Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Gatineau, Ville (V)More information: Quebec [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	291,041	...	...
Population, 2016¹	276,245	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	133,225	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	126,476	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	851.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	341.84	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	291,040	141,590	149,445
0 to 14 years	52,600	26,870	25,730
0 to 4 years	15,640	7,980	7,660
5 to 9 years	18,445	9,335	9,105
10 to 14 years	18,520	9,555	8,965
15 to 64 years	190,885	93,475	97,415
15 to 19 years	15,785	8,110	7,670
20 to 24 years	17,185	8,525	8,660
25 to 29 years	19,635	9,700	9,935
30 to 34 years	19,760	9,650	10,115
35 to 39 years	20,480	9,890	10,595
40 to 44 years	20,620	10,015	10,605
45 to 49 years	18,715	9,325	9,385
50 to 54 years	18,420	8,995	9,420
55 to 59 years	20,625	9,950	10,675
60 to 64 years	19,665	9,310	10,350
65 years and over	47,555	21,245	26,305
65 to 69 years	15,850	7,545	8,305
70 to 74 years	12,590	5,865	6,725
75 to 79 years	8,645	4,030	4,610
80 to 84 years	5,225	2,220	3,005
85 years and over	5,245	1,585	3,665
85 to 89 years	3,165	1,055	2,110
90 to 94 years	1,615	465	1,150
95 to 99 years	430	65	365
100 years and over	35	5	30
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.1	19.0	17.2
15 to 64 years	65.6	66.0	65.2
65 years and over	16.3	15.0	17.6
85 years and over	1.8	1.1	2.5
Average age of the population	40.3	39.3	41.2
Median age of the population	40.0	39.2	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	126,480	...	...
Single-detached house	46,215	...	...
Semi-detached house	18,050	...	...
Row house	8,230	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,215	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	39,380	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,980	...	...
Other single-attached house	210	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	200	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	126,475	...	...
1 person	43,585	...	...
2 persons	41,880	...	...
3 persons	17,675	...	...
4 persons	15,135	...	...
5 or more persons	8,200	...	...
Number of persons in private households	285,715	139,435	146,280
Average household size	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	238,440	114,725	123,720
Married or living common-law	127,495	63,645	63,845
Married	81,030	40,410	40,620
Living common-law	46,465	23,240	23,225
Living common law - Never married	37,445	18,635	18,810
Living common law - Separated	750	405	350
Living common law - Divorced	7,440	3,845	3,595
Living common law - Widowed	830	360	475
Not married and not living common-law	110,945	51,075	59,875
Not married and not living common law - Never married	75,885	39,485	36,395
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,815	2,080	2,730
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	18,220	6,750	11,465
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	12,030	2,750	9,280
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	78,740	...	...
2 persons	40,955	...	...
3 persons	16,645	...	...
4 persons	14,460	...	...
5 or more persons	6,680	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	78,735	...	...
Total couple families	62,370	...	...
Married couples	39,150	...	...
With children⁶	20,015	...	...
Without children	19,135	...	...
Common-law couples	23,230	...	...
With children⁶	11,280	...	...
Without children	11,950	...	...
Total one-parent families	16,360	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	12,330	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,035	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	285,715	139,435	146,275
Total - Persons in census families	225,540	111,025	114,515
Married spouses or common-law partners	124,750	62,335	62,410
Parents in one-parent families	16,365	4,035	12,330
Children⁶	84,430	44,655	39,770
In a two-parent family	59,410	31,115	28,290
In a one-parent family	25,025	13,545	11,475
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	60,175	28,405	31,765
Living alone	43,580	19,715	23,870
Living with other relatives⁷	6,910	3,090	3,820
Living with non-relatives only	9,685	5,610	4,080
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	126,475	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	72,380	...	...
Couple-family households	58,460	...	...
With children⁶	29,340	...	...
Without children	29,115	...	...
One-parent-family households	13,915	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,965	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	335	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,940	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,280	...	...
One-person households	43,580	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	233,135	112,575	120,555
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	225,870	108,820	117,050
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,200	49,600	45,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	225,975	108,880	117,095
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	42,400	39,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	205,895	100,585	105,300
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	45,600	38,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	169,365	85,025	84,335
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	45,600	40,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	178,515	80,565	97,950
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,300	9,300	11,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,110	11,495	11,615
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	57,645	30,220	27,420
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	233,135	112,590	120,545
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	225,980	108,885	117,095
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,700	58,550	51,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	226,115	108,970	117,145
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,640	46,960	42,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	206,120	100,810	105,310
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,680	54,650	44,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	169,360	85,155	84,205
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,840	53,150	46,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	178,975	80,750	98,225
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,810	10,750	12,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,000	11,880	12,125
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,190	5,895	8,450
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,110	30,390	27,715
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,580	8,480	8,700
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	233,135	112,590	120,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	88,740	45,450	43,290
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500	69,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,000	75,800	68,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	61,145	29,740	31,410
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,200	19,400	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,400	29,440	25,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8	86.4	79.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.4	71.0	65.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.1	13.6	20.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.7	4.5	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	4.0	4.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	233,135	112,580	120,560
Without total income	7,265	3,760	3,500
With total income	225,870	108,820	117,055
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,750	6,960	7,790
$10,000 to $19,999	23,110	10,190	12,920
$20,000 to $29,999	30,590	13,750	16,840
$30,000 to $39,999	25,810	11,870	13,945
$40,000 to $49,999	25,585	11,975	13,605
$50,000 to $59,999	23,335	11,050	12,285
$60,000 to $69,999	20,615	10,030	10,585
$70,000 to $79,999	16,220	7,960	8,260
$80,000 to $89,999	12,595	6,285	6,310
$90,000 to $99,999	9,345	4,645	4,705
$100,000 and over	23,925	14,115	9,810
$100,000 to $149,999	18,830	10,785	8,050
$150,000 and over	5,095	3,335	1,760
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	233,135	112,580	120,560
Without after-tax income	7,160	3,695	3,465
With after-tax income	225,980	108,885	117,090
Under $10,000 (including loss)	15,980	7,300	8,675
$10,000 to $19,999	24,515	10,955	13,560
$20,000 to $29,999	36,455	16,685	19,765
$30,000 to $39,999	33,215	15,695	17,520
$40,000 to $49,999	32,490	15,575	16,915
$50,000 to $59,999	27,840	13,595	14,245
$60,000 to $69,999	19,830	9,660	10,175
$70,000 to $79,999	13,825	6,840	6,985
$80,000 to $89,999	8,730	4,585	4,140
$90,000 to $99,999	5,385	3,105	2,280
$100,000 and over	7,725	4,885	2,840
$100,000 to $124,999	4,890	2,955	1,935
$125,000 and over	2,835	1,935	905
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	233,135	112,580	120,560
Without employment income	63,770	27,555	36,220
With employment income	169,360	85,030	84,335
Under $5,000 (including loss)	19,340	9,755	9,585
$5,000 to $9,999	12,800	5,850	6,950
$10,000 to $19,999	18,515	8,670	9,845
$20,000 to $29,999	15,205	7,200	8,010
$30,000 to $39,999	14,110	7,025	7,090
$40,000 to $49,999	14,105	6,945	7,160
$50,000 to $59,999	14,685	7,135	7,545
$60,000 to $69,999	14,470	7,090	7,385
$70,000 to $79,999	10,975	5,585	5,390
$80,000 to $89,999	9,860	4,980	4,885
$90,000 to $99,999	7,125	3,725	3,400
$100,000 and over	18,180	11,075	7,100
$100,000 to $124,999	10,625	6,235	4,390
$125,000 and over	7,555	4,840	2,715
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	233,135	112,575	120,555
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	220,965	106,220	114,740
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,800	47,600	42,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	221,110	106,240	114,865
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	40,800	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	202,070	98,735	103,340
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	45,600	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	168,280	84,210	84,065
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	45,200	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	163,785	72,420	91,370
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,600	4,240	8,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	19,240	9,690	9,555
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,840	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	233,135	112,590	120,545
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	221,005	106,205	114,795
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,100	56,600	47,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	221,110	106,220	114,890
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,480	45,280	39,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	202,420	99,030	103,390
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,760	55,150	44,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	168,410	84,435	83,975
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,520	53,250	45,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	163,730	72,355	91,375
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,810	7,590	9,770
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	19,670	9,970	9,705
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,580	6,075	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	233,135	112,590	120,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	88,360	45,215	43,145
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	66,000	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,400	71,500	63,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	56,740	27,660	29,080
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400	25,000	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,280	34,600	30,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.4	90.8	83.8
Employment income (%)	72.4	74.8	69.8
Government transfers (%)	12.5	9.1	16.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	126,475	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	43,580	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	82,890	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	126,480	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	43,525	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	82,950	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	126,475	...	...
Under $5,000	1,095	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	750	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,415	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,560	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,145	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,805	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,880	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,470	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,815	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,845	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,915	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	9,765	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	9,120	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	8,280	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,395	...	...
$100,000 and over	49,230	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	15,560	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,075	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	13,000	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,595	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	126,475	...	...
Under $5,000	1,200	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	770	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,470	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,725	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,710	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,710	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,950	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,950	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,355	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,195	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	12,360	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,345	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	10,215	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	9,135	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,930	...	...
$100,000 and over	35,455	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,820	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	9,210	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,425	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	79,340	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	29,455	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	31,530	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	15,740	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	53,270	25,325	27,950
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	44,400	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	38,400	38,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	79,335	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	29,480	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,615	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,640	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	53,280	25,380	27,895
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,480	51,950	49,120
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,760	42,520	41,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	285,715	139,435	146,280
0 to 17 years	62,140	31,785	30,350
0 to 5 years	19,200	9,800	9,405
18 to 64 years	180,170	87,740	92,430
65 years and over	43,405	19,905	23,500
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	28,225	13,035	15,190
0 to 17 years	5,850	2,990	2,860
0 to 5 years	2,125	1,100	1,025
18 to 64 years	16,285	7,810	8,480
65 years and over	6,085	2,235	3,855
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9	9.4	10.4
0 to 17 years (%)	9.4	9.4	9.4
0 to 5 years (%)	11.1	11.2	10.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.0	8.9	9.2
65 years and over (%)	14.0	11.2	16.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	285,710	139,435	146,275
0 to 17 years	62,140	31,790	30,350
0 to 5 years	19,205	9,795	9,405
18 to 64 years	180,170	87,735	92,435
65 years and over	43,405	19,910	23,495
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	16,390	8,135	8,255
0 to 17 years	2,775	1,435	1,335
0 to 5 years	995	515	480
18 to 64 years	11,510	5,875	5,640
65 years and over	2,105	825	1,285
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.7	5.8	5.6
0 to 17 years (%)	4.5	4.5	4.4
0 to 5 years (%)	5.2	5.2	5.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.4	6.7	6.1
65 years and over (%)	4.9	4.1	5.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	285,715	139,435	146,280
In bottom half of the distribution	140,495	66,870	73,630
In bottom decile	25,575	12,235	13,340
In second decile	24,635	11,435	13,205
In third decile	28,835	13,630	15,200
In fourth decile	30,050	14,380	15,675
In fifth decile	31,395	15,185	16,210
In top half of the distribution	145,220	72,570	72,655
In sixth decile	32,400	15,890	16,510
In seventh decile	31,830	15,830	16,000
In eighth decile	31,965	15,915	16,050
In ninth decile	29,645	15,030	14,615
In top decile	19,380	9,900	9,480
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	285,710	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.296	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.401	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.256	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	287,510	140,185	147,325
English only	24,200	12,780	11,420
French only	74,420	33,065	41,355
English and French	186,955	93,535	93,415
Neither English nor French	1,940	805	1,130
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	287,510	140,185	147,325
English	48,760	24,710	24,050
French	225,055	108,620	116,435
English and French	11,860	6,095	5,765
Neither English nor French	1,830	760	1,075
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	287,510	140,185	147,325
Single responses	272,280	132,700	139,580
Official languages	238,115	116,135	121,980
English	33,825	17,250	16,575
French	204,290	98,885	105,405
Non-official languages	34,165	16,565	17,600
Indigenous languages³⁹	140	65	70
Algonquian languages	115	60	55
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	85	45	40
Atikamekw	5	5	0
Cree languages	85	40	40
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	40	20	20
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	40	25	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	15	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	25	10	10
Oji-Cree	5	5	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	10	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	25	10	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,025	16,495	17,525
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,040	4,750	4,285
Berber languages	590	340	255
Kabyle	480	260	220
Tamazight	105	75	35
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Chadic languages	100	45	55
Hausa	20	5	10
Mina	80	40	40
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	330	140	190
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	325	140	185
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	8,015	4,220	3,795
Amharic	60	30	30
Arabic	7,880	4,150	3,725
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	15	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	30	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	635	290	340
Khmer (Cambodian)	220	105	115
Vietnamese	410	180	230
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	810	300	510
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	15	20
Cebuano	85	35	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	20	25
Ilocano	10	0	5
Indonesian	30	5	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	75	35	45
Merina	40	15	25
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	5	0
Pangasinan	0	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	510	180	325
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Creole languages	1,480	670	815
Haitian Creole	1,200	545	655
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	45	20	25
Sango	10	5	10
Creole, n.o.s.	200	90	115
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Dravidian languages	180	95	80
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	85	45	40
Tamil	80	40	40
Telugu	15	10	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,020	7,195	7,820
Albanian	65	35	30
Armenian	90	45	45
Balto-Slavic languages	3,015	1,430	1,590
Baltic languages	25	10	10
Latvian	10	0	5
Lithuanian	15	10	5
Slavic languages	2,995	1,415	1,575
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	190	90	100
Czech	45	20	30
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	365	150	215
Russian	945	420	520
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,195	615	585
Bosnian	245	125	125
Croatian	190	95	95
Serbian	705	365	340
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Slovak	35	15	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0
Ukrainian	190	85	105
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	550	245	310
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	365	150	210
German	330	140	190
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	5	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	135	65	70
Afrikaans	10	5	0
Dutch	115	55	60
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	0
Scandinavian languages	50	30	25
Danish	25	15	5
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	20	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	130	75	55
Indo-Iranian languages	1,540	780	755
Indo-Aryan languages	665	340	330
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	105	50	50
Gujarati	35	20	20
Hindi	110	50	55
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	10	5
Nepali	15	5	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	165	75	90
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15
Urdu	190	100	90
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	875	445	430
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	100	50	45
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	30	20	15
Persian languages	740	375	360
Dari	195	100	95
Iranian Persian	475	235	235
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,625	4,580	5,045
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	390	215	175
Portuguese	2,465	1,150	1,315
Romanian	1,040	500	540
Spanish	5,730	2,715	3,015
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	110	30	80
Korean	185	70	115
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	3,835	1,845	1,995
Akan (Twi)	40	15	20
Bamanankan	110	60	55
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	130	60	70
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	225	130	100
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	735	310	420
Lingala	175	80	95
Luba-Kasai	35	20	10
Mòoré	40	15	25
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	915	440	475
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	10	5	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	5	0
Swahili	485	235	250
Wojenaka	70	35	30
Wolof	325	165	160
Yoruba	50	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	455	235	220
Nilo-Saharan languages	85	45	45
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
African, n.o.s.	20	5	10
Sign languages	45	25	25
American Sign Language	15	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	25	20	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,110	955	1,155
Chinese languages	2,095	945	1,150
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	1,715	785	925
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	285	125	165
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	5
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	155	55	105
Lao	105	45	55
Thai	55	10	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	170	95	75
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	115	70	50
Uyghur	5	0	0
Uzbek	30	15	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	140	70	75
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	15	0	5
Hungarian	120	65	60
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Multiple responses	15,230	7,485	7,740
English and French	8,640	4,275	4,365
English and non-official language(s)	1,595	810	780
French and non-official language(s)	3,585	1,725	1,855
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,050	525	525
Multiple non-official languages	360	145	215
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	287,510	140,185	147,325
English	32,560	16,670	15,890
French	182,830	88,305	94,525
Non-official language	9,385	4,550	4,830
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	15
Non-Indigenous	9,350	4,535	4,815
English and French	34,220	16,900	17,320
English and non-official language(s)	6,935	3,515	3,420
French and non-official language(s)	10,665	4,915	5,750
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,395	5,055	5,335
Multiple non-official languages	520	270	250
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	287,510	140,185	147,325
Single responses	270,755	132,070	138,685
Official languages	252,610	123,230	129,375
English	45,390	22,985	22,410
French	207,215	100,245	106,970
Non-official languages	18,145	8,845	9,310
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	25
Algonquian languages	45	20	25
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	45	20	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	40	20	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	5	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	5	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,100	8,820	9,280
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,015	2,550	2,460
Berber languages	240	130	110
Kabyle	205	110	100
Tamazight	30	20	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	30	15	10
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	25	15	10
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	150	70	80
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	150	70	80
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,595	2,335	2,265
Amharic	20	10	10
Arabic	4,540	2,310	2,230
Aramaic languages	10	10	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	5	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	150	155
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	55	45
Vietnamese	205	100	110
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	330	150	185
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Cebuano	50	25	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	30	15	20
Merina	15	5	10
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	190	85	105
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	580	255	325
Haitian Creole	475	205	265
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	30	15	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	30	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	100	45	45
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	50	25	20
Tamil	40	20	20
Telugu	10	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	8,685	4,190	4,495
Albanian	30	15	15
Armenian	60	30	25
Balto-Slavic languages	1,860	920	940
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,860	920	940
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	130	65	70
Czech	15	5	5
Macedonian	5	5	0
Polish	135	55	80
Russian	630	300	330
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	840	435	400
Bosnian	150	75	75
Croatian	110	55	55
Serbian	545	285	260
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Slovak	5	0	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	95	50	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	165	50	115
Frisian	95	25	75
High German languages	50	20	25
German	45	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	5	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	30	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages	945	485	465
Indo-Aryan languages	400	200	200
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	70	40	30
Gujarati	25	15	10
Hindi	65	30	35
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	5	5	5
Nepali	5	0	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	100	40	55
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15
Urdu	95	45	45
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	545	280	265
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	60	30	30
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	10	20
Persian languages	460	240	215
Dari	125	70	55
Iranian Persian	300	150	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,585	2,675	2,910
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	65	40	30
Portuguese	1,135	535	605
Romanian	625	310	320
Spanish	3,760	1,790	1,965
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	35	10	25
Korean	110	45	65
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,140	545	600
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10
Bamanankan	20	15	10
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	20	5	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	75	40	35
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	235	105	130
Lingala	50	20	35
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	10	0	5
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	325	165	160
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	165	70	95
Wojenaka	20	10	10
Wolof	135	75	60
Yoruba	10	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	5	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	90	50	40
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	40	20	20
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,515	735	780
Chinese languages	1,515	730	780
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,335	655	685
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	0
Yue (Cantonese)	140	60	80
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	30	35
Lao	50	25	25
Thai	10	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	70	30	40
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	50	25	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	5	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	35	20	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	35	20	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Multiple responses	16,755	8,115	8,635
English and French	9,485	4,645	4,840
English and non-official language(s)	2,095	1,045	1,050
French and non-official language(s)	3,590	1,635	1,955
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,475	740	735
Multiple non-official languages	105	45	55
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	287,505	140,185	147,325
None	238,475	116,200	122,270
English	20,450	10,140	10,305
French	12,200	5,885	6,315
Non-official language	8,675	4,185	4,495
Indigenous³⁹	85	40	45
Non-Indigenous	8,590	4,150	4,445
English and French	2,235	1,120	1,115
English and non-official language(s)	2,785	1,360	1,425
French and non-official language(s)	1,715	810	910
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	100	85
Multiple non-official languages	780	385	400
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	285,715	139,435	146,275
Official languages	283,720	138,535	145,190
English	209,875	105,790	104,085
French	259,765	125,970	133,795
Non-official languages	60,020	28,595	31,425
Indigenous languages³⁹	305	115	195
Algonquian languages	245	90	150
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	165	70	95
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	155	70	90
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	95	40	60
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	15	15
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	10
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	25	50
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	60	20	40
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	60	20	40
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	60	20	40
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,735	28,495	31,240
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,465	7,100	6,370
Berber languages	780	460	325
Kabyle	635	360	275
Tamazight	155	95	60
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	300	160	140
Hausa	100	50	45
Mina	200	110	95
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	645	270	380
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	40	15	25
Somali	605	255	350
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Semitic languages	12,415	6,585	5,830
Amharic	160	85	70
Arabic	12,110	6,430	5,680
Aramaic languages	15	15	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	155	85	70
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	25	10	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	820	355	465
Khmer (Cambodian)	305	130	165
Vietnamese	520	215	300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,360	525	830
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Cebuano	115	25	85
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	145	80	60
Ilocano	20	10	15
Indonesian	70	25	50
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	145	55	90
Merina	80	35	45
Malagasy, n.o.s.	75	30	45
Malay	10	0	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,040	395	645
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	45	65
Creole languages	3,740	1,665	2,075
Haitian Creole	3,330	1,480	1,845
Jamaican English Creole	15	0	15
Krio	10	0	10
Morisyen	65	25	40
Sango	70	40	20
Creole, n.o.s.	330	155	175
Creole languages, n.i.e.	85	40	50
Dravidian languages	335	170	160
Kannada	25	15	0
Malayalam	115	60	55
Tamil	200	105	95
Telugu	55	30	25
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	29,500	13,775	15,725
Albanian	75	35	40
Armenian	130	65	60
Balto-Slavic languages	4,220	2,060	2,165
Baltic languages	65	40	25
Latvian	45	25	20
Lithuanian	20	15	0
Slavic languages	4,170	2,030	2,140
Belarusian	30	20	10
Bulgarian	160	65	95
Czech	90	50	30
Macedonian	10	10	0
Polish	470	220	245
Russian	1,815	915	900
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,640	775	870
Bosnian	450	200	250
Croatian	595	270	330
Serbian	1,155	545	610
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Slovak	50	15	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	435	205	230
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	85	40	45
Irish	45	30	15
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Germanic languages	2,095	1,105	985
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,705	910	800
German	1,675	900	780
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	10	25
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	295	150	145
Afrikaans	15	0	0
Dutch	275	140	135
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	150	75	80
Danish	40	30	15
Icelandic	10	0	10
Norwegian	25	10	15
Swedish	90	35	60
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	230	120	110
Indo-Iranian languages	2,325	1,220	1,100
Indo-Aryan languages	1,115	575	545
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	115	80	40
Gujarati	65	20	45
Hindi	495	220	280
Kacchi	10	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	0	10
Marathi	20	10	10
Nepali	10	10	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	345	140	205
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	25
Urdu	375	220	150
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,335	730	610
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	190	120	75
Parsi	15	15	0
Pashto	45	25	15
Persian languages	1,145	600	545
Dari	340	175	170
Iranian Persian	690	370	315
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	150	75	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	30	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	21,710	9,820	11,895
Catalan	15	10	0
Italian	1,685	855	830
Portuguese	3,635	1,745	1,890
Romanian	1,495	715	780
Spanish	16,475	7,235	9,240
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	490	230	260
Korean	355	140	215
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	8,615	4,265	4,350
Akan (Twi)	115	60	55
Bamanankan	310	145	160
Edo	25	15	10
Éwé	255	95	165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	565	280	285
Ga	15	0	10
Ganda	65	35	30
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	35	20	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,245	560	685
Lingala	1,630	825	800
Luba-Kasai	140	80	55
Mòoré	125	50	70
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	0	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,750	910	830
Shona	20	0	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0
Swahili	1,955	1,085	870
Wojenaka	175	85	90
Wolof	815	405	415
Yoruba	160	95	65
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,800	950	855
Nilo-Saharan languages	190	70	115
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	185	70	115
African, n.o.s.	100	45	55
Sign languages	365	145	215
American Sign Language	145	60	85
Quebec Sign Language	200	75	125
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	15	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,765	1,260	1,505
Chinese languages	2,760	1,250	1,505
Hakka	20	10	10
Mandarin	2,430	1,095	1,335
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	55	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	25	10
Yue (Cantonese)	465	180	285
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	270	95	175
Lao	170	75	95
Thai	150	40	110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	380	215	165
Azerbaijani	35	15	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	330	190	145
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Uralic languages	225	130	95
Estonian	20	10	10
Finnish	10	0	0
Hungarian	200	120	80
Other languages, n.i.e.	90	35	50
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	285,715	139,435	146,280
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	11,705	5,505	6,195
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,195	5,235	5,960
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,010	2,745	3,265
Métis	4,875	2,355	2,525
Inuk (Inuit)	315	140	175
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	205	105	95
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	305	170	140
Non-Indigenous identity	274,010	133,925	140,080
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	285,715	139,435	146,280
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,180	1,020	1,160
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	283,530	138,415	145,120
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	126,475	...	...
Owner	76,090	...	...
Renter	50,390	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	126,475	...	...
Condominium	20,405	...	...
Not condominium	106,070	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	126,475	...	...
No bedrooms	780	...	...
1 bedroom	16,180	...	...
2 bedrooms	38,255	...	...
3 bedrooms	46,115	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	25,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	126,475	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	39,295	...	...
5 rooms	22,330	...	...
6 rooms	16,820	...	...
7 rooms	15,290	...	...
8 or more rooms	32,745	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	126,475	...	...
One person or fewer per room	125,005	...	...
More than one person per room	1,470	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	126,475	...	...
Suitable	121,685	...	...
Not suitable	4,795	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	126,475	...	...
1960 or before	16,660	...	...
1961 to 1980	33,650	...	...
1981 to 1990	19,295	...	...
1991 to 2000	18,185	...	...
2001 to 2005	9,455	...	...
2006 to 2010	11,235	...	...
2011 to 2015	9,130	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,860	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	126,475	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	119,290	...	...
Major repairs needed	7,185	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	126,475	...	...
One-maintainer household	69,445	...	...
Two-maintainer household	53,775	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,255	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	126,475	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,710	...	...
25 to 34 years	20,315	...	...
35 to 44 years	24,480	...	...
45 to 54 years	22,840	...	...
55 to 64 years	25,260	...	...
65 to 74 years	18,095	...	...
75 to 84 years	8,640	...	...
85 years and over	2,140	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	126,075	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	106,190	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	19,885	...	...
30% to less than 100%	18,030	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	126,475	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	29,725	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	18,115	...	...
Not suitable only	3,945	...	...
Major repairs needed only	5,560	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	480	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,255	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	340	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...
Acceptable housing	96,750	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	124,225	...	...
In core need	6,875	...	...
Not in core need	117,355	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	76,050	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,286	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	332,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	360,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	50,390	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	968	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	285,710	139,435	146,280
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,910	4,175	4,740
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,825	4,150	4,675
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,060	3,405	3,655
Métis single ancestry	1,565	665	900
Inuit single ancestry	200	75	120
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	90	25	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	90	25	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	14,830	6,805	8,025
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	14,620	6,715	7,900
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,155	5,525	6,630
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,275	1,125	1,150
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	190	70	120
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	210	85	125
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	195	85	115
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	261,970	128,460	133,515
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	285,715	139,435	146,280
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	267,450	130,255	137,195
Canadian citizens aged under 18	58,820	29,995	28,820
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	208,630	100,255	108,375
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,265	9,180	9,080
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	285,715	139,435	146,280
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	236,230	115,270	120,960
Immigrants⁸¹	44,185	21,410	22,775
Before 1980	3,415	1,765	1,650
1980 to 1990	3,485	1,765	1,720
1991 to 2000	6,880	3,240	3,645
2001 to 2010	12,445	5,920	6,525
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,950	8,715	9,240
2011 to 2015	8,035	3,840	4,190
2016 to 2021	9,920	4,870	5,050
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,300	2,760	2,545
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	44,180	21,410	22,775
Under 5 years	4,660	2,240	2,415
5 to 14 years	7,875	3,920	3,955
15 to 24 years	7,040	3,230	3,810
25 to 44 years	21,745	10,610	11,140
45 years and over	2,865	1,410	1,455
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	44,180	21,410	22,775
Americas	8,675	3,910	4,770
Brazil	365	175	185
Colombia	1,710	750	960
El Salvador	515	245	265
Guyana	45	30	20
Haiti	2,530	1,110	1,415
Jamaica	155	75	80
Mexico	560	215	345
Peru	335	150	185
Trinidad and Tobago	50	20	35
United States of America	790	380	410
Other places of birth in Americas	1,625	760	860
Europe	9,160	4,505	4,655
Bosnia and Herzegovina	820	375	445
Croatia	230	115	110
France	2,050	1,040	1,005
Germany	285	145	140
Greece	40	25	15
Hungary	55	40	10
Italy	215	145	65
Netherlands	95	45	50
Poland	255	100	155
Portugal	1,275	630	645
Romania	1,000	490	510
Russian Federation	400	140	265
Serbia⁸⁶	175	70	100
Ukraine	450	210	235
United Kingdom⁸⁷	555	305	250
Other places of birth in Europe	1,265	620	640
Africa	16,305	8,090	8,210
Algeria	1,435	755	685
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,710	865	850
Egypt	395	225	165
Eritrea	20	20	0
Ethiopia	135	60	70
Morocco	1,985	1,000	980
Nigeria	150	80	70
Somalia	180	75	105
South Africa, Republic of	75	40	35
Other places of birth in Africa	10,215	4,975	5,240
Asia	9,960	4,840	5,115
Afghanistan	250	135	115
Iran⁸⁸	565	300	265
Iraq	280	150	130
Lebanon	2,450	1,280	1,175
Syria⁸⁹	645	340	300
Turkey	160	90	70
China⁹⁰	1,530	660	870
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	40	40
Korea, South⁹²	230	85	140
Taiwan	60	30	30
Philippines	1,095	450	650
Viet Nam	340	140	200
Bangladesh	75	55	15
India	465	230	230
Pakistan	230	130	100
Sri Lanka	90	40	45
Other places of birth in Asia	1,430	695	735
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	90	60	30
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,920	4,875	5,045
Americas	1,205	610	595
Brazil	85	40	45
Colombia	245	115	130
Haiti	370	200	170
Jamaica	10	10	0
Mexico	80	30	50
United States of America	115	70	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15
Other places of birth in Americas	270	125	145
Europe	1,115	590	530
France	415	220	195
Germany	20	0	15
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	70	25	45
Ukraine	155	80	70
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	50	25
Other places of birth in Europe	385	205	180
Africa	4,685	2,230	2,450
Algeria	190	100	85
Burundi	585	325	260
Cameroon	750	320	435
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	410	200	210
Côte d'Ivoire	595	295	300
Egypt	95	55	45
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	35	20	10
Morocco	320	150	170
Nigeria	65	30	35
Somalia	20	15	0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	245	95	150
Other places of birth in Africa	1,355	615	745
Asia	2,885	1,425	1,465
Afghanistan	40	25	20
Bangladesh	35	25	10
China⁹⁰	365	180	185
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	0
India	270	140	130
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	20
Iraq	20	10	15
Israel	10	10	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	35	25	10
Korea, South⁹²	95	45	45
Lebanon	230	110	120
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	110	55	55
Philippines	790	380	410
Saudi Arabia	55	25	35
Sri Lanka	10	10	0
Syria⁸⁹	440	230	210
Turkey	60	30	30
United Arab Emirates	50	25	20
Viet Nam	20	0	20
Other places of birth in Asia	190	85	110
Oceania and other⁹³	30	25	10
Australia	10	10	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	15	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	285,715	139,435	146,275
First generation¹⁰⁰	52,005	25,390	26,610
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,730	15,200	15,535
Third generation or more¹⁰²	202,980	98,850	104,135
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	40,765	19,645	21,125
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,395	10,385	10,005
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,275	5,390	3,885
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,120	4,995	6,130
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,185	4,270	5,920
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,740	4,805	4,935
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	450	180	265
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	40,765	19,645	21,125
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,405	1,680	1,730
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,375	1,180	1,195
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,070	610	460
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,105	1,135	970
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	215	85	130
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	31,595	14,945	16,645
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	285,715	139,435	146,280
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	54,660	26,455	28,205
South Asian	1,840	935	905
Chinese	3,230	1,310	1,920
Black	27,145	13,195	13,950
Filipino	1,375	570	805
Arab	10,240	5,385	4,855
Latin American	5,595	2,565	3,030
Southeast Asian	1,590	695	900
West Asian	1,130	595	540
Korean	385	190	205
Japanese	250	135	110
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	485	215	265
Multiple visible minorities	1,400	680	720
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	231,050	112,975	118,075
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	285,715	139,435	146,280
Canadian	74,935	36,205	38,730
English	11,340	5,825	5,515
Irish	23,540	11,205	12,340
Scottish	11,945	5,865	6,075
French, n.o.s.¹²²	68,915	34,070	34,845
German	7,290	3,525	3,765
Chinese	3,570	1,445	2,130
Italian	5,280	2,655	2,625
Indian (India)	1,350	635	725
Ukrainian	1,815	900	915
Dutch	1,505	695	815
Polish	2,175	1,110	1,070
Québécois	23,815	11,875	11,940
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,205	1,130	1,080
Filipino	1,400	620	785
French Canadian	19,830	9,670	10,160
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	6,995	3,435	3,565
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	8,510	3,940	4,570
Métis	4,120	1,900	2,220
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	4,990	2,415	2,575
Russian	1,310	625	680
Norwegian	720	415	305
Welsh	885	440	445
Portuguese	4,135	2,045	2,090
American	1,575	745	830
Spanish	2,870	1,385	1,485
Swedish	530	225	300
Hungarian	740	360	375
Acadian	3,540	1,735	1,815
Pakistani	255	155	100
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,110	2,595	2,520
Jewish	565	350	210
Punjabi	65	30	40
Vietnamese	865	355	505
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,365	1,735	1,625
Greek	740	365	370
Jamaican	655	340	310
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	505	215	290
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	680	255	425
Korean	380	195	180
Romanian	1,585	735	855
Lebanese	4,775	2,530	2,245
Iranian	780	405	375
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,060	990	1,070
Danish	420	225	190
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,340	1,120	1,220
Sikh	25	15	10
Austrian	420	220	200
Belgian	1,770	785	985
Haitian	4,270	1,935	2,335
Hindu	95	55	45
Mexican	1,095	500	595
Mennonite	45	15	25
Swiss	775	405	370
Finnish	270	95	180
Sri Lankan	150	70	80
Croatian	535	270	270
Japanese	380	205	175
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	115	65	50
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	975	450	525
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	320	140	175
Muslim	495	255	240
Egyptian	840	485	360
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,155	560	600
Tamil	90	40	50
Icelandic	110	55	55
Colombian	1,815	825	990
Moroccan	2,290	1,165	1,120
Czech	215	95	115
Syrian	940	480	460
Guyanese	190	70	120
Afghan	295	145	150
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	935	505	420
Serbian	860	450	405
Ojibway	165	70	95
Newfoundlander	175	85	85
Hong Konger	35	15	20
Ontarian	1,175	545	630
Persian	190	115	75
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	155	85	75
Turkish	470	245	225
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	400	150	255
Bangladeshi	65	40	30
Algerian	1,135	580	555
Brazilian	495	240	255
Nigerian	270	135	135
Armenian	410	210	200
Slovak	140	70	70
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	290	115	180
Somali	560	240	320
Taiwanese	80	50	35
Iraqi	230	115	115
Salvadorean	630	300	335
African Caribbean	455	185	265
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	100	40	60
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	310	155	155
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	420	180	240
Algonquin	4,665	2,155	2,515
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	15	15
Lithuanian	90	55	40
South African	50	35	20
Australian	140	65	80
Palestinian	225	105	120
Chilean	350	145	205
Congolese	2,825	1,395	1,435
Nova Scotian	50	10	40
Ethiopian	175	85	90
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	270	125	140
Peruvian	390	195	190
Yoruba	170	95	80
Cambodian (Khmer)	465	200	265
Berber	1,125	630	500
Albanian	95	30	65
Maltese	50	25	25
Macedonian	25	15	10
Slovenian	50	20	30
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	315	145	170
New Brunswicker	190	95	100
Gujarati	0	0	0
Eritrean	40	20	20
African Canadian	220	110	115
Israeli	70	35	30
Mohawk	390	195	195
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	45	20	25
Bulgarian	230	95	135
Albertan	45	30	20
Ghanaian	180	75	105
Barbadian	75	50	30
African American	180	85	100
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	160	80	80
Tunisian	760	395	365
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	105	50	55
Cuban	370	185	180
Bosnian	505	250	255
Venezuelan	230	120	110
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	430	200	225
Latvian	95	50	50
Bengali	30	25	0
Cameroonian	1,625	720	905
Guatemalan	250	125	125
Indonesian	80	30	55
Laotian	190	80	110
Ilocano	30	20	15
Northern Irish	65	30	35
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	115	40	75
British Columbian	10	0	10
Ecuadorian	80	35	45
Franco Ontarian	1,305	600	700
Argentinian	195	80	115
Estonian	90	55	35
Kurdish	160	95	70
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	325	180	145
Coptic	75	35	35
Thai	180	65	115
Dominican	225	85	135
Nepali	15	10	0
Kabyle	335	200	135
Assyrian	55	25	25
Igbo	30	25	10
Byelorussian	130	60	65
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	15	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	25	10
Abenaki	345	130	215
Moldovan	160	70	90
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	480	210	270
New Zealander	15	0	10
Sudanese	25	25	0
Breton	480	235	250
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	10	0	10
Plains Cree	15	10	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	325	170	155
Huron (Wendat)	640	330	305
Saskatchewanian	45	30	20
Buddhist	20	10	0
Gaspesian	265	125	140
Norman	305	165	140
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	1,140	530	605
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	75	60
Burundian	1,760	905	855
Tigrinya	10	0	10
Nicaraguan	120	40	75
Mauritian	140	70	70
Kenyan	25	15	10
Oji-Cree	20	10	10
Vincentian	90	40	50
Jordanian	95	55	40
Manitoban	65	20	45
Cape Bretoner	20	0	15
Rwandan	1,250	575	675
Grenadian	50	30	20
Malayali	25	15	15
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	55	20	40
Honduran	75	30	35
Cherokee	45	30	20
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	60	15	45
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	635	295	340
Azerbaijani	20	10	10
Sicilian	70	30	45
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	15	0	15
Goan	15	0	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	595	330	260
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	75	45	30
Burmese	15	15	0
Mongolian	55	35	15
Azorean	245	120	135
Atikamekw	95	50	50
Bamileke	550	250	300
Indo-Guyanese	15	10	0
Ugandan	45	10	35
Oromo	30	10	15
Tanzanian	40	20	20
Yemeni	65	45	20
Central African	540	255	280
Libyan	45	20	20
Basque	160	100	60
Uruguayan	100	40	65
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	215	85	130
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	210	90	120
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	440	220	220
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	600	305	295
St. Lucian	20	15	10
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10
Maliseet	50	25	35
Beninese	575	275	300
Telugu	25	15	10
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	35	15	15
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	225	90	135
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	30	20	10
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	285,715	139,435	146,280
Buddhist	1,165	415	745
Christian	178,850	83,975	94,875
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	20,920	9,920	11,005
Anabaptist	50	20	30
Anglican	1,785	860	920
Baptist	1,555	740	825
Catholic	141,155	66,085	75,075
Christian Orthodox	3,730	1,900	1,830
Jehovah's Witness	1,225	560	665
Latter Day Saints	225	105	115
Lutheran	400	175	225
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	75	20	50
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,870	895	975
Presbyterian	485	230	255
Reformed	55	30	25
United Church	1,095	475	620
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,235	1,965	2,270
Hindu	535	255	280
Jewish	405	235	175
Muslim	14,840	7,635	7,205
Sikh	185	70	120
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	200	85	110
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,410	600	810
No religion and secular perspectives	88,125	46,160	41,965
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	282,605	137,860	144,745
Non-movers	244,925	119,365	125,560
Movers	37,675	18,495	19,185
Non-migrants	24,955	12,265	12,690
Migrants	12,720	6,225	6,495
Internal migrants	10,995	5,320	5,675
Intraprovincial migrants	5,080	2,425	2,655
Interprovincial migrants	5,915	2,895	3,020
External migrants	1,725	910	820
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	270,075	131,245	138,830
Non-movers	154,320	75,125	79,200
Movers	115,755	56,130	59,630
Non-migrants	65,490	31,435	34,060
Migrants	50,260	24,695	25,570
Internal migrants	38,230	18,660	19,565
Intraprovincial migrants	23,260	11,220	12,040
Interprovincial migrants	14,970	7,445	7,525
External migrants	12,035	6,030	6,005
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	233,135	112,590	120,545
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	45,910	24,785	21,135
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	187,220	87,810	99,415
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	156,875	76,040	80,835
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	21,920	12,605	9,320
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	134,955	63,440	71,515
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	233,135	112,590	120,545
No certificate, diploma or degree	40,650	21,545	19,105
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	51,870	25,020	26,850
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	140,625	66,025	74,595
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	75,230	36,335	38,895
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	25,945	14,530	11,420
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	18,080	8,675	9,410
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,865	5,855	2,005
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	41,785	18,810	22,970
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,505	2,995	4,510
Bachelor's degree or higher	65,390	29,695	35,695
Bachelor's degree	39,995	17,090	22,905
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,315	2,405	2,910
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	985	465	525
Master's degree	16,690	8,350	8,340
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,405	1,385	1,020
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	156,875	76,040	80,835
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,160	10,335	7,825
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,230	14,205	14,020
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	110,490	51,505	58,985
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	56,035	27,430	28,605
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	20,155	11,155	9,000
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,090	6,640	7,455
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,065	4,515	1,545
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	30,505	14,075	16,425
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,375	2,195	3,175
Bachelor's degree or higher	54,455	24,070	30,380
Bachelor's degree	32,840	13,810	19,030
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,415	1,905	2,510
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	865	365	500
Master's degree	14,345	6,900	7,440
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,990	1,090	900
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	233,135	112,590	120,545
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	92,515	46,565	45,945
Education	9,710	2,245	7,465
13. Education	9,710	2,245	7,465
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,245	1,845	2,405
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	590	445	140
50. Visual and performing arts	3,660	1,390	2,270
Humanities	8,860	3,650	5,210
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,130	630	1,500
23. English language and literature/letters	540	240	300
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,230	1,270	1,965
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	95	50	45
38. Philosophy and religious studies	470	325	150
39. Theology and religious vocations	375	265	105
54. History	825	510	310
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,190	365	830
Social and behavioural sciences and law	21,290	7,955	13,330
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	235	85	145
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,670	890	1,785
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,465	200	2,265
22. Legal professions and studies	3,620	1,455	2,165
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	665	240	425
42. Psychology	2,875	680	2,200
45. Social sciences	8,760	4,405	4,355
Business, management and public administration	35,050	13,275	21,770
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	20	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,215	1,060	2,155
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	31,800	12,195	19,605
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,220	2,680	2,540
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,050	825	1,225
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	805	430	375
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	800	365	435
40. Physical sciences	1,325	940	390
41. Science technologies/technicians	240	120	115
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,225	5,845	2,380
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,695	5,155	1,535
25. Library science	685	125	560
27. Mathematics and statistics	700	480	220
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	90	60
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	20,880	18,760	2,115
04. Architecture and related services	1,115	700	410
14. Engineering	4,670	3,765	910
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,630	4,065	565
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	15	10
46. Construction trades	5,400	5,295	105
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,275	3,225	50
48. Precision production	1,755	1,690	65
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,310	1,280	1,030
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,200	545	655
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,110	730	380
Health and related fields	15,750	3,530	12,215
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,145	605	545
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,250	2,735	11,515
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0	30
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	320	185	135
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,055	4,950	4,105
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,800	1,520	3,280
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	50	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	180	170	10
43. Security and protective services	2,775	2,110	660
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,240	1,100	140
Other¹⁷⁹	25	0	25
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	156,875	76,040	80,835
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	46,390	24,540	21,850
Education	6,870	1,475	5,395
13. Education	6,870	1,475	5,395
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,280	1,445	1,835
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	420	335	85
50. Visual and performing arts	2,855	1,110	1,745
Humanities	5,885	2,330	3,555
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,570	420	1,150
23. English language and literature/letters	415	160	260
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,900	750	1,145
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	30	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	365	230	130
39. Theology and religious vocations	190	145	50
54. History	635	385	255
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	750	210	540
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,430	6,330	11,100
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	195	70	125
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,280	765	1,515
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,010	165	1,850
22. Legal professions and studies	2,920	1,080	1,845
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	525	200	325
42. Psychology	2,330	485	1,850
45. Social sciences	7,160	3,565	3,595
Business, management and public administration	28,315	10,535	17,780
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	15	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,660	835	1,825
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	25,620	9,680	15,935
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,440	1,805	1,640
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,660	685	980
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	470	280	190
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	130	80
40. Physical sciences	980	665	315
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	50	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,010	5,025	1,985
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,840	4,525	1,315
25. Library science	495	80	415
27. Mathematics and statistics	550	345	205
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	125	80	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,570	14,690	1,880
04. Architecture and related services	920	570	350
14. Engineering	4,035	3,195	840
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,650	3,175	470
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	15	10
46. Construction trades	4,265	4,180	90
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,435	2,385	50
48. Precision production	1,245	1,180	65
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,950	1,065	885
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	975	435	540
03. Natural resources and conservation	980	635	350
Health and related fields	12,580	2,890	9,685
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	940	470	470
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,345	2,280	9,060
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	265	140	130
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,130	3,905	3,230
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,725	1,125	2,600
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	50	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	115	10
43. Security and protective services	2,155	1,660	495
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,065	955	115
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	156,875	76,040	80,835
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,390	24,540	21,850
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	110,485	51,500	58,985
Location of study inside Canada	96,535	44,820	51,710
Same as province or territory of residence	62,835	28,615	34,220
Different than province or territory of residence	33,700	16,210	17,490
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,955	6,680	7,275
Americas	2,750	1,230	1,525
United States of America	825	455	370
Mexico	300	110	185
Cuba	135	75	55
Haiti	295	130	165
Jamaica	20	10	0
Brazil	205	70	135
Colombia	465	185	280
Peru	100	25	70
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	30	55
Other locations of study in Americas	335	135	200
Europe	4,155	2,150	2,000
Belgium	230	135	90
France	1,565	850	715
Germany	70	40	30
Netherlands	60	30	30
Switzerland	95	65	25
Hungary	20	15	0
Moldova¹⁸³	80	40	35
Poland	80	35	45
Romania	385	205	180
Russian Federation	220	95	125
Ukraine	225	110	115
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	430	220	210
Bosnia and Herzegovina	140	55	90
Italy	55	25	30
Serbia⁸⁶	85	50	35
Other locations of study in Europe	410	180	235
Africa	3,785	1,825	1,960
Nigeria	65	30	30
Algeria	520	270	250
Morocco	600	265	340
Tunisia	240	125	110
Egypt	170	80	90
South Africa, Republic of	35	10	25
Other locations of study in Africa	2,155	1,040	1,115
Asia	3,155	1,425	1,725
Iran⁸⁸	125	55	70
Iraq	85	40	40
Israel	30	25	0
Lebanon	585	295	295
Syria⁸⁹	150	85	70
Turkey	60	35	25
China⁹⁰	610	260	345
Taiwan	15	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
Japan	70	25	45
Korea, South⁹²	105	55	55
Philippines	670	235	425
Viet Nam	10	0	10
Bangladesh	30	20	10
Sri Lanka	25	10	15
India	250	145	100
Pakistan	35	15	20
Other locations of study in Asia	290	115	175
Oceania	115	50	60
Australia	75	40	40
New Zealand	35	10	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	233,135	112,590	120,545
In the labour force	155,310	78,675	76,640
Employed	140,945	71,370	69,575
Unemployed	14,370	7,305	7,065
Not in the labour force	77,825	33,915	43,905
Participation rate	66.6	69.9	63.6
Employment rate	60.5	63.4	57.7
Unemployment rate	9.3	9.3	9.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	233,135	112,590	120,545
Did not work¹⁸⁶	77,895	34,195	43,700
Worked	155,240	78,395	76,840
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	90,535	46,555	43,980
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	64,705	31,840	32,860
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.7	42.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	155,315	78,675	76,635
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,550	1,755	1,795
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	151,760	76,920	74,840
Employee	137,405	68,085	69,325
Permanent position	113,505	56,910	56,595
Temporary position	23,900	11,180	12,725
Fixed term (1 year or more)	8,915	3,870	5,040
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	14,985	7,310	7,680
Self-employed¹⁹²	14,355	8,830	5,520
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	155,315	78,675	76,635
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,550	1,755	1,795
All occupations¹⁹¹	151,760	76,920	74,840
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,120	1,365	755
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	34,620	11,100	23,520
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	13,405	10,280	3,125
3 Health occupations	10,850	2,525	8,320
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	26,845	9,635	17,205
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,930	2,115	2,815
6 Sales and service occupations	35,390	18,320	17,070
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	20,130	18,675	1,455
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,395	1,185	205
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,075	1,715	365
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	155,315	78,675	76,635
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,550	1,755	1,795
All industries¹⁹¹	151,760	76,920	74,840
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	635	440	200
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	280	260	15
22 Utilities	675	515	160
23 Construction	11,305	10,100	1,210
31-33 Manufacturing	4,135	3,215	920
41 Wholesale trade	1,955	1,510	445
44-45 Retail trade	15,795	8,390	7,405
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,825	3,925	895
51 Information and cultural industries	2,145	1,350	795
52 Finance and insurance	3,620	1,785	1,835
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,950	1,190	760
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,100	4,605	3,500
55 Management of companies and enterprises	95	40	50
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,970	4,535	2,440
61 Educational services	12,630	4,115	8,515
62 Health care and social assistance	19,415	4,575	14,840
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,740	1,485	1,255
72 Accommodation and food services	8,020	3,920	4,095
81 Other services (except public administration)	5,740	2,530	3,205
91 Public administration	40,725	18,435	22,290
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	164,955	83,280	81,675
English	29,690	16,800	12,885
French	62,455	30,240	32,220
Non-official language	385	220	165
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	385	220	165
English and French	70,105	34,900	35,205
English and non-official language(s)	670	375	295
French and non-official language(s)	280	100	180
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,360	645	720
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	164,955	83,280	81,675
Single responses	151,065	76,480	74,585
Official languages	150,340	76,105	74,235
English	56,215	30,670	25,545
French	94,125	45,440	48,690
Non-official languages	725	370	355
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	15	10
Algonquian languages	25	15	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	15	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25	15	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	700	355	340
Afro-Asiatic languages	105	70	35
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	105	70	35
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	105	65	35
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	20	0	15
Haitian Creole	20	0	15
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	330	140	185
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	20
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	35	15	20
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	0	10
Russian	20	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	290	130	160
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	60	25	30
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	225	95	130
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	25	15	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	10
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	165	95	80
Chinese languages	165	95	80
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	160	85	80
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	10	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	13,890	6,795	7,090
English and French	13,520	6,595	6,925
English and non-official language(s)	165	95	65
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	75	50
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	164,955	83,280	81,675
None	106,045	53,885	52,160
English	31,350	15,080	16,275
French	25,845	13,490	12,345
Non-official language	760	375	385
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	0
Non-Indigenous	745	365	385
English and French	60	35	30
English and non-official language(s)	400	175	215
French and non-official language(s)	445	210	235
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	50	25	30
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	140,945	71,375	69,575
Worked at home	45,075	19,720	25,355
Worked outside Canada	210	150	65
No fixed workplace address	15,495	12,205	3,285
Usual place of work	80,165	39,295	40,870
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	80,165	39,295	40,870
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	55,430	25,460	29,970
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,290	1,765	1,525
Commute to a different province or territory	21,445	12,070	9,380
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	95,655	51,505	44,155
Car, truck or van	77,880	43,300	34,580
Car, truck or van - as a driver	71,625	40,500	31,125
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,260	2,800	3,460
Public transit	10,260	4,600	5,660
Walked	4,240	1,890	2,355
Bicycle	1,115	795	325
Other method	2,155	920	1,235
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	95,655	51,505	44,155
Less than 15 minutes	26,885	12,965	13,920
15 to 29 minutes	36,470	19,280	17,190
30 to 44 minutes	20,640	12,390	8,245
45 to 59 minutes	6,640	3,935	2,700
60 minutes and over	5,025	2,925	2,095
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	95,655	51,505	44,155
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	7,160	5,660	1,495
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	20,360	12,940	7,420
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	28,310	13,235	15,070
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	17,710	7,930	9,775
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,115	4,555	4,560
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	13,010	7,180	5,830
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	63,225	32,320	30,910
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,605	7,460	7,150
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	48,625	24,860	23,760
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	46,370	23,740	22,635
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,810	5,550	5,260
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,300	3,800	3,500
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,510	1,745	1,765
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,560	18,190	17,375

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 22, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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