Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Quebec [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	British Columbia [Province]			Quebec [Province]
	Data quality , British Columbia [Province] Map : British Columbia [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : Quebec [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	4,648,055	...	...	8,164,361	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	4,400,057	...	...	7,903,001	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.6	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	2,063,417	...	...	3,858,943	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	1,881,969	...	...	3,531,663	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	922,503.01	...	...	1,356,625.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	4,648,055	2,278,245	2,369,815	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605
0 to 14 years	691,390	355,400	335,985	1,333,260	682,535	650,720
0 to 4 years	220,625	113,355	107,275	444,930	227,965	216,970
5 to 9 years	236,900	122,070	114,830	469,165	240,225	228,940
10 to 14 years	233,860	119,975	113,885	419,160	214,345	204,815
15 to 64 years	3,107,680	1,527,280	1,580,400	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280
15 to 19 years	258,980	133,000	125,985	429,825	219,070	210,755
20 to 24 years	287,560	147,615	139,945	500,100	252,600	247,500
25 to 29 years	303,000	151,585	151,415	495,410	248,030	247,380
30 to 34 years	313,750	155,035	158,715	515,505	256,440	259,070
35 to 39 years	293,590	143,070	150,520	550,540	274,595	275,945
40 to 44 years	295,045	141,930	153,115	506,525	254,100	252,425
45 to 49 years	322,365	155,325	167,040	519,425	260,410	259,015
50 to 54 years	354,375	172,065	182,310	619,435	309,070	310,370
55 to 59 years	354,925	171,210	183,715	636,475	314,190	322,285
60 to 64 years	324,095	156,450	167,645	562,670	276,140	286,535
65 years and over	848,985	395,560	453,425	1,495,195	669,590	825,605
65 to 69 years	287,520	139,490	148,035	488,175	236,395	251,775
70 to 74 years	201,785	97,675	104,110	373,590	176,905	196,690
75 to 79 years	145,225	68,715	76,510	256,905	116,020	140,890
80 to 84 years	105,255	48,645	56,610	187,835	78,390	109,450
85 years and over	109,190	41,035	68,155	188,685	61,885	126,805
85 to 89 years	67,510	27,930	39,575	120,635	43,795	76,840
90 to 94 years	31,815	10,615	21,205	53,165	15,155	38,015
95 to 99 years	8,545	2,215	6,330	13,035	2,685	10,350
100 years and over	1,325	275	1,050	1,850	255	1,600
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.9	15.6	14.2	16.3	17.0	15.7
15 to 64 years	66.9	67.0	66.7	65.4	66.3	64.4
65 years and over	18.3	17.4	19.1	18.3	16.7	19.9
85 years and over	2.3	1.8	2.9	2.3	1.5	3.1
Average age of the population	42.3	41.5	43.1	41.9	40.9	42.9
Median age of the population	43.0	41.9	44.0	42.5	41.4	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Single-detached house	830,660	...	...	1,602,680	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	177,830	...	...	187,800	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	824,190	...	...	1,717,680	...	...
Semi-detached house	57,395	...	...	188,245	...	...
Row house	147,830	...	...	93,350	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	230,075	...	...	265,195	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	385,140	...	...	1,154,955	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,755	...	...	15,940	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	49,290	...	...	23,505	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 person	541,910	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
2 persons	663,770	...	...	1,227,765	...	...
3 persons	277,690	...	...	489,460	...	...
4 persons	243,125	...	...	426,250	...	...
5 or more persons	155,470	...	...	212,960	...	...
Number of persons in private households	4,560,240	...	...	7,965,455	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	3,956,665	1,922,840	2,033,825	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885
Married or living common law	2,297,325	1,146,175	1,151,150	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395
Married	1,925,345	959,690	965,645	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260
Living common law	371,985	186,485	185,505	1,501,160	752,025	749,135
Not married and not living common law	1,659,335	776,660	882,675	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490
Never married	1,076,085	582,975	493,110	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280
Separated	105,700	45,225	60,475	103,625	46,390	57,240
Divorced	263,870	103,475	160,395	483,195	194,430	288,760
Widowed	213,685	44,990	168,700	389,555	84,345	305,210
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	1,311,340	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
2 persons	703,685	...	...	1,204,955	...	...
3 persons	275,965	...	...	466,310	...	...
4 persons	243,960	...	...	412,160	...	...
5 or more persons	87,730	...	...	174,140	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	1,311,345	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
Total couple families	1,113,405	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Married couples	927,440	...	...	1,128,355	...	...
Common-law couples	185,960	...	...	749,740	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	197,940	...	...	379,460	...	...
Female parent	155,670	...	...	284,900	...	...
Male parent	42,265	...	...	94,565	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,113,400	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Couples without children	577,790	...	...	970,260	...	...
Couples with children	535,610	...	...	907,840	...	...
1 child	221,065	...	...	356,640	...	...
2 children	230,705	...	...	384,875	...	...
3 or more children	83,840	...	...	166,315	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	197,940	...	...	379,465	...	...
1 child	125,890	...	...	234,695	...	...
2 children	54,900	...	...	109,670	...	...
3 or more children	17,145	...	...	35,100	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	882,895	418,495	464,405	1,579,070	775,765	803,305
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
One-census-family households	1,195,735	...	...	2,197,340	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	527,700	...	...	947,305	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	668,035	...	...	1,250,040	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	55,620	...	...	29,595	...	...
Non-census-family households	630,620	...	...	1,304,725	...	...
One-person households	541,915	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	88,705	...	...	129,500	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285
English only	4,127,770	2,050,130	2,077,645	372,445	187,595	184,860
French only	1,810	820	985	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095
English and French	314,925	140,650	174,275	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275
Neither English nor French	153,910	63,795	90,115	75,065	31,000	44,060
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,020	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
English	4,373,330	2,156,680	2,216,655	964,120	482,985	481,135
French	55,325	27,680	27,640	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560
English and French	18,000	8,315	9,685	278,710	144,060	134,655
Neither English nor French	151,760	62,720	89,040	72,775	29,845	42,930
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	64,325	31,840	32,480	1,103,480	555,015	548,465
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.4	1.4	1.4	13.7	14.0	13.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	4,494,995	2,205,775	2,289,220	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975
Official languages	3,227,535	1,614,375	1,613,160	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845
English	3,170,110	1,585,760	1,584,355	601,155	301,860	299,300
French	57,425	28,615	28,810	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550
Non-official languages	1,267,460	591,400	676,060	1,060,830	517,700	543,125
Aboriginal languages	8,435	3,940	4,490	45,570	22,530	23,040
Algonquian languages	1,050	445	605	33,140	16,365	16,770
Blackfoot	40	5	35	5	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	840	375	465	31,430	15,575	15,855
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	8,715	4,155	4,555
Moose Cree	5	5	0	0	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	285	305
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	135	55	80
Plains Cree	150	60	85	5	0	5
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	35	15	15
Swampy Cree	25	15	10	5	5	0
Woods Cree	60	25	35	10	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	585	270	320	15,790	7,920	7,875
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	10	485	225	260
Malecite	5	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	10	5	5	485	220	260
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	155	55	105	1,215	565	645
Algonquin	5	5	0	1,185	555	630
Ojibway	135	50	90	20	10	15
Oji-Cree	10	0	10	5	0	5
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	0	5	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Athabaskan languages	2,310	1,045	1,260	15	10	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	2,295	1,045	1,250	15	10	5
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	55	0	0	0
Beaver	160	75	85	0	0	0
Carrier	1,005	460	550	0	0	0
Chilcotin	650	295	355	0	0	0
Dene	90	35	50	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	15	5	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	5	5	0	0
Sekani	85	40	45	0	5	0
Slavey-Hare languages	75	30	45	10	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	5	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	20	5	15	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	50	25	30	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	105	45	50	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	15	10	5	0	0	0
Tahltan	90	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	5	0	5	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	5	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	5	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	5	0	0
Haida	70	30	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	80	30	55	11,970	5,955	6,015
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuktitut	50	20	30	11,895	5,925	5,970
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	75	25	45
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	375	165	210
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	5	5	365	160	210
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Kutenai	100	55	50	0	0	0
Michif	35	20	10	5	5	0
Salish languages	2,270	1,115	1,155	5	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	230	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	160	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	435	220	215	0	0	0
Squamish	35	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	330	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	250	130	120	0	5	0
Siouan languages	45	25	20	0	0	0
Dakota	30	15	20	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	5	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	30	15	15	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,460	715	740	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	875	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	385	195	190	0	0	0
Tsimshian	195	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	795	365	435	0	0	0
Haisla	90	40	55	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	100	45	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	320	140	180	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	275	135	140	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	190	80	110	65	30	35
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,259,025	587,455	671,570	1,015,260	495,175	520,090
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,870	13,405	11,465	197,535	104,185	93,355
Berber languages	115	75	45	20,845	11,125	9,720
Kabyle	40	30	15	12,470	6,625	5,840
Berber languages, n.i.e.	80	45	30	8,375	4,500	3,875
Cushitic languages	1,505	765	740	1,125	545	580
Bilen	5	0	0	10	10	5
Oromo	205	115	95	15	10	5
Somali	1,270	640	640	1,075	515	560
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	30	20	10
Semitic languages	23,195	12,540	10,655	175,215	92,310	82,900
Amharic	1,370	670	700	745	340	405
Arabic	17,480	9,595	7,890	169,890	89,590	80,300
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	650	315	330	150	80	70
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	440	245	200	15	10	5
Harari	20	5	15	0	5	5
Hebrew	2,065	1,125	940	3,885	2,040	1,845
Maltese	215	100	115	25	10	15
Tigrigna	805	395	405	385	185	205
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	150	80	65	110	60	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	355	200	155
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,740	13,170	15,575	36,305	17,030	19,275
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,560	710	850	8,855	4,105	4,750
Vietnamese	27,150	12,440	14,710	27,425	12,920	14,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	96,535	38,765	57,770	21,635	7,800	13,835
Bikol	375	165	215	115	35	80
Cebuano	4,065	1,565	2,505	885	270	610
Fijian	470	240	230	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	1,470	550	920	410	125	275
Ilocano	5,240	2,055	3,190	2,060	745	1,315
Malagasy	20	10	15	1,250	590	660
Malay	3,895	1,675	2,220	705	265	440
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	700	320	380	205	90	110
Pangasinan	295	130	170	95	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	78,770	31,550	47,220	15,545	5,480	10,065
Waray-Waray	215	85	135	50	10	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,015	435	580	320	140	180
Creole languages	840	440	400	56,990	25,220	31,770
Haitian Creole	35	20	15	2,220	1,055	1,170
Creole, n.o.s.	500	255	245	53,785	23,675	30,110
Creole languages, n.i.e.	305	155	145	980	490	490
Dravidian languages	7,500	3,995	3,510	14,865	7,435	7,430
Kannada	280	150	135	240	130	110
Malayalam	2,385	1,260	1,130	440	235	205
Tamil	3,615	1,875	1,740	13,600	6,715	6,880
Telugu	1,175	695	480	570	345	230
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	15	10	5
Hmong-Mien languages	140	75	70	25	10	15
Indo-European languages	588,175	286,135	302,035	553,045	269,625	283,420
Albanian	1,465	765	705	2,795	1,420	1,370
Armenian	1,195	600	600	16,430	7,970	8,460
Balto-Slavic languages	83,110	38,595	44,515	68,155	30,960	37,195
Baltic languages	1,070	485	585	850	335	515
Latvian	565	255	300	290	120	175
Lithuanian	505	225	280	555	215	340
Slavic languages	82,040	38,110	43,930	67,310	30,630	36,675
Belarusan	95	45	50	80	45	35
Bosnian	1,360	675	685	1,620	805	815
Bulgarian	2,025	955	1,070	6,985	3,385	3,600
Croatian	7,475	3,655	3,820	2,330	1,165	1,170
Czech	5,920	2,850	3,070	1,465	690	775
Macedonian	325	160	165	205	105	95
Polish	16,910	7,875	9,035	13,935	6,065	7,865
Russian	25,955	11,640	14,310	28,565	12,715	15,850
Serbian	7,045	3,600	3,450	3,140	1,590	1,545
Serbo-Croatian	1,395	670	725	1,805	865	940
Slovak	3,400	1,525	1,870	1,040	455	585
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,160	545	615	755	350	405
Ukrainian	8,630	3,730	4,900	5,210	2,285	2,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	345	175	170	175	90	85
Celtic languages	615	325	290	155	95	60
Scottish Gaelic	240	130	110	20	15	10
Welsh	280	145	135	40	20	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	90	55	30
Germanic languages	101,725	48,350	53,380	27,540	13,280	14,260
Afrikaans	3,260	1,655	1,610	125	60	65
Danish	4,665	2,280	2,385	395	190	200
Dutch	21,020	10,130	10,895	2,825	1,395	1,430
Frisian	295	145	145	10	10	0
German	66,885	31,525	35,360	13,670	6,340	7,330
Icelandic	275	135	145	65	30	35
Norwegian	2,005	970	1,035	200	100	100
Swedish	2,520	1,100	1,420	555	255	300
Vlaams (Flemish)	445	220	225	540	240	300
Yiddish	290	150	140	8,985	4,560	4,420
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	65	45	25	175	100	75
Greek	6,115	3,245	2,870	38,635	19,435	19,205
Indo-Iranian languages	297,800	147,830	149,970	76,040	39,205	36,835
Indo-Aryan languages	251,000	124,260	126,740	45,845	23,875	21,970
Bengali	3,180	1,665	1,510	10,995	5,620	5,380
Gujarati	6,895	3,290	3,605	6,070	2,980	3,090
Hindi	26,720	12,910	13,810	3,030	1,635	1,390
Kashmiri	65	35	25	20	15	5
Konkani	255	130	125	110	60	55
Marathi	620	325	295	255	145	110
Nepali	1,155	620	540	1,505	740	765
Oriya (Odia)	70	35	35	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	198,805	98,525	100,285	12,380	6,720	5,660
Sindhi	1,675	780	895	330	160	165
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,675	845	830	645	310	330
Urdu	9,885	5,090	4,795	10,470	5,460	5,010
Iranian languages	46,390	23,355	23,035	29,760	15,105	14,655
Kurdish	1,765	945	825	985	550	430
Pashto	1,155	615	535	1,285	680	610
Persian (Farsi)	43,470	21,795	21,675	27,490	13,875	13,615
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	410	220	195	440	225	210
Italic (Romance) languages	96,135	46,430	49,710	323,290	157,260	166,030
Catalan	160	85	75	320	170	150
Italian	22,680	11,445	11,230	104,600	51,705	52,895
Portuguese	17,450	8,240	9,210	36,770	17,735	19,035
Romanian	8,730	4,250	4,480	35,840	17,170	18,665
Spanish	47,010	22,335	24,675	145,635	70,405	75,235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	105	65	40	125	75	50
Japanese	21,350	7,195	14,150	2,525	775	1,750
Kartvelian languages	85	50	35	170	80	85
Georgian	85	50	40	170	80	90
Korean	52,160	23,495	28,670	5,160	2,270	2,890
Mongolic languages	360	150	205	190	75	115
Mongolian	360	155	210	195	80	115
Niger-Congo languages	3,725	1,875	1,850	28,355	14,360	13,995
Akan (Twi)	495	275	220	1,050	520	525
Bamanankan	10	5	5	1,200	655	545
Edo	85	50	35	75	45	30
Ewe	85	45	35	730	400	325
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	20	2,055	1,080	970
Ga	45	20	25	80	40	40
Ganda	90	45	45	35	15	20
Igbo	245	145	105	120	70	50
Lingala	80	30	45	2,465	1,185	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	115	50	60	3,345	1,600	1,745
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	155	70	80	2,500	1,115	1,380
Shona	215	100	115	85	45	40
Swahili	805	400	405	3,010	1,460	1,545
Wolof	50	25	25	3,230	1,745	1,485
Yoruba	330	185	150	255	155	100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	885	410	480	8,135	4,235	3,895
Nilo-Saharan languages	340	175	165	345	180	165
Dinka	105	60	45	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240	115	125	335	170	165
Sign languages	1,155	610	545	1,330	700	630
American Sign Language	470	230	240	65	35	30
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	670	330	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	690	380	305	595	340	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	410,920	187,725	223,190	76,840	35,775	41,065
Chinese languages	408,415	186,455	221,960	76,490	35,600	40,895
Cantonese	193,530	89,325	104,210	24,375	11,505	12,875
Hakka	2,325	1,010	1,315	470	215	260
Mandarin	186,325	84,370	101,955	43,700	20,175	23,525
Min Dong	230	105	120	20	10	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,210	4,995	6,215	3,225	1,480	1,745
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,540	1,995	2,545	1,075	465	605
Chinese, n.o.s.	10,050	4,570	5,480	3,535	1,710	1,825
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	205	85	120	90	40	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,500	1,265	1,230	345	175	170
Burmese	1,125	580	545	80	30	50
Karenic languages	815	395	425	70	40	30
Tibetan	330	175	160	110	65	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	230	120	110	85	45	40
Tai-Kadai languages	3,985	1,335	2,650	4,895	2,185	2,710
Lao	1,100	550	550	4,115	1,995	2,120
Thai	2,865	775	2,090	765	180	585
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	20	10	15	10	5	10
Turkic languages	4,140	2,295	1,845	7,980	4,095	3,880
Azerbaijani	530	290	235	290	160	130
Turkish	3,145	1,790	1,360	7,155	3,685	3,470
Uyghur	170	85	85	205	100	105
Uzbek	105	50	55	145	70	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	190	80	110	185	80	105
Uralic languages	13,490	6,285	7,205	6,400	2,985	3,410
Estonian	705	295	410	195	75	120
Finnish	3,760	1,555	2,200	360	125	240
Hungarian	9,025	4,435	4,590	5,835	2,790	3,045
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	500	280	225	685	385	300
Multiple responses	103,415	49,625	53,795	184,905	92,600	92,310
English and French	10,065	4,815	5,250	72,395	36,695	35,695
English and non-official language	89,135	42,820	46,315	27,485	13,545	13,945
French and non-official language	2,100	1,040	1,065	67,075	33,110	33,970
English, French and non-official language	2,115	950	1,165	17,950	9,245	8,705
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	4,598,415	2,255,395	2,343,015	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	4,365,875	2,145,020	2,220,855	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425
Official languages	3,648,500	1,807,825	1,840,675	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685
English	3,631,700	1,799,625	1,832,075	782,185	391,125	391,060
French	16,795	8,195	8,605	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625
Non-official languages	717,375	337,200	380,180	585,890	283,150	302,735
Aboriginal languages	1,565	765	795	40,190	20,205	19,980
Algonquian languages	105	50	55	28,695	14,385	14,310
Blackfoot	0	5	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	85	40	45	28,110	14,105	14,005
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	7,375	3,590	3,790
Moose Cree	0	0	0	5	5	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	590	295	290
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	60	30	30
Plains Cree	15	10	10	5	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	15	5	10
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	5	5	5
Woods Cree	0	0	5	0	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	60	30	30	14,590	7,355	7,235
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	220	115	110
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	220	110	105
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	370	170	200
Algonquin	0	0	0	360	165	195
Ojibway	15	5	5	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	610	290	320	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	605	290	315	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	40	20	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	110	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	260	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	15	5	10	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	5	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	5	0	0	0
Inuit languages	10	5	5	11,375	5,770	5,615
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	5	0
Inuktitut	10	0	5	11,350	5,750	5,600
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	20	15	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	70	35	35
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	70	35	30
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	0	5	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	275	130	150	5	5	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	50	20	30	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	15	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	50	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	5	0	0	0	0
Straits	25	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	5	0	0
Siouan languages	15	10	5	0	0	0
Dakota	10	10	5	0	0	0
Stoney	5	5	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	405	215	195	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	310	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	45	25	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	40	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	45	15	25	35	10	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	715,815	336,435	379,380	545,695	262,940	282,755
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,990	7,065	6,920	91,660	46,550	45,110
Berber languages	45	25	20	7,495	3,895	3,605
Kabyle	20	10	15	5,105	2,660	2,450
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	2,390	1,235	1,150
Cushitic languages	770	355	415	535	240	295
Bilen	0	0	0	5	0	5
Oromo	90	50	45	5	0	0
Somali	665	300	360	520	230	290
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	5	5	5
Semitic languages	13,155	6,680	6,475	83,520	42,365	41,160
Amharic	600	275	320	340	150	185
Arabic	10,415	5,335	5,080	81,105	41,150	39,955
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	405	195	210	95	50	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	310	165	145	10	0	5
Harari	10	5	5	5	0	5
Hebrew	900	465	440	1,705	880	825
Maltese	15	5	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	410	190	225	205	95	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	60	25	35
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	105	50	55
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,870	8,305	9,560	24,980	11,675	13,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	800	375	420	5,180	2,370	2,805
Vietnamese	17,055	7,920	9,130	19,790	9,295	10,495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	10	5	15	5	10
Austronesian languages	40,605	17,945	22,660	9,715	3,960	5,750
Bikol	75	30	35	15	5	10
Cebuano	1,305	585	715	230	100	125
Fijian	110	65	55	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	415	175	240	130	55	75
Ilocano	1,615	695	930	740	305	435
Malagasy	10	5	10	360	185	170
Malay	1,120	510	605	175	85	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	150	70	80	60	30	30
Pangasinan	55	25	30	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35,375	15,600	19,770	7,905	3,150	4,760
Waray-Waray	55	25	35	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	310	150	160	75	35	35
Creole languages	335	150	180	20,705	8,780	11,925
Haitian Creole	0	0	5	855	380	475
Creole, n.o.s.	235	105	130	19,405	8,200	11,210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	440	200	240
Dravidian languages	3,940	1,995	1,940	11,400	5,595	5,805
Kannada	110	55	60	150	85	65
Malayalam	1,225	615	605	200	100	100
Tamil	2,055	1,025	1,030	10,720	5,215	5,500
Telugu	535	295	240	330	190	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	55	25	30	15	5	5
Indo-European languages	282,090	137,135	144,955	303,215	146,100	157,115
Albanian	695	335	360	1,615	795	820
Armenian	545	240	305	11,990	5,680	6,310
Balto-Slavic languages	31,640	15,150	16,490	40,405	19,085	21,325
Baltic languages	210	90	115	190	80	105
Latvian	80	30	50	75	40	40
Lithuanian	125	60	65	115	40	70
Slavic languages	31,430	15,060	16,370	40,220	19,000	21,220
Belarusan	15	5	5	25	15	15
Bosnian	595	300	300	965	475	495
Bulgarian	1,035	485	550	5,125	2,495	2,630
Croatian	2,235	1,055	1,180	1,015	475	545
Czech	1,595	800	795	460	220	240
Macedonian	150	75	75	130	65	65
Polish	5,690	2,720	2,970	5,970	2,695	3,270
Russian	13,310	6,290	7,020	20,680	9,775	10,900
Serbian	3,695	1,870	1,825	2,010	1,020	990
Serbo-Croatian	500	235	265	960	470	490
Slovak	1,000	480	520	245	120	130
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	65	85	225	95	135
Ukrainian	1,430	665	765	2,365	1,060	1,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	40	15	25
Celtic languages	70	40	30	30	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	10	5	5	0
Welsh	25	10	10	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	15	15	5
Germanic languages	14,430	6,870	7,555	9,890	4,980	4,905
Afrikaans	1,475	715	760	15	10	10
Danish	305	145	160	50	25	25
Dutch	1,895	890	1,005	375	170	205
Frisian	10	5	5	0	0	0
German	10,085	4,795	5,295	2,550	1,190	1,365
Icelandic	75	35	35	30	15	20
Norwegian	140	60	80	20	5	10
Swedish	360	170	195	105	50	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	30	20	70	35	40
Yiddish	10	10	5	6,665	3,485	3,180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	10	5	5
Greek	2,010	975	1,035	18,545	8,865	9,680
Indo-Iranian languages	194,590	95,380	99,215	53,555	26,845	26,710
Indo-Aryan languages	164,185	80,610	83,575	31,575	15,985	15,585
Bengali	1,815	895	920	8,180	4,055	4,125
Gujarati	2,970	1,320	1,645	3,840	1,860	1,985
Hindi	12,310	5,890	6,425	1,535	790	745
Kashmiri	10	5	5	5	0	0
Konkani	40	25	25	30	15	15
Marathi	270	140	130	80	40	40
Nepali	665	345	320	1,355	655	700
Oriya (Odia)	35	20	15	15	10	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	139,080	68,565	70,515	8,840	4,690	4,155
Sindhi	615	270	345	135	65	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	675	330	340	365	185	180
Urdu	5,705	2,825	2,880	7,180	3,620	3,565
Iranian languages	30,205	14,665	15,540	21,745	10,740	11,010
Kurdish	1,080	540	535	510	280	235
Pashto	700	350	350	925	460	465
Persian (Farsi)	28,420	13,765	14,660	20,310	10,005	10,305
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	200	100	100	235	120	120
Italic (Romance) languages	38,110	18,145	19,970	167,190	79,835	87,355
Catalan	65	35	35	110	50	60
Italian	5,200	2,245	2,955	32,935	14,595	18,340
Portuguese	6,725	3,140	3,580	17,260	8,250	9,005
Romanian	3,800	1,830	1,970	24,520	12,000	12,525
Spanish	22,310	10,900	11,410	92,330	44,920	47,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	35	20	15
Japanese	9,860	4,070	5,790	1,050	425	620
Kartvelian languages	30	15	10	70	35	35
Georgian	30	15	15	70	40	35
Korean	38,605	17,785	20,820	3,540	1,630	1,910
Mongolic languages	170	80	90	145	70	75
Mongolian	165	80	85	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages	960	430	530	7,250	3,450	3,800
Akan (Twi)	150	80	65	445	215	235
Bamanankan	5	5	5	265	135	125
Edo	15	10	10	10	5	5
Ewe	20	5	10	140	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	5	10	530	255	280
Ga	5	5	0	15	5	10
Ganda	10	5	5	5	5	5
Igbo	40	20	15	15	10	10
Lingala	35	15	20	625	270	355
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	20	40	1,110	510	600
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	25	35	530	225	305
Shona	65	25	40	20	10	10
Swahili	200	90	115	1,100	535	565
Wolof	20	10	10	1,035	555	480
Yoruba	60	30	35	55	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	200	85	120	1,350	635	710
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	60	75	135	70	65
Dinka	55	30	20	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	85	30	55	130	65	65
Sign languages	1,535	850	685	1,770	1,000	775
American Sign Language	455	230	225	90	35	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	700	360	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	1,080	615	460	985	600	385
Sino-Tibetan languages	299,420	137,555	161,865	60,370	28,925	31,450
Chinese languages	297,675	136,670	161,000	60,155	28,805	31,345
Cantonese	137,075	62,545	74,525	17,845	8,470	9,375
Hakka	700	295	410	155	75	80
Mandarin	146,435	67,695	78,740	37,075	17,870	19,200
Min Dong	65	25	35	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,820	2,185	2,630	1,830	830	1,000
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,595	1,195	1,400	780	355	420
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,885	2,680	3,205	2,435	1,190	1,240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	105	45	55	40	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,745	885	865	215	115	100
Burmese	720	375	350	35	15	20
Karenic languages	725	355	370	65	40	30
Tibetan	205	110	90	70	45	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,380	595	785	2,375	1,145	1,230
Lao	460	225	235	2,150	1,055	1,100
Thai	920	370	545	225	90	135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,695	880	815	5,120	2,540	2,575
Azerbaijani	195	105	95	100	50	55
Turkish	1,310	685	630	4,715	2,340	2,370
Uyghur	95	50	50	140	75	70
Uzbek	45	25	20	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	65	30	35
Uralic languages	3,005	1,415	1,590	2,025	895	1,130
Estonian	95	40	55	30	10	20
Finnish	725	325	400	50	20	30
Hungarian	2,185	1,050	1,130	1,945	860	1,085
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	150	90	60
Multiple responses	232,540	110,375	122,165	322,820	157,960	164,860
English and French	6,155	2,970	3,185	86,715	43,820	42,890
English and non-official language	222,670	105,750	116,920	54,400	26,255	28,140
French and non-official language	650	290	360	139,385	66,610	72,775
English, French and non-official language	3,065	1,365	1,700	42,320	21,270	21,045
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	4,598,415	2,255,400	2,343,015	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285
None	3,931,210	1,940,390	1,990,820	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900
English	274,535	132,990	141,545	513,410	263,670	249,735
French	41,020	18,435	22,590	320,370	158,340	162,030
Non-official language	340,930	158,590	182,345	317,790	154,450	163,340
Aboriginal	7,985	3,765	4,215	5,700	2,645	3,060
Non-Aboriginal	332,945	154,820	178,125	312,085	151,810	160,280
English and French	1,195	545	650	36,235	18,285	17,955
English and non-official language	5,660	2,655	3,005	28,630	14,075	14,555
French and non-official language	3,765	1,745	2,020	23,470	11,365	12,095
English, French and non-official language	100	45	50	1,420	740	680
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,727,360	1,815,500	1,911,860	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,012	40,370	27,543	32,975	37,842	28,522
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,600	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,783	35,383	25,659	29,535	33,110	26,119
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	3,363,310	1,665,225	1,698,085	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,585	39,557	25,304	30,067	35,597	25,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,628,215	1,140,195	1,488,025	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,592	3,717	4,920	7,307	5,851	8,246
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,713	39,186	26,034	31,263	35,627	27,219
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,727,715	1,815,380	1,912,335	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	45,616	54,797	36,901	42,546	49,087	36,203
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,732,420	1,819,290	1,913,130	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,922	44,282	31,874	34,887	39,292	30,616
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	3,362,835	1,664,850	1,697,985	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	44,933	54,787	35,271	40,505	47,810	33,079
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,628,230	1,139,390	1,488,840	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,207	7,255	7,171	8,590	7,846	9,229
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,775,010	1,415,100	1,359,910	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,339	52,171	34,149	40,382	45,974	34,313
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	1,147,070	652,115	494,950	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,940	61,004	47,039	47,111	51,622	42,433
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	64,625	72,840	53,801	56,564	62,750	49,085
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.9	91.7	84.9	84.4	88.3	79.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	70.8	74.4	65.8	68.4	71.4	64.6
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.1	8.3	15.1	15.6	11.7	20.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140
Without total income	142,970	67,370	75,600	216,685	99,555	117,125
With total income	3,727,360	1,815,505	1,911,860	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Percentage with total income	96.3	96.4	96.2	96.7	96.9	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	573,315	240,120	333,195	789,595	351,935	437,660
$10,000 to $19,999	653,915	262,225	391,685	1,188,135	476,630	711,500
$20,000 to $29,999	503,290	209,095	294,195	976,210	428,390	547,830
$30,000 to $39,999	424,330	188,860	235,470	852,735	414,105	438,625
$40,000 to $49,999	366,220	173,020	193,200	747,995	378,215	369,780
$50,000 to $59,999	286,310	148,095	138,215	540,265	292,110	248,150
$60,000 to $69,999	222,975	129,400	93,580	375,935	214,805	161,130
$70,000 to $79,999	171,625	103,795	67,830	286,025	164,240	121,790
$80,000 to $89,999	134,090	83,100	50,990	189,350	113,715	75,635
$90,000 to $99,999	96,825	62,825	34,005	122,750	80,090	42,660
$100,000 and over	294,475	214,980	79,500	348,620	246,360	102,255
$100,000 to $149,999	198,355	142,260	56,095	236,515	164,145	72,370
$150,000 and over	96,115	72,715	23,405	112,105	82,215	29,885
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,870,330	1,882,870	1,987,460	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140
Without after-tax income	138,350	63,495	74,855	215,120	99,375	115,750
With after-tax income	3,731,980	1,819,375	1,912,605	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395
Percentage with after-tax income	96.4	96.6	96.2	96.8	97.0	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	597,310	253,480	343,835	822,725	359,045	463,675
$10,000 to $19,999	686,510	280,490	406,015	1,246,480	505,165	741,315
$20,000 to $29,999	593,490	252,075	341,415	1,192,885	541,080	651,810
$30,000 to $39,999	495,200	226,080	269,120	1,096,510	553,200	543,315
$40,000 to $49,999	402,535	200,565	201,965	793,150	425,040	368,115
$50,000 to $59,999	293,450	167,870	125,585	498,475	283,130	215,345
$60,000 to $69,999	210,085	128,000	82,080	309,415	180,470	128,945
$70,000 to $79,999	151,775	95,230	56,545	167,895	108,500	59,395
$80,000 and over	301,635	215,590	86,045	291,635	205,155	86,485
$80,000 to $89,999	94,700	64,330	30,370	95,010	64,670	30,335
$90,000 to $99,999	59,050	42,050	17,000	55,980	39,080	16,905
$100,000 and over	147,885	109,215	38,670	140,645	101,405	39,240
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	3,870,330	1,882,865	1,987,460	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Without employment income	1,095,320	467,570	627,745	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775
With employment income	2,775,010	1,415,295	1,359,715	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375
Percentage with employment income	71.7	75.2	68.4	69.8	73.9	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	441,080	204,275	236,810	606,300	311,780	294,520
$5,000 to $9,999	212,715	90,015	122,705	367,030	162,150	204,885
$10,000 to $19,999	371,875	160,350	211,525	681,920	305,995	375,920
$20,000 to $29,999	309,470	135,945	173,525	586,140	269,950	316,195
$30,000 to $39,999	282,045	126,870	155,180	565,425	277,135	288,285
$40,000 to $49,999	253,810	118,870	134,935	476,665	247,105	229,560
$50,000 to $59,999	203,885	107,605	96,280	359,180	203,580	155,600
$60,000 to $69,999	163,740	98,205	65,535	266,650	156,255	110,395
$70,000 to $79,999	132,340	82,120	50,220	224,040	129,890	94,150
$80,000 and over	404,040	291,050	112,990	494,440	344,585	149,855
$80,000 to $89,999	106,680	67,815	38,860	139,830	90,295	49,540
$90,000 to $99,999	76,470	51,990	24,480	93,860	64,160	29,700
$100,000 and over	220,890	171,245	49,645	260,745	190,125	70,620
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	69,995	...	...	59,822	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,280	...	...	52,207	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	541,915	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,701	...	...	31,574	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,899	...	...	28,469	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	1,340,055	...	...	2,356,430	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,466	...	...	78,645	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	77,108	...	...	67,665	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	90,354	...	...	77,306	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	75,209	...	...	63,404	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	541,925	...	...	1,174,695	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,696	...	...	40,042	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	39,091	...	...	33,262	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	1,340,045	...	...	2,356,970	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	108,010	...	...	95,878	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	89,816	...	...	78,426	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	1,881,965	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Under $5,000	43,415	...	...	47,170	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	27,140	...	...	56,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	55,745	...	...	119,570	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	77,565	...	...	180,865	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	78,695	...	...	179,690	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	72,985	...	...	154,150	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	78,080	...	...	185,000	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	78,395	...	...	184,435	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	76,775	...	...	179,855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	75,860	...	...	170,445	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	143,475	...	...	313,600	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	132,845	...	...	273,620	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	122,350	...	...	241,940	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	111,350	...	...	208,620	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	99,420	...	...	176,355	...	...
$100,000 and over	607,855	...	...	860,030	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	198,140	...	...	327,435	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	138,420	...	...	204,105	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	149,210	...	...	192,155	...	...
$200,000 and over	122,080	...	...	136,335	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	1,881,965	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Under $5,000	46,350	...	...	50,445	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	27,605	...	...	57,335	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	56,780	...	...	120,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	80,315	...	...	190,300	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	89,795	...	...	202,905	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	88,035	...	...	187,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	93,640	...	...	231,765	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	92,220	...	...	225,695	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	91,635	...	...	211,990	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	88,520	...	...	202,760	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	165,685	...	...	363,775	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	150,650	...	...	309,825	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	136,430	...	...	256,150	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	118,520	...	...	208,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	101,185	...	...	166,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	454,595	...	...	545,440	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	187,490	...	...	269,170	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	111,260	...	...	130,225	...	...
$150,000 and over	155,845	...	...	146,045	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	1,276,275	...	...	2,261,890	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,451	...	...	79,378	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	77,002	...	...	68,152	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	519,030	...	...	930,195	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	80,788	...	...	70,075	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,464	...	...	60,224	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	536,175	...	...	911,980	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,736	...	...	105,246	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,176	...	...	88,844	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	179,945	...	...	364,085	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	51,056	...	...	52,708	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	46,668	...	...	47,805	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	1,275,865	...	...	2,262,045	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	108,241	...	...	96,863	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	89,792	...	...	79,060	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	518,295	...	...	929,645	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	100,772	...	...	86,304	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	83,021	...	...	70,167	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	536,580	...	...	912,560	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	131,213	...	...	122,835	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	108,407	...	...	99,279	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	179,615	...	...	363,610	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	63,004	...	...	61,753	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	54,655	...	...	53,052	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	768,855	373,390	395,465	1,433,210	711,180	722,030
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,255	33,342	29,674	29,195	31,526	27,210
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,320	29,815	27,221	26,706	28,214	25,434
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	766,660	371,595	395,060	1,430,625	708,225	722,405
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	41,666	44,615	38,892	37,684	39,840	35,571
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,191	37,100	33,395	31,513	32,729	30,321
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970
In the bottom half of the distribution	2,265,245	1,078,695	1,186,555	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115
In the bottom decile	537,405	258,275	279,140	747,785	368,385	379,395
In the second decile	449,395	205,320	244,075	898,605	408,705	489,900
In the third decile	420,355	198,845	221,510	997,185	481,975	515,210
In the fourth decile	422,805	203,710	219,095	996,230	490,275	505,960
In the fifth decile	435,290	212,555	222,735	938,080	467,425	470,655
In the top half of the distribution	2,294,990	1,158,795	1,136,195	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855
In the sixth decile	442,070	218,225	223,845	881,640	444,865	436,775
In the seventh decile	451,795	226,240	225,555	806,685	409,470	397,220
In the eighth decile	462,900	233,935	228,970	700,450	357,000	343,455
In the ninth decile	473,535	241,165	232,375	557,160	286,195	270,960
In the top decile	464,685	239,235	225,450	441,630	227,185	214,445
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	4,477,875	2,196,415	2,281,460	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945
0 to 17 years	822,390	422,685	399,710	1,564,410	800,455	763,960
0 to 5 years	260,110	133,670	126,445	532,410	272,790	259,625
18 to 64 years	2,876,495	1,404,390	1,472,105	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980
65 years and over	778,990	369,345	409,645	1,335,220	620,210	715,010
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	694,960	325,015	369,940	1,160,190	542,405	617,785
0 to 17 years	151,880	78,110	73,770	222,955	114,410	108,540
0 to 5 years	46,920	24,035	22,885	75,270	38,595	36,670
18 to 64 years	427,085	198,475	228,615	688,130	334,825	353,305
65 years and over	115,990	48,430	67,560	249,110	93,170	155,930
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.5	14.8	16.2	14.6	13.8	15.4
0 to 17 years (%)	18.5	18.5	18.5	14.3	14.3	14.2
0 to 5 years (%)	18.0	18.0	18.1	14.1	14.1	14.1
18 to 64 years (%)	14.8	14.1	15.5	13.7	13.4	14.0
65 years and over (%)	14.9	13.1	16.5	18.7	15.0	21.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	491,645	236,430	255,215	731,340	358,085	373,260
0 to 17 years	99,330	50,890	48,450	129,325	66,400	62,925
0 to 5 years	29,250	14,930	14,315	44,375	22,705	21,675
18 to 64 years	345,345	165,740	179,605	514,540	261,485	253,060
65 years and over	46,965	19,805	27,165	87,475	30,205	57,270
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.0	10.8	11.2	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	12.1	12.0	12.1	8.3	8.3	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	11.2	11.2	11.3	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.0	11.8	12.2	10.2	10.5	10.0
65 years and over (%)	6.0	5.4	6.6	6.6	4.9	8.0
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	4,560,235	2,237,490	2,322,745	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Official languages	4,407,125	2,173,840	2,233,285	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890
English	4,405,380	2,173,040	2,232,340	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225
French	314,225	140,085	174,140	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200
Non-official languages	1,546,550	727,200	819,355	1,610,980	776,265	834,720
Aboriginal languages	17,190	8,115	9,075	50,890	25,190	25,700
Algonquian languages	1,950	905	1,045	37,515	18,545	18,965
Blackfoot	35	0	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	1,600	795	805	34,415	17,050	17,370
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	9,850	4,735	5,115
Moose Cree	15	0	10	0	10	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	775	385	385
Northern East Cree	10	0	10	260	130	130
Plains Cree	345	160	180	10	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	35	25	10
Swampy Cree	55	25	30	15	0	10
Woods Cree	80	45	40	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	1,090	560	525	17,175	8,600	8,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	885	460	420
Malecite	10	10	0	10	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	15	0	880	460	425
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	310	100	205	2,340	1,105	1,235
Algonquin	20	0	15	2,240	1,055	1,185
Ojibway	275	95	180	105	50	50
Oji-Cree	15	0	15	10	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	20	10
Athabaskan languages	4,375	2,050	2,330	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	4,345	2,035	2,315	20	15	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	200	100	95	0	0	0
Beaver	255	130	130	0	0	0
Carrier	2,045	940	1,110	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,130	525	605	0	0	0
Dene	130	55	80	10	0	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	125	60	75	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	10	0	10	0	0	0
South Slavey	25	15	10	10	10	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	45	60	0	10	0
Tahltan languages	290	155	130	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Tahltan	250	135	120	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0	0	0
Haida	455	195	255	0	0	0
Inuit languages	170	70	95	12,595	6,270	6,330
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Inuktitut	120	50	70	12,485	6,210	6,270
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25	115	60	60
Iroquoian languages	30	10	15	740	360	375
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	25	10	15	690	350	335
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	50	15	35
Kutenai	170	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	110	50	60	30	15	10
Salish languages	5,660	2,690	2,970	0	0	0
Comox	185	75	105	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,045	470	570	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	805	360	445	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,280	630	650	0	0	0
Squamish	280	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	440	220	220	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	540	280	260	0	0	0
Siouan languages	55	20	35	0	0	0
Dakota	30	15	15	10	0	0
Stoney	10	10	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tlingit	60	40	20	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,685	1,330	1,350	0	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,275	635	645	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,035	535	500	0	0	0
Tsimshian	405	180	230	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,460	670	795	0	0	0
Haisla	175	65	105	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	120	50	70	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	590	275	315	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	560	265	295	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	240	105	135	90	40	55
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,529,635	719,190	810,440	1,560,375	751,215	809,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	35,115	18,585	16,530	301,035	157,545	143,490
Berber languages	145	95	45	27,595	14,650	12,945
Kabyle	65	40	25	16,170	8,580	7,590
Berber languages, n.i.e.	80	60	20	11,580	6,150	5,425
Cushitic languages	2,070	955	1,120	1,550	745	805
Bilen	20	10	15	35	20	10
Oromo	245	140	110	45	30	10
Somali	1,800	815	985	1,460	680	780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	10	0
Semitic languages	33,110	17,660	15,460	286,625	149,970	136,660
Amharic	2,095	1,050	1,045	1,145	540	600
Arabic	24,230	13,180	11,050	267,965	140,280	127,685
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	760	370	390	195	95	95
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	570	285	285	10	0	0
Harari	55	35	20	0	0	0
Hebrew	5,450	2,805	2,645	18,035	9,490	8,540
Maltese	315	155	155	40	10	25
Tigrigna	1,055	560	495	420	195	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	300	160	140	180	85	95
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	170	85	85	810	430	380
Austro-Asiatic languages	35,915	17,130	18,785	46,050	21,955	24,095
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,875	850	1,020	11,840	5,620	6,220
Vietnamese	34,140	16,295	17,840	34,580	16,520	18,060
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	40	25	15
Austronesian languages	125,425	51,215	74,210	31,230	11,820	19,410
Bikol	530	215	310	105	45	60
Cebuano	5,365	2,000	3,370	1,105	360	750
Fijian	1,095	655	440	15	0	10
Hiligaynon	1,685	710	975	540	195	350
Ilocano	6,450	2,480	3,970	2,500	890	1,610
Malagasy	25	15	10	1,980	940	1,040
Malay	7,495	3,480	4,010	1,210	525	690
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	855	365	495	195	95	100
Pangasinan	480	205	275	60	20	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	113,265	45,455	67,805	26,705	9,785	16,915
Waray-Waray	320	130	195	55	10	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,515	740	775	540	270	275
Creole languages	2,485	1,320	1,165	115,445	51,970	63,475
Haitian Creole	135	55	75	4,910	2,285	2,620
Creole, n.o.s.	1,310	730	585	108,315	48,615	59,705
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,055	540	515	2,835	1,390	1,445
Dravidian languages	10,390	5,485	4,905	18,710	9,495	9,210
Kannada	510	250	265	415	210	205
Malayalam	3,350	1,795	1,550	510	285	220
Tamil	5,445	2,830	2,610	17,245	8,680	8,565
Telugu	1,720	970	750	930	540	390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	85	30	55	15	10	0
Hmong-Mien languages	165	85	80	35	15	25
Indo-European languages	764,815	371,760	393,060	912,945	435,785	477,155
Albanian	1,640	840	795	3,375	1,730	1,645
Armenian	1,680	845	835	20,290	9,790	10,500
Balto-Slavic languages	94,050	44,710	49,340	88,425	41,725	46,700
Baltic languages	1,030	515	520	1,080	500	585
Latvian	555	290	265	335	150	185
Lithuanian	475	220	250	755	350	410
Slavic languages	93,235	44,305	48,940	87,520	41,315	46,205
Belarusan	245	115	125	365	150	215
Bosnian	2,075	1,020	1,050	1,975	990	985
Bulgarian	2,430	1,105	1,325	7,345	3,595	3,750
Croatian	10,685	5,255	5,430	3,580	1,760	1,820
Czech	7,480	3,665	3,815	2,070	975	1,095
Macedonian	400	220	185	285	140	145
Polish	19,175	8,980	10,190	17,760	8,090	9,665
Russian	33,990	15,850	18,135	46,665	22,265	24,400
Serbian	9,110	4,625	4,485	4,050	1,980	2,070
Serbo-Croatian	1,525	770	750	2,385	1,140	1,245
Slovak	4,270	2,045	2,225	1,520	705	820
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,375	610	760	970	490	480
Ukrainian	10,740	4,835	5,905	9,015	3,885	5,135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	420	215	205	150	75	75
Celtic languages	1,855	990	865	495	305	195
Scottish Gaelic	660	395	265	155	95	65
Welsh	345	145	195	85	45	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	860	450	410	265	175	95
Germanic languages	136,685	65,350	71,335	63,370	31,835	31,530
Afrikaans	7,670	3,875	3,800	415	260	150
Danish	5,510	2,490	3,020	835	410	420
Dutch	24,060	11,520	12,550	5,060	2,665	2,395
Frisian	465	230	240	15	10	0
German	95,005	45,840	49,165	43,475	21,950	21,530
Icelandic	405	210	195	140	80	60
Norwegian	2,845	1,425	1,415	510	255	255
Swedish	4,825	2,125	2,695	1,580	785	795
Vlaams (Flemish)	545	270	275	760	265	495
Yiddish	505	225	280	12,375	6,225	6,155
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	155	95	60	270	125	140
Greek	9,095	4,725	4,370	51,060	25,520	25,540
Indo-Iranian languages	363,205	181,340	181,865	93,655	48,040	45,615
Indo-Aryan languages	311,955	155,465	156,490	59,570	30,870	28,700
Bengali	3,670	1,885	1,785	12,870	6,610	6,260
Gujarati	11,500	5,455	6,050	7,950	3,860	4,090
Hindi	81,330	39,950	41,380	15,570	8,285	7,280
Kashmiri	60	30	25	45	35	15
Konkani	415	215	200	150	70	75
Marathi	1,475	780	695	475	240	230
Nepali	1,485	725	760	1,445	725	720
Oriya (Odia)	70	40	30	55	35	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	244,485	122,450	122,035	17,860	9,690	8,165
Sindhi	3,300	1,415	1,885	500	240	255
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,430	1,265	1,170	1,335	625	710
Urdu	16,750	8,840	7,915	16,545	8,655	7,890
Iranian languages	52,300	26,435	25,870	35,420	17,830	17,585
Kurdish	2,225	1,185	1,040	1,255	665	590
Pashto	1,660	940	725	1,825	1,005	825
Persian (Farsi)	49,835	25,135	24,690	32,965	16,560	16,405
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	935	490	450	845	425	420
Italic (Romance) languages	177,685	83,505	94,185	627,545	293,620	333,920
Catalan	395	210	180	890	525	365
Italian	37,475	18,075	19,400	173,710	84,430	89,275
Portuguese	23,260	11,060	12,200	55,100	27,620	27,475
Romanian	10,045	4,945	5,105	42,655	20,550	22,110
Spanish	115,115	53,215	61,900	390,355	177,610	212,745
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	380	245	140	490	345	145
Japanese	36,990	15,955	21,040	7,040	3,340	3,695
Kartvelian languages	115	55	60	220	110	110
Georgian	115	55	55	215	105	110
Korean	57,490	26,310	31,180	6,260	2,825	3,430
Mongolic languages	370	170	200	270	135	130
Mongolian	370	165	195	265	135	130
Niger-Congo languages	8,025	4,130	3,895	52,840	26,665	26,175
Akan (Twi)	630	350	280	1,800	945	855
Bamanankan	30	20	15	2,385	1,240	1,145
Edo	145	80	60	190	95	95
Ewe	135	90	45	1,410	865	545
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	105	30	70	3,400	1,785	1,620
Ga	150	95	50	315	155	160
Ganda	165	80	85	90	40	55
Igbo	425	240	185	275	190	90
Lingala	280	125	150	9,630	4,430	5,200
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	45	75	4,490	2,210	2,285
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	290	125	165	3,535	1,640	1,895
Shona	415	220	195	150	75	80
Swahili	3,365	1,785	1,575	8,015	4,080	3,935
Wolof	50	25	30	6,555	3,545	3,015
Yoruba	885	455	435	885	485	395
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,835	840	1,000	17,720	9,125	8,595
Nilo-Saharan languages	405	210	200	695	345	350
Dinka	85	50	35	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	325	155	165	695	345	350
Sign languages	7,545	2,865	4,680	7,775	3,095	4,675
American Sign Language	3,860	1,280	2,575	675	245	435
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0	4,405	1,590	2,815
Sign languages, n.i.e.	3,780	1,615	2,160	2,960	1,350	1,605
Sino-Tibetan languages	457,595	211,220	246,375	90,460	42,695	47,770
Chinese languages	454,885	209,850	245,030	90,060	42,480	47,580
Cantonese	234,445	108,485	125,960	31,885	14,900	16,980
Hakka	2,715	1,290	1,430	545	240	310
Mandarin	265,635	119,995	145,640	59,240	27,560	31,685
Min Dong	130	55	75	15	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	16,410	7,230	9,185	4,215	1,860	2,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,600	2,445	3,155	1,230	535	690
Chinese, n.o.s.	10,380	4,725	5,650	4,800	2,380	2,425
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200	75	120	90	40	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	3,000	1,500	1,505	430	235	195
Burmese	1,490	730	755	140	75	60
Karenic languages	955	485	465	105	55	45
Tibetan	375	205	165	65	50	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	330	150	180	140	65	80
Tai-Kadai languages	5,635	2,190	3,450	7,280	3,400	3,880
Lao	1,630	735	890	5,785	2,850	2,935
Thai	4,275	1,535	2,740	2,255	875	1,375
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	15	10	10
Turkic languages	6,785	3,685	3,095	12,475	6,265	6,210
Azerbaijani	945	510	435	510	275	235
Turkish	5,585	3,025	2,555	11,415	5,755	5,665
Uyghur	115	60	55	230	110	120
Uzbek	170	95	75	230	105	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	275	140	130	235	115	120
Uralic languages	15,280	7,095	8,185	7,870	3,710	4,160
Estonian	780	350	425	150	55	95
Finnish	4,030	1,640	2,385	500	195	305
Hungarian	10,495	5,100	5,395	7,215	3,450	3,765
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,045	575	470	2,140	1,170	970
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	4,560,235	2,237,485	2,322,750	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	4,138,300	2,038,285	2,100,015	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350
Canadian citizens aged under 18	790,485	406,970	383,510	1,521,230	779,620	741,610
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	3,347,820	1,631,310	1,716,505	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	421,935	199,205	222,735	379,910	188,245	191,665
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	3,167,155	1,584,305	1,582,855	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	1,292,675	603,800	688,875	1,091,310	530,325	560,980
Before 1981	356,155	171,330	184,825	238,655	117,080	121,575
1981 to 1990	152,220	70,475	81,750	127,340	63,150	64,190
1991 to 2000	287,505	132,190	155,315	187,860	89,210	98,650
2001 to 2010	321,240	147,250	173,985	322,280	155,785	166,495
2001 to 2005	147,735	67,425	80,305	140,170	67,835	72,335
2006 to 2010	173,505	79,825	93,680	182,115	87,945	94,165
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	175,555	82,555	92,995	215,170	105,105	110,065
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	100,405	49,385	51,020	86,065	45,765	40,295
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	1,292,670	603,800	688,875	1,091,305	530,325	560,980
Under 5 years	112,665	56,495	56,175	112,930	54,600	58,330
5 to 14 years	212,710	108,975	103,730	174,020	87,165	86,855
15 to 24 years	279,495	126,690	152,805	215,350	98,880	116,475
25 to 44 years	537,500	242,185	295,310	515,770	256,095	259,675
45 years and over	150,305	69,455	80,845	73,230	33,590	39,640
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,292,675	603,800	688,875	1,091,305	530,330	560,980
Americas	110,850	50,515	60,330	247,505	113,190	134,315
Brazil	3,800	1,545	2,260	7,345	3,515	3,830
Colombia	3,915	1,720	2,195	25,580	11,645	13,935
El Salvador	5,425	2,710	2,715	11,120	5,500	5,615
Guyana	1,305	600	710	2,490	1,085	1,410
Haiti	570	250	315	80,965	35,375	45,585
Jamaica	3,505	1,770	1,735	4,665	2,040	2,625
Mexico	10,375	4,425	5,945	15,820	7,090	8,730
Peru	3,265	1,330	1,930	13,265	5,945	7,325
Trinidad and Tobago	2,620	1,205	1,415	4,075	1,840	2,240
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	57,780	26,425	31,355	25,955	12,800	13,155
Other places of birth in Americas	18,295	8,530	9,765	56,235	26,370	29,870
Europe	319,885	156,975	162,915	311,090	154,910	156,185
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,570	2,230	2,345	3,785	1,890	1,895
Croatia	5,780	2,945	2,830	2,140	1,085	1,050
France	5,700	2,895	2,805	81,225	43,490	37,735
Germany	35,045	16,835	18,210	9,750	4,365	5,390
Greece	3,630	1,965	1,670	18,420	9,135	9,285
Hungary	6,175	3,145	3,030	3,325	1,620	1,700
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,890	3,090	2,795	820	485	330
Italy	15,405	8,050	7,355	51,025	25,370	25,655
Netherlands	18,225	9,365	8,855	1,990	1,035	955
Poland	15,115	6,965	8,145	10,735	4,675	6,060
Portugal	8,215	4,125	4,090	18,985	9,185	9,800
Romania	8,995	4,400	4,595	28,695	13,695	15,005
Russian Federation	10,920	4,700	6,215	11,355	4,975	6,375
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	4,480	2,225	2,260	1,790	830	960
Ukraine	7,500	3,520	3,980	8,670	3,800	4,870
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	123,810	60,975	62,835	12,905	6,645	6,260
Other places of birth in Europe	40,425	19,545	20,880	45,500	22,630	22,870
Africa	42,805	21,500	21,310	241,410	125,250	116,165
Algeria	485	310	175	59,465	31,180	28,280
Egypt	2,705	1,480	1,225	19,490	10,290	9,200
Ethiopia	2,070	1,015	1,060	995	495	495
Kenya	4,705	2,175	2,535	785	355	430
Morocco	985	535	455	60,700	31,435	29,270
Nigeria	1,740	925	815	1,340	740	600
Somalia	1,080	515	570	580	270	310
South Africa, Republic of	13,375	6,700	6,675	865	475	385
Other places of birth in Africa	15,645	7,840	7,800	97,200	50,005	47,190
Asia	788,055	359,835	428,220	289,825	136,175	153,655
Afghanistan	5,040	2,550	2,490	7,280	3,640	3,640
Bangladesh	2,125	1,080	1,040	7,940	3,990	3,950
China^{Census data footnote 59}	199,990	89,145	110,845	49,555	19,905	29,655
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	74,210	34,120	40,090	4,730	2,290	2,435
India	162,650	79,395	83,245	17,865	9,195	8,670
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	37,160	18,890	18,270	17,760	8,880	8,885
Iraq	5,550	2,855	2,690	3,735	1,960	1,775
Japan	13,365	3,840	9,520	1,725	395	1,330
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	41,515	18,870	22,645	4,230	1,995	2,230
Lebanon	2,235	1,290	950	39,135	20,800	18,340
Pakistan	10,665	5,470	5,190	10,010	5,260	4,750
Philippines	112,100	45,890	66,210	24,410	9,040	15,370
Sri Lanka	4,585	2,360	2,230	10,715	5,335	5,380
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	2,845	1,450	1,400	17,775	8,800	8,980
Taiwan	38,900	17,450	21,450	2,735	1,100	1,635
Viet Nam	27,875	12,970	14,905	25,440	11,765	13,675
Other places of birth in Asia	47,255	22,215	25,045	44,795	21,840	22,950
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	31,075	14,975	16,100	1,480	805	670
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	175,555	82,555	92,995	215,170	105,105	110,065
Americas	14,550	7,160	7,385	47,710	22,625	25,085
Brazil	1,145	525	615	3,010	1,495	1,520
Colombia	580	250	325	7,540	3,465	4,075
Cuba	140	60	80	2,565	1,260	1,315
Haiti	35	35	10	16,880	7,690	9,190
Jamaica	625	355	265	190	140	55
Mexico	2,885	1,420	1,460	4,210	1,955	2,255
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	6,485	3,290	3,190	3,990	2,265	1,720
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	270	115	155	1,955	935	1,020
Other places of birth in Americas	2,380	1,105	1,275	7,365	3,425	3,935
Europe	19,735	10,260	9,475	39,320	20,085	19,235
France	970	510	460	20,030	10,855	9,175
Germany	1,450	775	675	580	250	330
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	1,430	900	530	135	105	35
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	245	120	125	3,750	1,695	2,055
Romania	690	310	380	2,945	1,260	1,685
Russian Federation	1,735	620	1,110	1,970	865	1,105
Ukraine	1,230	495	735	2,460	1,110	1,350
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	6,540	3,840	2,695	860	565	290
Other places of birth in Europe	5,455	2,685	2,765	6,590	3,385	3,205
Africa	6,200	3,150	3,050	74,200	37,110	37,090
Algeria	65	40	20	16,380	8,060	8,320
Cameroon	65	25	35	7,550	3,705	3,845
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	150	80	75	3,370	1,655	1,715
Côte d'Ivoire	20	10	10	5,070	2,505	2,565
Egypt	625	340	290	4,360	2,260	2,095
Eritrea	320	175	145	50	30	20
Ethiopia	305	170	140	125	65	60
Morocco	205	115	95	13,475	6,675	6,805
Nigeria	645	325	315	540	280	260
Somalia	355	145	215	95	40	50
South Africa, Republic of	1,625	815	810	175	115	60
Tunisia	80	30	45	5,855	3,025	2,825
Other places of birth in Africa	1,745	890	860	17,155	8,690	8,470
Asia	131,880	60,140	71,735	53,595	25,070	28,525
Afghanistan	870	455	415	1,555	715	840
Bangladesh	470	230	245	860	455	405
China^{Census data footnote 59}	38,105	16,965	21,140	10,705	4,805	5,895
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	1,800	770	1,030	120	35	80
India	27,460	13,780	13,680	2,960	1,555	1,405
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	8,645	4,315	4,330	7,505	3,545	3,960
Iraq	1,910	940	965	985	465	515
Israel	365	205	160	645	390	255
Japan	2,285	570	1,715	330	30	295
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	8,025	3,430	4,595	825	370	455
Lebanon	265	155	110	3,955	2,100	1,860
Nepal	310	115	195	360	165	195
Pakistan	1,965	990	975	1,815	920	895
Philippines	26,680	11,615	15,065	5,635	2,345	3,290
Saudi Arabia	400	180	215	435	210	225
Sri Lanka	535	265	265	860	380	480
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	2,185	1,095	1,085	7,455	3,740	3,715
Taiwan	2,505	970	1,530	170	60	105
Turkey	395	220	170	585	300	285
United Arab Emirates	385	195	195	300	160	145
Viet Nam	1,780	685	1,090	1,505	560	945
Other places of birth in Asia	4,545	1,980	2,560	4,025	1,765	2,265
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	3,185	1,845	1,340	345	215	135
Australia	1,920	1,130	790	190	120	70
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	1,265	715	550	155	95	65
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	1,426,450	670,440	756,010	1,204,895	590,175	614,720
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	1,043,860	523,340	520,520	792,085	399,535	392,550
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	2,089,925	1,043,705	1,046,225	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	955,955	442,040	513,915	867,685	420,465	447,220
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	537,875	258,560	279,315	469,015	243,915	225,100
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	209,685	123,645	86,040	224,720	137,975	86,745
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	328,185	134,915	193,275	244,300	105,945	138,360
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	323,440	133,775	189,670	241,225	96,130	145,095
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	82,360	44,250	38,110	146,295	75,100	71,195
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	12,285	5,455	6,825	11,150	5,320	5,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	270,585	130,265	140,320	182,885	91,890	90,995
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	263,540	127,115	136,425	175,960	88,635	87,325
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	172,520	83,645	88,880	92,655	45,510	47,145
Métis	89,405	42,715	46,690	69,365	36,260	33,100
Inuk (Inuit)	1,610	760	855	13,940	6,865	7,075
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	4,350	2,090	2,260	2,760	1,330	1,430
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	2,695	1,060	1,635	4,170	1,930	2,245
Non-Aboriginal identity	4,289,655	2,107,225	2,182,430	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	4,560,240	2,237,485	2,322,750	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	135,835	65,560	70,280	77,490	38,580	38,915
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	4,424,400	2,171,930	2,252,470	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	91,710	45,690	46,020	118,780	58,535	60,245
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	90,390	45,100	45,295	115,480	56,930	58,550
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	79,875	39,685	40,190	87,700	42,730	44,965
Métis single ancestry	10,080	5,215	4,865	17,585	9,225	8,360
Inuit single ancestry	430	200	235	10,200	4,980	5,220
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	1,325	595	725	3,300	1,605	1,700
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	1,175	535	635	2,220	1,115	1,105
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	100	50	50	995	455	540
Métis and Inuit ancestries	45	10	45	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	20	10	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	211,100	100,835	110,260	240,650	113,905	126,740
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	201,895	96,650	105,245	235,365	111,205	124,165
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	130,020	62,170	67,850	193,625	90,650	102,975
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	70,180	33,595	36,585	37,080	18,320	18,760
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	1,700	890	815	4,660	2,230	2,425
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	9,200	4,185	5,015	5,280	2,700	2,575
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	8,865	4,050	4,810	4,040	2,105	1,940
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	165	75	90	990	475	515
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	125	35	90	225	110	115
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	45	20	20	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	4,257,430	2,090,960	2,166,465	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	1,381,235	658,260	722,975	1,032,365	505,180	527,185
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	365,705	183,650	182,055	90,335	46,750	43,585
Chinese	508,480	237,805	270,670	99,505	44,370	55,135
Black	43,500	22,455	21,045	319,230	154,110	165,120
Filipino	145,025	62,505	82,520	34,910	14,275	20,635
Latin American	44,115	20,600	23,515	133,920	64,655	69,260
Arab	19,840	10,865	8,980	213,740	113,420	100,320
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	54,920	25,975	28,950	62,820	29,960	32,865
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	48,695	24,880	23,810	32,405	16,200	16,210
Korean	60,495	27,915	32,580	8,055	3,865	4,190
Japanese	41,230	17,435	23,800	4,570	1,755	2,820
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	8,760	4,280	4,485	9,840	4,670	5,175
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	40,465	19,900	20,565	23,045	11,160	11,885
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	3,179,005	1,579,230	1,599,775	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	4,560,240	2,237,490	2,322,750	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010
North American Aboriginal origins	302,810	146,530	156,280	359,430	172,440	186,985
First Nations (North American Indian)	220,245	106,595	113,650	289,610	137,550	152,065
Inuit	2,615	1,280	1,340	17,175	8,300	8,880
Métis	90,515	43,460	47,050	61,260	30,915	30,345
Other North American origins	922,690	460,355	462,335	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605
Acadian	3,940	1,960	1,980	34,785	16,440	18,345
American	78,170	37,765	40,405	45,050	21,470	23,580
Canadian	866,530	432,975	433,560	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555
New Brunswicker	60	45	15	750	370	380
Newfoundlander	1,875	995	880	570	280	295
Nova Scotian	185	95	85	365	155	215
Ontarian	130	55	75	1,345	660	685
Québécois	1,830	945	880	184,005	93,895	90,110
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	405	175	230	205	110	100
European origins	2,857,080	1,408,510	1,448,575	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825
British Isles origins	1,926,040	945,580	980,460	745,715	360,135	385,575
Channel Islander	455	230	220	1,440	725	720
Cornish	610	340	265	70	35	40
English	1,203,540	585,700	617,845	228,520	111,855	116,670
Irish	675,135	318,455	356,675	446,215	211,545	234,665
Manx	1,810	835	975	200	105	95
Scottish	860,775	417,080	443,700	215,030	103,395	111,635
Welsh	113,905	54,260	59,645	10,765	5,075	5,690
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	122,700	59,225	63,475	32,525	15,440	17,080
French origins	388,815	184,705	204,110	1,878,795	941,770	937,025
Alsatian	210	95	115	1,050	520	525
Breton	110	45	65	11,140	5,410	5,725
Corsican	105	40	65	1,270	690	580
French	388,580	184,595	203,980	1,870,545	937,665	932,875
Western European origins (except French origins)	839,860	411,165	428,695	244,380	119,115	125,260
Austrian	48,510	23,030	25,485	12,710	6,285	6,430
Bavarian	225	105	120	40	30	20
Belgian	19,980	9,615	10,360	51,340	25,295	26,050
Dutch	213,670	105,040	108,630	26,000	12,805	13,190
Flemish	2,215	1,145	1,075	1,345	660	685
Frisian	850	425	425	15	20	0
German	603,265	294,860	308,410	142,225	68,250	73,975
Luxembourger	695	340	355	910	445	460
Swiss	31,390	15,510	15,880	24,500	12,615	11,885
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	905	425	485	125	80	50
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	346,525	166,100	180,425	25,460	12,490	12,975
Danish	58,205	27,985	30,220	5,700	2,815	2,885
Finnish	34,150	16,285	17,870	3,130	1,430	1,700
Icelandic	26,410	12,860	13,545	955	480	470
Norwegian	138,430	66,870	71,565	7,820	3,835	3,985
Swedish	110,030	51,000	59,030	6,840	3,275	3,565
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	15,080	7,610	7,470	2,500	1,265	1,230
Eastern European origins	569,260	275,900	293,360	249,940	121,660	128,285
Bulgarian	4,015	1,875	2,140	9,570	4,675	4,895
Byelorussian	2,760	1,400	1,365	2,530	1,235	1,295
Czech	23,375	11,500	11,875	6,295	2,965	3,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	7,970	3,795	4,175	2,150	1,100	1,050
Estonian	4,840	2,250	2,590	890	460	435
Hungarian	56,535	27,450	29,090	28,280	13,970	14,310
Latvian	4,935	2,565	2,370	1,740	835	905
Lithuanian	7,225	3,465	3,755	6,630	3,320	3,305
Moldovan	1,085	510	580	7,620	3,710	3,900
Polish	149,635	71,605	78,030	79,040	38,705	40,335
Romanian	31,250	15,125	16,125	53,060	25,935	27,125
Russian	131,060	62,880	68,180	55,230	26,405	28,830
Slovak	11,220	5,440	5,780	4,770	2,375	2,395
Ukrainian	229,205	111,285	117,915	42,550	20,575	21,975
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	3,555	1,645	1,915	2,900	1,505	1,400
Southern European origins	334,740	164,780	169,960	549,750	273,670	276,080
Albanian	1,925	975	950	3,760	1,950	1,805
Bosnian	3,290	1,635	1,655	2,970	1,485	1,490
Catalan	120	85	30	735	395	340
Croatian	23,845	12,180	11,660	6,745	3,375	3,370
Cypriot	440	230	205	480	240	245
Greek	24,460	12,410	12,050	71,330	36,235	35,090
Italian	166,095	83,095	83,000	326,700	162,650	164,045
Kosovar	280	135	145	505	295	210
Macedonian	1,205	620	580	775	400	370
Maltese	2,645	1,350	1,295	1,220	615	610
Montenegrin	710	360	350	450	250	200
Portuguese	41,770	20,620	21,145	69,805	34,825	34,980
Serbian	12,895	6,625	6,270	5,950	2,915	3,040
Sicilian	545	295	255	1,435	710	725
Slovenian	5,555	2,725	2,825	2,510	1,225	1,280
Spanish	64,470	29,245	35,225	85,360	41,745	43,615
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	7,080	3,360	3,725	3,270	1,595	1,670
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	395	200	195	300	155	145
Other European origins	34,700	17,800	16,900	38,670	19,875	18,800
Basque	840	470	375	3,620	1,930	1,690
Jewish	17,580	8,950	8,635	25,235	12,955	12,280
Roma (Gypsy)	805	320	485	475	270	205
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	965	520	450	360	180	185
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	14,715	7,635	7,080	9,215	4,690	4,530
Caribbean origins	25,010	12,350	12,660	201,625	93,935	107,690
Antiguan	220	115	105	380	170	205
Bahamian	255	140	110	430	205	225
Barbadian	1,870	945	930	5,570	2,585	2,985
Bermudan	335	155	175	115	50	65
Carib	70	50	25	405	150	255
Cuban	1,320	615	700	9,830	4,800	5,035
Dominican	735	330	410	11,560	5,320	6,235
Grenadian	380	195	185	1,965	790	1,175
Guadeloupean	15	0	15	1,010	475	535
Haitian	1,140	530	615	143,165	66,245	76,925
Jamaican	10,545	5,425	5,120	14,100	6,785	7,315
Kittitian/Nevisian	130	70	55	360	200	160
Martinican	25	0	20	1,775	820	950
Montserratan	25	15	10	240	140	105
Puerto Rican	570	260	310	530	270	255
St. Lucian	190	85	110	860	450	405
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,170	2,085	2,085	6,585	2,925	3,660
Vincentian/Grenadinian	415	180	230	4,020	1,695	2,325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	2,120	930	1,190	5,635	2,610	3,025
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	1,920	945	975	4,195	1,995	2,205
Latin, Central and South American origins	69,920	33,580	36,335	167,275	81,215	86,065
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	2,625	1,350	1,275	6,100	2,885	3,210
Arawak	90	45	45	180	60	120
Argentinian	2,025	910	1,120	4,950	2,490	2,460
Belizean	125	60	65	80	40	40
Bolivian	375	145	230	1,730	815	915
Brazilian	5,455	2,465	2,990	8,345	4,075	4,275
Chilean	5,700	2,740	2,955	14,060	7,055	7,005
Colombian	5,860	2,805	3,055	33,965	15,915	18,050
Costa Rican	810	385	425	1,180	570	610
Ecuadorian	1,040	490	550	2,720	1,255	1,470
Guatemalan	2,575	1,310	1,265	10,175	5,380	4,795
Guyanese	1,925	995	935	3,670	1,810	1,860
Hispanic	1,535	720	810	1,155	570	585
Honduran	1,445	750	695	4,335	2,135	2,200
Maya	930	475	455	1,670	935	735
Mexican	23,055	11,025	12,035	26,930	13,185	13,745
Nicaraguan	1,520	735	785	2,805	1,360	1,445
Panamanian	325	140	185	1,460	755	710
Paraguayan	895	475	420	365	155	205
Peruvian	3,905	1,775	2,135	19,735	9,240	10,495
Salvadorean	6,815	3,390	3,425	19,200	9,535	9,665
Uruguayan	410	205	205	1,755	815	940
Venezuelan	1,900	915	980	7,475	3,430	4,045
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	3,310	1,605	1,705	5,845	2,965	2,880
African origins	59,985	30,635	29,345	382,665	196,910	185,755
Central and West African origins	7,075	3,810	3,265	86,695	44,720	41,975
Akan	40	30	10	630	325	310
Angolan	90	55	35	875	425	450
Ashanti	85	30	50	120	90	35
Beninese	35	20	15	4,125	2,220	1,915
Burkinabe	45	30	15	2,465	1,325	1,145
Cameroonian	150	85	70	17,095	8,635	8,465
Chadian	70	50	25	1,045	525	520
Congolese	810	405	400	20,210	9,960	10,250
Edo	85	55	30	110	60	45
Ewe	55	25	30	460	265	200
Gabonese	10	0	10	1,165	545	620
Gambian	25	10	15	150	95	55
Ghanaian	1,600	865	730	3,235	1,660	1,575
Guinean	130	45	80	5,255	2,765	2,485
Ibo	280	160	115	185	95	95
Ivorian	100	55	50	8,545	4,350	4,200
Liberian	250	95	150	150	60	90
Malian	80	55	25	3,535	1,755	1,775
Malinké	10	0	0	635	340	295
Nigerian	2,615	1,430	1,185	2,820	1,510	1,310
Peulh	20	0	15	2,110	1,080	1,030
Senegalese	95	75	25	8,250	4,420	3,835
Sierra Leonean	130	60	65	110	55	55
Togolese	100	70	40	4,080	2,210	1,870
Wolof	0	0	0	660	390	270
Yoruba	255	135	125	460	225	235
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	620	305	315	6,955	3,690	3,275
North African origins	9,840	5,210	4,630	225,125	117,725	107,410
Algerian	770	465	305	60,375	31,185	29,190
Berber	210	130	80	33,825	17,840	15,985
Coptic	150	90	65	685	385	305
Dinka	45	25	15	15	10	10
Egyptian	4,520	2,340	2,180	29,400	15,295	14,100
Libyan	420	275	140	1,075	590	485
Maure	150	60	90	530	290	240
Moroccan	2,005	1,105	895	85,940	44,520	41,420
Sudanese	1,225	535	695	370	220	150
Tunisian	500	290	215	21,475	11,775	9,695
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	215	115	105	3,340	1,845	1,490
Southern and East African origins	24,800	12,345	12,450	28,925	14,225	14,705
Afrikaner	705	355	355	115	75	40
Amhara	115	60	50	65	30	35
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	255	140	120	1,905	1,040	870
Burundian	215	95	120	6,015	2,945	3,070
Djiboutian	0	0	0	450	205	245
Eritrean	1,055	550	505	580	290	290
Ethiopian	2,550	1,280	1,270	1,575	785	785
Harari	0	0	0	20	10	10
Kenyan	1,615	775	845	530	270	260
Malagasy	105	65	40	3,735	1,815	1,920
Mauritian	975	520	450	3,695	1,735	1,960
Oromo	140	75	65	20	15	10
Rwandan	420	225	195	5,130	2,445	2,685
Seychellois	25	15	15	775	345	425
Somali	2,295	1,115	1,180	1,785	865	915
South African	11,060	5,510	5,550	900	490	420
Tanzanian	490	220	275	325	190	140
Tigrian	205	110	95	95	35	55
Ugandan	775	390	380	290	135	160
Zambian	210	95	110	45	20	25
Zimbabwean	855	445	405	300	150	145
Zulu	75	25	45	70	35	35
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	1,840	910	930	1,790	915	875
Other African origins	19,215	9,745	9,465	46,805	22,845	23,965
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	2,660	1,315	1,340	3,800	1,845	1,950
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	16,740	8,515	8,225	43,785	21,415	22,370
Asian origins	1,312,445	624,270	688,175	563,150	275,170	287,980
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	99,560	51,315	48,245	240,795	123,985	116,810
Afghan	7,895	4,005	3,885	10,945	5,550	5,395
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	5,660	3,125	2,540	44,875	23,680	21,195
Armenian	3,715	1,905	1,815	27,380	13,515	13,865
Assyrian	545	295	250	370	205	165
Azerbaijani	990	570	425	555	295	255
Georgian	740	380	355	635	295	345
Hazara	55	30	20	385	190	200
Iranian	47,985	24,290	23,695	25,530	12,845	12,685
Iraqi	5,575	2,860	2,715	5,520	2,780	2,740
Israeli	2,655	1,370	1,285	6,060	3,235	2,830
Jordanian	785	425	355	1,610	840	770
Kazakh	385	205	175	620	295	325
Kurd	2,120	1,165	950	2,135	1,180	960
Kuwaiti	125	85	40	95	50	50
Kyrgyz	175	90	85	260	140	120
Lebanese	7,980	4,175	3,805	78,140	40,695	37,450
Palestinian	2,625	1,410	1,210	6,865	3,520	3,345
Pashtun	360	200	160	515	280	235
Saudi Arabian	975	615	360	645	390	255
Syrian	3,955	1,905	2,055	27,465	13,845	13,620
Tajik	260	135	125	390	180	210
Tatar	790	365	425	910	430	485
Turk	6,355	3,485	2,865	15,060	7,520	7,545
Turkmen	120	70	55	65	45	25
Uighur	130	65	60	375	185	190
Uzbek	270	150	120	465	210	255
Yemeni	300	185	115	805	450	355
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,635	1,340	1,295	2,465	1,385	1,075
South Asian origins	363,885	182,650	181,235	95,670	48,925	46,745
Bangladeshi	1,840	925	920	7,075	3,625	3,450
Bengali	850	405	445	4,125	2,035	2,090
Bhutanese	120	65	55	420	205	215
East Indian	309,315	154,795	154,520	51,650	26,505	25,140
Goan	485	245	240	210	105	110
Gujarati	700	335	365	420	205	215
Kashmiri	185	100	85	260	155	105
Nepali	1,495	690	805	930	460	470
Pakistani	12,585	6,565	6,015	13,535	7,000	6,535
Punjabi	38,725	19,700	19,025	2,970	1,675	1,295
Sinhalese	620	325	300	310	135	175
Sri Lankan	5,710	2,970	2,740	14,750	7,300	7,450
Tamil	1,235	670	560	3,100	1,610	1,495
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	8,245	4,070	4,170	2,135	1,190	945
East and Southeast Asian origins	855,345	393,475	461,875	229,985	103,805	126,180
Burmese	2,310	1,135	1,175	530	270	255
Cambodian (Khmer)	3,235	1,580	1,655	15,345	7,360	7,985
Chinese	540,155	253,065	287,090	121,445	54,595	66,850
Filipino	158,215	68,710	89,505	37,910	15,590	22,320
Hmong	130	70	60	35	10	20
Indonesian	6,625	3,115	3,510	1,320	570	755
Japanese	51,150	22,200	28,945	6,495	2,615	3,875
Karen	895	450	445	95	55	40
Korean	63,300	29,330	33,975	8,740	4,155	4,580
Laotian	2,530	1,275	1,255	7,625	3,860	3,770
Malaysian	5,060	2,260	2,800	645	300	340
Mongolian	1,495	740	760	960	470	485
Singaporean	1,055	490	560	105	65	40
Taiwanese	21,455	9,810	11,650	2,205	940	1,265
Thai	5,065	1,870	3,195	2,695	1,065	1,635
Tibetan	550	290	260	80	45	30
Vietnamese	41,435	20,205	21,230	43,080	20,790	22,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	785	310	470	275	125	155
Other Asian origins	2,500	1,250	1,250	1,765	905	865
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	2,500	1,250	1,255	1,770	905	860
Oceania origins	41,125	20,605	20,520	3,250	1,730	1,515
Australian	16,240	8,385	7,855	2,055	1,125	935
New Zealander	6,565	3,405	3,155	490	245	245
Pacific Islands origins	19,135	9,240	9,890	785	410	380
Fijian	14,145	6,895	7,250	70	25	40
Hawaiian	2,200	970	1,235	60	40	20
Maori	1,120	595	530	90	55	35
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	600	275	325	290	145	145
Samoan	485	255	230	15	15	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	905	440	465	295	155	145
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Owner	1,279,020	...	...	2,163,735	...	...
Renter	599,360	...	...	1,362,010	...	...
Band housing	3,590	...	...	5,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Condominium	416,770	...	...	413,325	...	...
Not condominium	1,465,200	...	...	3,118,340	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
No bedrooms	22,705	...	...	23,725	...	...
1 bedroom	311,035	...	...	573,370	...	...
2 bedrooms	514,015	...	...	1,100,310	...	...
3 bedrooms	513,135	...	...	1,157,300	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	521,075	...	...	676,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	642,910	...	...	1,258,215	...	...
5 rooms	274,780	...	...	620,935	...	...
6 rooms	235,845	...	...	432,090	...	...
7 rooms	199,715	...	...	403,255	...	...
8 or more rooms	528,720	...	...	817,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,839,850	...	...	3,492,135	...	...
More than 1 person per room	42,120	...	...	39,530	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	1,881,965	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Suitable	1,781,905	...	...	3,398,910	...	...
Not suitable	100,060	...	...	132,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
1960 or before	267,560	...	...	894,495	...	...
1961 to 1980	559,485	...	...	1,116,760	...	...
1981 to 1990	289,565	...	...	503,495	...	...
1991 to 2000	331,865	...	...	369,020	...	...
2001 to 2005	125,335	...	...	196,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	171,945	...	...	241,545	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	136,210	...	...	209,515	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	1,763,105	...	...	3,304,625	...	...
Major repairs needed	118,865	...	...	227,040	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 household maintainer	1,091,500	...	...	2,221,970	...	...
2 household maintainers	725,675	...	...	1,264,195	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	64,790	...	...	45,500	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	1,881,970	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
15 to 24 years	58,620	...	...	119,495	...	...
25 to 34 years	253,950	...	...	498,070	...	...
35 to 44 years	304,185	...	...	603,840	...	...
45 to 54 years	378,545	...	...	682,290	...	...
55 to 64 years	390,185	...	...	731,390	...	...
65 to 74 years	288,165	...	...	541,630	...	...
75 to 84 years	152,225	...	...	270,280	...	...
85 years and over	56,085	...	...	84,680	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	1,832,420	...	...	3,496,460	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,320,210	...	...	2,763,105	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	512,210	...	...	733,355	...	...
30% to less than 100%	420,705	...	...	647,975	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,242,600	...	...	2,141,690	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	58.6	...	...	61.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	20.7	...	...	12.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,149	...	...	983	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,387	...	...	1,085	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	500,874	...	...	250,302	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	720,689	...	...	290,484	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	592,825	...	...	1,358,265	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	12.5	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	43.3	...	...	33.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,036	...	...	720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,149	...	...	775	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
No certificate, diploma or degree	601,640	305,320	296,315	1,323,070	674,955	648,115
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,138,565	549,580	588,985	1,426,980	674,820	752,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,310	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	338,980	250,270	88,720	1,120,730	681,515	439,215
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	142,935	83,055	59,880	806,585	435,090	371,495
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	196,045	167,210	28,840	314,145	246,425	67,720
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	700,945	280,300	420,645	1,165,515	506,775	658,740
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	138,010	54,420	83,585	236,255	93,680	142,575
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	952,240	442,880	509,360	1,361,730	628,290	733,440
Bachelor's degree	622,670	281,020	341,655	872,060	384,275	487,790
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	69,005	28,575	40,430	118,955	54,255	64,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	29,110	16,690	12,420	39,045	19,865	19,185
Master's degree	195,825	94,360	101,465	281,215	139,280	141,935
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	35,625	22,240	13,390	50,455	30,615	19,840
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,940	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125
No certificate, diploma or degree	244,000	134,410	109,585	580,635	323,880	256,750
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	671,010	330,835	340,175	808,955	396,620	412,330
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,617,965	761,790	856,175	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	231,445	172,290	59,155	866,595	513,575	353,015
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	97,350	56,920	40,435	631,795	330,140	301,655
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	134,095	115,370	18,725	234,800	183,440	51,360
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	528,805	210,880	317,925	832,430	367,185	465,245
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	99,695	39,205	60,490	167,025	67,530	99,495
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	758,015	339,415	418,605	1,116,300	499,010	617,290
Bachelor's degree	497,845	219,005	278,840	712,935	308,760	404,175
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	52,955	20,995	31,965	94,240	40,085	54,160
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	22,440	11,665	10,775	30,775	13,505	17,270
Master's degree	159,740	73,335	86,405	238,300	113,895	124,410
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	25,030	14,420	10,615	40,050	22,780	17,270
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,740,205	854,900	885,300	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270
Education	144,100	34,915	109,185	273,320	62,470	210,845
13. Education	144,100	34,910	109,185	273,320	62,470	210,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	98,735	44,465	54,275	156,720	71,485	85,240
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	16,970	12,880	4,090	25,380	18,280	7,100
50. Visual and performing arts	81,765	31,580	50,185	131,340	53,200	78,140
Humanities	124,600	49,025	75,575	215,735	86,065	129,675
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	15,235	3,675	11,555	32,180	7,165	25,020
23. English language and literature/letters	34,710	10,845	23,865	12,900	4,060	8,835
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	35,720	13,670	22,050	103,120	42,685	60,435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	585	210	375	880	395	485
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,710	4,050	2,660	10,400	6,650	3,755
39. Theology and religious vocations	12,275	7,400	4,880	10,125	6,200	3,930
54. History	15,780	8,475	7,300	17,055	9,990	7,065
55. French language and literature/letters	3,580	705	2,880	29,070	8,920	20,155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	245,990	87,960	158,025	380,995	125,025	255,975
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,120	1,060	3,060	4,315	1,165	3,150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	23,180	8,505	14,680	48,530	16,690	31,845
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	38,070	3,285	34,785	77,470	6,070	71,400
22. Legal professions and studies	38,505	13,545	24,955	67,185	25,785	41,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	4,325	1,345	2,985	9,905	2,035	7,870
42. Psychology	43,230	12,480	30,750	57,335	14,030	43,305
45. Social sciences	94,560	47,755	46,810	116,255	59,245	57,015
Business, management and public administration	426,460	166,470	259,990	879,190	321,450	557,740
30.16 Accounting and computer science	775	215	560	815	300	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	26,520	5,960	20,565	47,715	10,490	37,225
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	399,160	160,295	238,865	830,660	310,665	519,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	86,425	46,070	40,355	140,990	76,780	64,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	36,760	16,800	19,960	49,705	20,900	28,805
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	19,025	9,400	9,620	23,210	13,865	9,350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	835	225	610	21,890	10,810	11,080
40. Physical sciences	26,370	18,395	7,975	39,060	27,545	11,515
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,440	1,255	2,185	7,120	3,660	3,465
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	80,070	51,490	28,575	152,105	104,850	47,255
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	62,795	43,900	18,890	125,480	92,730	32,750
25. Library science	5,560	755	4,805	11,110	2,145	8,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	10,875	6,295	4,580	13,415	8,365	5,045
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	835	540	300	2,100	1,605	495
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	427,670	388,335	39,340	828,400	758,350	70,055
04. Architecture and related services	15,490	9,985	5,505	29,015	17,055	11,960
14. Engineering	98,455	81,055	17,395	150,450	124,585	25,865
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	68,500	60,490	8,010	150,640	135,445	15,195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	90	25	65	60	20	40
46. Construction trades	100,765	97,615	3,150	185,385	179,995	5,390
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	97,720	94,520	3,200	184,280	178,510	5,770
48. Precision production	46,660	44,650	2,015	128,580	122,750	5,830
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	50,210	31,680	18,525	85,485	56,900	28,585
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	24,950	13,670	11,275	51,770	30,870	20,900
03. Natural resources and conservation	25,260	18,010	7,250	33,715	26,025	7,690
Health and related fields	322,715	65,735	256,975	480,230	95,450	384,780
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	23,740	11,920	11,820	27,955	14,675	13,280
51. Health professions and related programs	290,645	48,985	241,655	441,105	74,630	366,470
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	8,330	4,835	3,495	11,160	6,140	5,020
Personal, protective and transportation services	122,855	61,605	61,250	290,005	151,070	138,935
12. Personal and culinary services	79,740	24,860	54,885	164,595	43,720	120,875
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	320	290	30	290	270	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,235	1,120	115	1,345	1,245	100
43. Security and protective services	13,935	10,390	3,545	54,625	42,415	12,210
49. Transportation and materials moving	27,620	24,945	2,680	69,160	63,425	5,740
Other	355	115	240	1,055	375	680
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	350	115	240	1,055	375	675
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	2,532,980	1,227,040	1,305,935	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	915,015	465,250	449,765	1,389,585	720,500	669,085
Education	96,005	21,035	74,970	180,615	37,990	142,625
13. Education	96,010	21,035	74,975	180,615	37,990	142,625
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	77,655	34,430	43,225	122,045	55,575	66,475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,710	9,580	3,130	19,510	13,740	5,770
50. Visual and performing arts	64,940	24,845	40,090	102,535	41,830	60,705
Humanities	93,605	35,490	58,115	138,330	54,580	83,750
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	11,710	2,510	9,195	25,220	5,455	19,765
23. English language and literature/letters	25,665	7,810	17,850	9,585	2,990	6,595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	28,260	10,505	17,750	57,730	25,305	32,430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	425	170	255	600	255	350
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,970	2,960	2,010	6,980	4,415	2,570
39. Theology and religious vocations	8,330	4,945	3,385	5,415	3,380	2,035
54. History	11,805	6,140	5,665	12,235	7,140	5,095
55. French language and literature/letters	2,445	455	2,000	20,555	5,640	14,915
Social and behavioural sciences and law	196,450	67,000	129,450	301,550	95,120	206,430
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,460	845	2,615	3,550	925	2,620
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	19,685	6,940	12,750	40,275	13,900	26,370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	29,855	2,505	27,350	63,120	4,295	58,825
22. Legal professions and studies	31,190	9,665	21,525	53,620	18,830	34,790
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	3,540	1,110	2,425	6,840	1,420	5,420
42. Psychology	33,055	8,845	24,210	44,540	10,255	34,285
45. Social sciences	75,665	37,095	38,575	89,610	45,495	44,110
Business, management and public administration	335,220	128,975	206,245	706,400	248,920	457,480
30.16 Accounting and computer science	540	170	365	615	215	400
44. Public administration and social service professions	20,695	4,240	16,455	38,320	7,835	30,485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	313,985	124,565	189,425	667,470	240,870	426,600
Physical and life sciences and technologies	63,705	32,325	31,385	92,480	49,390	43,090
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	28,505	12,595	15,915	40,895	16,635	24,260
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	13,825	6,570	7,260	12,450	7,435	5,015
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	645	160	485	4,175	2,385	1,785
40. Physical sciences	18,525	12,250	6,270	29,705	20,255	9,445
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,210	750	1,460	5,255	2,675	2,580
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	68,660	44,820	23,840	132,750	91,865	40,885
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	56,390	39,660	16,725	112,715	83,240	29,470
25. Library science	3,830	545	3,290	8,720	1,665	7,055
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,760	4,185	3,570	9,725	5,815	3,915
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	680	430	250	1,585	1,150	440
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	310,855	277,375	33,475	639,185	577,845	61,335
04. Architecture and related services	12,110	7,240	4,875	24,260	13,870	10,385
14. Engineering	76,935	61,380	15,560	126,835	103,165	23,665
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	48,690	42,285	6,405	116,595	103,710	12,885
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	20	45	50	15	30
46. Construction trades	72,800	70,225	2,570	134,865	130,350	4,510
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	69,025	66,545	2,480	139,935	135,155	4,780
48. Precision production	31,225	29,690	1,535	96,655	91,580	5,075
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	39,360	23,810	15,555	69,865	45,215	24,655
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	18,965	9,875	9,090	41,755	23,965	17,795
03. Natural resources and conservation	20,395	13,930	6,470	28,110	21,250	6,860
Health and related fields	244,975	50,520	194,460	368,600	72,245	296,355
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	18,900	9,380	9,520	22,660	11,635	11,030
51. Health professions and related programs	219,800	37,800	182,000	337,320	56,510	280,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	6,285	3,340	2,940	8,620	4,110	4,510
Personal, protective and transportation services	91,185	45,925	45,265	229,640	118,260	111,375
12. Personal and culinary services	58,820	18,880	39,945	129,245	32,830	96,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	195	165	30	225	200	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	570	505	65	875	795	80
43. Security and protective services	11,175	8,110	3,060	42,550	32,575	9,975
49. Transportation and materials moving	20,430	18,265	2,165	56,750	51,860	4,890
Other	275	85	185	890	300	595
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	270	85	185	890	300	595
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	3,870,380	1,882,770	1,987,610	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,740,205	854,900	885,300	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,130,175	1,027,870	1,102,305	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970
Location of study inside Canada	1,625,550	785,340	840,205	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880
Same as province or territory of residence	1,243,905	593,275	650,635	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270
Different than province or territory of residence	381,645	192,070	189,575	142,415	73,800	68,610
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	504,630	242,530	262,100	374,620	193,530	181,090
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	74,030	40,425	33,610	28,320	16,915	11,410
Philippines	56,845	20,455	36,395	12,515	3,600	8,920
India	44,115	22,045	22,065	6,805	3,660	3,150
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	58,825	31,920	26,910	11,250	6,535	4,715
China^{Census data footnote 162}	61,840	27,630	34,210	17,155	7,755	9,395
France	4,385	2,360	2,025	69,665	39,885	29,780
Other	204,580	97,700	106,885	228,905	115,185	113,725
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	2,532,975	1,227,040	1,305,935	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	915,015	465,250	449,765	1,389,590	720,505	669,085
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,617,960	761,790	856,170	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045
Location of study inside Canada	1,239,640	589,155	650,490	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780
Same as province or territory of residence	970,485	454,780	515,700	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280
Different than province or territory of residence	269,155	134,375	134,785	108,630	55,125	53,500
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	378,325	172,640	205,685	306,115	153,850	152,265
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	50,095	26,175	23,920	19,655	11,145	8,505
Philippines	48,935	17,385	31,555	10,545	2,935	7,610
India	36,800	17,455	19,345	4,865	2,465	2,400
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	32,890	17,360	15,530	7,390	4,245	3,145
China^{Census data footnote 162}	53,570	23,445	30,125	15,420	6,865	8,550
France	3,505	1,885	1,615	57,315	32,115	25,205
Other	152,530	68,935	83,595	190,930	94,085	96,850
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,610	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
In the labour force	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Employed	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Unemployed	165,975	91,385	74,590	306,170	177,630	128,540
Not in the labour force	1,398,710	596,935	801,775	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480
Participation rate	63.9	68.3	59.7	64.1	67.9	60.5
Employment rate	59.6	63.4	55.9	59.5	62.5	56.7
Unemployment rate	6.7	7.1	6.3	7.2	8.0	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	3,870,375	1,882,770	1,987,605	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	1,290,235	547,350	742,885	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655
Worked	2,580,140	1,335,420	1,244,720	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	1,183,405	675,950	507,460	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,396,735	659,470	737,260	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.4	41.1	42.5	42.7	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	2,471,670	1,285,840	1,185,835	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,245	22,555	101,485	51,640	49,850
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,275	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915
Employee	2,084,470	1,054,630	1,029,840	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	343,395	209,955	133,430	489,090	299,355	189,730
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,245	22,560	101,490	51,640	49,850
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,860	1,264,585	1,163,270	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
0 Management occupations	275,000	168,820	106,180	418,450	263,585	154,875
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	368,940	106,205	262,740	677,390	210,525	466,865
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	161,520	127,060	34,460	286,270	222,375	63,895
3 Health occupations	162,865	35,775	127,095	295,765	57,160	238,610
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	269,255	87,765	181,485	502,945	147,145	355,795
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	93,100	44,855	48,245	135,730	64,370	71,365
6 Sales and service occupations	595,225	251,490	343,735	988,610	449,820	538,790
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	360,970	339,660	21,315	574,675	544,100	30,570
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	64,235	47,530	16,700	67,290	55,610	11,685
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	76,745	55,430	21,315	206,875	148,405	58,475
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	2,471,665	1,285,835	1,185,830	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	43,805	21,250	22,555	101,490	51,635	49,850
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	2,427,865	1,264,590	1,163,270	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	65,205	42,840	22,360	84,060	60,460	23,595
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	25,920	21,810	4,115	20,920	18,175	2,745
22 Utilities	12,445	8,915	3,535	28,410	20,650	7,755
23 Construction	199,985	175,195	24,790	254,055	223,770	30,285
31-33 Manufacturing	157,560	113,945	43,615	458,315	332,080	126,240
41 Wholesale trade	82,105	55,530	26,580	157,365	104,885	52,475
44-45 Retail trade	283,135	129,985	153,150	508,170	239,625	268,545
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	128,400	98,580	29,815	187,550	142,550	45,000
51 Information and cultural industries	67,225	41,065	26,155	100,775	59,705	41,070
52 Finance and insurance	93,805	38,430	55,380	165,140	66,175	98,965
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	54,995	29,515	25,475	61,380	36,505	24,875
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	196,670	107,680	88,990	288,715	161,030	127,685
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,320	1,975	2,345	3,305	1,270	2,035
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	109,095	62,325	46,775	176,185	108,280	67,905
61 Educational services	173,820	56,455	117,365	306,575	96,170	210,405
62 Health care and social assistance	270,855	52,320	218,530	532,680	99,380	433,295
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	57,940	29,050	28,895	84,130	44,235	39,895
72 Accommodation and food services	207,045	86,555	120,490	278,500	123,235	155,265
81 Other services (except public administration)	112,335	47,960	64,375	193,700	89,455	104,245
91 Public administration	125,000	64,450	60,545	264,085	135,455	128,630
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	2,305,690	1,194,455	1,111,240	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Worked at home	196,510	95,515	100,990	266,285	134,325	131,960
Worked outside Canada	16,040	11,285	4,760	10,600	7,580	3,020
No fixed workplace address	326,180	243,130	83,050	351,595	265,405	86,185
Worked at usual place	1,766,965	844,520	922,440	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	1,766,965	844,520	922,440	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	864,410	382,105	482,305	1,732,155	810,895	921,260
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	807,840	405,435	402,400	485,450	234,700	250,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	81,750	47,820	33,930	1,037,125	549,095	488,030
Commute to a different province or territory	12,965	9,160	3,805	66,125	35,110	31,015
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	2,093,145	1,087,655	1,005,490	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,475,585	803,485	672,095	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	114,580	49,075	65,500	133,760	51,045	82,715
Public transit	274,205	117,830	156,375	503,285	217,465	285,820
Walked	142,310	62,395	79,920	205,350	93,595	111,760
Bicycle	51,350	32,665	18,680	54,625	36,470	18,155
Other method	35,115	22,195	12,915	36,010	20,845	15,170
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240
Less than 15 minutes	601,950	276,005	325,950	1,035,455	493,225	542,235
15 to 29 minutes	689,520	353,590	335,925	1,200,455	617,010	583,445
30 to 44 minutes	425,680	237,995	187,685	777,955	425,640	352,310
45 to 59 minutes	184,690	104,220	80,465	343,540	184,440	159,100
60 minutes and over	191,305	115,840	75,470	315,035	174,875	140,160
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	2,093,140	1,087,650	1,005,490	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	142,370	101,315	41,050	256,150	192,835	63,315
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	342,500	214,795	127,700	675,585	420,120	255,465
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	526,485	271,110	255,375	1,133,510	527,925	605,580
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	470,210	202,910	267,295	714,935	296,300	418,630
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	292,185	125,470	166,715	349,845	148,715	201,125
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	319,400	172,045	147,355	542,425	309,295	233,125
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655
Single responses	2,622,495	1,354,780	1,267,710	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385
Official languages	2,537,990	1,309,980	1,228,015	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420
English	2,531,850	1,308,325	1,223,530	541,720	294,935	246,780
French	6,140	1,660	4,485	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640
Non-official languages	84,500	44,805	39,705	34,160	17,190	16,970
Aboriginal languages	260	75	180	12,670	6,180	6,490
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	8,350	4,095	4,260
Blackfoot	0	0	10	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	10	0	10	8,285	4,060	4,220
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,100	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	1,800	840	960
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	210	105	100
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	35	20	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	5,145	2,515	2,630
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	30	20	10
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	25	20	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	45	15	25
Algonquin	0	0	0	45	20	30
Ojibway	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	45	15	30	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	15	30	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	10	10	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	4,305	2,080	2,220
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	4,290	2,075	2,215
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	15	0	15
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	10	0	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	30	85	0	0	0
Comox	10	0	10	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	0	15	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	0	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	30	10	25	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	10	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	10	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	15	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Haisla	10	0	10	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0	0	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	84,245	44,730	39,520	21,490	11,005	10,480
Afro-Asiatic languages	440	295	145	1,895	1,125	775
Berber languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0	15	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Somali	10	0	10	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	435	295	135	1,860	1,110	745
Amharic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Arabic	320	235	85	1,715	1,045	665
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	20	10	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	75	30	50	140	70	70
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,505	1,165	1,345	1,725	850	870
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	30	20	315	140	175
Vietnamese	2,460	1,140	1,325	1,410	710	695
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	825	385	440	135	65	70
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	20	0	20	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ilocano	30	15	20	10	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	65	35	20	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	695	320	375	115	50	60
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0	275	90	190
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	10	0	10
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	265	90	175
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	30	15	20	150	75	75
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tamil	30	10	15	145	75	70
Telugu	0	0	0	0	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	23,765	13,305	10,460	10,165	5,255	4,910
Albanian	15	15	0	30	20	10
Armenian	0	0	0	275	130	145
Balto-Slavic languages	950	440	510	1,130	500	635
Baltic languages	10	10	0	15	0	10
Latvian	0	0	0	15	10	10
Lithuanian	10	0	0	0	10	0
Slavic languages	935	435	500	1,115	495	625
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	15	0	10	10	0	0
Bulgarian	10	0	10	55	20	30
Croatian	30	10	25	10	0	10
Czech	40	20	10	10	0	10
Macedonian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Polish	115	50	70	170	65	105
Russian	565	255	315	735	340	395
Serbian	95	55	40	10	15	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	10	10	0
Slovak	15	10	0	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	40	25	15	110	35	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	805	465	335	1,285	575	715
Afrikaans	15	10	0	0	0	0
Danish	15	15	0	15	10	0
Dutch	120	70	45	25	10	15
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	590	330	260	370	170	195
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	10	10	0	0	0
Swedish	25	20	10	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yiddish	10	10	10	860	375	485
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Greek	55	25	30	525	260	270
Indo-Iranian languages	19,805	11,280	8,535	1,385	780	600
Indo-Aryan languages	18,715	10,560	8,160	680	390	295
Bengali	15	15	0	110	70	35
Gujarati	35	15	25	20	0	10
Hindi	300	185	110	35	20	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	20	10	10	20	0	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	18,295	10,310	7,985	415	225	190
Sindhi	0	0	10	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Urdu	45	25	25	85	50	35
Iranian languages	1,085	720	365	700	395	305
Kurdish	25	25	0	15	0	15
Pashto	0	0	0	10	0	15
Persian (Farsi)	1,060	700	360	675	385	285
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,140	1,085	1,060	5,525	2,990	2,540
Catalan	10	10	0	15	0	15
Italian	110	50	60	590	315	275
Portuguese	515	255	260	635	365	270
Romanian	70	45	25	320	140	175
Spanish	1,435	725	710	3,975	2,165	1,810
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	0
Japanese	1,730	650	1,080	235	80	150
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Georgian	10	10	0	10	0	0
Korean	5,585	3,005	2,585	300	150	150
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	10	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	15	0	45	25	20
Akan (Twi)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	10	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	25	20	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	280	90	190	205	60	140
American Sign Language	215	45	165	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	125	20	110
Sign languages, n.i.e	70	45	25	70	45	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	48,735	25,645	23,085	6,070	3,125	2,945
Chinese languages	48,645	25,595	23,055	6,075	3,130	2,950
Cantonese	23,555	12,020	11,535	2,655	1,325	1,330
Hakka	15	0	10	0	0	0
Mandarin	23,835	12,935	10,900	3,100	1,630	1,465
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	210	120	85	70	40	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	20	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	985	485	500	235	130	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	50	30	0	0	0
Burmese	25	15	15	0	0	0
Karenic languages	55	35	15	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	65	110	110	40	75
Lao	10	0	10	55	25	30
Thai	165	65	105	55	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	65	50	15	110	60	50
Azerbaijani	0	10	0	0	0	0
Turkish	55	40	15	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	10	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	45	20	25	40	10	40
Estonian	0	0	0	10	0	0
Finnish	25	10	15	0	0	0
Hungarian	25	10	15	35	0	35
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	10	0	10
Multiple responses	48,205	23,795	24,410	341,900	182,635	159,265
English and French	4,210	1,865	2,345	315,620	169,365	146,255
English and non-official language	43,480	21,760	21,720	6,545	3,655	2,890
French and non-official language	55	30	25	7,525	3,460	4,065
English, French and non-official language	465	145	320	12,205	6,160	6,055
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	2,670,700	1,378,580	1,292,120	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655
None	2,498,070	1,293,650	1,204,420	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690
English	36,505	18,270	18,235	1,031,380	555,940	475,440
French	22,465	10,170	12,300	317,490	169,785	147,705
Non-official language	110,375	54,925	55,455	49,850	25,900	23,950
Aboriginal	1,860	630	1,225	4,985	2,285	2,705
Non-Aboriginal	108,515	54,295	54,225	44,865	23,620	21,245
English and French	60	40	15	2,185	1,040	1,140
English and non-official language	1,155	545	610	14,910	7,255	7,655
French and non-official language	2,070	980	1,090	6,855	3,795	3,055
English, French and non-official language	10	0	0	65	50	20
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	4,516,810	2,215,515	2,301,295	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575
Non-movers	3,811,375	1,868,420	1,942,945	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195
Movers	705,440	347,095	358,345	914,800	450,420	464,380
Non-migrants	386,620	189,765	196,855	547,410	269,850	277,560
Migrants	318,825	157,335	161,490	367,385	180,565	186,820
Internal migrants	249,960	123,425	126,540	305,465	149,335	156,135
Intraprovincial migrants	188,225	92,150	96,070	284,280	137,945	146,330
Interprovincial migrants	61,740	31,275	30,465	21,190	11,385	9,805
External migrants	68,860	33,910	34,950	61,920	31,235	30,685
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	4,339,960	2,124,780	2,215,180	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805
Non-movers	2,490,535	1,220,635	1,269,905	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065
Movers	1,849,425	904,145	945,275	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740
Non-migrants	940,895	460,185	480,710	1,507,665	741,220	766,440
Migrants	908,535	443,965	464,570	1,187,425	584,125	603,295
Internal migrants	672,805	329,700	343,105	949,170	464,830	484,340
Intraprovincial migrants	503,685	245,895	257,795	893,800	436,525	457,270
Interprovincial migrants	169,115	83,805	85,310	55,370	28,300	27,070
External migrants	235,730	114,265	121,465	238,250	119,295	118,960

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 44 referrer

Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 45 referrer

Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Return to footnote 46 referrer

Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Return to footnote 47 referrer

Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 48 referrer

Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. British Columbia [Province] and Quebec [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 14, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Quebec [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
British Columbia [Province] and Quebec [Province]