Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Nova ScotiaMore information: [Province]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	969,383	...	...
Population, 2016¹	923,598	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	476,007	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	428,228	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	18.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	52,824.71	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	969,380	471,730	497,650
0 to 14 years	136,710	70,165	66,540
0 to 4 years	40,340	20,610	19,735
5 to 9 years	47,070	24,055	23,015
10 to 14 years	49,300	25,505	23,795
15 to 64 years	617,345	302,720	314,625
15 to 19 years	48,180	24,770	23,410
20 to 24 years	58,005	30,115	27,890
25 to 29 years	60,430	30,375	30,050
30 to 34 years	59,575	29,295	30,285
35 to 39 years	57,755	27,960	29,790
40 to 44 years	56,420	26,900	29,515
45 to 49 years	59,200	28,415	30,785
50 to 54 years	63,775	30,595	33,175
55 to 59 years	77,080	37,205	39,870
60 to 64 years	76,935	37,085	39,850
65 years and over	215,325	98,845	116,480
65 to 69 years	68,395	32,735	35,665
70 to 74 years	59,435	28,295	31,140
75 to 79 years	39,325	18,400	20,925
80 to 84 years	25,130	11,095	14,040
85 years and over	23,035	8,325	14,715
85 to 89 years	14,595	5,860	8,740
90 to 94 years	6,345	2,050	4,300
95 to 99 years	1,805	375	1,435
100 years and over	290	50	245
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1	14.9	13.4
15 to 64 years	63.7	64.2	63.2
65 years and over	22.2	21.0	23.4
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	3.0
Average age of the population	44.2	43.2	45.2
Median age of the population	45.6	44.4	46.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	428,230	...	...
Single-detached house	272,980	...	...
Semi-detached house	21,605	...	...
Row house	11,220	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	13,165	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	64,575	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,650	...	...
Other single-attached house	700	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15,345	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	428,225	...	...
1 person	131,850	...	...
2 persons	166,475	...	...
3 persons	61,700	...	...
4 persons	45,700	...	...
5 or more persons	22,500	...	...
Number of persons in private households	955,855	465,820	490,035
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	832,670	401,565	431,105
Married or living common-law	471,570	235,255	236,320
Married	372,690	185,900	186,785
Living common-law	98,885	49,350	49,530
Living common law - Never married	69,735	34,845	34,890
Living common law - Separated	5,510	2,835	2,670
Living common law - Divorced	20,870	10,580	10,285
Living common law - Widowed	2,765	1,090	1,675
Not married and not living common-law	361,105	166,315	194,785
Not married and not living common law - Never married	230,425	122,570	107,850
Not married and not living common law - Separated	25,025	10,930	14,095
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	52,000	20,725	31,275
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	53,655	12,090	41,565
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	280,335	...	...
2 persons	166,340	...	...
3 persons	56,715	...	...
4 persons	41,255	...	...
5 or more persons	16,030	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	280,340	...	...
Total couple families	231,690	...	...
Married couples	182,255	...	...
With children⁶	78,455	...	...
Without children	103,795	...	...
Common-law couples	49,435	...	...
With children⁶	17,320	...	...
Without children	32,120	...	...
Total one-parent families	48,645	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	38,280	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	10,370	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	955,855	465,820	490,035
Total - Persons in census families	753,775	371,150	382,630
Married spouses or common-law partners	463,385	231,305	232,080
Parents in one-parent families	48,645	10,365	38,275
Children⁶	241,745	129,475	112,270
In a two-parent family	167,950	89,310	78,640
In a one-parent family	73,800	40,170	33,630
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	202,080	94,675	107,405
Living alone	131,850	58,495	73,355
Living with other relatives⁷	20,715	8,710	12,005
Living with non-relatives only	49,515	27,470	22,050
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	428,225	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	253,030	...	...
Couple-family households	214,615	...	...
With children⁶	88,670	...	...
Without children	125,945	...	...
One-parent-family households	38,415	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,620	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,570	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	11,175	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	21,980	...	...
One-person households	131,850	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	819,310	395,750	423,555
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	792,265	382,635	409,625
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,800	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	792,675	382,860	409,815
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	37,200	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	688,495	339,905	348,595
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	37,600	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	543,545	276,155	267,390
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	644,215	293,140	351,070
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	12,300	11,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	109,425	57,315	52,110
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,240	6,550	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	202,185	97,505	104,675
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	819,315	395,805	423,510
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	792,355	382,420	409,930
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,480	53,850	41,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	792,780	382,655	410,125
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,160	43,360	35,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	689,525	339,995	349,530
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,120	50,080	36,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	543,575	276,135	267,445
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,120	48,800	37,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	643,520	292,110	351,415
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,260	12,160	12,350
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	109,585	57,200	52,385
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,850	8,340	7,300
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	201,560	96,700	104,860
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,910	8,790	9,010
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	819,315	395,805	423,510
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	253,470	134,925	118,540
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	62,400	52,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,200	72,000	59,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	221,675	105,650	116,030
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	19,000	14,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,080	29,600	20,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0	82.8	74.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.3	65.4	58.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.0	17.2	25.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.3	2.3	2.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.7	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	4.1	5.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	819,310	395,755	423,560
Without total income	27,050	13,115	13,935
With total income	792,265	382,635	409,630
Under $10,000 (including loss)	65,365	28,385	36,980
$10,000 to $19,999	102,030	40,305	61,730
$20,000 to $29,999	140,270	60,610	79,660
$30,000 to $39,999	111,240	49,815	61,425
$40,000 to $49,999	96,235	44,300	51,940
$50,000 to $59,999	72,270	36,525	35,745
$60,000 to $69,999	52,910	29,860	23,050
$70,000 to $79,999	40,055	23,620	16,435
$80,000 to $89,999	32,100	18,350	13,755
$90,000 to $99,999	23,205	13,035	10,175
$100,000 and over	56,580	37,845	18,735
$100,000 to $149,999	40,070	25,970	14,095
$150,000 and over	16,510	11,875	4,635
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	819,310	395,755	423,560
Without after-tax income	26,635	12,890	13,745
With after-tax income	792,670	382,860	409,810
Under $10,000 (including loss)	69,720	29,525	40,190
$10,000 to $19,999	107,780	43,060	64,715
$20,000 to $29,999	164,470	72,415	92,055
$30,000 to $39,999	136,500	62,655	73,845
$40,000 to $49,999	107,015	53,055	53,955
$50,000 to $59,999	72,850	40,725	32,125
$60,000 to $69,999	50,395	28,870	21,520
$70,000 to $79,999	32,395	18,070	14,325
$80,000 to $89,999	18,025	11,265	6,760
$90,000 to $99,999	10,385	6,855	3,535
$100,000 and over	23,150	16,360	6,785
$100,000 to $124,999	12,080	8,410	3,670
$125,000 and over	11,065	7,945	3,115
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	819,310	395,755	423,560
Without employment income	275,765	119,595	156,170
With employment income	543,550	276,155	267,390
Under $5,000 (including loss)	77,555	37,160	40,400
$5,000 to $9,999	45,840	20,175	25,660
$10,000 to $19,999	71,750	32,760	38,985
$20,000 to $29,999	58,530	27,440	31,095
$30,000 to $39,999	54,505	25,820	28,680
$40,000 to $49,999	51,660	24,210	27,450
$50,000 to $59,999	40,920	22,085	18,835
$60,000 to $69,999	33,355	19,520	13,835
$70,000 to $79,999	27,430	16,135	11,295
$80,000 to $89,999	24,060	13,375	10,690
$90,000 to $99,999	17,820	9,985	7,840
$100,000 and over	40,125	27,495	12,630
$100,000 to $124,999	20,670	13,250	7,420
$125,000 and over	19,460	14,245	5,210
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	819,310	395,750	423,555
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	776,185	373,815	402,365
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,600	30,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	777,055	373,920	403,140
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,800	36,400	28,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	684,380	337,255	347,120
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	38,800	27,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	549,215	278,025	271,190
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	38,800	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	573,480	253,385	320,090
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,600	8,800	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	95,990	50,870	45,125
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,050	7,850	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	819,315	395,805	423,510
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	776,340	373,615	402,725
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,640	53,150	38,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	777,120	373,720	403,405
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,520	42,640	32,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	684,995	337,060	347,935
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,720	51,650	36,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	549,145	277,905	271,245
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,520	50,240	36,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	573,240	252,615	320,625
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,580	9,670	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,890	51,150	45,745
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,290	8,740	7,790
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	819,315	395,805	423,510
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	251,785	133,965	117,825
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600	59,600	48,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,500	69,000	55,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	209,605	99,920	109,690
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	24,400	18,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,840	37,480	24,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.6	87.6	80.4
Employment income (%)	67.4	70.4	63.7
Government transfers (%)	15.5	12.3	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.3	2.3	2.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	428,225	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	131,850	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	296,380	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	428,230	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	131,820	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,240	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	296,405	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	428,225	...	...
Under $5,000	4,790	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,660	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	8,695	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,735	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	24,065	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,035	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	17,825	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	19,870	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	19,565	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	18,950	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	35,540	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	33,315	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	30,505	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	27,540	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	24,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	135,620	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	46,745	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	31,570	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	33,750	...	...
$200,000 and over	23,565	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	428,225	...	...
Under $5,000	5,335	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,750	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	8,855	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,370	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	25,970	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	20,455	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	21,680	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	23,815	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	22,985	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	21,995	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	42,410	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	39,910	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	34,775	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	29,630	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	24,180	...	...
$100,000 and over	95,105	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	42,740	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	24,600	...	...
$150,000 and over	27,775	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	279,100	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	127,845	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	97,300	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	45,215	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	55,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	181,370	85,960	95,405
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	35,200	32,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,800	31,600	30,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	279,025	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	127,670	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	97,420	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	45,155	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,750	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	181,300	85,865	95,440
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,200	43,960	40,640
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,480	34,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	955,855	465,825	490,040
0 to 17 years	165,120	84,795	80,330
0 to 5 years	49,490	25,290	24,200
18 to 64 years	584,500	285,155	299,345
65 years and over	206,230	95,870	110,370
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	142,180	65,125	77,055
0 to 17 years	28,510	14,770	13,740
0 to 5 years	9,780	5,045	4,740
18 to 64 years	73,130	34,155	38,980
65 years and over	40,540	16,205	24,330
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.9	14.0	15.7
0 to 17 years (%)	17.3	17.4	17.1
0 to 5 years (%)	19.8	19.9	19.6
18 to 64 years (%)	12.5	12.0	13.0
65 years and over (%)	19.7	16.9	22.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	943,185	459,735	483,450
0 to 17 years	161,185	82,805	78,380
0 to 5 years	48,270	24,665	23,605
18 to 64 years	577,035	281,610	295,425
65 years and over	204,965	95,315	109,645
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	44,075	22,435	21,645
0 to 17 years	7,000	3,610	3,390
0 to 5 years	2,180	1,165	1,020
18 to 64 years	34,085	17,580	16,500
65 years and over	3,000	1,250	1,750
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.7	4.9	4.5
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3	4.4	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	4.5	4.7	4.3
18 to 64 years (%)	5.9	6.2	5.6
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.3	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	955,855	465,825	490,040
In bottom half of the distribution	572,455	272,985	299,475
In bottom decile	125,755	58,940	66,810
In second decile	125,480	58,055	67,425
In third decile	113,675	54,280	59,395
In fourth decile	107,485	52,275	55,210
In fifth decile	100,065	49,435	50,630
In top half of the distribution	383,400	192,835	190,560
In sixth decile	94,675	47,270	47,410
In seventh decile	88,660	44,545	44,110
In eighth decile	80,810	40,600	40,215
In ninth decile	67,810	34,260	33,555
In top decile	51,445	26,165	25,280
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	955,855	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.327	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.282	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	958,990	467,355	491,635
English only	856,200	422,260	433,945
French only	605	265	335
English and French	98,940	43,315	55,625
Neither English nor French	3,245	1,515	1,730
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	958,990	467,355	491,635
English	926,860	451,840	475,020
French	26,775	13,020	13,760
English and French	2,320	1,100	1,225
Neither English nor French	3,030	1,395	1,630
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	958,990	467,355	491,635
Single responses	941,105	458,730	482,375
Official languages	878,890	427,130	451,760
English	851,545	413,905	437,640
French	27,340	13,220	14,125
Non-official languages	62,220	31,605	30,615
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,230	1,525	1,705
Algonquian languages	3,175	1,500	1,675
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	15	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	10	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	5
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,145	1,480	1,660
Mi'kmaq	3,145	1,480	1,660
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45	15	25
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	45	15	30
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,990	30,080	28,905
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,935	4,810	4,130
Berber languages	20	10	5
Kabyle	10	10	5
Tamazight	0	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	270	140	130
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	80	45	35
Somali	180	90	90
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	8,645	4,655	3,985
Amharic	170	85	85
Arabic	7,960	4,300	3,660
Aramaic languages	25	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	225	125	100
Maltese	15	5	10
Tigrigna	230	110	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	965	450	515
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	950	440	510
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0
Austronesian languages	3,885	1,625	2,265
Bikol	15	5	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	25	50
Cebuano	230	85	145
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	75	35	40
Ilocano	90	30	55
Indonesian	60	20	40
Kankanaey	5	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,240	1,380	1,865
Waray-Waray	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	20	35
Creole languages	120	60	55
Haitian Creole	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	10	10	0
Morisyen	35	15	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Dravidian languages	3,385	1,975	1,410
Kannada	90	50	45
Malayalam	1,975	1,185	790
Tamil	555	295	265
Telugu	750	445	305
Tulu	10	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	28,150	14,700	13,450
Albanian	335	165	170
Armenian	35	20	15
Balto-Slavic languages	4,030	1,870	2,160
Baltic languages	85	35	55
Latvian	50	20	30
Lithuanian	35	10	25
Slavic languages	3,945	1,840	2,105
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	75	35	40
Czech	185	90	95
Macedonian	30	15	20
Polish	870	405	465
Russian	1,735	795	945
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	580	285	300
Bosnian	130	65	65
Croatian	240	105	130
Serbian	190	105	90
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Slovak	95	50	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	10
Ukrainian	330	150	175
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	110	55	60
Irish	10	5	10
Scottish Gaelic	65	30	40
Welsh	20	5	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Germanic languages	5,580	2,735	2,845
Frisian	30	20	10
High German languages	3,245	1,560	1,680
German	3,050	1,465	1,585
Pennsylvania German	10	5	10
Swiss German	165	90	75
Yiddish	25	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,890	935	960
Afrikaans	235	115	120
Dutch	1,395	690	705
Low German, n.o.s.	60	25	35
Low Saxon	40	20	20
Plautdietsch	135	65	70
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	10
Scandinavian languages	400	210	185
Danish	150	85	65
Icelandic	45	25	20
Norwegian	90	40	50
Swedish	110	55	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Greek	710	355	355
Indo-Iranian languages	12,325	7,030	5,295
Indo-Aryan languages	10,555	6,110	4,445
Assamese	15	5	5
Bengali	890	515	380
Gujarati	1,160	745	415
Hindi	2,035	1,165	865
Kacchi	10	5	0
Kashmiri	5	0	0
Konkani	25	15	10
Marathi	170	90	75
Nepali	410	200	210
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,550	2,680	1,865
Rohingya	5	5	5
Sindhi	30	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	250	125	130
Urdu	965	520	440
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Iranian languages	1,760	910	845
Baluchi	5	0	0
Kurdish	220	110	105
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	105	60	40
Persian languages	1,435	735	700
Dari	180	85	95
Iranian Persian	1,135	590	550
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115	60	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,025	2,470	2,555
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	730	405	320
Portuguese	1,305	640	665
Romanian	300	150	150
Spanish	2,680	1,270	1,410
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Japanese	395	100	290
Korean	2,340	1,000	1,340
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,025	520	500
Akan (Twi)	80	45	30
Bamanankan	5	10	0
Edo	20	10	10
Éwé	35	15	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	15	10	5
Ganda	35	15	25
Gikuyu	15	10	10
Igbo	90	45	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	25	35
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0
Shona	50	30	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0
Swahili	215	100	110
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	10
Yoruba	215	110	105
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	130	75	60
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	60	60
Dinka	30	10	15
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	45
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Sign languages	215	110	100
American Sign Language	170	95	80
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,380	4,145	4,240
Chinese languages	8,350	4,125	4,225
Hakka	15	5	5
Mandarin	6,730	3,335	3,395
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	45	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,250	595	655
Chinese, n.o.s.	220	125	95
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	5
Burmese	10	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	155	45	110
Lao	10	5	5
Thai	145	40	100
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	465	275	195
Azerbaijani	25	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	345	210	140
Uyghur	5	5	0
Uzbek	75	40	35
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Uralic languages	425	185	240
Estonian	50	20	30
Finnish	85	35	50
Hungarian	290	130	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Multiple responses	17,880	8,625	9,255
English and French	6,640	2,945	3,695
English and non-official language(s)	9,805	4,975	4,830
French and non-official language(s)	315	140	180
English, French and non-official language(s)	375	175	195
Multiple non-official languages	745	385	360
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	958,990	467,355	491,635
English	863,700	420,555	443,145
French	9,795	4,680	5,120
Non-official language	17,340	8,855	8,490
Indigenous³⁹	1,125	540	580
Non-Indigenous	16,220	8,310	7,910
English and French	16,185	7,225	8,955
English and non-official language(s)	48,020	24,140	23,880
French and non-official language(s)	180	80	100
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,475	1,170	1,305
Multiple non-official languages	1,290	655	635
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	958,990	467,355	491,635
Single responses	945,155	460,495	484,660
Official languages	908,700	441,805	466,895
English	896,020	435,780	460,240
French	12,680	6,025	6,655
Non-official languages	36,450	18,690	17,760
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,065	995	1,070
Algonquian languages	2,050	990	1,060
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	2,045	995	1,055
Mi'kmaq	2,045	990	1,055
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	5	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,385	17,690	16,695
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,575	2,855	2,715
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	200	105	100
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20
Somali	155	80	80
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,365	2,750	2,615
Amharic	100	50	50
Arabic	4,940	2,530	2,410
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	140	75	65
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	170	85	90
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	665	320	350
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5
Vietnamese	660	315	340
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,125	1,025	1,100
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Cebuano	120	60	60
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	15	25
Ilocano	20	5	10
Indonesian	10	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,845	895	955
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Creole languages	50	20	30
Haitian Creole	5	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5
Krio	5	0	5
Morisyen	15	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,315	1,320	1,000
Kannada	40	25	20
Malayalam	1,435	835	595
Tamil	390	205	185
Telugu	440	255	190
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	14,470	7,615	6,855
Albanian	145	70	70
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,745	825	920
Baltic languages	10	5	10
Latvian	5	5	5
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	1,735	825	915
Belarusian	5	5	5
Bulgarian	25	10	15
Czech	50	25	20
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	235	110	125
Russian	1,060	505	550
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	240	115	125
Bosnian	55	25	25
Croatian	80	35	45
Serbian	100	50	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Slovak	15	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	95	45	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	20	20
Irish	0	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	15
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,540	740	800
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	1,020	495	525
German	970	470	500
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	50	25	25
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	450	215	240
Afrikaans	120	60	60
Dutch	145	65	80
Low German, n.o.s.	55	30	30
Low Saxon	30	15	20
Plautdietsch	90	45	50
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	60	30	35
Danish	15	5	15
Icelandic	20	10	10
Norwegian	5	5	5
Swedish	20	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	260	120	150
Indo-Iranian languages	8,375	4,660	3,710
Indo-Aryan languages	7,160	4,050	3,105
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	580	305	270
Gujarati	695	410	285
Hindi	1,210	695	515
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	85	45	45
Nepali	315	155	160
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,510	2,060	1,450
Rohingya	5	0	5
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130	65	70
Urdu	595	305	290
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	1,210	605	610
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	165	85	85
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	60	30	30
Persian languages	990	490	500
Dari	130	65	65
Iranian Persian	790	395	400
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	30	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,360	1,175	1,175
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	165	85	80
Portuguese	770	380	390
Romanian	115	60	60
Spanish	1,305	650	650
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	120	40	75
Korean	1,810	815	1,005
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	370	175	200
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10
Bamanankan	5	5	5
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	15	5	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	20	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	110	50	60
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	5	0
Yoruba	95	45	50
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	35	40
Dinka	20	10	10
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	350	190	160
American Sign Language	280	150	130
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,085	3,100	2,990
Chinese languages	6,085	3,095	2,990
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	5,185	2,640	2,540
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20
Yue (Cantonese)	695	335	360
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	85	60
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	5	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	30	35
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	60	30	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	230	120	115
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	160	85	75
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	45	20	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	85	40	40
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	65	35	30
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	13,840	6,860	6,980
English and French	2,645	1,210	1,435
English and non-official language(s)	10,725	5,435	5,290
French and non-official language(s)	90	35	55
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	105	105
Multiple non-official languages	170	80	90
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	958,990	467,355	491,635
None	902,315	439,745	462,575
English	17,980	9,075	8,900
French	11,345	4,995	6,350
Non-official language	20,845	10,180	10,665
Indigenous³⁹	1,960	890	1,070
Non-Indigenous	18,890	9,290	9,595
English and French	315	145	170
English and non-official language(s)	2,420	1,305	1,110
French and non-official language(s)	1,285	605	680
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	35	35
Multiple non-official languages	2,415	1,265	1,150
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	955,855	465,855	490,005
Official languages	952,595	464,200	488,395
English	951,945	463,930	488,015
French	99,300	43,375	55,920
Non-official languages	93,440	46,815	46,625
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,930	2,720	3,210
Algonquian languages	5,780	2,665	3,120
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	80	25	55
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	75	25	50
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35	15	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	0	20
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	10
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5,660	2,615	3,035
Mi'kmaq	5,650	2,620	3,030
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	10	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	20	45
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	50	15	40
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	0	15
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	0	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	0	15
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	75	35	40
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	75	35	40
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	0	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	15	0	20
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	10	25
Non-Indigenous languages	87,610	44,125	43,485
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,180	7,235	5,940
Berber languages	40	30	10
Kabyle	20	20	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	35	15	20
Hausa	30	10	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	310	180	135
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	120	65	50
Somali	195	110	85
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	12,880	7,075	5,805
Amharic	245	140	100
Arabic	11,745	6,505	5,240
Aramaic languages	80	50	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	30	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	25	10
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	805	400	405
Maltese	15	10	0
Tigrigna	160	80	80
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,250	640	610
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	20	0
Vietnamese	1,230	625	605
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	6,005	2,580	3,420
Bikol	20	10	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	205	85	120
Cebuano	390	160	230
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	65	30	40
Ilocano	225	70	155
Indonesian	145	45	100
Kankanaey	30	10	20
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Malay	85	30	55
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	25	35
Pangasinan	35	25	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,595	2,425	3,170
Waray-Waray	30	10	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	260	90	170
Creole languages	570	255	310
Haitian Creole	75	30	45
Jamaican English Creole	70	35	30
Krio	35	15	15
Morisyen	100	35	65
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	135	65	65
Creole languages, n.i.e.	165	75	90
Dravidian languages	5,060	2,935	2,120
Kannada	380	200	175
Malayalam	2,705	1,575	1,130
Tamil	1,570	935	640
Telugu	1,265	740	520
Tulu	10	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	45,840	23,400	22,440
Albanian	495	245	250
Armenian	65	40	20
Balto-Slavic languages	5,595	2,735	2,860
Baltic languages	160	75	85
Latvian	95	45	50
Lithuanian	65	30	35
Slavic languages	5,465	2,685	2,780
Belarusian	35	15	20
Bulgarian	115	60	55
Czech	310	175	140
Macedonian	65	40	25
Polish	1,105	515	590
Russian	2,790	1,420	1,370
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	920	450	465
Bosnian	255	115	135
Croatian	460	185	275
Serbian	385	215	170
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Slovak	165	60	105
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	25
Ukrainian	600	295	305
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	1,035	495	540
Irish	190	100	90
Scottish Gaelic	635	275	355
Welsh	100	60	35
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75
Germanic languages	9,805	4,730	5,075
Frisian	55	35	20
High German languages	6,770	3,330	3,440
German	6,665	3,290	3,375
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	200	85	115
Yiddish	30	20	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,765	1,320	1,445
Afrikaans	455	240	215
Dutch	2,015	950	1,065
Low German, n.o.s.	90	45	45
Low Saxon	50	25	20
Plautdietsch	200	85	110
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	15	40
Scandinavian languages	730	355	380
Danish	260	140	125
Icelandic	65	35	30
Norwegian	245	135	105
Swedish	200	65	135
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Greek	1,125	545	575
Indo-Iranian languages	17,345	9,790	7,555
Indo-Aryan languages	15,420	8,775	6,650
Assamese	30	15	15
Bengali	1,225	665	555
Gujarati	1,475	925	545
Hindi	10,115	5,745	4,370
Kacchi	20	15	0
Kashmiri	15	10	0
Konkani	75	35	40
Marathi	450	215	230
Nepali	430	230	200
Oriya languages	45	30	20
Odia	20	20	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,730	3,870	2,860
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	75	45	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	380	190	190
Urdu	1,810	990	820
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	65	15
Iranian languages	2,125	1,130	995
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	360	180	180
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	215	125	85
Persian languages	1,570	830	745
Dari	155	85	75
Iranian Persian	1,280	680	600
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	150	75	75
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	30	10
Italic (Romance) languages	12,180	5,695	6,485
Catalan	30	20	10
Italian	2,120	1,050	1,065
Portuguese	1,770	900	870
Romanian	360	145	215
Spanish	8,675	3,955	4,720
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	40	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Japanese	1,305	580	735
Korean	2,825	1,180	1,650
Mongolian	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	3,110	1,565	1,540
Akan (Twi)	185	100	85
Bamanankan	30	10	25
Edo	35	15	20
Éwé	65	35	30
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10
Ga	45	35	10
Ganda	105	55	45
Gikuyu	15	0	0
Igbo	430	190	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55
Lingala	100	60	40
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	35	10
Shona	135	60	70
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	15	0
Swahili	715	405	310
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	80	45	40
Yoruba	1,045	505	535
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495	280	210
Nilo-Saharan languages	370	210	155
Dinka	110	40	75
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255	175	85
African, n.o.s.	40	25	15
Sign languages	1,765	660	1,105
American Sign Language	1,505	530	975
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	290	140	150
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,850	4,920	4,930
Chinese languages	9,775	4,870	4,905
Hakka	40	15	25
Mandarin	8,525	4,285	4,240
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	60	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	30
Yue (Cantonese)	1,805	800	1,005
Chinese, n.o.s.	225	120	105
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	50	25
Burmese	10	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	200	75	130
Lao	20	10	10
Thai	185	65	120
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	925	540	390
Azerbaijani	45	25	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	680	380	300
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	140	80	60
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	50	20
Uralic languages	520	225	300
Estonian	40	15	25
Finnish	105	45	60
Hungarian	375	160	215
Other languages, n.i.e.	250	125	125
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	955,855	465,855	490,005
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	52,430	25,175	27,250
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	50,245	24,140	26,100
First Nations (North American Indian)	28,050	13,405	14,650
Métis	21,090	10,255	10,835
Inuk (Inuit)	1,100	485	620
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	885	435	445
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,300	600	705
Non-Indigenous identity	903,430	440,680	462,750
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	955,855	465,855	490,005
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	18,450	8,810	9,640
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	937,405	457,045	480,360
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	428,230	...	...
Owner	285,995	...	...
Renter	139,415	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	2,820	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	428,230	...	...
Condominium	16,130	...	...
Not condominium	412,095	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	428,230	...	...
No bedrooms	2,070	...	...
1 bedroom	52,160	...	...
2 bedrooms	117,275	...	...
3 bedrooms	162,095	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	94,630	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	428,230	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	106,425	...	...
5 rooms	68,795	...	...
6 rooms	68,430	...	...
7 rooms	58,805	...	...
8 or more rooms	125,765	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	428,230	...	...
One person or fewer per room	423,980	...	...
More than one person per room	4,250	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	428,230	...	...
Suitable	413,020	...	...
Not suitable	15,210	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	428,230	...	...
1960 or before	110,850	...	...
1961 to 1980	116,750	...	...
1981 to 1990	59,840	...	...
1991 to 2000	52,820	...	...
2001 to 2005	23,290	...	...
2006 to 2010	22,740	...	...
2011 to 2015	19,850	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	22,085	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	428,230	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	393,015	...	...
Major repairs needed	35,215	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	428,230	...	...
One-maintainer household	226,285	...	...
Two-maintainer household	187,565	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	14,380	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	428,230	...	...
15 to 24 years	14,490	...	...
25 to 34 years	56,105	...	...
35 to 44 years	62,340	...	...
45 to 54 years	70,065	...	...
55 to 64 years	89,710	...	...
65 to 74 years	78,645	...	...
75 to 84 years	42,555	...	...
85 years and over	14,330	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	421,920	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	346,445	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	75,475	...	...
30% to less than 100%	66,865	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	428,230	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	114,325	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	65,710	...	...
Not suitable only	11,185	...	...
Major repairs needed only	26,055	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,210	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	7,345	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,610	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	200	...	...
Acceptable housing	313,900	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	413,315	...	...
In core need	41,465	...	...
Not in core need	371,845	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	283,280	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	870	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	250,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	295,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	138,920	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,000	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,083	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,820	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	4.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	184	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	245	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	955,860	465,855	490,000
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	21,315	10,085	11,230
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	20,960	9,940	11,025
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	16,710	7,915	8,790
Métis single ancestry	3,730	1,795	1,935
Inuit single ancestry	520	225	300
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	355	145	210
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	290	115	175
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	40	20	20
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	44,500	21,075	23,425
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	43,525	20,615	22,910
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	29,010	13,605	15,410
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,390	6,420	6,970
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,125	590	530
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	975	460	515
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	820	390	425
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	35	70
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	890,045	434,700	455,345
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	955,860	465,855	490,000
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	903,570	438,325	465,245
Canadian citizens aged under 18	157,470	81,155	76,320
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	746,105	357,175	388,930
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	52,285	27,530	24,755
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	955,860	465,855	490,000
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	861,945	417,905	444,035
Immigrants⁸¹	71,565	35,430	36,140
Before 1980	16,790	8,030	8,760
1980 to 1990	5,465	2,635	2,825
1991 to 2000	6,685	3,255	3,430
2001 to 2010	12,375	6,140	6,230
2011 to 2021⁸²	30,255	15,370	14,890
2011 to 2015	8,875	4,325	4,545
2016 to 2021	21,385	11,040	10,345
Non-permanent residents⁸³	22,345	12,525	9,820
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	71,565	35,425	36,140
Under 5 years	8,390	4,120	4,270
5 to 14 years	13,180	6,980	6,205
15 to 24 years	10,940	5,265	5,675
25 to 44 years	32,955	15,760	17,195
45 years and over	6,095	3,300	2,795
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	71,565	35,425	36,140
Americas	12,150	5,780	6,370
Brazil	440	205	230
Colombia	270	125	140
El Salvador	85	40	45
Guyana	255	110	140
Haiti	55	10	45
Jamaica	760	395	365
Mexico	350	185	165
Peru	115	55	55
Trinidad and Tobago	290	155	130
United States of America	7,570	3,435	4,130
Other places of birth in Americas	1,960	1,045	915
Europe	23,295	11,615	11,685
Bosnia and Herzegovina	265	130	135
Croatia	250	110	140
France	485	260	220
Germany	2,370	1,165	1,210
Greece	300	130	165
Hungary	215	105	110
Italy	490	280	205
Netherlands	1,465	795	670
Poland	765	340	425
Portugal	235	135	95
Romania	315	135	175
Russian Federation	710	330	375
Serbia⁸⁶	155	70	80
Ukraine	615	335	280
United Kingdom⁸⁷	11,935	5,930	6,000
Other places of birth in Europe	2,745	1,355	1,385
Africa	6,575	3,545	3,035
Algeria	75	55	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	265	145	115
Egypt	970	525	450
Eritrea	120	85	35
Ethiopia	275	160	115
Morocco	150	60	85
Nigeria	1,745	890	860
Somalia	130	80	50
South Africa, Republic of	705	360	350
Other places of birth in Africa	2,135	1,175	965
Asia	28,940	14,155	14,785
Afghanistan	125	65	55
Iran⁸⁸	1,045	530	510
Iraq	435	235	200
Lebanon	1,565	880	685
Syria⁸⁹	2,415	1,265	1,155
Turkey	315	180	135
China⁹⁰	4,320	1,995	2,330
Hong Kong⁹¹	355	145	205
Korea, South⁹²	1,220	540	685
Taiwan	180	75	100
Philippines	4,760	2,040	2,715
Viet Nam	675	325	350
Bangladesh	540	280	260
India	5,605	2,950	2,655
Pakistan	900	480	420
Sri Lanka	375	190	185
Other places of birth in Asia	4,100	1,975	2,125
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	605	335	270
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	21,385	11,045	10,340
Americas	2,110	1,155	955
Brazil	265	135	125
Colombia	45	25	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	325	170	160
Mexico	85	60	25
United States of America	880	475	400
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	10
Other places of birth in Americas	490	280	210
Europe	2,145	1,205	945
France	80	45	35
Germany	185	105	80
Ireland⁹⁶	115	70	40
Italy	40	25	15
Russian Federation	205	100	105
Ukraine	265	145	120
United Kingdom⁸⁷	735	455	275
Other places of birth in Europe	530	260	270
Africa	3,395	1,830	1,570
Algeria	30	15	10
Burundi	20	15	0
Cameroon	20	0	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	75
Côte d'Ivoire	40	15	25
Egypt	375	215	160
Eritrea	50	45	0
Ethiopia	100	55	40
Morocco	45	25	25
Nigeria	1,440	705	735
Somalia	95	65	30
South Africa, Republic of	220	115	110
Sudan⁹⁷	155	110	50
Tunisia	25	15	10
Other places of birth in Africa	615	350	270
Asia	13,620	6,770	6,850
Afghanistan	30	20	10
Bangladesh	350	185	165
China⁹⁰	2,045	985	1,055
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	30	20
India	3,665	1,915	1,755
Iran⁸⁸	220	105	115
Iraq	95	30	65
Israel	180	80	100
Japan	40	0	35
Jordan	170	85	85
Korea, South⁹²	580	240	340
Lebanon	170	95	80
Nepal	65	35	30
Pakistan	370	220	150
Philippines	2,325	1,080	1,245
Saudi Arabia	225	125	100
Sri Lanka	60	20	35
Syria⁸⁹	2,140	1,125	1,015
Turkey	110	55	55
United Arab Emirates	110	40	75
Viet Nam	205	105	100
Other places of birth in Asia	410	190	220
Oceania and other⁹³	110	85	25
Australia	75	55	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	40	30	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	955,855	465,855	490,005
First generation¹⁰⁰	102,490	51,935	50,560
Second generation¹⁰¹	75,240	37,030	38,210
Third generation or more¹⁰²	778,125	376,890	401,235
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	54,775	27,390	27,385
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	34,640	17,820	16,820
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	14,670	8,960	5,715
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	19,970	8,855	11,110
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,730	5,650	7,075
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,000	3,745	3,260
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	410	180	225
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	54,775	27,390	27,385
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,025	610	410
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,380	4,430	3,950
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,305	1,245	1,060
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,995	2,655	2,340
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	430	145	285
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	37,650	18,305	19,340
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	955,855	465,850	490,005
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	93,430	47,885	45,545
South Asian	21,655	12,310	9,345
Chinese	11,600	5,595	6,005
Black	28,220	14,040	14,180
Filipino	6,615	2,910	3,705
Arab	10,610	5,855	4,750
Latin American	2,915	1,440	1,470
Southeast Asian	2,400	1,170	1,230
West Asian	1,875	1,010	865
Korean	2,845	1,210	1,635
Japanese	985	420	565
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	970	490	480
Multiple visible minorities	2,750	1,430	1,320
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	862,425	417,970	444,455
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	955,855	465,855	490,005
Canadian	151,300	74,015	77,290
English	217,910	104,045	113,870
Irish	195,665	91,305	104,360
Scottish	257,205	122,970	134,230
French, n.o.s.¹²²	113,635	54,010	59,630
German	86,860	41,315	45,540
Chinese	11,515	5,535	5,980
Italian	16,575	8,270	8,305
Indian (India)	14,310	7,975	6,335
Ukrainian	9,630	4,575	5,055
Dutch	27,375	12,940	14,440
Polish	11,295	5,685	5,610
Québécois	1,815	915	900
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	32,185	15,630	16,555
Filipino	5,790	2,535	3,255
French Canadian	6,065	2,810	3,250
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	57,655	27,830	29,825
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	13,635	6,455	7,175
Métis	18,310	8,760	9,545
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	45,180	22,400	22,780
Russian	4,490	2,105	2,385
Norwegian	6,010	2,775	3,235
Welsh	18,140	8,525	9,615
Portuguese	2,990	1,430	1,565
American	6,880	3,375	3,500
Spanish	4,015	1,840	2,180
Swedish	4,065	1,720	2,345
Hungarian	2,985	1,450	1,540
Acadian	49,205	22,790	26,410
Pakistani	1,285	665	615
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	8,335	4,160	4,180
Jewish	3,655	1,800	1,855
Punjabi	1,715	965	750
Vietnamese	1,375	720	655
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,445	1,805	1,645
Greek	3,175	1,630	1,550
Jamaican	1,860	990	875
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,115	1,495	1,620
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,320	550	770
Korean	2,545	1,075	1,470
Romanian	1,270	605	670
Lebanese	7,285	3,745	3,535
Iranian	1,205	615	590
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,460	1,195	1,260
Danish	3,730	1,770	1,960
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,290	2,975	3,310
Sikh	1,090	640	450
Austrian	1,995	995	1,000
Belgian	2,975	1,440	1,535
Haitian	200	80	125
Hindu	1,500	885	615
Mexican	935	490	450
Mennonite	710	360	350
Swiss	2,905	1,310	1,595
Finnish	1,295	565	725
Sri Lankan	530	280	250
Croatian	1,000	445	550
Japanese	1,125	490	635
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,045	610	440
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	21,305	10,140	11,160
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,995	1,875	2,115
Muslim	780	425	360
Egyptian	1,390	800	595
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	860	460	400
Tamil	380	190	185
Icelandic	785	370	415
Colombian	525	275	250
Moroccan	280	110	170
Czech	1,065	520	540
Syrian	2,650	1,450	1,200
Guyanese	530	255	270
Afghan	240	110	125
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,420	2,060	2,360
Serbian	425	240	190
Ojibway	735	295	435
Newfoundlander	7,540	3,565	3,975
Hong Konger	230	100	130
Ontarian	1,405	725	680
Persian	440	210	225
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	510	270	240
Turkish	665	360	300
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,800	885	915
Bangladeshi	735	395	335
Algerian	40	25	15
Brazilian	705	345	365
Nigerian	1,070	515	560
Armenian	300	165	135
Slovak	615	260	355
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,710	815	895
Somali	200	115	85
Taiwanese	300	135	170
Iraqi	305	170	135
Salvadorean	120	70	55
African Caribbean	775	360	415
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	695	370	325
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,935	1,035	905
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	520	205	315
Algonquin	300	130	170
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	600	260	340
Lithuanian	825	420	405
South African	685	310	375
Australian	545	290	255
Palestinian	760	425	335
Chilean	265	125	140
Congolese	375	175	205
Nova Scotian	25,505	12,430	13,075
Ethiopian	345	175	170
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	250	100	150
Peruvian	195	95	95
Yoruba	985	495	485
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	30
Berber	60	40	20
Albanian	510	260	250
Maltese	510	275	230
Macedonian	140	65	80
Slovenian	225	120	110
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,130	1,055	1,075
New Brunswicker	1,380	620	760
Gujarati	265	165	100
Eritrean	135	65	70
African Canadian	5,760	2,815	2,945
Israeli	475	265	220
Mohawk	515	225	290
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	455	205	250
Bulgarian	380	195	185
Albertan	250	130	120
Ghanaian	235	145	90
Barbadian	705	325	375
African American	1,270	605	660
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	310	170	145
Tunisian	75	45	35
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	380	195	185
Cuban	255	115	145
Bosnian	295	165	135
Venezuelan	210	100	105
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	175	75	95
Latvian	495	220	275
Bengali	210	120	85
Cameroonian	55	15	40
Guatemalan	115	50	60
Indonesian	280	120	160
Laotian	30	10	25
Ilocano	65	30	35
Northern Irish	465	260	210
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,110	980	1,130
British Columbian	190	80	110
Ecuadorian	130	50	80
Franco Ontarian	145	65	80
Argentinian	100	60	35
Estonian	325	125	200
Kurdish	295	160	130
Fijian	10	0	0
Jatt	85	40	45
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	890	445	440
Coptic	50	20	30
Thai	200	90	110
Dominican	190	85	100
Nepali	230	115	120
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	65	40	25
Igbo	310	155	160
Byelorussian	190	90	95
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	115	50	65
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	350	145	205
Abenaki	165	60	105
Moldovan	60	35	25
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	230	115	115
New Zealander	260	155	105
Sudanese	125	90	40
Breton	40	20	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	165	60	105
Malaysian	140	70	75
Plains Cree	35	10	25
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	180	110	70
Huron (Wendat)	115	20	95
Saskatchewanian	155	90	65
Buddhist	115	55	60
Gaspesian	40	20	25
Norman	165	80	85
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	75	40	35
Ivorian	20	0	10
Saulteaux	10	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	100	45	50
Burundian	30	15	15
Tigrinya	45	30	20
Nicaraguan	30	25	0
Mauritian	80	30	50
Kenyan	245	140	105
Oji-Cree	10	0	0
Vincentian	20	15	10
Jordanian	215	115	100
Manitoban	105	55	55
Cape Bretoner	7,830	3,730	4,100
Rwandan	90	60	25
Grenadian	45	20	20
Malayali	315	180	140
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	85	45	40
Mayan	80	30	55
Honduran	15	10	0
Cherokee	390	190	200
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	810	450	355
Indo-Caribbean	120	65	55
Flemish	220	100	115
United Empire Loyalist	515	235	280
Senegalese	30	15	15
Azerbaijani	75	55	20
Sicilian	65	25	45
Pashtun	60	40	25
Malay	90	60	35
Goan	30	15	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	110	45	60
Tibetan	20	15	10
Zimbabwean	125	70	55
Burmese	90	60	40
Mongolian	165	105	60
Azorean	20	15	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	30	10	20
Ugandan	110	55	55
Oromo	115	65	45
Tanzanian	60	20	40
Yemeni	160	95	70
Central African	55	30	30
Libyan	445	255	190
Basque	255	155	95
Uruguayan	35	10	20
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	40	30
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	250	110	140
Igorot	120	60	70
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	65	45	25
Prince Edward Islander	695	265	430
Maliseet	255	120	135
Beninese	40	15	25
Telugu	110	50	55
Roma	140	70	70
Costa Rican	25	0	20
African Nova Scotian	3,805	1,735	2,075
Malagasy	15	0	15
Kashmiri	30	0	20
Singaporean	45	25	25
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	35	20	10
Tajik	15	10	0
Amhara	45	25	15
Paraguayan	15	0	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	955,855	465,855	490,000
Buddhist	2,955	1,300	1,655
Christian	556,115	256,255	299,860
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	45,030	21,690	23,340
Anabaptist	815	415	395
Anglican	73,015	33,060	39,955
Baptist	53,800	24,480	29,320
Catholic	245,305	115,030	130,275
Christian Orthodox	4,325	2,195	2,125
Jehovah's Witness	3,740	1,630	2,105
Latter Day Saints	1,685	740	945
Lutheran	6,175	2,970	3,205
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,460	2,445	3,015
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	7,525	3,320	4,205
Presbyterian	16,935	7,550	9,385
Reformed	505	260	250
United Church	71,620	31,090	40,525
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	20,185	9,370	10,815
Hindu	8,460	4,895	3,565
Jewish	2,195	1,130	1,070
Muslim	14,715	8,025	6,690
Sikh	4,735	2,620	2,115
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,090	485	605
Other religions and spiritual traditions	6,195	2,570	3,625
No religion and secular perspectives	359,395	188,580	170,820
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	948,430	461,880	486,545
Non-movers	832,560	405,570	426,995
Movers	115,865	56,315	59,550
Non-migrants	69,070	33,450	35,620
Migrants	46,795	22,865	23,935
Internal migrants	40,825	19,945	20,880
Intraprovincial migrants	17,815	8,400	9,415
Interprovincial migrants	23,015	11,550	11,465
External migrants	5,970	2,920	3,050
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	915,520	445,160	470,370
Non-movers	581,165	282,815	298,350
Movers	334,365	162,345	172,020
Non-migrants	155,120	74,805	80,315
Migrants	179,245	87,545	91,695
Internal migrants	143,135	68,580	74,555
Intraprovincial migrants	76,050	35,460	40,590
Interprovincial migrants	67,085	33,120	33,970
External migrants	36,110	18,965	17,145
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	819,310	395,805	423,510
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	157,255	86,485	70,770
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	662,060	309,320	352,740
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	507,465	245,000	262,465
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	60,130	36,560	23,565
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	447,335	208,440	238,895
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	819,315	395,805	423,510
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,525	73,150	64,375
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	220,205	108,970	111,240
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	461,580	213,690	247,895
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	262,860	128,430	134,425
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	70,140	50,285	19,855
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	37,420	21,935	15,485
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	32,720	28,355	4,365
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	173,685	70,510	103,170
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,035	7,630	11,400
Bachelor's degree or higher	198,725	85,255	113,470
Bachelor's degree	131,470	55,740	75,730
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	12,185	5,260	6,920
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,045	2,600	2,450
Master's degree	43,285	17,675	25,610
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,745	3,985	2,760
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	507,465	245,005	262,465
No certificate, diploma or degree	50,650	29,980	20,670
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	124,015	64,040	59,975
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	332,805	150,985	181,820
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	181,530	89,105	92,430
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	44,840	32,580	12,255
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	23,700	14,200	9,500
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	21,145	18,385	2,760
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	125,220	51,865	73,355
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,470	4,655	6,815
Bachelor's degree or higher	151,270	61,885	89,385
Bachelor's degree	100,175	41,230	58,940
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,025	3,680	5,340
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,840	1,715	2,130
Master's degree	33,605	12,785	20,825
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,625	2,475	2,155
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	819,315	395,805	423,510
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	357,735	182,120	175,620
Education	32,930	8,240	24,690
13. Education	32,930	8,240	24,690
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	11,875	5,620	6,245
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,640	1,165	470
50. Visual and performing arts	10,235	4,455	5,780
Humanities	21,855	8,850	13,000
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,250	310	940
23. English language and literature/letters	6,125	1,930	4,195
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,015	1,845	3,165
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	620	265	360
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,510	860	650
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,365	1,390	975
54. History	3,915	2,050	1,865
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,055	205	850
Social and behavioural sciences and law	46,965	14,270	32,695
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	715	185	530
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,635	1,690	2,945
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,015	850	9,160
22. Legal professions and studies	6,710	2,155	4,555
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,060	410	650
42. Psychology	9,695	2,495	7,200
45. Social sciences	14,135	6,485	7,650
Business, management and public administration	101,875	33,235	68,645
30.16 Accounting and computer science	210	20	185
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,570	1,505	6,065
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	94,100	31,705	62,395
Physical and life sciences and technologies	19,060	9,100	9,965
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,440	3,485	4,960
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,585	1,895	2,685
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	410	85	320
40. Physical sciences	5,030	3,405	1,625
41. Science technologies/technicians	600	225	380
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,170	11,610	6,560
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	14,910	10,200	4,705
25. Library science	1,320	210	1,110
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,670	1,020	650
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	270	175	95
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	96,510	89,105	7,405
04. Architecture and related services	1,825	1,085	745
14. Engineering	15,205	12,550	2,655
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	21,045	18,775	2,265
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	0
46. Construction trades	25,495	24,860	635
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,920	21,295	625
48. Precision production	11,010	10,540	470
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	9,905	5,160	4,745
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,965	2,615	3,350
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,945	2,550	1,390
Health and related fields	70,550	11,530	59,020
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,330	2,105	2,225
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	64,255	8,350	55,905
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	180	35	150
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,775	1,035	740
Personal, protective and transportation services	31,815	16,945	14,875
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	17,520	4,465	13,045
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250	220	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	730	690	45
43. Security and protective services	4,760	3,625	1,135
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,560	7,945	620
Other¹⁷⁹	75	25	55
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	507,465	245,000	262,465
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	174,660	94,015	80,645
Education	20,200	4,425	15,770
13. Education	20,200	4,425	15,770
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,295	4,430	4,860
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,250	865	390
50. Visual and performing arts	8,045	3,570	4,475
Humanities	15,170	5,930	9,240
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	865	210	655
23. English language and literature/letters	4,320	1,320	2,990
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,570	1,310	2,260
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	420	180	240
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,090	615	475
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,350	755	590
54. History	2,785	1,410	1,380
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	770	130	645
Social and behavioural sciences and law	37,160	10,305	26,855
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	515	135	385
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,995	1,410	2,585
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,070	615	7,460
22. Legal professions and studies	5,285	1,405	3,875
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	780	305	470
42. Psychology	7,590	1,820	5,765
45. Social sciences	10,925	4,615	6,315
Business, management and public administration	73,450	24,240	49,215
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	20	120
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,700	1,010	4,690
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	67,610	23,210	44,400
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,285	5,930	7,350
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,020	2,365	3,650
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,235	1,275	1,960
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	340	60	280
40. Physical sciences	3,415	2,130	1,285
41. Science technologies/technicians	280	105	180
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,780	9,615	5,160
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,590	8,695	3,895
25. Library science	855	125	730
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,090	645	445
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	240	155	85
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	67,440	61,470	5,970
04. Architecture and related services	1,330	705	625
14. Engineering	11,245	9,095	2,150
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,625	12,825	1,805
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	17,745	17,230	520
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,140	14,660	480
48. Precision production	7,350	6,970	380
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,525	3,555	3,970
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,460	1,695	2,760
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,065	1,860	1,205
Health and related fields	50,935	8,650	42,285
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,230	1,565	1,665
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	46,265	6,410	39,860
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	155	30	130
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,285	650	630
Personal, protective and transportation services	23,515	12,415	11,105
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,840	3,235	9,605
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	190	170	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	405	375	30
43. Security and protective services	3,795	2,860	940
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,290	5,775	515
Other¹⁷⁹	60	15	40
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	507,465	245,000	262,465
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	174,660	94,015	80,645
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	332,805	150,985	181,820
Location of study inside Canada	301,970	136,275	165,700
Same as province or territory of residence	233,890	103,055	130,835
Different than province or territory of residence	68,085	33,220	34,865
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	30,835	14,715	16,120
Americas	6,980	3,290	3,690
United States of America	5,280	2,490	2,790
Mexico	290	130	155
Cuba	100	50	55
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	230	110	120
Brazil	465	230	230
Colombia	155	75	80
Peru	50	15	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	30	20
Other locations of study in Americas	370	160	205
Europe	7,560	3,830	3,730
Belgium	85	35	50
France	280	130	150
Germany	790	410	380
Netherlands	230	115	115
Switzerland	175	95	80
Hungary	40	0	35
Moldova¹⁸³	25	10	15
Poland	160	55	105
Romania	140	55	75
Russian Federation	400	185	220
Ukraine	285	140	150
Ireland⁹⁶	250	120	130
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,820	2,040	1,780
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	25	20
Italy	105	55	50
Serbia⁸⁶	50	25	25
Other locations of study in Europe	675	325	345
Africa	2,050	1,060	995
Nigeria	680	350	330
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	60	30	35
Tunisia	20	15	0
Egypt	530	270	255
South Africa, Republic of	330	155	175
Other locations of study in Africa	425	230	200
Asia	13,500	6,155	7,345
Iran⁸⁸	410	180	230
Iraq	110	50	60
Israel	290	140	150
Lebanon	300	180	120
Syria⁸⁹	260	120	135
Turkey	145	80	60
China⁹⁰	1,530	715	810
Taiwan	75	25	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	30	45
Japan	180	20	160
Korea, South⁹²	945	320	620
Philippines	2,835	1,045	1,790
Viet Nam	195	70	125
Bangladesh	225	90	130
Sri Lanka	175	90	90
India	4,860	2,620	2,235
Pakistan	340	155	185
Other locations of study in Asia	560	215	345
Oceania	735	380	360
Australia	600	285	315
New Zealand	140	95	45
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	819,315	395,805	423,510
In the labour force	487,260	249,805	237,455
Employed	425,190	218,955	206,235
Unemployed	62,070	30,845	31,225
Not in the labour force	332,055	146,005	186,050
Participation rate	59.5	63.1	56.1
Employment rate	51.9	55.3	48.7
Unemployment rate	12.7	12.3	13.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	819,315	395,805	423,510
Did not work¹⁸⁶	323,335	143,255	180,080
Worked	495,980	252,555	243,430
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	260,795	139,605	121,190
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	235,185	112,945	122,240
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	40.9	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	487,260	249,805	237,455
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965	5,685	5,285
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	476,290	244,120	232,175
Employee	421,080	210,355	210,730
Permanent position	337,140	168,845	168,295
Temporary position	83,945	41,510	42,435
Fixed term (1 year or more)	22,645	9,880	12,770
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	61,295	31,630	29,665
Self-employed¹⁹²	55,210	33,765	21,450
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	487,260	249,805	237,455
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965	5,685	5,285
All occupations¹⁹¹	476,290	244,120	232,175
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,065	3,155	1,915
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	73,305	21,325	51,980
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	32,455	24,710	7,745
3 Health occupations	45,420	7,935	37,485
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	66,135	23,980	42,150
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	13,070	5,820	7,250
6 Sales and service occupations	123,130	53,525	69,605
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	80,775	74,590	6,190
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	17,745	14,730	3,015
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,200	14,355	4,845
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	487,260	249,805	237,455
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965	5,685	5,285
All industries¹⁹¹	476,290	244,120	232,175
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	17,880	13,890	3,990
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,065	2,730	335
22 Utilities	3,655	2,685	970
23 Construction	35,720	31,760	3,960
31-33 Manufacturing	31,210	22,855	8,355
41 Wholesale trade	11,400	8,170	3,230
44-45 Retail trade	58,985	26,950	32,040
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	19,930	15,510	4,420
51 Information and cultural industries	8,260	4,695	3,565
52 Finance and insurance	16,490	6,485	10,000
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	6,570	3,490	3,080
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	31,400	17,375	14,025
55 Management of companies and enterprises	655	280	370
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	21,530	12,935	8,600
61 Educational services	38,425	11,695	26,730
62 Health care and social assistance	70,595	12,720	57,875
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,045	4,445	4,600
72 Accommodation and food services	30,010	12,680	17,330
81 Other services (except public administration)	19,395	9,340	10,060
91 Public administration	42,070	23,425	18,635
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	530,410	270,085	260,325
English	506,775	259,550	247,230
French	3,405	1,290	2,115
Non-official language	1,180	645	540
Indigenous³⁹	310	170	140
Non-Indigenous	870	475	395
English and French	13,145	5,475	7,670
English and non-official language(s)	5,605	2,990	2,610
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	120	155
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	530,410	270,085	260,325
Single responses	527,715	268,845	258,865
Official languages	525,370	267,545	257,825
English	519,550	265,385	254,165
French	5,825	2,165	3,660
Non-official languages	2,340	1,295	1,045
Indigenous languages³⁹	675	345	330
Algonquian languages	675	345	330
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	670	340	330
Mi'kmaq	670	340	330
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,670	955	710
Afro-Asiatic languages	125	105	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	125	105	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	115	90	25
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50	15	30
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	50	15	30
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	35	25	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	25	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	10	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	680	355	330
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	15	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	20	10	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	0	20
Scottish Gaelic	25	0	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	330	155	180
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	265	120	150
German	265	120	145
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	55	25	30
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	50	20	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	120	75	45
Indo-Aryan languages	100	60	40
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	35	25	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40	20	20
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	165	105	65
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	45	15	30
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	120	85	35
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	10	0
Korean	75	45	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	25	10	10
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	65	25	45
American Sign Language	55	20	35
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	550	340	215
Chinese languages	550	340	215
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	440	280	165
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	50	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	10	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,700	1,240	1,460
English and French	1,650	680	970
English and non-official language(s)	1,030	555	475
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	530,410	270,085	260,325
None	513,950	262,660	251,290
English	3,510	1,480	2,035
French	9,110	3,940	5,170
Non-official language	3,290	1,715	1,575
Indigenous³⁹	655	275	375
Non-Indigenous	2,635	1,440	1,200
English and French	15	10	0
English and non-official language(s)	40	20	15
French and non-official language(s)	225	95	130
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	270	160	115
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	425,195	218,955	206,235
Worked at home	88,135	39,780	48,360
Worked outside Canada	1,040	810	235
No fixed workplace address	57,310	44,135	13,175
Usual place of work	278,705	134,235	144,470
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	278,705	134,230	144,475
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	201,500	96,490	105,005
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	47,015	20,630	26,385
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	25,755	14,375	11,380
Commute to a different province or territory	4,435	2,735	1,700
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	336,015	178,365	157,645
Car, truck or van	293,665	157,980	135,690
Car, truck or van - as a driver	267,755	146,570	121,185
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,910	11,410	14,505
Public transit	13,895	6,205	7,695
Walked	18,975	8,950	10,025
Bicycle	1,605	1,160	445
Other method	7,870	4,075	3,795
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	336,015	178,365	157,645
Less than 15 minutes	128,935	62,025	66,915
15 to 29 minutes	123,315	65,805	57,510
30 to 44 minutes	51,690	29,915	21,775
45 to 59 minutes	15,840	9,320	6,525
60 minutes and over	16,230	11,310	4,920
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	336,015	178,365	157,645
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	21,490	15,255	6,230
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	65,525	39,600	25,925
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	98,970	52,175	46,805
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	70,820	30,385	40,430
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	33,295	14,565	18,730
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	45,920	26,390	19,525
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	168,465	86,570	81,895
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,800	8,370	8,425
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	151,660	78,195	73,465
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	124,910	64,325	60,590
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,745	6,365	6,385
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,070	3,915	4,155
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,680	2,450	2,230
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	112,165	57,965	54,200

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 6, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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