870	1,305	1,575
Mandarin	180,885	86,115	94,770	220,535	105,360	115,175
Min Dong	245	105	135	265	115	145
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,075	2,320	2,755	5,775	2,635	3,140
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,150	1,480	1,670	3,690	1,735	1,955
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,975	3,195	3,775	9,630	4,565	5,070
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45	100	45	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,600	2,270	2,330	6,580	3,250	3,330
Burmese	570	265	305	1,010	480	530
Karenic languages	210	105	105	1,360	685	675
Tibetan	3,715	1,845	1,865	3,875	1,925	1,945
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	55	50	335	165	170
Tai-Kadai languages	1,670	785	885	3,865	1,845	2,020
Lao	1,015	490	520	2,535	1,220	1,315
Thai	650	285	360	1,315	615	695
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	0	5	10	5	10
Turkic languages	9,515	4,770	4,755	12,435	6,200	6,230
Azerbaijani	645	325	320	770	385	380
Turkish	8,175	4,080	4,095	10,545	5,245	5,300
Uyghur	230	125	110	290	150	140
Uzbek	315	165	145	585	290	295
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	155	70	75	250	130	120
Uralic languages	9,160	4,195	4,965	15,330	6,990	8,340
Estonian	650	240	415	790	290	500
Finnish	480	210	270	1,835	780	1,050
Hungarian	8,025	3,745	4,285	12,700	5,915	6,790
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	320	165	155	465	245	225
Multiple responses	568,870	273,940	294,930	790,825	379,925	410,905
English and French	13,745	6,285	7,455	45,655	20,895	24,755
English and non-official language	541,750	261,790	279,965	719,595	347,730	371,865
French and non-official language	2,440	1,080	1,365	6,725	2,930	3,795
English, French and non-official language	10,935	4,790	6,145	18,855	8,365	10,490
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	6,187,365	3,007,260	3,180,105	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
None	4,771,940	2,328,490	2,443,445	11,071,665	5,436,665	5,635,000
English	601,065	294,730	306,335	896,170	437,015	459,155
French	56,935	24,605	32,330	243,970	108,390	135,580
Non-official language	730,875	347,040	383,835	1,056,960	501,315	555,645
Aboriginal	525	230	295	14,315	6,580	7,735
Non-Aboriginal	730,350	346,810	383,540	1,042,645	494,735	547,910
English and French	4,090	1,880	2,210	8,150	3,755	4,395
English and non-official language	13,645	6,675	6,970	19,105	9,370	9,735
French and non-official language	8,565	3,725	4,840	16,435	7,165	9,270
English, French and non-official language	255	115	140	415	205	215
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,127,565	2,465,145	2,662,420	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,867,890	2,341,390	2,526,495	10,556,935	5,115,460	5,441,475
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,001	37,081	28,205	33,539	39,889	28,676
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,868,795	2,341,595	2,527,200	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,975
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,479	33,581	26,332	30,641	35,753	26,585
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,296,980	2,116,635	2,180,340	9,391,800	4,650,130	4,741,675
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,895	38,686	28,032	32,871	39,831	27,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,492,795	1,537,600	1,955,195	7,632,575	3,402,810	4,229,770
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	2,321	1,060	3,854	4,206	2,034	5,463
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,634,695	1,844,230	1,790,465	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,913	39,713	30,749	33,946	39,490	29,413
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,867,905	2,341,125	2,526,780	10,556,925	5,114,340	5,442,580
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	50,416	60,259	41,296	47,915	56,780	39,585
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,868,800	2,341,350	2,527,445	10,559,935	5,114,725	5,445,210
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,559	47,030	34,565	39,318	45,443	33,564
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,296,625	2,116,255	2,180,375	9,391,645	4,649,230	4,742,415
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,882	62,603	41,477	47,890	57,511	38,459
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,492,260	1,537,245	1,955,015	7,632,220	3,402,745	4,229,475
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,443	5,589	7,115	7,346	6,763	7,815
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,634,695	1,844,350	1,790,350	7,790,680	3,995,700	3,794,985
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	51,594	60,847	42,063	47,369	55,263	39,057
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,732,445	956,920	775,520	3,737,385	2,082,480	1,654,900
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	56,715	61,339	52,017	55,121	60,345	49,713
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	74,525	83,831	63,041	68,628	76,536	58,676
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	90.8	93.8	86.7	88.9	92.1	84.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	76.3	79.5	72.1	72.9	76.0	68.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	9.2	6.2	13.3	11.1	7.9	15.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	5,127,570	2,465,145	2,662,420	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without total income	259,680	123,755	135,925	481,500	227,390	254,115
With total income	4,867,890	2,341,390	2,526,500	10,556,940	5,115,460	5,441,475
Percentage with total income	94.9	95.0	94.9	95.6	95.7	95.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	850,760	383,365	467,395	1,615,790	711,105	904,685
$10,000 to $19,999	860,845	362,785	498,065	1,829,355	742,710	1,086,645
$20,000 to $29,999	616,775	265,280	351,495	1,410,760	589,975	820,785
$30,000 to $39,999	488,220	220,375	267,845	1,147,510	519,550	627,955
$40,000 to $49,999	431,695	200,935	230,760	1,021,880	489,595	532,285
$50,000 to $59,999	344,940	168,770	176,175	809,115	415,950	393,165
$60,000 to $69,999	273,180	142,460	130,720	630,635	348,525	282,110
$70,000 to $79,999	215,270	117,935	97,330	479,890	277,725	202,165
$80,000 to $89,999	172,035	96,395	75,645	378,185	222,095	156,095
$90,000 to $99,999	146,455	78,960	67,490	324,810	181,815	142,995
$100,000 and over	467,725	304,140	163,580	909,005	616,420	292,585
$100,000 to $149,999	289,295	179,660	109,635	600,995	394,410	206,590
$150,000 and over	178,430	124,485	53,945	308,010	222,010	86,000
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	5,127,565	2,465,145	2,662,420	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without after-tax income	258,770	123,550	135,220	478,635	227,025	251,610
With after-tax income	4,868,795	2,341,595	2,527,200	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,980
Percentage with after-tax income	95.0	95.0	94.9	95.7	95.8	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	865,940	388,325	477,615	1,659,280	722,040	937,235
$10,000 to $19,999	894,920	378,810	516,110	1,906,875	777,330	1,129,540
$20,000 to $29,999	705,330	306,720	398,610	1,623,230	690,290	932,940
$30,000 to $39,999	583,650	268,290	315,355	1,377,100	642,645	734,450
$40,000 to $49,999	500,340	240,710	259,635	1,166,040	585,490	580,555
$50,000 to $59,999	369,040	191,325	177,715	845,305	464,610	380,700
$60,000 to $69,999	271,845	150,780	121,060	604,005	354,015	249,985
$70,000 to $79,999	210,910	116,515	94,400	465,485	268,140	197,345
$80,000 and over	466,820	300,120	166,700	912,490	611,260	301,230
$80,000 to $89,999	140,730	81,340	59,390	299,315	183,410	115,905
$90,000 to $99,999	84,200	53,210	30,995	174,110	116,330	57,785
$100,000 and over	241,885	165,575	76,315	439,070	311,525	127,540
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	5,127,570	2,465,145	2,662,420	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without employment income	1,492,870	620,915	871,955	3,247,760	1,344,515	1,903,245
With employment income	3,634,695	1,844,230	1,790,470	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Percentage with employment income	70.9	74.8	67.2	70.6	74.8	66.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	462,940	219,525	243,425	1,094,860	546,920	547,940
$5,000 to $9,999	299,400	134,955	164,445	635,305	281,135	354,165
$10,000 to $19,999	491,370	230,165	261,200	1,027,910	464,445	563,465
$20,000 to $29,999	387,370	177,760	209,610	827,805	372,185	455,625
$30,000 to $39,999	352,280	164,255	188,025	767,840	351,925	415,910
$40,000 to $49,999	325,475	154,225	171,250	709,775	341,320	368,450
$50,000 to $59,999	269,240	136,390	132,855	588,220	310,155	278,065
$60,000 to $69,999	217,295	116,415	100,880	465,670	263,430	202,240
$70,000 to $79,999	175,750	99,220	76,530	369,085	218,570	150,515
$80,000 and over	653,575	411,325	242,255	1,304,210	848,245	455,970
$80,000 to $89,999	145,105	83,190	61,915	307,660	182,660	125,005
$90,000 to $99,999	129,705	69,990	59,715	280,530	156,440	124,090
$100,000 and over	378,765	258,145	120,620	716,015	509,140	206,875
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	78,676	...	...	74,287	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	68,856	...	...	65,285	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	545,135	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,604	...	...	36,900	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,320	...	...	33,219	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,704,565	...	...	3,827,875	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	94,776	...	...	90,967	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	82,773	...	...	79,528	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	109,090	...	...	97,856	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	87,778	...	...	80,322	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	545,245	...	...	1,341,115	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	55,558	...	...	49,571	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	44,604	...	...	40,830	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,704,460	...	...	3,828,060	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	126,214	...	...	114,773	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	101,589	...	...	94,157	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	2,249,700	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	48,180	...	...	86,720	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	33,265	...	...	70,245	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	53,350	...	...	134,395	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	78,785	...	...	185,245	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	76,775	...	...	200,770	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	78,400	...	...	189,450	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	80,655	...	...	202,580	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	82,555	...	...	207,180	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	82,940	...	...	206,605	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	81,385	...	...	202,015	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	158,445	...	...	388,820	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	149,175	...	...	363,580	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	138,685	...	...	335,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	129,205	...	...	309,105	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	119,740	...	...	282,740	...	...
$100,000 and over	858,155	...	...	1,803,955	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	242,750	...	...	560,090	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	178,170	...	...	394,570	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	213,020	...	...	449,885	...	...
$200,000 and over	224,220	...	...	399,410	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	2,249,700	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	51,015	...	...	92,220	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	33,655	...	...	71,480	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	54,235	...	...	136,550	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	81,805	...	...	192,920	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	84,245	...	...	222,605	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	86,510	...	...	211,440	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	91,825	...	...	232,755	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	97,495	...	...	244,335	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	100,145	...	...	247,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	98,460	...	...	241,965	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	189,855	...	...	463,170	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	174,620	...	...	422,695	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	161,990	...	...	388,720	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	145,090	...	...	342,330	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	125,425	...	...	290,720	...	...
$100,000 and over	673,335	...	...	1,367,630	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	243,325	...	...	539,915	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	159,030	...	...	334,420	...	...
$150,000 and over	270,985	...	...	493,295	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,643,655	...	...	3,689,580	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	94,466	...	...	91,089	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	82,425	...	...	79,531	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	450,490	...	...	1,280,890	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	85,144	...	...	81,459	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	73,859	...	...	71,237	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	864,260	...	...	1,716,115	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	114,898	...	...	115,381	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,263	...	...	99,205	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	272,855	...	...	584,180	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	57,244	...	...	54,363	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,793	...	...	50,317	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,642,870	...	...	3,689,080	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	126,678	...	...	115,328	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	101,694	...	...	94,410	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	450,560	...	...	1,280,580	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	119,383	...	...	104,425	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	93,957	...	...	84,952	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	864,735	...	...	1,717,295	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	148,707	...	...	140,590	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	118,866	...	...	114,144	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	271,225	...	...	581,945	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	73,407	...	...	67,748	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	62,688	...	...	58,742	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	781,470	369,605	411,865	1,818,815	867,175	951,640
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	32,763	33,916	31,879	32,097	33,925	30,753
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,985	30,740	29,410	29,417	30,678	28,442
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	779,995	368,475	411,515	1,814,575	864,020	950,555
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	47,828	50,519	45,418	44,298	46,765	42,057
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	38,980	40,370	37,735	36,874	38,228	35,644
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	6,165,600	2,997,950	3,167,650	13,242,160	6,472,205	6,769,955
In the bottom half of the distribution	2,938,540	1,397,320	1,541,230	6,335,170	3,016,275	3,318,895
In the bottom decile	676,120	326,535	349,585	1,346,645	651,310	695,335
In the second decile	606,155	279,150	327,015	1,280,675	581,380	699,290
In the third decile	563,160	265,280	297,885	1,237,415	583,840	653,575
In the fourth decile	544,890	260,960	283,930	1,223,510	589,740	633,770
In the fifth decile	548,220	265,400	282,820	1,246,925	610,000	636,930
In the top half of the distribution	3,227,055	1,600,635	1,626,425	6,906,990	3,455,930	3,451,060
In the sixth decile	559,915	272,570	287,340	1,279,095	629,635	649,465
In the seventh decile	580,740	284,615	296,120	1,321,220	655,840	665,375
In the eighth decile	617,835	305,590	312,245	1,382,795	691,630	691,165
In the ninth decile	680,510	338,890	341,620	1,464,415	736,030	728,385
In the top decile	788,065	398,970	389,095	1,459,465	742,795	716,670
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	6,165,205	2,997,755	3,167,450	13,184,055	6,442,930	6,741,130
0 to 17 years	1,261,825	647,850	613,975	2,656,535	1,361,905	1,294,630
0 to 5 years	394,455	202,140	192,310	835,000	428,025	406,975
18 to 64 years	4,043,815	1,960,900	2,082,915	8,418,960	4,110,615	4,308,345
65 years and over	859,570	389,005	470,560	2,108,560	970,405	1,138,155
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	945,120	445,130	499,985	1,898,975	886,530	1,012,445
0 to 17 years	244,610	126,045	118,565	489,905	251,830	238,080
0 to 5 years	79,010	40,625	38,385	165,140	84,825	80,310
18 to 64 years	584,600	273,440	311,160	1,155,315	538,535	616,780
65 years and over	115,905	45,645	70,260	253,755	96,170	157,585
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.3	14.8	15.8	14.4	13.8	15.0
0 to 17 years (%)	19.4	19.5	19.3	18.4	18.5	18.4
0 to 5 years (%)	20.0	20.1	20.0	19.8	19.8	19.7
18 to 64 years (%)	14.5	13.9	14.9	13.7	13.1	14.3
65 years and over (%)	13.5	11.7	14.9	12.0	9.9	13.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	769,025	368,690	400,335	1,298,590	627,935	670,650
0 to 17 years	183,495	94,555	88,945	304,390	156,575	147,815
0 to 5 years	59,780	30,725	29,060	102,750	52,810	49,935
18 to 64 years	512,610	246,395	266,210	887,640	430,545	457,095
65 years and over	72,915	27,740	45,175	106,555	40,815	65,740
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.5	12.3	12.6	9.8	9.7	9.9
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	14.6	14.5	11.5	11.5	11.4
0 to 5 years (%)	15.2	15.2	15.1	12.3	12.3	12.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.7	12.6	12.8	10.5	10.5	10.6
65 years and over (%)	8.5	7.1	9.6	5.1	4.2	5.8
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Official languages	5,906,410	2,895,015	3,011,395	12,918,075	6,342,930	6,575,145
English	5,901,645	2,893,055	3,008,590	12,879,045	6,326,225	6,552,825
French	490,680	211,075	279,605	1,521,020	677,505	843,510
Non-official languages	3,153,820	1,503,675	1,650,150	4,431,270	2,115,510	2,315,760
Aboriginal languages	1,195	490	710	33,855	15,815	18,035
Algonquian languages	995	410	585	30,630	14,505	16,125
Blackfoot	10	10	0	15	15	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	225	100	130	6,560	3,160	3,395
Atikamekw	0	0	0	10	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Moose Cree	0	0	0	145	70	75
Naskapi	0	0	0	25	10	10
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	65	25	45
Plains Cree	55	30	25	105	50	50
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	45	15	30	605	255	350
Woods Cree	20	15	0	45	25	25
Cree, n.o.s.	100	45	60	5,620	2,760	2,865
Eastern Algonquian languages	45	20	25	180	95	85
Malecite	0	0	0	20	20	0
Mi'kmaq	45	20	25	160	75	85
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	725	285	435	23,980	11,285	12,690
Algonquin	15	0	10	205	95	105
Ojibway	690	280	415	16,220	7,600	8,630
Oji-Cree	0	0	10	7,515	3,585	3,935
Ottawa (Odawa)	15	10	10	200	105	100
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	85	40	50
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	85	25	65
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	0	15	80	25	55
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	10	0	10
Chilcotin	0	0	0	10	0	10
Dene	15	0	10	45	20	30
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	10	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	30	10	20	840	320	525
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuktitut	20	10	15	730	285	445
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	105	35	70
Iroquoian languages	85	40	50	1,940	810	1,125
Cayuga	0	0	0	120	35	85
Mohawk	70	30	40	1,625	710	915
Oneida	10	0	10	180	55	125
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	25	25
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	20	10	10	180	65	110
Salish languages	10	0	0	10	0	10
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Siouan languages	10	0	10	40	10	30
Dakota	10	0	0	20	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	0	15
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0	10	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	10	0	10	10	0	10
Wakashan languages	10	0	0	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	10
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	210	100	110
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,152,680	1,503,210	1,649,475	4,397,690	2,099,820	2,297,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	213,065	107,025	106,040	362,645	183,050	179,595
Berber languages	245	135	110	925	505	415
Kabyle	75	40	40	530	280	255
Berber languages, n.i.e.	175	95	80	390	225	165
Cushitic languages	20,520	8,955	11,565	34,160	15,155	19,000
Bilen	85	50	35	355	200	160
Oromo	1,395	600	800	2,075	905	1,175
Somali	19,030	8,280	10,750	31,535	13,925	17,610
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	85	30	50	370	170	205
Semitic languages	193,560	98,565	94,995	330,315	168,750	161,570
Amharic	11,485	5,350	6,135	16,010	7,565	8,445
Arabic	127,595	65,960	61,625	246,015	127,015	119,000
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	12,225	5,975	6,255	17,825	8,775	9,050
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,180	1,085	1,090	6,185	3,045	3,140
Harari	1,270	640	635	1,310	660	645
Hebrew	38,340	19,560	18,780	43,255	22,165	21,090
Maltese	4,865	2,365	2,500	7,020	3,455	3,570
Tigrigna	5,975	2,790	3,180	9,385	4,320	5,065
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,130	555	575	1,985	1,010	975
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	740	340	405	1,125	535	590
Austro-Asiatic languages	66,875	30,690	36,185	99,830	46,210	53,620
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,165	1,835	2,330	10,045	4,490	5,550
Vietnamese	62,985	29,005	33,985	90,265	41,965	48,300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	35	60	10	50
Austronesian languages	208,410	83,040	125,370	249,435	98,295	151,150
Bikol	585	260	330	755	340	425
Cebuano	7,515	3,035	4,485	9,475	3,650	5,830
Fijian	50	20	30	110	40	65
Hiligaynon	2,550	1,010	1,530	3,110	1,205	1,910
Ilocano	12,800	5,040	7,765	15,235	5,940	9,295
Malagasy	90	45	45	215	115	100
Malay	7,440	3,410	4,030	9,780	4,500	5,280
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,650	740	910	1,935	855	1,080
Pangasinan	450	200	255	565	245	320
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	195,790	77,565	118,225	232,935	91,110	141,820
Waray-Waray	315	100	220	410	125	285
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,305	545	765	1,785	755	1,030
Creole languages	17,315	7,775	9,535	30,260	13,525	16,735
Haitian Creole	690	305	385	1,430	605	830
Creole, n.o.s.	9,350	4,200	5,150	19,375	8,480	10,895
Creole languages, n.i.e.	7,430	3,325	4,100	9,685	4,525	5,155
Dravidian languages	178,705	88,885	89,815	196,315	97,975	98,335
Kannada	4,525	2,280	2,245	5,775	2,930	2,845
Malayalam	17,550	8,910	8,640	22,880	11,535	11,345
Tamil	147,970	72,895	75,075	157,700	77,975	79,730
Telugu	13,780	7,530	6,255	16,315	8,925	7,390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	435	230	210	495	250	240
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	545	265	280
Indo-European languages	1,793,870	873,140	920,730	2,608,060	1,265,535	1,342,525
Albanian	15,415	7,700	7,710	22,375	11,180	11,195
Armenian	15,310	7,310	7,995	18,435	8,860	9,575
Balto-Slavic languages	307,305	143,315	163,990	473,565	221,450	252,120
Baltic languages	6,420	2,625	3,790	10,545	4,495	6,050
Latvian	2,670	1,135	1,535	4,675	2,070	2,610
Lithuanian	3,750	1,495	2,260	5,875	2,430	3,445
Slavic languages	302,600	141,410	161,190	465,170	217,885	247,285
Belarusan	955	505	450	1,360	680	680
Bosnian	4,420	2,145	2,275	9,915	4,905	5,010
Bulgarian	8,080	3,960	4,120	10,410	5,060	5,350
Croatian	24,285	11,845	12,440	46,580	22,880	23,700
Czech	6,510	3,095	3,415	14,045	6,615	7,430
Macedonian	17,550	8,435	9,115	21,505	10,365	11,140
Polish	86,300	39,470	46,830	142,985	65,415	77,575
Russian	111,515	51,750	59,760	138,735	64,355	74,380
Serbian	28,010	13,900	14,115	53,250	26,725	26,525
Serbo-Croatian	2,910	1,415	1,500	5,815	2,845	2,965
Slovak	6,205	2,860	3,350	12,035	5,550	6,490
Slovene (Slovenian)	4,610	2,065	2,540	7,935	3,550	4,390
Ukrainian	39,275	17,675	21,605	54,615	24,125	30,490
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	680	390	290	1,750	935	815
Celtic languages	2,040	1,045	995	3,800	1,880	1,920
Scottish Gaelic	720	365	350	1,480	720	765
Welsh	260	115	140	685	300	390
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	1,065	570	500	1,650	870	785
Germanic languages	84,965	40,310	44,655	274,305	130,610	143,700
Afrikaans	4,450	2,170	2,285	7,360	3,625	3,735
Danish	2,200	985	1,210	5,440	2,455	2,980
Dutch	13,180	6,145	7,030	63,410	29,875	33,535
Frisian	265	115	150	1,655	820	835
German	57,165	27,260	29,905	189,035	90,730	98,305
Icelandic	150	55	85	285	130	155
Norwegian	1,005	490	515	2,140	975	1,165
Swedish	2,620	1,200	1,420	5,125	2,345	2,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	290	115	170	2,275	1,050	1,225
Yiddish	6,530	3,210	3,320	7,175	3,535	3,640
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	40	50	3,290	1,645	1,645
Greek	61,935	30,450	31,485	80,690	40,105	40,590
Indo-Iranian languages	773,455	390,400	383,055	915,765	463,175	452,585
Indo-Aryan languages	646,525	326,940	319,590	759,390	384,940	374,450
Bengali	49,050	24,905	24,145	59,685	30,420	29,265
Gujarati	88,455	44,230	44,225	103,890	52,380	51,510
Hindi	209,850	106,625	103,225	250,095	127,765	122,335
Kashmiri	495	255	240	600	300	300
Konkani	5,055	2,305	2,755	5,490	2,515	2,975
Marathi	8,725	4,505	4,220	10,360	5,380	4,980
Nepali	6,415	3,170	3,245	10,245	5,115	5,135
Oriya (Odia)	930	440	485	1,090	515	570
Punjabi (Panjabi)	244,900	125,760	119,140	282,065	145,050	137,015
Sindhi	9,805	4,605	5,200	11,515	5,385	6,130
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15,530	7,770	7,765	18,555	9,230	9,330
Urdu	197,805	100,140	97,675	231,500	117,305	114,190
Iranian languages	132,425	66,075	66,345	163,490	81,710	81,785
Kurdish	3,875	2,205	1,675	8,795	4,755	4,040
Pashto	11,515	6,115	5,400	15,315	8,145	7,170
Persian (Farsi)	121,440	60,310	61,130	145,465	72,275	73,190
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	3,600	1,950	1,650	4,665	2,495	2,175
Italic (Romance) languages	572,510	271,405	301,105	880,330	418,225	462,105
Catalan	320	165	150	515	275	240
Italian	222,755	106,620	116,135	333,645	161,190	172,455
Portuguese	133,265	64,015	69,245	193,520	93,885	99,635
Romanian	30,360	14,060	16,295	49,635	23,205	26,430
Spanish	209,375	97,670	111,705	337,615	156,040	181,580
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	670	335	340	1,355	745	605
Japanese	17,650	7,610	10,040	25,675	11,535	14,140
Kartvelian languages	1,465	740	725	1,555	775	780
Georgian	1,465	740	720	1,555	770	785
Korean	62,730	29,345	33,380	79,175	36,930	42,245
Mongolic languages	440	185	255	515	225	285
Mongolian	440	190	255	515	225	285
Niger-Congo languages	48,715	23,215	25,500	70,570	33,620	36,945
Akan (Twi)	13,850	6,425	7,425	15,950	7,520	8,435
Bamanankan	220	120	100	385	195	185
Edo	1,915	835	1,080	2,130	930	1,195
Ewe	525	270	255	880	435	445
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	480	240	240	700	320	375
Ga	1,025	495	530	1,340	645	695
Ganda	860	415	450	1,225	550	675
Igbo	2,995	1,480	1,510	4,025	2,105	1,920
Lingala	2,205	975	1,235	4,885	2,165	2,720
Rundi (Kirundi)	590	275	320	2,555	1,080	1,475
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	750	325	425	2,220	885	1,330
Shona	1,220	540	680	2,350	1,055	1,300
Swahili	10,525	5,210	5,315	16,750	8,110	8,640
Wolof	425	185	235	730	355	375
Yoruba	8,105	4,055	4,055	10,495	5,345	5,150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,620	3,065	3,545	11,210	5,255	5,950
Nilo-Saharan languages	510	295	215	2,025	1,020	1,010
Dinka	85	60	20	415	220	200
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	425	230	195	1,615	805	810
Sign languages	6,575	2,755	3,820	18,865	7,645	11,220
American Sign Language	3,895	1,435	2,460	10,220	3,695	6,525
Quebec Sign Language	15	0	10	235	60	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,365	1,405	8,690	4,005	4,680
Sino-Tibetan languages	584,845	274,435	310,410	689,145	324,575	364,565
Chinese languages	577,725	270,930	306,800	679,170	319,635	359,530
Cantonese	308,185	143,230	164,955	341,875	159,280	182,600
Hakka	7,205	3,155	4,045	7,865	3,445	4,420
Mandarin	315,835	146,905	168,925	385,395	179,890	205,510
Min Dong	710	290	425	810	330	480
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	14,050	6,310	7,740	16,980	7,650	9,330
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,965	3,245	3,720	8,305	3,860	4,440
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,660	5,290	6,365	16,455	7,710	8,745
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	135	75	60	185	95	90
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,505	3,715	3,785	10,460	5,200	5,260
Burmese	1,340	610	730	2,215	1,055	1,165
Karenic languages	245	110	135	1,820	905	920
Tibetan	5,490	2,740	2,750	5,695	2,845	2,850
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	505	295	215	1,245	645	605
Tai-Kadai languages	5,090	2,210	2,885	11,120	4,945	6,180
Lao	2,825	1,335	1,485	6,740	3,215	3,520
Thai	2,555	995	1,555	5,195	2,065	3,135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	30	10	20
Turkic languages	24,805	12,900	11,900	33,335	17,310	16,025
Azerbaijani	2,665	1,355	1,310	3,260	1,710	1,550
Turkish	20,855	10,895	9,960	27,850	14,510	13,340
Uyghur	490	230	260	700	350	345
Uzbek	815	440	375	1,405	700	705
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	560	270	295	915	450	465
Uralic languages	28,445	12,950	15,495	58,370	27,060	31,310
Estonian	3,045	1,335	1,710	4,785	2,155	2,625
Finnish	2,850	1,230	1,620	11,145	4,865	6,280
Hungarian	22,615	10,395	12,215	42,545	20,070	22,480
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,220	1,130	3,675	1,950	1,725
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	5,427,650	2,647,135	2,780,520	12,223,065	5,987,360	6,235,705
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,168,090	599,370	568,720	2,546,075	1,305,820	1,240,255
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	4,259,560	2,047,765	2,211,795	9,676,990	4,681,540	4,995,445
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	737,950	350,855	387,095	1,019,095	484,880	534,215
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,610	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	3,270,330	1,634,580	1,635,755	9,188,815	4,555,270	4,633,545
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	2,756,645	1,294,280	1,462,365	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Before 1981	634,265	295,550	338,710	1,077,745	507,500	570,240
1981 to 1990	377,295	180,415	196,875	513,995	246,235	267,755
1991 to 2000	647,110	302,230	344,880	834,510	390,315	444,195
2001 to 2010	737,850	345,745	392,105	953,730	446,895	506,835
2001 to 2005	384,620	181,205	203,415	490,560	230,950	259,610
2006 to 2010	353,235	164,540	188,695	463,170	215,945	247,225
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	360,130	170,340	189,790	472,170	223,715	248,450
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	138,625	69,130	69,500	201,200	102,305	98,895
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	2,756,650	1,294,285	1,462,365	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,485
Under 5 years	231,670	115,375	116,290	369,955	184,255	185,705
5 to 14 years	461,170	232,220	228,950	685,085	345,865	339,225
15 to 24 years	600,970	266,960	334,005	855,475	381,025	474,450
25 to 44 years	1,172,935	550,180	622,750	1,579,500	741,340	838,160
45 years and over	289,905	129,540	160,365	362,130	162,180	199,945
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	2,756,645	1,294,280	1,462,365	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Americas	423,325	187,835	235,490	598,950	265,930	333,025
Brazil	10,790	5,005	5,785	14,705	6,700	8,010
Colombia	17,430	7,990	9,440	28,815	13,085	15,730
El Salvador	11,190	5,575	5,610	20,920	10,165	10,750
Guyana	71,305	31,565	39,740	79,745	35,325	44,420
Haiti	2,715	1,280	1,435	10,195	4,410	5,785
Jamaica	103,900	43,615	60,285	119,840	51,320	68,525
Mexico	11,580	5,130	6,450	30,075	13,895	16,185
Peru	8,210	3,640	4,570	10,550	4,660	5,895
Trinidad and Tobago	45,025	19,965	25,060	52,810	23,515	29,300
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	48,625	22,570	26,050	109,005	47,170	61,830
Other places of birth in Americas	92,565	41,515	51,050	122,280	55,685	66,600
Europe	637,680	301,330	336,350	1,144,295	546,250	598,050
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,835	4,890	4,945	21,300	10,655	10,645
Croatia	12,390	5,940	6,445	27,330	13,495	13,835
France	7,080	3,340	3,745	13,385	6,310	7,070
Germany	24,145	11,355	12,790	63,460	29,685	33,775
Greece	28,470	13,915	14,555	36,575	18,225	18,350
Hungary	12,310	5,625	6,685	22,085	10,495	11,590
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	8,670	4,195	4,480	15,275	7,415	7,860
Italy	104,795	51,175	53,625	157,815	78,510	79,305
Netherlands	8,945	4,365	4,580	47,400	23,910	23,490
Poland	59,130	26,505	32,625	96,000	43,155	52,845
Portugal	70,280	33,840	36,445	103,025	50,240	52,785
Romania	26,060	11,880	14,180	42,720	19,720	23,000
Russian Federation	34,575	14,940	19,635	42,980	18,540	24,440
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	13,395	6,500	6,895	23,695	11,610	12,085
Ukraine	32,310	14,790	17,520	39,945	18,150	21,795
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	109,500	52,190	57,315	264,125	125,730	138,390
Other places of birth in Europe	75,770	35,885	39,890	127,190	60,395	66,790
Africa	155,780	75,140	80,640	226,770	109,585	117,185
Algeria	1,250	650	600	2,925	1,480	1,450
Egypt	25,190	13,075	12,115	34,510	18,000	16,510
Ethiopia	10,950	5,000	5,945	15,570	7,230	8,340
Kenya	11,475	5,250	6,230	14,940	6,910	8,025
Morocco	3,545	1,745	1,795	5,485	2,690	2,795
Nigeria	16,770	8,310	8,460	20,630	10,285	10,345
Somalia	10,880	4,370	6,510	16,970	6,845	10,125
South Africa, Republic of	13,525	6,610	6,915	19,390	9,545	9,840
Other places of birth in Africa	62,195	30,125	32,065	96,355	46,610	49,745
Asia	1,532,405	726,320	806,075	1,869,805	886,570	983,240
Afghanistan	26,255	13,140	13,115	33,145	16,490	16,655
Bangladesh	32,785	16,525	16,265	39,410	19,970	19,440
China^{Census data footnote 59}	268,750	122,405	146,345	317,225	143,705	173,515
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	100,505	47,180	53,325	108,030	50,945	57,090
India	309,810	154,460	155,350	360,540	179,950	180,590
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	74,815	37,315	37,505	86,810	43,445	43,360
Iraq	29,080	14,555	14,525	50,390	25,280	25,115
Japan	5,935	1,910	4,030	8,145	2,550	5,585
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	46,045	21,475	24,570	57,085	26,660	30,425
Lebanon	13,865	7,450	6,415	34,545	18,145	16,405
Pakistan	121,215	61,240	59,970	142,265	71,925	70,345
Philippines	194,840	79,755	115,085	231,760	93,730	138,030
Sri Lanka	103,020	50,290	52,730	109,855	53,640	56,215
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	10,820	5,450	5,370	22,680	11,405	11,270
Taiwan	15,090	6,565	8,525	17,840	7,775	10,065
Viet Nam	59,405	26,825	32,580	80,525	36,545	43,985
Other places of birth in Asia	120,165	59,790	60,375	169,555	84,400	85,160
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	7,460	3,655	3,810	12,330	6,330	5,990
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	360,130	170,340	189,790	472,170	223,720	248,450
Americas	41,650	19,910	21,745	60,700	29,005	31,700
Brazil	2,590	1,220	1,375	3,180	1,505	1,675
Colombia	2,680	1,265	1,415	4,520	2,005	2,520
Cuba	1,225	550	680	1,950	910	1,045
Haiti	905	440	465	2,575	1,140	1,435
Jamaica	7,520	3,960	3,555	8,935	4,840	4,090
Mexico	3,065	1,455	1,615	5,670	2,745	2,925
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	8,300	4,180	4,115	14,635	7,225	7,405
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,900	885	1,015	2,460	1,120	1,340
Other places of birth in Americas	13,470	5,955	7,510	16,775	7,510	9,265
Europe	32,055	15,700	16,355	45,295	22,250	23,045
France	1,400	680	720	2,010	1,025	985
Germany	925	495	430	1,695	885	805
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,515	955	565	1,900	1,185	715
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	780	365	415	880	400	480
Romania	1,520	605	915	2,425	995	1,430
Russian Federation	3,930	1,430	2,505	4,905	1,790	3,115
Ukraine	3,665	1,690	1,980	4,455	2,005	2,445
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	4,155	2,475	1,675	7,780	4,515	3,265
Other places of birth in Europe	14,170	7,005	7,155	19,245	9,450	9,795
Africa	25,155	12,370	12,780	39,380	19,045	20,330
Algeria	205	90	110	415	180	240
Cameroon	815	355	455	1,390	640	750
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	590	265	325	1,835	845	990
Côte d'Ivoire	300	145	155	605	245	360
Egypt	6,100	3,165	2,935	8,220	4,290	3,935
Eritrea	1,060	525	540	2,055	1,010	1,045
Ethiopia	1,660	750	915	2,505	1,115	1,385
Morocco	365	140	225	655	275	375
Nigeria	4,885	2,390	2,500	5,910	2,895	3,015
Somalia	1,150	550	595	2,065	965	1,100
South Africa, Republic of	855	455	400	1,410	715	695
Tunisia	130	90	40	310	155	150
Other places of birth in Africa	7,040	3,445	3,600	12,010	5,715	6,295
Asia	259,925	121,565	138,365	324,820	152,205	172,615
Afghanistan	4,630	2,315	2,315	5,785	2,845	2,945
Bangladesh	6,910	3,420	3,485	8,180	4,055	4,125
China^{Census data footnote 59}	50,140	22,300	27,845	58,840	26,025	32,815
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,825	730	1,095	1,985	800	1,190
India	59,255	29,760	29,495	69,325	35,060	34,265
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	18,720	9,065	9,655	21,225	10,300	10,930
Iraq	8,270	4,115	4,155	14,645	7,315	7,330
Israel	1,630	855	775	2,050	1,085	970
Japan	985	265	720	1,385	370	1,015
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,910	2,225	2,680	6,320	2,855	3,470
Lebanon	1,440	780	665	3,230	1,685	1,545
Nepal	2,430	1,240	1,190	3,395	1,725	1,665
Pakistan	22,005	10,770	11,230	25,435	12,425	13,015
Philippines	43,850	18,045	25,800	53,190	21,740	31,450
Saudi Arabia	2,200	1,130	1,080	3,140	1,615	1,530
Sri Lanka	7,505	3,285	4,220	8,185	3,580	4,605
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	5,455	2,840	2,610	12,710	6,590	6,120
Taiwan	775	310	465	1,015	435	580
Turkey	2,060	1,150	905	2,590	1,440	1,145
United Arab Emirates	3,390	1,705	1,685	4,290	2,230	2,055
Viet Nam	2,670	1,045	1,625	3,885	1,520	2,365
Other places of birth in Asia	8,875	4,210	4,665	13,995	6,505	7,485
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	1,335	790	545	1,980	1,215	765
Australia	1,040	645	400	1,535	965	565
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	300	145	150	445	250	200
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	2,928,005	1,380,235	1,547,765	4,122,840	1,953,095	2,169,740
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	1,742,215	877,670	864,545	3,049,835	1,525,300	1,524,540
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	1,495,380	740,080	755,300	6,069,485	2,993,845	3,075,640
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	2,158,735	1,016,170	1,142,565	2,825,480	1,331,730	1,493,750
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	1,077,315	532,750	544,560	1,364,380	677,695	686,685
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	429,475	265,070	164,400	540,795	338,460	202,335
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	647,840	267,680	380,160	823,580	339,240	484,350
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	728,110	297,705	430,410	940,405	382,890	557,520
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	323,445	172,100	151,345	482,665	253,750	228,910
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	29,865	13,615	16,250	38,035	17,400	20,640
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	54,125	25,590	28,530	374,395	179,970	194,420
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	51,180	24,100	27,080	361,125	173,685	187,445
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	32,170	15,025	17,145	236,680	112,840	123,845
Métis	18,185	8,690	9,495	120,585	59,015	61,570
Inuk (Inuit)	825	390	435	3,860	1,835	2,030
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	1,290	595	690	5,730	2,680	3,045
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	1,655	895	760	7,540	3,615	3,930
Non-Aboriginal identity	6,111,475	2,972,395	3,139,080	12,867,765	6,292,265	6,575,500
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	6,165,600	2,997,990	3,167,615	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	16,930	7,945	8,985	170,895	81,560	89,335
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	6,148,665	2,990,040	3,158,630	13,071,265	6,390,680	6,680,585
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,610	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	8,525	3,885	4,635	112,875	54,840	58,035
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	8,325	3,795	4,525	111,575	54,180	57,395
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	6,445	2,910	3,530	97,430	47,130	50,305
Métis single ancestry	1,755	840	915	12,925	6,490	6,435
Inuit single ancestry	130	50	80	1,220	565	655
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	200	90	110	1,295	665	640
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	145	65	75	1,055	545	510
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	25	10	15	145	70	75
Métis and Inuit ancestries	15	0	10	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	10	10	30	20	10
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	77,800	36,665	41,130	405,425	192,320	213,100
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	75,720	35,670	40,050	395,205	187,695	207,510
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	57,060	26,935	30,130	276,920	130,810	146,110
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	17,560	8,205	9,355	113,785	54,830	58,955
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,100	520	570	4,500	2,050	2,450
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	2,080	1,000	1,080	10,215	4,620	5,590
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,800	850	950	9,305	4,205	5,100
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	175	90	85	595	290	305
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	95	55	40	300	125	170
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	15	0	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	6,079,275	2,957,430	3,121,845	12,723,865	6,225,080	6,498,785
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	3,065,110	1,475,720	1,589,385	3,885,585	1,878,075	2,007,505
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	986,160	497,590	488,570	1,150,415	582,010	568,400
Chinese	636,045	302,585	333,460	754,550	359,230	395,315
Black	461,500	214,100	247,395	627,715	296,270	331,445
Filipino	258,755	110,640	148,120	311,675	132,440	179,230
Latin American	134,630	64,625	70,000	195,950	93,645	102,310
Arab	107,465	55,845	51,620	210,435	109,585	100,850
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	83,575	39,230	44,350	133,855	63,255	70,605
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	125,205	62,610	62,595	154,670	77,385	77,280
Korean	70,160	33,450	36,715	88,935	42,445	46,495
Japanese	21,380	9,355	12,025	30,830	13,595	17,235
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	80,105	37,420	42,680	97,970	46,105	51,860
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	100,115	48,265	51,855	128,585	62,105	66,485
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	3,100,495	1,522,265	1,578,230	9,356,575	4,594,165	4,762,410
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	6,165,600	2,997,985	3,167,615	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
North American Aboriginal origins	86,320	40,555	45,770	518,300	247,160	271,135
First Nations (North American Indian)	65,675	30,875	34,795	385,505	183,075	202,430
Inuit	1,560	740	815	6,870	3,150	3,720
Métis	21,390	10,035	11,355	137,485	66,245	71,235
Other North American origins	890,400	441,050	449,350	3,220,595	1,585,255	1,635,340
Acadian	4,665	2,295	2,370	16,580	8,135	8,450
American	52,945	25,715	27,230	140,165	67,480	72,690
Canadian	847,465	420,100	427,365	3,109,770	1,531,645	1,578,125
New Brunswicker	105	70	35	320	190	125
Newfoundlander	3,860	1,960	1,900	10,850	5,520	5,325
Nova Scotian	670	325	345	1,485	685	800
Ontarian	695	395	300	2,165	1,085	1,075
Québécois	1,725	885	840	5,390	2,730	2,665
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	250	135	115	675	375	300
European origins	2,976,435	1,449,425	1,527,010	8,151,470	3,978,900	4,172,570
British Isles origins	1,453,875	708,915	744,960	4,900,430	2,380,595	2,519,835
Channel Islander	455	235	225	1,120	530	590
Cornish	210	105	105	755	370	385
English	829,660	404,155	425,505	2,808,805	1,357,650	1,451,160
Irish	613,845	292,610	321,235	2,095,460	991,625	1,103,835
Manx	910	495	415	2,450	1,320	1,130
Scottish	615,415	297,395	318,025	2,107,295	1,016,260	1,091,030
Welsh	63,700	30,410	33,285	198,475	94,555	103,920
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	118,795	56,595	62,200	323,185	152,525	170,660
French origins	280,315	132,865	147,450	1,350,520	643,360	707,160
Alsatian	355	130	220	1,235	495	740
Breton	55	35	20	290	175	120
Corsican	55	30	30	205	125	85
French	279,965	132,705	147,255	1,349,255	642,790	706,470
Western European origins (except French origins)	438,815	213,090	225,725	1,766,975	864,010	902,970
Austrian	32,295	15,750	16,550	72,475	35,415	37,065
Bavarian	160	65	95	450	225	230
Belgian	10,695	4,965	5,730	57,890	28,460	29,430
Dutch	114,480	55,130	59,350	527,750	259,585	268,165
Flemish	955	480	480	4,005	2,005	1,995
Frisian	435	250	190	2,705	1,400	1,305
German	298,670	145,360	153,305	1,189,670	579,315	610,355
Luxembourger	310	150	165	915	500	415
Swiss	15,915	8,000	7,915	59,835	29,395	30,440
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	550	260	285	1,095	560	530
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	75,360	36,240	39,120	266,085	127,885	138,195
Danish	16,980	8,390	8,590	53,555	26,355	27,195
Finnish	17,505	8,140	9,370	76,755	36,955	39,800
Icelandic	4,450	2,210	2,240	13,215	6,325	6,895
Norwegian	17,730	8,635	9,095	59,335	28,350	30,980
Swedish	20,370	9,430	10,945	71,035	32,705	38,325
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	3,805	1,805	2,005	12,540	6,400	6,140
Eastern European origins	626,465	298,640	327,830	1,339,610	644,610	695,000
Bulgarian	11,420	5,655	5,765	16,750	8,230	8,525
Byelorussian	8,405	4,140	4,265	11,690	5,645	6,045
Czech	17,435	8,415	9,020	42,340	20,815	21,530
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	4,980	2,355	2,630	14,810	6,820	7,990
Estonian	8,020	3,820	4,200	15,075	7,255	7,825
Hungarian	63,320	30,715	32,605	163,500	79,850	83,655
Latvian	9,945	4,665	5,275	18,095	8,615	9,480
Lithuanian	20,030	9,605	10,420	35,100	16,965	18,135
Moldovan	3,045	1,560	1,490	3,905	1,910	1,995
Polish	249,230	118,935	130,300	523,490	251,575	271,910
Romanian	51,845	24,690	27,150	98,235	46,825	51,410
Russian	142,520	66,315	76,205	220,850	103,650	117,200
Slovak	15,325	7,415	7,915	40,535	19,645	20,885
Ukrainian	155,850	74,695	81,150	376,440	181,725	194,715
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	7,350	3,450	3,905	10,330	4,940	5,390
Southern European origins	1,016,050	501,945	514,100	1,772,160	880,335	891,830
Albanian	17,790	8,975	8,810	25,980	13,085	12,895
Bosnian	6,645	3,250	3,395	14,680	7,255	7,425
Catalan	165	105	60	285	180	110
Croatian	38,560	19,280	19,275	82,220	41,350	40,875
Cypriot	2,695	1,325	1,370	4,400	2,170	2,230
Greek	103,175	51,765	51,415	148,555	74,830	73,720
Italian	497,450	248,620	248,830	931,805	467,100	464,705
Kosovar	505	260	245	1,305	655	650
Macedonian	30,255	15,190	15,060	39,440	19,820	19,625
Maltese	21,040	10,295	10,745	35,255	17,525	17,730
Montenegrin	1,480	705	775	2,545	1,295	1,250
Portuguese	212,190	103,565	108,630	324,930	160,970	163,960
Serbian	33,860	17,065	16,795	66,835	34,035	32,800
Sicilian	1,755	885	870	4,190	2,090	2,100
Slovenian	13,615	6,820	6,800	26,485	13,215	13,275
Spanish	110,580	51,650	58,925	171,145	78,880	92,265
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	7,355	3,570	3,785	20,245	9,785	10,460
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	515	210	305	965	425	540
Other European origins	73,765	36,970	36,795	105,865	53,050	52,820
Basque	865	420	450	1,585	805	780
Jewish	59,740	30,040	29,700	77,280	38,860	38,425
Roma (Gypsy)	1,235	575	660	2,295	1,050	1,245
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	1,040	555	485	2,065	1,110	955
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	11,350	5,610	5,745	23,290	11,540	11,750
Caribbean origins	364,700	165,915	198,785	462,600	213,660	248,940
Antiguan	2,590	1,155	1,435	3,275	1,480	1,800
Bahamian	1,375	705	675	2,305	1,190	1,115
Barbadian	19,865	9,065	10,805	26,625	12,375	14,250
Bermudan	1,040	485	550	2,010	925	1,085
Carib	1,975	695	1,275	2,295	855	1,440
Cuban	9,560	4,335	5,225	14,490	6,625	7,865
Dominican	6,615	3,125	3,490	9,180	4,420	4,760
Grenadian	12,970	5,580	7,390	14,690	6,420	8,275
Guadeloupean	40	15	30	70	20	50
Haitian	5,430	2,555	2,875	17,715	8,085	9,630
Jamaican	210,990	96,185	114,805	257,060	119,100	137,955
Kittitian/Nevisian	1,920	905	1,010	2,260	1,090	1,175
Martinican	155	50	100	195	65	125
Montserratan	460	220	245	620	300	325
Puerto Rican	785	415	370	1,495	755	740
St. Lucian	5,690	2,500	3,195	7,170	3,195	3,985
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	47,350	21,810	25,540	59,560	27,850	31,710
Vincentian/Grenadinian	10,880	4,620	6,260	12,155	5,250	6,905
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	48,565	21,530	27,040	56,865	25,380	31,480
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	13,795	6,170	7,625	16,970	7,770	9,195
Latin, Central and South American origins	220,030	103,845	116,180	322,210	153,045	169,165
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	7,325	3,425	3,900	10,795	5,040	5,750
Arawak	780	340	445	1,055	470	585
Argentinian	8,410	4,075	4,340	11,460	5,620	5,840
Belizean	390	180	210	810	395	415
Bolivian	1,360	675	685	1,885	935	955
Brazilian	13,250	6,350	6,900	18,395	8,760	9,635
Chilean	10,735	5,150	5,580	14,625	7,015	7,610
Colombian	25,240	12,095	13,145	40,820	19,345	21,480
Costa Rican	1,805	930	870	2,790	1,380	1,410
Ecuadorian	17,795	8,390	9,405	20,385	9,650	10,735
Guatemalan	6,115	2,960	3,160	10,040	4,870	5,170
Guyanese	61,130	28,055	33,075	73,360	34,050	39,315
Hispanic	3,705	1,805	1,900	5,805	2,790	3,015
Honduran	1,785	830	950	3,360	1,590	1,765
Maya	1,185	590	600	2,500	1,285	1,215
Mexican	20,480	9,570	10,905	43,120	20,735	22,380
Nicaraguan	3,725	1,795	1,935	7,100	3,440	3,665
Panamanian	1,905	820	1,080	2,475	1,125	1,355
Paraguayan	320	145	175	600	280	320
Peruvian	10,905	5,075	5,830	14,780	6,985	7,800
Salvadorean	15,270	7,545	7,725	27,595	13,530	14,070
Uruguayan	3,395	1,750	1,645	4,200	2,150	2,050
Venezuelan	8,585	3,960	4,630	11,750	5,320	6,430
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	9,420	4,590	4,840	14,095	6,745	7,350
African origins	274,125	133,800	140,330	414,095	203,260	210,835
Central and West African origins	60,375	29,860	30,515	85,735	42,745	42,990
Akan	720	415	305	965	540	425
Angolan	1,085	540	545	1,635	815	820
Ashanti	1,085	555	525	1,205	620	585
Beninese	370	190	185	555	280	270
Burkinabe	100	45	60	415	190	225
Cameroonian	2,700	1,330	1,365	4,700	2,330	2,370
Chadian	190	95	95	645	320	325
Congolese	4,275	2,075	2,205	10,425	4,960	5,460
Edo	945	495	445	1,025	545	480
Ewe	165	90	75	180	95	80
Gabonese	50	10	35	170	80	90
Gambian	555	260	295	630	305	330
Ghanaian	20,780	9,890	10,890	24,850	12,060	12,790
Guinean	695	360	335	1,105	550	560
Ibo	1,525	800	725	1,940	1,035	905
Ivorian	680	300	375	1,350	600	745
Liberian	305	135	175	770	365	405
Malian	280	145	135	490	250	240
Malinké	225	105	120	345	160	185
Nigerian	19,805	10,015	9,790	26,560	13,620	12,940
Peulh	65	40	20	135	80	55
Senegalese	540	280	260	1,000	500	495
Sierra Leonean	865	430	435	1,175	585	585
Togolese	315	205	105	670	370	300
Wolof	45	25	25	80	45	35
Yoruba	3,055	1,605	1,455	4,055	2,155	1,900
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	3,010	1,480	1,535	4,745	2,340	2,410
North African origins	54,675	28,110	26,565	86,665	44,970	41,695
Algerian	1,735	850	885	4,065	2,035	2,030
Berber	685	375	315	1,845	985	860
Coptic	1,845	940	900	2,305	1,185	1,120
Dinka	35	25	10	205	110	95
Egyptian	36,930	18,975	17,955	52,845	27,465	25,375
Libyan	1,375	735	635	3,785	2,015	1,760
Maure	240	130	105	290	160	125
Moroccan	8,675	4,490	4,180	12,305	6,310	6,000
Sudanese	3,775	1,845	1,930	8,975	4,600	4,375
Tunisian	1,110	595	510	2,295	1,210	1,085
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	895	475	430	1,755	920	830
Southern and East African origins	81,750	39,080	42,670	128,910	61,680	67,230
Afrikaner	340	175	165	560	285	275
Amhara	490	235	260	720	360	360
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	330	195	140	870	455	415
Burundian	785	420	365	3,105	1,465	1,640
Djiboutian	215	95	115	1,035	460	575
Eritrean	7,655	3,690	3,970	11,870	5,740	6,125
Ethiopian	16,110	7,725	8,385	22,560	10,755	11,800
Harari	460	250	210	475	255	215
Kenyan	4,075	1,895	2,180	5,860	2,780	3,080
Malagasy	180	75	105	430	200	230
Mauritian	2,855	1,470	1,385	3,600	1,830	1,770
Oromo	840	380	465	1,290	610	685
Rwandan	1,135	510	625	3,215	1,380	1,830
Seychellois	190	75	115	350	140	205
Somali	25,650	11,860	13,785	40,995	19,200	21,795
South African	12,455	6,280	6,175	19,760	9,790	9,970
Tanzanian	1,915	975	940	2,610	1,300	1,315
Tigrian	410	210	205	770	395	375
Ugandan	2,055	1,000	1,050	2,950	1,445	1,505
Zambian	425	215	215	805	410	395
Zimbabwean	1,875	875	995	3,425	1,595	1,830
Zulu	225	110	110	440	225	215
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	5,660	2,495	3,165	8,475	3,900	4,570
Other African origins	81,240	38,620	42,615	119,670	57,245	62,420
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	11,635	5,095	6,535	17,380	7,720	9,660
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	70,510	33,955	36,555	103,560	50,150	53,410
Asian origins	2,469,215	1,197,195	1,272,015	3,100,450	1,506,795	1,593,655
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	335,045	169,465	165,580	523,340	265,615	257,730
Afghan	43,305	21,735	21,570	54,535	27,255	27,280
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	23,810	12,320	11,490	44,705	23,345	21,360
Armenian	22,005	10,700	11,300	29,675	14,570	15,105
Assyrian	7,530	3,870	3,660	12,075	6,140	5,935
Azerbaijani	3,345	1,625	1,715	4,105	1,995	2,110
Georgian	2,375	1,220	1,160	2,815	1,415	1,395
Hazara	520	280	240	680	390	290
Iranian	97,660	49,065	48,590	117,065	58,995	58,065
Iraqi	28,895	14,505	14,385	50,460	25,420	25,035
Israeli	14,620	7,585	7,030	17,080	8,890	8,185
Jordanian	5,470	2,955	2,515	9,660	5,110	4,545
Kazakh	980	445	535	1,325	610	715
Kurd	4,390	2,355	2,040	9,210	4,880	4,330
Kuwaiti	375	215	160	1,510	795	715
Kyrgyz	260	90	170	340	130	210
Lebanese	30,540	15,475	15,070	86,245	43,700	42,545
Palestinian	16,005	8,640	7,365	28,480	15,215	13,270
Pashtun	2,125	1,180	945	3,010	1,635	1,375
Saudi Arabian	1,805	960	850	3,660	1,975	1,685
Syrian	16,450	8,015	8,435	31,440	15,570	15,870
Tajik	1,450	685	770	1,850	880	970
Tatar	1,810	775	1,040	2,135	930	1,205
Turk	23,365	11,840	11,525	34,165	17,340	16,825
Turkmen	410	205	200	695	345	355
Uighur	545	260	290	755	385	375
Uzbek	1,800	890	910	2,400	1,155	1,240
Yemeni	2,510	1,200	1,315	4,225	2,065	2,155
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	10,285	5,305	4,980	16,270	8,395	7,875
South Asian origins	1,010,270	507,255	503,010	1,182,845	595,480	587,370
Bangladeshi	23,725	12,120	11,605	29,195	14,965	14,230
Bengali	12,620	6,455	6,170	15,235	7,795	7,445
Bhutanese	150	80	65	1,450	710	735
East Indian	653,400	327,990	325,410	774,500	390,015	384,480
Goan	4,090	1,895	2,200	4,775	2,245	2,525
Gujarati	5,045	2,615	2,430	5,915	3,055	2,860
Kashmiri	1,405	735	670	1,795	900	895
Nepali	5,410	2,655	2,755	8,150	4,070	4,080
Pakistani	125,270	63,625	61,650	149,060	75,860	73,200
Punjabi	47,970	24,665	23,305	55,455	28,580	26,875
Sinhalese	4,085	1,990	2,095	5,195	2,545	2,645
Sri Lankan	116,195	56,715	59,475	124,270	60,685	63,585
Tamil	40,605	20,630	19,985	42,760	21,705	21,050
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	50,925	25,770	25,150	58,705	29,705	29,005
East and Southeast Asian origins	1,146,980	531,630	615,350	1,422,890	659,650	763,245
Burmese	2,240	980	1,260	4,420	2,105	2,315
Cambodian (Khmer)	6,235	2,910	3,330	14,655	6,810	7,845
Chinese	707,805	336,025	371,780	849,345	403,280	446,065
Filipino	279,435	120,465	158,970	337,760	144,830	192,930
Hmong	55	30	30	650	340	305
Indonesian	6,375	2,965	3,410	9,325	4,305	5,025
Japanese	28,960	12,820	16,145	41,620	18,530	23,090
Karen	265	120	150	1,645	830	815
Korean	73,905	35,210	38,695	93,420	44,585	48,835
Laotian	4,070	2,005	2,060	9,875	4,865	5,015
Malaysian	5,745	2,740	3,005	7,310	3,370	3,935
Mongolian	2,005	920	1,085	2,940	1,390	1,545
Singaporean	1,075	485	595	1,260	565	700
Taiwanese	8,045	3,645	4,395	10,060	4,595	5,465
Thai	3,505	1,360	2,145	6,865	2,725	4,135
Tibetan	6,035	3,030	3,010	6,365	3,175	3,185
Vietnamese	73,730	34,880	38,850	107,640	51,350	56,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	3,445	1,695	1,745	4,375	2,165	2,210
Other Asian origins	10,790	5,320	5,470	13,430	6,575	6,855
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	10,790	5,320	5,470	13,430	6,575	6,855
Oceania origins	10,235	5,195	5,040	20,680	10,435	10,240
Australian	6,300	3,295	3,000	13,315	6,780	6,530
New Zealander	2,045	1,070	975	4,250	2,255	2,000
Pacific Islands origins	2,125	985	1,150	3,490	1,625	1,860
Fijian	1,230	520	705	1,610	665	945
Hawaiian	250	125	120	470	235	240
Maori	190	100	85	485	255	230
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	115	45	70	275	115	165
Samoan	90	45	45	225	140	85
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	355	170	185	555	265	290
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Owner	1,508,050	...	...	3,601,825	...	...
Renter	741,635	...	...	1,559,720	...	...
Band housing	15	...	...	7,635	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
Condominium	451,480	...	...	680,495	...	...
Not condominium	1,798,220	...	...	4,488,680	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
No bedrooms	24,470	...	...	33,950	...	...
1 bedroom	392,455	...	...	699,980	...	...
2 bedrooms	471,420	...	...	1,122,145	...	...
3 bedrooms	675,530	...	...	1,876,905	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	685,825	...	...	1,436,185	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	769,935	...	...	1,369,660	...	...
5 rooms	305,120	...	...	718,020	...	...
6 rooms	298,100	...	...	770,730	...	...
7 rooms	268,285	...	...	713,595	...	...
8 or more rooms	608,260	...	...	1,597,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	2,249,700	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One person or fewer per room	2,155,575	...	...	5,046,810	...	...
More than 1 person per room	94,130	...	...	122,360	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	2,249,700	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Suitable	2,040,055	...	...	4,858,170	...	...
Not suitable	209,650	...	...	311,005	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
1960 or before	461,890	...	...	1,293,135	...	...
1961 to 1980	596,580	...	...	1,449,585	...	...
1981 to 1990	318,720	...	...	709,135	...	...
1991 to 2000	284,125	...	...	622,565	...	...
2001 to 2005	211,220	...	...	396,130	...	...
2006 to 2010	194,820	...	...	368,235	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	182,345	...	...	330,390	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	2,249,700	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	2,126,815	...	...	4,851,335	...	...
Major repairs needed	122,885	...	...	317,840	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 household maintainer	1,268,650	...	...	2,962,065	...	...
2 household maintainers	889,850	...	...	2,059,710	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	91,210	...	...	147,400	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	2,249,705	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
15 to 24 years	50,295	...	...	135,835	...	...
25 to 34 years	309,555	...	...	681,685	...	...
35 to 44 years	427,295	...	...	880,070	...	...
45 to 54 years	523,950	...	...	1,113,885	...	...
55 to 64 years	438,675	...	...	1,047,185	...	...
65 to 74 years	280,175	...	...	738,445	...	...
75 to 84 years	158,225	...	...	414,210	...	...
85 years and over	61,535	...	...	157,860	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	2,244,090	...	...	5,106,290	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,503,705	...	...	3,694,385	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	740,390	...	...	1,411,900	...	...
30% to less than 100%	614,715	...	...	1,208,010	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,505,930	...	...	3,557,485	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	63.5	...	...	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	26.1	...	...	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,643	...	...	1,299	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,741	...	...	1,463	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	601,801	...	...	400,496	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	718,283	...	...	506,409	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	741,470	...	...	1,554,940	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	14.7	...	...	15.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	47.0	...	...	45.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,205	...	...	1,045	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,258	...	...	1,109	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,435	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No certificate, diploma or degree	835,885	398,720	437,165	1,935,355	961,690	973,670
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,336,090	657,155	678,935	3,026,100	1,485,320	1,540,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,955,595	1,409,260	1,546,335	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,235
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	233,655	157,070	76,585	664,180	471,055	193,120
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	124,295	74,045	50,250	324,370	199,510	124,855
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	109,355	83,020	26,340	339,810	271,545	68,260
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	911,320	398,310	513,015	2,298,715	981,785	1,316,930
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	138,905	62,070	76,830	242,005	107,065	134,945
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,671,725	791,820	879,905	2,872,085	1,335,845	1,536,250
Bachelor's degree	1,108,835	509,125	599,705	1,911,530	854,135	1,057,395
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	110,490	50,230	60,260	189,370	83,670	105,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	45,720	22,855	22,870	79,760	42,295	37,460
Master's degree	358,270	180,120	178,150	593,645	294,180	299,470
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	48,405	29,490	18,920	97,790	61,560	36,230
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,453,070	1,658,085	1,794,995	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,495
No certificate, diploma or degree	330,455	168,305	162,150	752,995	404,770	348,225
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	763,495	383,035	380,460	1,768,955	895,020	873,935
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,359,120	1,106,740	1,252,385	4,707,165	2,198,830	2,508,335
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	159,805	106,765	53,045	446,390	315,975	130,420
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	85,460	50,660	34,800	218,980	134,685	84,295
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	74,340	56,100	18,240	227,410	181,290	46,120
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	713,845	310,985	402,860	1,782,530	762,505	1,020,030
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	104,165	46,160	58,005	170,925	75,935	94,995
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,381,310	642,835	738,475	2,307,320	1,044,420	1,262,895
Bachelor's degree	903,185	410,675	492,515	1,519,850	668,450	851,400
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	89,860	39,260	50,595	148,960	62,370	86,590
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	37,365	17,445	19,920	63,790	30,895	32,895
Master's degree	312,795	153,565	159,235	500,415	239,160	261,255
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	38,100	21,890	16,220	74,310	43,545	30,765
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	5,127,570	2,465,130	2,662,435	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	2,171,970	1,055,875	1,116,100	4,961,455	2,447,010	2,514,445
Education	152,070	31,295	120,780	349,745	79,245	270,505
13. Education	152,070	31,295	120,775	349,750	79,245	270,505
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	143,925	65,075	78,855	246,075	109,955	136,120
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	19,340	14,390	4,950	38,745	28,735	10,010
50. Visual and performing arts	124,590	50,685	73,905	207,325	81,220	126,110
Humanities	196,840	69,600	127,245	359,560	133,350	226,210
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	22,870	4,990	17,880	37,900	8,170	29,730
23. English language and literature/letters	55,685	15,720	39,965	98,440	28,290	70,145
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	58,975	19,690	39,280	95,345	32,940	62,410
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	955	430	525	2,165	805	1,365
38. Philosophy and religious studies	12,755	7,105	5,650	24,255	13,425	10,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	10,875	6,820	4,055	28,175	17,120	11,055
54. History	27,730	13,795	13,930	57,295	30,015	27,280
55. French language and literature/letters	7,000	1,050	5,950	15,990	2,590	13,400
Social and behavioural sciences and law	422,140	146,075	276,065	810,410	269,735	540,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	5,715	1,060	4,655	10,765	2,210	8,560
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	46,600	18,130	28,475	81,500	31,825	49,675
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	60,420	5,555	54,865	141,750	11,775	129,975
22. Legal professions and studies	73,180	27,680	45,500	128,860	45,275	83,590
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	7,085	1,590	5,495	16,210	3,400	12,815
42. Psychology	59,035	13,965	45,065	122,545	29,640	92,905
45. Social sciences	170,100	78,095	92,005	308,775	145,620	163,155
Business, management and public administration	710,290	316,185	394,110	1,279,665	527,085	752,580
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,450	550	900	2,725	895	1,830
44. Public administration and social service professions	44,090	8,915	35,175	108,935	21,405	87,530
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	664,745	306,720	358,025	1,168,005	504,780	663,225
Physical and life sciences and technologies	139,280	65,385	73,895	253,905	124,050	129,850
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	58,500	23,085	35,410	110,950	45,120	65,835
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	34,525	15,160	19,365	54,745	24,800	29,945
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	2,490	780	1,715	3,830	1,190	2,640
40. Physical sciences	38,775	24,610	14,160	72,355	48,145	24,205
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,995	1,745	3,245	12,025	4,795	7,235
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	172,415	111,640	60,775	290,045	185,310	104,730
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	133,530	91,695	41,830	220,550	150,765	69,790
25. Library science	6,160	1,010	5,150	15,220	2,450	12,770
27. Mathematics and statistics	29,965	17,020	12,945	49,025	28,515	20,515
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,760	1,915	845	5,235	3,580	1,655
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	512,040	443,510	68,535	1,173,030	1,055,050	117,985
04. Architecture and related services	31,495	20,350	11,140	51,845	34,590	17,265
14. Engineering	214,355	170,975	43,385	334,085	271,010	63,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	89,340	80,240	9,100	237,775	214,500	23,275
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	25	75	160	30	125
46. Construction trades	69,290	67,765	1,525	198,790	194,555	4,235
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	71,415	69,560	1,855	225,860	220,545	5,315
48. Precision production	36,050	34,595	1,455	124,515	119,820	4,695
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	33,130	17,945	15,185	106,895	67,015	39,880
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	19,660	11,120	8,545	66,035	41,790	24,240
03. Natural resources and conservation	13,470	6,825	6,640	40,860	25,230	15,635
Health and related fields	350,515	82,575	267,945	865,970	173,780	692,185
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	30,095	15,365	14,730	75,715	37,005	38,705
51. Health professions and related programs	307,835	60,640	247,200	767,680	124,280	643,400
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	12,585	6,570	6,015	22,575	12,490	10,075
Personal, protective and transportation services	122,605	59,890	62,710	340,285	170,915	169,375
12. Personal and culinary services	73,665	22,575	51,090	183,925	49,390	134,535
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	400	345	55	2,135	1,815	320
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	560	530	35	2,610	2,385	225
43. Security and protective services	31,600	21,895	9,700	98,325	68,625	29,695
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,380	14,540	1,840	53,290	48,695	4,595
Other	335	100	240	1,405	260	1,145
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	340	100	240	1,405	255	1,145
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,453,075	1,658,080	1,794,995	7,229,120	3,498,625	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,093,950	551,340	542,605	2,521,950	1,299,790	1,222,160
Education	111,515	22,360	89,150	243,635	52,670	190,965
13. Education	111,515	22,360	89,155	243,635	52,670	190,965
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	115,180	51,975	63,205	192,630	85,175	107,450
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	14,710	10,965	3,745	28,705	21,070	7,635
50. Visual and performing arts	100,465	41,010	59,455	163,925	64,105	99,815
Humanities	152,610	52,495	100,110	266,665	95,805	170,855
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	17,955	3,595	14,365	29,210	5,775	23,435
23. English language and literature/letters	43,250	11,900	31,350	73,110	20,225	52,885
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	46,590	15,100	31,485	72,145	24,330	47,815
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	755	350	405	1,665	615	1,045
38. Philosophy and religious studies	9,865	5,520	4,345	17,755	9,925	7,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	7,970	4,980	2,985	19,390	11,790	7,605
54. History	21,045	10,390	10,650	42,315	21,735	20,585
55. French language and literature/letters	5,180	650	4,525	11,075	1,415	9,655
Social and behavioural sciences and law	343,020	115,640	227,375	648,285	207,200	441,085
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,675	895	3,780	8,630	1,785	6,845
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	38,535	14,990	23,540	67,115	26,015	41,105
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	46,755	3,895	42,860	111,550	8,405	103,145
22. Legal professions and studies	62,345	21,545	40,805	108,895	34,250	74,650
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	5,560	1,305	4,260	12,875	2,705	10,170
42. Psychology	46,440	10,375	36,065	93,770	21,045	72,725
45. Social sciences	138,705	62,635	76,070	245,445	113,000	132,445
Business, management and public administration	586,770	256,525	330,245	1,026,975	414,425	612,550
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,225	450	770	2,225	715	1,510
44. Public administration and social service professions	35,730	7,150	28,580	88,130	16,590	71,540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	549,820	248,930	300,890	936,620	397,120	539,500
Physical and life sciences and technologies	106,185	48,100	58,085	190,235	88,535	101,700
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	44,740	17,110	27,635	84,580	33,150	51,425
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	26,645	11,315	15,325	41,255	18,020	23,240
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	2,045	655	1,390	3,135	975	2,165
40. Physical sciences	29,015	17,810	11,205	52,490	33,175	19,310
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,740	1,205	2,530	8,775	3,215	5,555
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	153,315	99,790	53,525	252,275	162,360	89,915
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	122,125	83,960	38,165	198,775	136,120	62,655
25. Library science	4,420	770	3,645	10,755	1,765	8,995
27. Mathematics and statistics	24,330	13,405	10,920	38,160	21,440	16,720
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,450	1,650	795	4,580	3,030	1,550
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	394,190	336,265	57,930	878,300	779,075	99,225
04. Architecture and related services	25,855	16,295	9,560	42,115	27,365	14,745
14. Engineering	175,000	137,235	37,760	266,040	211,240	54,800
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	66,985	59,980	7,005	178,830	160,160	18,675
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	95	20	75	140	25	115
46. Construction trades	50,050	48,900	1,150	141,515	138,160	3,360
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	51,840	50,495	1,345	162,855	158,770	4,080
48. Precision production	24,365	23,330	1,030	86,805	83,355	3,450
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	26,330	13,690	12,640	82,775	49,710	33,065
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	15,345	8,185	7,165	50,160	30,065	20,095
03. Natural resources and conservation	10,985	5,500	5,480	32,615	19,650	12,965
Health and related fields	276,985	64,810	212,175	664,880	133,665	531,220
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	22,850	11,585	11,265	58,160	27,950	30,205
51. Health professions and related programs	244,170	48,335	195,840	589,085	96,720	492,365
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	9,960	4,895	5,070	17,640	8,990	8,645
Personal, protective and transportation services	92,740	45,005	47,735	259,400	129,985	129,415
12. Personal and culinary services	55,105	16,430	38,670	137,250	36,225	101,030
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	290	245	45	1,685	1,405	280
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	270	255	20	1,415	1,270	145
43. Security and protective services	24,105	16,480	7,625	77,190	52,840	24,345
49. Transportation and materials moving	12,975	11,595	1,380	41,855	38,245	3,610
Other	280	75	205	1,125	220	900
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	280	80	200	1,125	225	900
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	5,127,565	2,465,135	2,662,430	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,171,970	1,055,875	1,116,100	4,961,460	2,447,010	2,514,445
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,955,595	1,409,260	1,546,335	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,240
Location of study inside Canada	2,030,770	958,975	1,071,795	4,786,950	2,261,260	2,525,690
Same as province or territory of residence	1,876,620	883,400	993,215	4,414,485	2,081,525	2,332,960
Different than province or territory of residence	154,150	75,570	78,585	372,470	179,735	192,730
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	924,825	450,290	474,540	1,290,035	634,485	655,545
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	87,045	47,790	39,255	167,260	89,350	77,910
Philippines	97,275	34,080	63,195	115,410	39,750	75,655
India	143,425	72,340	71,090	169,340	85,500	83,840
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	62,945	35,240	27,705	115,690	66,215	49,470
China^{Census data footnote 162}	79,715	37,720	41,995	98,415	46,230	52,185
France	6,770	3,685	3,085	10,775	5,800	4,975
Other	447,650	219,440	228,210	613,145	301,635	311,510
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,453,070	1,658,080	1,794,990	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,093,950	551,345	542,605	2,521,955	1,299,795	1,222,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,359,125	1,106,740	1,252,385	4,707,170	2,198,830	2,508,335
Location of study inside Canada	1,619,990	756,860	863,130	3,713,145	1,728,610	1,984,540
Same as province or territory of residence	1,497,405	696,605	800,805	3,432,015	1,593,170	1,838,850
Different than province or territory of residence	122,580	60,255	62,325	281,130	135,440	145,690
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	739,135	349,880	389,260	994,025	470,225	523,800
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	69,385	37,000	32,390	127,005	65,045	61,960
Philippines	82,075	28,300	53,775	97,230	32,925	64,300
India	123,205	60,375	62,825	143,205	70,040	73,175
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	38,455	21,100	17,350	62,325	34,315	28,010
China^{Census data footnote 162}	67,305	31,345	35,955	82,020	37,900	44,125
France	5,705	3,090	2,610	8,705	4,630	4,070
Other	353,015	168,670	184,345	473,530	225,365	248,160
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	5,127,570	2,465,135	2,662,435	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,680
In the labour force	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Employed	3,131,310	1,620,650	1,510,665	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,895
Unemployed	263,725	131,045	132,680	529,525	275,370	254,160
Not in the labour force	1,732,530	713,440	1,019,095	3,896,765	1,653,130	2,243,630
Participation rate	66.2	71.1	61.7	64.7	69.1	60.6
Employment rate	61.1	65.7	56.7	59.9	63.9	56.1
Unemployment rate	7.8	7.5	8.1	7.4	7.5	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	5,127,570	2,465,135	2,662,435	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	1,676,685	690,615	986,070	3,696,235	1,561,475	2,134,755
Worked	3,450,885	1,774,515	1,676,365	7,342,205	3,781,280	3,560,925
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,783,150	991,020	792,130	3,837,565	2,148,635	1,688,935
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,667,730	783,495	884,240	3,504,645	1,632,645	1,871,995
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.6	43.3	41.9	42.9	43.4	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,340	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,665	43,825	50,840	171,050	81,735	89,315
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,870	1,592,500	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
Employee	2,886,735	1,438,530	1,448,200	6,146,035	3,084,740	3,061,295
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	413,635	269,335	144,300	824,595	523,145	301,445
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,665	43,830	50,840	171,045	81,735	89,315
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,865	1,592,500	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
0 Management occupations	394,280	239,200	155,080	790,880	483,240	307,635
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	601,285	210,175	391,110	1,124,770	357,215	767,555
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	279,765	214,135	65,630	516,110	399,195	116,915
3 Health occupations	184,005	43,195	140,810	447,045	90,495	356,550
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	378,750	115,535	263,210	831,340	265,075	566,265
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	131,660	64,385	67,280	225,720	104,445	121,275
6 Sales and service occupations	773,450	355,335	418,115	1,632,085	709,375	922,710
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	374,450	348,325	26,125	927,820	866,870	60,950
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	26,040	20,920	5,120	113,405	88,150	25,260
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	156,695	96,670	60,030	361,455	243,835	117,620
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	3,395,035	1,751,695	1,643,345	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	94,670	43,825	50,840	171,050	81,730	89,315
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	3,300,370	1,707,870	1,592,505	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,650	6,355	4,300	102,070	67,005	35,070
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4,840	3,360	1,485	32,340	27,920	4,415
22 Utilities	21,020	14,710	6,315	50,820	38,195	12,630
23 Construction	202,820	176,825	25,995	476,835	419,600	57,230
31-33 Manufacturing	297,095	197,110	99,985	683,335	482,800	200,530
41 Wholesale trade	148,765	92,475	56,290	270,745	178,945	91,800
44-45 Retail trade	357,305	170,725	186,585	783,540	367,175	416,365
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	175,370	128,850	46,515	329,240	242,045	87,190
51 Information and cultural industries	111,260	64,370	46,885	176,715	101,045	75,670
52 Finance and insurance	256,030	122,265	133,765	380,765	169,590	211,180
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	85,340	45,945	39,400	144,275	77,385	66,890
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	349,475	196,515	152,960	567,825	316,685	251,140
55 Management of companies and enterprises	8,980	3,725	5,245	12,365	5,290	7,075
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	170,015	93,700	76,315	338,640	190,210	148,430
61 Educational services	242,880	74,790	168,090	528,470	163,680	364,795
62 Health care and social assistance	306,505	60,805	245,700	754,555	134,270	620,275
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	67,460	35,520	31,935	147,425	75,330	72,095
72 Accommodation and food services	214,090	97,280	116,810	478,070	201,260	276,805
81 Other services (except public administration)	140,750	59,140	81,610	296,960	133,220	163,745
91 Public administration	129,730	63,405	66,325	415,635	216,250	199,385
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	3,131,315	1,620,650	1,510,660	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,900
Worked at home	227,805	115,735	112,070	480,290	242,495	237,795
Worked outside Canada	19,885	13,445	6,445	39,145	25,995	13,150
No fixed workplace address	362,910	258,955	103,960	736,715	536,140	200,570
Worked at usual place	2,520,710	1,232,520	1,288,190	5,355,995	2,609,620	2,746,375
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	2,520,710	1,232,520	1,288,190	5,356,000	2,609,625	2,746,375
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,390,920	629,775	761,150	3,109,070	1,418,260	1,690,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	296,770	144,860	151,910	857,565	419,960	437,605
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	827,240	454,405	372,840	1,350,375	749,770	600,605
Commute to a different province or territory	5,780	3,480	2,300	38,990	21,630	17,355
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,150	6,092,710	3,145,765	2,946,945
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,822,275	1,038,935	783,340	4,375,215	2,392,270	1,982,945
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	162,250	60,150	102,105	372,480	151,880	220,600
Public transit	682,935	287,755	395,180	888,920	376,690	512,235
Walked	148,075	65,960	82,115	320,015	143,885	176,130
Bicycle	39,580	25,130	14,450	75,460	50,200	25,260
Other method	28,510	13,545	14,965	60,620	30,835	29,785
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,145	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Less than 15 minutes	421,685	190,530	231,160	1,463,845	675,540	788,310
15 to 29 minutes	828,535	419,575	408,960	1,964,690	991,525	973,165
30 to 44 minutes	747,815	406,185	341,625	1,295,375	706,155	589,225
45 to 59 minutes	383,645	205,085	178,565	612,415	336,090	276,325
60 minutes and over	501,935	270,105	231,830	756,385	436,455	319,930
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	2,883,620	1,491,475	1,392,150	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	171,870	123,165	48,705	413,515	296,265	117,245
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	443,415	265,760	177,645	1,039,255	640,810	398,445
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	733,585	355,240	378,345	1,571,230	778,100	793,130
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	674,150	309,245	364,905	1,354,870	577,565	777,310
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	418,610	198,245	220,360	740,330	328,410	411,920
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	441,995	239,820	202,175	973,515	524,620	448,895
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	3,573,895	1,834,125	1,739,765	7,579,085	3,895,880	3,683,200
Single responses	3,491,900	1,794,810	1,697,090	7,434,675	3,828,665	3,606,015
Official languages	3,398,800	1,745,460	1,653,335	7,319,360	3,767,405	3,551,955
English	3,386,000	1,742,070	1,643,925	7,225,210	3,732,550	3,492,655
French	12,795	3,390	9,410	94,145	34,850	59,295
Non-official languages	93,100	49,350	43,755	115,320	61,255	54,060
Aboriginal languages	10	10	10	1,485	765	715
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	1,420	745	675
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	10	370	220	150
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	10	0	0	0	0	10
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	360	215	145
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	1,050	525	525
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	10	0	0	495	235	265
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	545	290	260
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	25	0	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	25	10	20
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	25	10	20
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	10
Mohawk	0	0	0	20	10	10
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	93,095	49,345	43,745	113,835	60,490	53,340
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,860	1,060	800	3,305	1,995	1,310
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	100	45	60	125	45	80
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	15	10	0	15	10	10
Somali	85	35	55	110	35	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,750	1,015	735	3,175	1,955	1,225
Amharic	55	20	35	75	30	45
Arabic	1,170	765	405	2,430	1,605	825
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	110	80	30	145	110	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	10	0	35	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	340	105	240	395	140	260
Maltese	20	15	0	20	15	10
Tigrigna	45	25	20	60	30	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	10	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,800	740	1,055	2,575	1,065	1,510
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	25	20	95	50	50
Vietnamese	1,745	715	1,035	2,480	1,015	1,465
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,105	405	700	1,280	495	790
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	10	10	25	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	10	10	10	10	0
Ilocano	35	20	20	40	20	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	35	15	25	55	20	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	985	360	625	1,145	435	705
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	10	0	10
Creole languages	20	20	10	60	35	30
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	15	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	20	10	50	25	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	1,935	930	1,005	1,980	945	1,035
Kannada	0	0	10	10	0	10
Malayalam	65	30	30	75	45	30
Tamil	1,835	890	945	1,870	900	975
Telugu	35	10	25	35	10	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	27,135	14,985	12,150	38,960	21,375	17,580
Albanian	215	120	90	275	170	105
Armenian	145	65	75	145	75	75
Balto-Slavic languages	5,340	2,575	2,760	6,655	3,165	3,495
Baltic languages	55	20	30	70	25	40
Latvian	10	0	10	20	10	10
Lithuanian	50	20	25	45	20	25
Slavic languages	5,290	2,555	2,730	6,595	3,135	3,455
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	45	30	10	100	55	40
Bulgarian	110	75	35	120	85	40
Croatian	90	60	30	155	100	50
Czech	15	10	0	25	20	10
Macedonian	80	35	45	85	35	45
Polish	1,510	800	710	1,925	960	960
Russian	2,500	1,090	1,410	2,905	1,240	1,670
Serbian	170	110	55	390	240	145
Serbo-Croatian	20	15	10	20	10	10
Slovak	50	30	15	55	40	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	10	15	0	10
Ukrainian	690	295	400	780	320	460
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	10	0
Germanic languages	380	155	230	6,905	3,655	3,250
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	20	0	10	30	15	20
Dutch	65	50	20	790	425	365
Frisian	0	0	0	25	20	10
German	235	80	160	5,690	3,005	2,690
Icelandic	10	0	0	0	10	0
Norwegian	10	10	0	30	10	20
Swedish	20	10	15	55	15	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	10	0	10	10	10
Yiddish	15	10	15	20	0	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	240	155	80
Greek	345	190	150	405	240	165
Indo-Iranian languages	10,900	6,060	4,845	11,880	6,560	5,315
Indo-Aryan languages	8,445	4,520	3,935	9,205	4,900	4,310
Bengali	295	145	155	335	160	170
Gujarati	620	210	410	730	255	475
Hindi	730	355	375	800	380	415
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	30	10	20
Nepali	55	20	35	80	30	50
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,655	3,255	2,400	6,025	3,480	2,550
Sindhi	25	10	15	20	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	30	15	10
Urdu	1,005	495	510	1,150	555	600
Iranian languages	2,450	1,545	905	2,660	1,655	1,005
Kurdish	80	75	10	105	95	15
Pashto	15	0	10	20	10	15
Persian (Farsi)	2,355	1,470	890	2,530	1,555	975
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	10	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	9,815	5,805	4,005	12,680	7,505	5,170
Catalan	0	0	0	10	0	10
Italian	750	405	345	945	505	445
Portuguese	4,975	3,295	1,680	5,815	3,865	1,950
Romanian	245	105	140	300	140	160
Spanish	3,830	1,995	1,835	5,590	2,985	2,605
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	20	10	10
Japanese	770	255	525	1,010	360	655
Kartvelian languages	10	0	10	15	0	10
Georgian	10	10	0	15	0	10
Korean	4,280	2,160	2,115	4,945	2,505	2,445
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	75	40	35	120	55	65
Akan (Twi)	15	0	15	20	0	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	10	0	0	10	0
Ganda	20	15	15	25	15	15
Igbo	0	0	0	10	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	10	0	20	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0	10	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	20	20	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	365	145	220	810	295	515
American Sign Language	255	80	180	575	170	410
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e	105	65	45	225	130	100
Sino-Tibetan languages	52,950	28,150	24,795	57,620	30,735	26,890
Chinese languages	52,900	28,125	24,775	57,535	30,690	26,840
Cantonese	25,385	13,225	12,160	26,955	14,190	12,770
Hakka	35	10	25	30	10	25
Mandarin	26,295	14,290	12,005	29,090	15,730	13,360
Min Dong	30	15	10	30	15	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	145	75	250	155	90
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	20	10	35	20	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	910	425	490	1,145	565	580
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	30	20	90	50	45
Burmese	10	0	10	10	10	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Tibetan	40	30	10	45	30	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	45	235	95	145
Lao	0	0	10	80	40	35
Thai	70	30	35	160	55	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	415	285	130	465	315	150
Azerbaijani	10	10	10	15	15	0
Turkish	400	270	125	440	295	140
Uyghur	0	0	0	10	10	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	10	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	300	145	160	420	205	220
Estonian	45	10	35	45	10	35
Finnish	35	10	30	75	25	50
Hungarian	220	120	95	295	165	130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Multiple responses	81,990	39,315	42,680	144,405	67,215	77,185
English and French	17,250	6,625	10,620	63,665	26,760	36,900
English and non-official language	63,475	32,120	31,360	78,240	39,330	38,910
French and non-official language	85	45	40	175	75	100
English, French and non-official language	1,180	520	660	2,325	1,055	1,270
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	3,573,890	1,834,125	1,739,765	7,579,080	3,895,880	3,683,200
None	3,303,720	1,698,930	1,604,790	6,975,415	3,605,485	3,369,930
English	45,255	21,620	23,630	109,150	48,930	60,220
French	50,065	21,430	28,635	260,050	118,655	141,395
Non-official language	170,330	89,990	80,340	226,490	119,130	107,360
Aboriginal	160	45	115	5,970	2,480	3,490
Non-Aboriginal	170,170	89,945	80,220	220,520	116,650	103,870
English and French	80	40	40	245	100	150
English and non-official language	1,240	595	645	1,620	780	845
French and non-official language	3,180	1,495	1,685	6,080	2,780	3,300
English, French and non-official language	25	20	10	35	25	10
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	6,102,380	2,965,875	3,136,510	13,106,990	6,403,470	6,703,520
Non-movers	5,339,195	2,590,535	2,748,660	11,475,985	5,603,290	5,872,695
Movers	763,190	375,335	387,855	1,631,005	800,180	830,820
Non-migrants	448,425	219,440	228,980	941,380	460,170	481,210
Migrants	314,765	155,890	158,870	689,625	340,015	349,610
Internal migrants	209,390	103,440	105,950	535,180	263,055	272,120
Intraprovincial migrants	182,460	89,955	92,505	467,890	229,080	238,810
Interprovincial migrants	26,930	13,485	13,445	67,290	33,980	33,315
External migrants	105,375	52,455	52,920	154,445	76,955	77,490
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	5,839,885	2,831,440	3,008,450	12,546,040	6,116,715	6,429,325
Non-movers	3,600,585	1,739,465	1,861,115	7,887,825	3,845,945	4,041,880
Movers	2,239,300	1,091,970	1,147,335	4,658,215	2,270,770	2,387,445
Non-migrants	1,222,360	594,025	628,335	2,545,875	1,238,055	1,307,820
Migrants	1,016,945	497,950	518,995	2,112,340	1,032,710	1,079,630
Internal migrants	622,105	304,350	317,760	1,562,375	761,630	800,740
Intraprovincial migrants	553,000	270,880	282,120	1,380,900	672,540	708,360
Interprovincial migrants	69,105	33,465	35,635	181,480	89,090	92,390
External migrants	394,840	193,600	201,240	549,965	271,080	278,885

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Ontario [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 14, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Ontario [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Ontario [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Toronto [Economic region], Ontario and Ontario [Province]