Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Edmonton, City (CY)More information: Alberta [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,010,899	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	933,088^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.3	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	428,857	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	396,404	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,320.4	...	...	1,320.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	765.61	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,010,900	503,035	507,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	184,115	94,365	89,750	18.2	18.8	17.7
0 to 4 years	61,410	31,570	29,840	6.1	6.3	5.9
5 to 9 years	62,955	32,095	30,860	6.2	6.4	6.1
10 to 14 years	59,745	30,695	29,050	5.9	6.1	5.7
15 to 64 years	688,325	345,640	342,690	68.1	68.7	67.5
15 to 19 years	54,355	27,980	26,375	5.4	5.6	5.2
20 to 24 years	67,195	34,240	32,950	6.6	6.8	6.5
25 to 29 years	77,830	38,920	38,910	7.7	7.7	7.7
30 to 34 years	87,660	43,820	43,835	8.7	8.7	8.6
35 to 39 years	85,980	43,125	42,850	8.5	8.6	8.4
40 to 44 years	73,985	37,440	36,545	7.3	7.4	7.2
45 to 49 years	63,865	31,980	31,890	6.3	6.4	6.3
50 to 54 years	59,200	29,750	29,445	5.9	5.9	5.8
55 to 59 years	60,185	29,850	30,340	6.0	5.9	6.0
60 to 64 years	58,080	28,535	29,540	5.7	5.7	5.8
65 years and over	138,460	63,035	75,420	13.7	12.5	14.9
65 to 69 years	47,520	23,050	24,470	4.7	4.6	4.8
70 to 74 years	34,995	16,595	18,395	3.5	3.3	3.6
75 to 79 years	22,215	9,900	12,310	2.2	2.0	2.4
80 to 84 years	15,870	6,835	9,035	1.6	1.4	1.8
85 years and over	17,865	6,650	11,210	1.8	1.3	2.2
85 to 89 years	10,790	4,310	6,480	1.1	0.9	1.3
90 to 94 years	5,350	1,920	3,430	0.5	0.4	0.7
95 to 99 years	1,500	370	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	220	50	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.2	18.8	17.7	18.2	18.8	17.7
15 to 64 years	68.1	68.7	67.5	68.1	68.7	67.5
65 years and over	13.7	12.5	14.9	13.7	12.5	14.9
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.2	1.8	1.3	2.2
Average age of the population	38.4	37.6	39.1	38.4	37.6	39.1
Median age of the population	36.8	36.4	37.6	36.8	36.4	37.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	196,535	...	...	49.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	28,150	...	...	7.1	...	...
Row house	38,860	...	...	9.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,145	...	...	2.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	91,250	...	...	23.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	29,405	...	...	7.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	95	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,970	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	396,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	115,525	...	...	29.1	...	...
2 persons	123,340	...	...	31.1	...	...
3 persons	61,175	...	...	15.4	...	...
4 persons	56,830	...	...	14.3	...	...
5 or more persons	39,530	...	...	10.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	996,495	496,040	500,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	826,785	408,675	418,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	453,440	227,160	226,280	54.8	55.6	54.1
Married	378,080	189,325	188,755	45.7	46.3	45.1
Living common-law	75,360	37,840	37,520	9.1	9.3	9.0
Living common law - Never married	58,580	29,495	29,080	7.1	7.2	7.0
Living common law - Separated	2,660	1,395	1,265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	12,995	6,505	6,490	1.6	1.6	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	1,125	440	685	0.1	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	373,345	181,510	191,830	45.2	44.4	45.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	263,065	144,100	118,965	31.8	35.3	28.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	20,940	8,875	12,060	2.5	2.2	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	53,255	20,835	32,420	6.4	5.1	7.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	36,085	7,700	28,385	4.4	1.9	6.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	266,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	125,210	...	...	47.0	...	...
3 persons	58,490	...	...	22.0	...	...
4 persons	56,055	...	...	21.1	...	...
5 or more persons	26,400	...	...	9.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	266,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	219,615	...	...	82.5	...	...
Married couples	181,950	...	...	68.4	...	...
With children⁶	110,120	...	...	41.4	...	...
Without children	71,830	...	...	27.0	...	...
Common-law couples	37,660	...	...	14.1	...	...
With children⁶	12,150	...	...	4.6	...	...
Without children	25,510	...	...	9.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	46,545	...	...	17.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	36,495	...	...	13.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	10,050	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	996,495	496,040	500,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	793,405	392,485	400,915	79.6	79.1	80.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	439,225	219,625	219,600	44.1	44.3	43.9
Parents in one-parent families	46,545	10,050	36,495	4.7	2.0	7.3
Children⁶	307,635	162,810	144,820	30.9	32.8	28.9
In a two-parent family	233,400	122,795	110,605	23.4	24.8	22.1
In a one-parent family	74,235	40,020	34,215	7.4	8.1	6.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	203,090	103,555	99,540	20.4	20.9	19.9
Living alone	115,525	56,185	59,345	11.6	11.3	11.9
Living with other relatives⁷	33,295	15,140	18,150	3.3	3.1	3.6
Living with non-relatives only	54,270	32,230	22,040	5.4	6.5	4.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	396,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	223,495	...	...	56.4	...	...
Couple-family households	188,930	...	...	47.7	...	...
With children⁶	105,140	...	...	26.5	...	...
Without children	83,790	...	...	21.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	34,560	...	...	8.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	13,310	...	...	3.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,730	...	...	0.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	16,320	...	...	4.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	25,020	...	...	6.3	...	...
One-person households	115,530	...	...	29.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	812,615	401,820	410,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	772,550	382,025	390,525	95.1	95.1	95.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	50,000	39,200	44,000	50,000	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	772,830	382,175	390,650	95.1	95.1	95.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,000	36,000	39,600	44,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	686,060	346,340	339,720	84.4	86.2	82.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	47,600	32,400	40,000	47,600	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	579,425	299,065	280,360	71.3	74.4	68.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,600	35,600	42,400	49,600	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	689,945	336,085	353,860	84.9	83.6	86.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	6,500	10,000	8,500	6,500	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,730	51,455	49,275	12.4	12.8	12.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,760	5,760	5,840	5,760	5,760	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	259,615	127,600	132,015	31.9	31.8	32.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	812,605	401,755	410,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	772,300	382,065	390,240	95.0	95.1	95.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,800	65,400	48,320	56,800	65,400	48,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	772,575	382,205	390,370	95.1	95.1	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,640	53,600	41,840	47,640	53,600	41,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	685,935	346,745	339,185	84.4	86.3	82.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,150	62,900	43,240	53,150	62,900	43,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	579,410	299,615	279,790	71.3	74.6	68.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,900	61,350	43,840	52,900	61,350	43,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	690,130	336,725	353,400	84.9	83.8	86.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,490	11,860	10,700	9,490	11,860
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,450	51,410	49,045	12.4	12.8	11.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,040	6,710	7,390	7,040	6,710	7,390
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	258,250	126,935	131,320	31.8	31.6	32.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,290	9,160	9,420	9,290	9,160	9,420
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	812,605	401,755	410,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	265,985	148,275	117,710	32.7	36.9	28.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	74,500	62,400	68,500	74,500	62,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,400	87,600	69,000	79,400	87,600	69,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	240,385	114,635	125,745	29.6	28.5	30.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	25,800	18,600	21,800	25,800	18,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,680	38,840	27,040	32,680	38,840	27,040
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.2	87.2	77.8	83.2	87.2	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8	73.6	65.0	69.8	73.6	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.8	12.8	22.2	16.8	12.8	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.4	1.9	1.6	1.4	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	5.0	7.5	6.1	5.0	7.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.7	6.6	5.5	4.7	6.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	812,610	401,820	410,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	40,065	19,795	20,265	4.9	4.9	4.9
With total income	772,550	382,025	390,525	95.1	95.1	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	61,525	26,535	34,995	8.0	6.9	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	72,240	30,890	41,350	9.4	8.1	10.6
$20,000 to $29,999	122,060	54,400	67,665	15.8	14.2	17.3
$30,000 to $39,999	96,785	41,675	55,110	12.5	10.9	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	82,910	37,595	45,320	10.7	9.8	11.6
$50,000 to $59,999	70,470	33,585	36,885	9.1	8.8	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	59,660	29,970	29,690	7.7	7.8	7.6
$70,000 to $79,999	46,895	26,095	20,800	6.1	6.8	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	36,160	20,900	15,260	4.7	5.5	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	29,970	17,545	12,425	3.9	4.6	3.2
$100,000 and over	93,865	62,835	31,025	12.2	16.4	7.9
$100,000 to $149,999	64,375	41,115	23,260	8.3	10.8	6.0
$150,000 and over	29,485	21,720	7,770	3.8	5.7	2.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	812,610	401,820	410,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	39,785	19,645	20,140	4.9	4.9	4.9
With after-tax income	772,825	382,175	390,655	95.1	95.1	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	63,535	27,315	36,215	8.2	7.1	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	75,385	32,375	43,010	9.8	8.5	11.0
$20,000 to $29,999	138,165	61,580	76,585	17.9	16.1	19.6
$30,000 to $39,999	113,515	50,570	62,950	14.7	13.2	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	97,930	46,180	51,750	12.7	12.1	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	80,470	40,350	40,120	10.4	10.6	10.3
$60,000 to $69,999	59,685	32,865	26,820	7.7	8.6	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	43,145	24,955	18,190	5.6	6.5	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	31,835	18,695	13,135	4.1	4.9	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	20,565	12,870	7,695	2.7	3.4	2.0
$100,000 and over	48,600	34,410	14,185	6.3	9.0	3.6
$100,000 to $124,999	24,550	16,735	7,820	3.2	4.4	2.0
$125,000 and over	24,050	17,680	6,370	3.1	4.6	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	812,610	401,820	410,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	233,190	102,755	130,435	28.7	25.6	31.8
With employment income	579,420	299,060	280,355	71.3	74.4	68.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	66,745	30,855	35,885	11.5	10.3	12.8
$5,000 to $9,999	45,250	19,655	25,595	7.8	6.6	9.1
$10,000 to $19,999	65,525	29,070	36,455	11.3	9.7	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	51,220	23,445	27,780	8.8	7.8	9.9
$30,000 to $39,999	49,645	23,255	26,390	8.6	7.8	9.4
$40,000 to $49,999	48,895	24,215	24,675	8.4	8.1	8.8
$50,000 to $59,999	48,170	23,845	24,320	8.3	8.0	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	42,600	22,105	20,495	7.4	7.4	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	34,940	20,285	14,655	6.0	6.8	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	27,905	16,675	11,225	4.8	5.6	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	24,830	14,650	10,180	4.3	4.9	3.6
$100,000 and over	73,695	50,995	22,700	12.7	17.1	8.1
$100,000 to $124,999	36,630	23,195	13,435	6.3	7.8	4.8
$125,000 and over	37,070	27,800	9,265	6.4	9.3	3.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	812,615	401,820	410,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	757,220	373,735	383,485	93.2	93.0	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,800	36,800	42,800	50,800	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	757,435	373,785	383,650	93.2	93.0	93.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	34,000	38,800	44,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	680,725	343,675	337,050	83.8	85.5	82.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	50,800	35,600	42,400	50,800	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	583,910	301,440	282,475	71.9	75.0	68.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,800	52,400	38,000	44,800	52,400	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	656,040	319,715	336,325	80.7	79.6	81.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,470	1,010	3,600	1,470	1,010	3,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	63,280	32,395	30,885	7.8	8.1	7.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,280	5,640	7,150	6,280	5,640	7,150
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	812,605	401,755	410,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	757,650	374,285	383,365	93.2	93.2	93.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,800	65,400	46,480	55,800	65,400	46,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	757,850	374,335	383,515	93.3	93.2	93.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,480	53,100	40,000	46,480	53,100	40,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	681,465	344,480	336,990	83.9	85.7	82.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,700	66,000	45,160	55,700	66,000	45,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	584,580	302,285	282,285	71.9	75.2	68.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,450	64,500	45,760	55,450	64,500	45,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	656,190	320,570	335,615	80.8	79.8	81.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,610	5,425	7,750	6,610	5,425	7,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,855	32,220	30,635	7.7	8.0	7.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,890	6,930	8,900	7,890	6,930	8,900
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	812,605	401,755	410,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	264,360	147,390	116,975	32.5	36.7	28.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	73,500	59,600	66,000	73,500	59,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,400	86,100	66,300	77,400	86,100	66,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	228,400	109,590	118,815	28.1	27.3	28.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,400	36,400	26,400	30,400	36,400	26,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	40,960	48,680	33,800	40,960	48,680	33,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8	92.8	85.4	89.8	92.8	85.4
Employment income (%)	76.6	79.6	72.6	76.6	79.6	72.6
Government transfers (%)	10.3	7.1	14.6	10.3	7.1	14.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.5	1.2	0.9	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	396,405	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	115,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...	47,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	280,880	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	396,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	110,600	...	...	110,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,900	...	...	92,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	115,515	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,650	...	...	58,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,200	...	...	49,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	280,885	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...	110,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	396,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,575	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,250	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,425	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,675	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	13,185	...	...	3.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	13,825	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,865	...	...	2.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	12,250	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	13,200	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	12,960	...	...	3.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	27,005	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	27,640	...	...	7.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	26,470	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	25,065	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	23,195	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	175,820	...	...	44.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	50,345	...	...	12.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	37,255	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	46,410	...	...	11.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	41,815	...	...	10.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	396,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,960	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,315	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,515	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,945	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,115	...	...	3.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	15,525	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,660	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,570	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	15,645	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	15,945	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	32,750	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	32,740	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	30,780	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	28,695	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	25,875	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	141,375	...	...	35.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	50,770	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	34,675	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	55,935	...	...	14.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	263,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	86,850	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	122,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	42,720	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	169,800	88,415	81,385	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	44,000	41,200	42,800	44,000	41,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	39,200	37,600	38,400	39,200	37,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	263,055	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...	132,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...	110,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	86,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,200	...	...	105,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	122,605	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,400	...	...	154,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,800	...	...	128,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	42,610	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,100	...	...	83,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,800	...	...	73,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	169,925	88,215	81,700	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,100	55,650	50,400	53,100	55,650	50,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,040	46,520	43,440	45,040	46,520	43,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	996,495	496,040	500,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	215,970	110,880	105,085	21.7	22.4	21.0
0 to 5 years	74,100	37,865	36,230	7.4	7.6	7.2
18 to 64 years	650,805	325,095	325,710	65.3	65.5	65.1
65 years and over	129,725	60,065	69,660	13.0	12.1	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	99,210	47,510	51,700	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	27,840	14,160	13,680	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	10,330	5,220	5,110	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	57,485	27,900	29,590	...	...	...
65 years and over	13,895	5,455	8,440	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.0	9.6	10.3	10.0	9.6	10.3
0 to 17 years (%)	12.9	12.8	13.0	12.9	12.8	13.0
0 to 5 years (%)	13.9	13.8	14.1	13.9	13.8	14.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8	8.6	9.1	8.8	8.6	9.1
65 years and over (%)	10.7	9.1	12.1	10.7	9.1	12.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	996,495	496,040	500,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	215,970	110,885	105,085	21.7	22.4	21.0
0 to 5 years	74,095	37,865	36,230	7.4	7.6	7.2
18 to 64 years	650,805	325,095	325,710	65.3	65.5	65.1
65 years and over	129,720	60,060	69,655	13.0	12.1	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	61,610	31,485	30,130	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	14,175	7,125	7,045	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	5,095	2,525	2,570	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	43,445	22,585	20,865	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,990	1,770	2,215	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.4	6.0	6.2	6.4	6.0
0 to 17 years (%)	6.6	6.4	6.7	6.6	6.4	6.7
0 to 5 years (%)	6.9	6.7	7.1	6.9	6.7	7.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7	7.0	6.4	6.7	7.0	6.4
65 years and over (%)	3.1	3.0	3.2	3.1	3.0	3.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	996,495	496,040	500,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	477,580	233,335	244,245	47.9	47.0	48.8
In bottom decile	91,105	45,525	45,575	9.1	9.2	9.1
In second decile	98,810	46,575	52,230	9.9	9.4	10.4
In third decile	94,245	45,990	48,255	9.5	9.3	9.6
In fourth decile	95,515	46,955	48,560	9.6	9.5	9.7
In fifth decile	97,910	48,290	49,625	9.8	9.7	9.9
In top half of the distribution	518,915	262,710	256,210	52.1	53.0	51.2
In sixth decile	98,605	49,205	49,405	9.9	9.9	9.9
In seventh decile	101,460	51,050	50,405	10.2	10.3	10.1
In eighth decile	104,315	52,545	51,770	10.5	10.6	10.3
In ninth decile	107,260	54,535	52,725	10.8	11.0	10.5
In top decile	107,270	55,375	51,900	10.8	11.2	10.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	996,495	...	...	996,495	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.334	...	...	0.334	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.444	...	...	0.444	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.296	...	...	0.296	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,000,740	497,935	502,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	910,635	457,415	453,220	91.0	91.9	90.1
French only	1,285	520	765	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and French	65,950	30,840	35,115	6.6	6.2	7.0
Neither English nor French	22,865	9,150	13,710	2.3	1.8	2.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,000,740	497,935	502,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	955,475	477,440	478,040	95.5	95.9	95.1
French	17,320	8,835	8,485	1.7	1.8	1.7
English and French	5,790	2,870	2,920	0.6	0.6	0.6
Neither English nor French	22,160	8,800	13,365	2.2	1.8	2.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,000,740	497,935	502,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	945,620	471,410	474,215	94.5	94.7	94.3
Official languages	642,285	325,315	316,970	64.2	65.3	63.0
English	626,085	317,045	309,045	62.6	63.7	61.5
French	16,200	8,275	7,920	1.6	1.7	1.6
Non-official languages	303,340	146,090	157,245	30.3	29.3	31.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,850	725	1,130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	1,565	625	940	0.2	0.1	0.2
Blackfoot	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,470	580	890	0.1	0.1	0.2
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	1,470	580	885	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	360	115	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	185	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	875	360	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	160	55	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	301,485	145,370	156,120	30.1	29.2	31.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	37,825	19,190	18,635	3.8	3.9	3.7
Berber languages	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	9,625	4,690	4,935	1.0	0.9	1.0
Bilen	470	255	210	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oromo	1,540	775	760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	7,580	3,630	3,945	0.8	0.7	0.8
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	27,955	14,360	13,595	2.8	2.9	2.7
Amharic	2,900	1,355	1,545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arabic	20,140	10,490	9,650	2.0	2.1	1.9
Aramaic languages	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	350	190	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	4,230	2,175	2,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,465	4,255	5,210	0.9	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	680	305	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	8,725	3,915	4,815	0.9	0.8	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	43,265	19,100	24,165	4.3	3.8	4.8
Bikol	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	665	290	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	1,920	870	1,050	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	785	325	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	2,280	990	1,295	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	425	180	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	440	205	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35,655	15,775	19,880	3.6	3.2	4.0
Waray-Waray	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	350	150	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	905	450	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	220	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	200	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	165	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	8,110	4,120	3,995	0.8	0.8	0.8
Kannada	200	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	4,575	2,285	2,295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	2,155	1,125	1,030	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	1,155	595	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	138,335	68,200	70,140	13.8	13.7	13.9
Albanian	765	410	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	24,510	11,225	13,285	2.4	2.3	2.6
Baltic languages	230	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	24,280	11,125	13,155	2.4	2.2	2.6
Belarusian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	370	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	545	265	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	175	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	6,960	3,225	3,740	0.7	0.6	0.7
Russian	4,800	2,140	2,655	0.5	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,940	1,945	1,995	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	700	340	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,540	780	755	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,605	775	835	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	345	170	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	6,870	2,990	3,885	0.7	0.6	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10,190	4,755	5,435	1.0	1.0	1.1
Frisian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	7,060	3,245	3,815	0.7	0.7	0.8
German	6,915	3,160	3,750	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,500	1,215	1,280	0.2	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	350	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,985	970	1,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	115	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	585	270	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	330	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	780	420	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	74,730	38,070	36,655	7.5	7.6	7.3
Indo-Aryan languages	68,225	34,755	33,465	6.8	7.0	6.7
Assamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,675	1,370	1,310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	6,425	3,310	3,115	0.6	0.7	0.6
Hindi	8,550	4,305	4,250	0.9	0.9	0.8
Kacchi	480	210	270	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	685	350	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	2,280	1,180	1,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	36,705	18,765	17,945	3.7	3.8	3.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	325	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,180	605	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	8,390	4,235	4,155	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	260	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,480	3,300	3,185	0.6	0.7	0.6
Baluchi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	735	405	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	685	335	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	5,010	2,540	2,465	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	1,570	765	805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	2,875	1,480	1,395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	565	295	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	27,155	13,220	13,940	2.7	2.7	2.8
Catalan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,510	1,700	1,810	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	3,975	1,900	2,075	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	2,005	955	1,050	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	17,640	8,650	8,990	1.8	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	900	290	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	6,100	2,855	3,245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	7,595	3,740	3,855	0.8	0.8	0.8
Akan (Twi)	740	380	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	215	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	440	230	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	850	410	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	205	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	440	205	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	505	240	265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Soninke	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,255	595	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	980	525	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,010	485	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	725	375	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	275	140	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	200	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	205	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	320	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	275	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	43,580	20,485	23,090	4.4	4.1	4.6
Chinese languages	42,900	20,145	22,750	4.3	4.0	4.5
Hakka	545	250	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	19,585	9,275	10,315	2.0	1.9	2.1
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,045	470	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	20,925	9,750	11,175	2.1	2.0	2.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	590	290	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	640	325	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	405	205	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	335	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	905	345	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	305	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	555	170	380	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,080	1,140	940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,675	935	740	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,150	550	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	140	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	990	485	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	55,115	26,525	28,590	5.5	5.3	5.7
English and French	4,675	2,285	2,385	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	43,995	21,165	22,825	4.4	4.3	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	1,375	680	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	850	420	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	4,220	1,975	2,245	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,000,740	497,935	502,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	648,980	327,675	321,310	64.9	65.8	63.9
French	4,680	2,270	2,410	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	90,765	43,525	47,240	9.1	8.7	9.4
Indigenous³⁹	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	90,595	43,450	47,145	9.1	8.7	9.4
English and French	10,825	5,215	5,610	1.1	1.0	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	228,985	111,475	117,515	22.9	22.4	23.4
French and non-official language(s)	755	345	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,735	3,220	3,520	0.7	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	9,020	4,225	4,790	0.9	0.8	1.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,000,740	497,935	502,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	941,815	469,345	472,465	94.1	94.3	94.0
Official languages	753,490	377,630	375,855	75.3	75.8	74.8
English	746,435	374,180	372,250	74.6	75.1	74.0
French	7,055	3,450	3,605	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	188,330	91,715	96,615	18.8	18.4	19.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	395	170	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	360	155	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	335	150	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	335	150	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	187,935	91,540	96,390	18.8	18.4	19.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,185	11,995	12,185	2.4	2.4	2.4
Berber languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	6,430	3,105	3,325	0.6	0.6	0.7
Bilen	345	180	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,145	570	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	4,915	2,340	2,575	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	17,625	8,825	8,805	1.8	1.8	1.8
Amharic	1,770	820	950	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	12,325	6,205	6,120	1.2	1.2	1.2
Aramaic languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,155	1,605	1,545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,245	2,860	3,390	0.6	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	380	170	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	5,805	2,650	3,155	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	27,095	12,695	14,405	2.7	2.5	2.9
Bikol	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	385	180	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,130	530	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	425	200	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,350	625	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	295	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	22,875	10,750	12,125	2.3	2.2	2.4
Waray-Waray	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	555	265	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	5,850	2,950	2,895	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kannada	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	3,355	1,675	1,680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,605	825	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	775	400	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	82,580	41,130	41,450	8.3	8.3	8.2
Albanian	340	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,445	5,010	5,435	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10,360	4,965	5,390	1.0	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,005	1,415	1,595	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	2,985	1,435	1,545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,845	875	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	635	310	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	895	410	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,945	945	1,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,310	595	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	960	440	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	945	430	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	295	120	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	285	130	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	55,830	28,310	27,525	5.6	5.7	5.5
Indo-Aryan languages	51,670	26,240	25,435	5.2	5.3	5.1
Assamese	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,745	870	875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	4,620	2,345	2,280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	5,610	2,830	2,780	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	215	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	445	220	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,655	865	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30,595	15,640	14,955	3.1	3.1	3.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	685	335	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	5,640	2,810	2,830	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,150	2,065	2,085	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	435	220	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian languages	3,200	1,600	1,600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	920	435	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,910	975	935	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	375	190	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,295	6,875	7,415	1.4	1.4	1.5
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	990	405	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,750	830	920	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	1,005	485	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	10,525	5,145	5,380	1.1	1.0	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	370	150	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	4,535	2,175	2,360	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,340	1,540	1,800	0.3	0.3	0.4
Akan (Twi)	325	160	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	605	265	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	410	195	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	330	145	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	180	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	485	280	210	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	410	230	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,100	14,195	15,910	3.0	2.9	3.2
Chinese languages	29,600	13,940	15,655	3.0	2.8	3.1
Hakka	210	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	14,405	7,015	7,395	1.4	1.4	1.5
Min Dong	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	465	195	270	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	14,030	6,415	7,615	1.4	1.3	1.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	370	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	475	240	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	320	160	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	265	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	400	180	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,360	720	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,145	610	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	360	165	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	58,930	28,590	30,340	5.9	5.7	6.0
English and French	2,445	1,180	1,265	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	54,020	26,250	27,765	5.4	5.3	5.5
French and non-official language(s)	400	175	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	775	385	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,290	595	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,000,745	497,935	502,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	792,140	396,600	395,535	79.2	79.6	78.7
English	77,010	38,210	38,800	7.7	7.7	7.7
French	8,150	3,865	4,285	0.8	0.8	0.9
Non-official language	94,890	45,245	49,645	9.5	9.1	9.9
Indigenous³⁹	1,555	630	920	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-Indigenous	93,340	44,615	48,720	9.3	9.0	9.7
English and French	1,120	540	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	13,430	6,680	6,750	1.3	1.3	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,760	1,295	1,465	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	295	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10,950	5,355	5,600	1.1	1.1	1.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	996,490	496,020	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	973,345	486,655	486,690	97.7	98.1	97.2
English	971,925	486,110	485,815	97.5	98.0	97.1
French	67,175	31,345	35,830	6.7	6.3	7.2
Non-official languages	410,435	197,970	212,465	41.2	39.9	42.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,585	1,495	2,090	0.4	0.3	0.4
Algonquian languages	3,140	1,355	1,785	0.3	0.3	0.4
Blackfoot	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	2,970	1,265	1,705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	2,955	1,265	1,690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	1,045	390	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	320	140	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	1,525	710	820	0.2	0.1	0.2
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	245	80	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	240	80	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	120	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55	0	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	407,055	196,545	210,510	40.8	39.6	42.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	55,510	28,335	27,180	5.6	5.7	5.4
Berber languages	200	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	395	230	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	370	215	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	13,440	6,560	6,880	1.3	1.3	1.4
Bilen	550	275	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	2,605	1,305	1,295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	10,405	5,025	5,385	1.0	1.0	1.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	44,095	22,820	21,265	4.4	4.6	4.2
Amharic	5,920	3,095	2,825	0.6	0.6	0.6
Arabic	33,200	17,375	15,830	3.3	3.5	3.2
Aramaic languages	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	275	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,305	725	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	6,425	3,230	3,195	0.6	0.7	0.6
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	215	160	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,220	6,165	7,055	1.3	1.2	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,015	480	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	12,200	5,685	6,510	1.2	1.1	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	58,930	25,995	32,940	5.9	5.2	6.6
Bikol	305	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	970	435	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	2,935	1,305	1,635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Fijian	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,300	540	760	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	4,370	1,815	2,550	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indonesian	755	290	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	210	60	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	690	335	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	885	425	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	410	160	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55,850	24,620	31,230	5.6	5.0	6.2
Waray-Waray	295	110	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,585	740	845	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages	2,405	1,190	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	665	345	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	175	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	380	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	565	265	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	200	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	11,580	5,850	5,730	1.2	1.2	1.1
Kannada	535	275	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	6,130	3,085	3,045	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	4,375	2,345	2,035	0.4	0.5	0.4
Telugu	2,030	980	1,055	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	191,820	94,550	97,270	19.2	19.1	19.4
Albanian	920	510	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	31,195	14,495	16,705	3.1	2.9	3.3
Baltic languages	265	100	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	95	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	31,075	14,440	16,640	3.1	2.9	3.3
Belarusian	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	495	250	250	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	775	370	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	250	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	9,140	4,365	4,775	0.9	0.9	1.0
Russian	9,120	4,280	4,835	0.9	0.9	1.0
Rusyn	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5,195	2,580	2,615	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	1,280	625	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,500	1,280	1,215	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	2,565	1,250	1,315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	530	245	280	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	265	120	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	9,900	4,235	5,665	1.0	0.9	1.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	275	100	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	145	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	17,595	8,380	9,215	1.8	1.7	1.8
Frisian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	13,130	6,370	6,760	1.3	1.3	1.4
German	12,980	6,285	6,700	1.3	1.3	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	65	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,780	1,730	2,050	0.4	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	855	430	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	2,660	1,180	1,475	0.3	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,080	540	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	435	225	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	260	150	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	370	170	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,405	730	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	100,910	51,360	49,550	10.1	10.4	9.9
Indo-Aryan languages	93,710	47,630	46,080	9.4	9.6	9.2
Assamese	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,720	1,890	1,820	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	10,175	5,150	5,025	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hindi	39,515	20,190	19,330	4.0	4.1	3.9
Kacchi	1,040	470	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	285	160	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,385	695	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	2,435	1,260	1,175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Oriya languages	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	49,965	25,560	24,405	5.0	5.2	4.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	590	310	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,735	840	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	15,820	8,035	7,785	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	615	335	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	8,250	4,255	3,995	0.8	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	905	510	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,120	585	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	6,445	3,305	3,140	0.6	0.7	0.6
Dari	2,150	1,080	1,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	3,620	1,865	1,750	0.4	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	760	395	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	120	85	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	44,360	21,370	22,990	4.5	4.3	4.6
Catalan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,730	3,245	3,480	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portuguese	5,550	2,745	2,805	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	2,650	1,325	1,325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	31,095	14,890	16,205	3.1	3.0	3.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,830	1,250	1,580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	7,565	3,465	4,100	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mongolian	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	17,175	8,615	8,560	1.7	1.7	1.7
Akan (Twi)	1,565	755	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bamanankan	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	270	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	245	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	185	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	540	245	295	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gikuyu	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,260	580	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,480	780	700	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lingala	855	455	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.1
Rundi (Kirundi)	990	515	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	1,025	450	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	105	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	4,715	2,530	2,185	0.5	0.5	0.4
Wojenaka	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	450	225	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	3,005	1,560	1,445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,755	1,330	1,425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,185	625	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	465	245	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	275	135	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	435	245	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	180	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,090	835	1,255	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	1,830	705	1,120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	315	135	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	54,070	25,675	28,390	5.4	5.2	5.7
Chinese languages	53,025	25,175	27,850	5.3	5.1	5.6
Hakka	960	420	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	31,415	14,695	16,720	3.2	3.0	3.3
Min Dong	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,605	675	930	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	240	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	28,425	13,485	14,940	2.9	2.7	3.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	680	305	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	990	480	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	320	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	605	305	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	555	270	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	135	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	20	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,325	570	755	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	495	230	265	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	790	320	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	165	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,285	1,805	1,480	0.3	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	350	195	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,760	1,555	1,205	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	125	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,610	810	805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,385	710	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	460	240	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	996,485	496,015	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	58,165	27,510	30,660	5.8	5.5	6.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	56,235	26,555	29,675	5.6	5.4	5.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	27,840	12,920	14,920	2.8	2.6	3.0
Métis	27,570	13,285	14,285	2.8	2.7	2.9
Inuk (Inuit)	820	350	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,300	660	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	635	290	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	938,320	468,505	469,815	94.2	94.5	93.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	996,485	496,015	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	23,320	10,665	12,655	2.3	2.2	2.5
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	973,165	485,350	487,815	97.7	97.8	97.5
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	252,150	...	...	63.6	...	...
Renter	144,245	...	...	36.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	94,750	...	...	23.9	...	...
Not condominium	301,645	...	...	76.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,860	...	...	1.0	...	...
1 bedroom	55,090	...	...	13.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	94,340	...	...	23.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	136,735	...	...	34.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	106,380	...	...	26.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	138,580	...	...	35.0	...	...
5 rooms	65,915	...	...	16.6	...	...
6 rooms	54,345	...	...	13.7	...	...
7 rooms	42,880	...	...	10.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	94,680	...	...	23.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	381,040	...	...	96.1	...	...
More than one person per room	15,355	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	370,185	...	...	93.4	...	...
Not suitable	26,210	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	50,230	...	...	12.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	110,385	...	...	27.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	43,560	...	...	11.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	39,315	...	...	9.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	32,950	...	...	8.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	34,225	...	...	8.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	42,510	...	...	10.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	43,230	...	...	10.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	375,390	...	...	94.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	21,010	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	200,305	...	...	50.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	171,270	...	...	43.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	24,820	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	15,715	...	...	4.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	72,840	...	...	18.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	85,785	...	...	21.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	70,715	...	...	17.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	70,130	...	...	17.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	48,765	...	...	12.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	22,995	...	...	5.8	...	...
85 years and over	9,455	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	394,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	298,595	...	...	75.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	95,885	...	...	24.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	87,405	...	...	22.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	396,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	130,890	...	...	33.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	85,155	...	...	21.5	...	...
Not suitable only	20,340	...	...	5.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	13,440	...	...	3.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,385	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,080	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,220	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	270	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	265,515	...	...	67.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	386,005	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	46,155	...	...	12.0	...	...
Not in core need	339,850	...	...	88.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	252,090	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.4	...	...	65.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	...	...	17.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,680	...	...	1,680	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	1,720	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	384,000	...	...	384,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	419,600	...	...	419,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	144,250	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.1	...	...	9.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.9	...	...	35.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.6	...	...	23.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,302	...	...	1,302	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	996,485	496,015	500,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	24,160	11,380	12,780	2.4	2.3	2.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	23,160	10,940	12,220	2.3	2.2	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	16,895	7,895	9,005	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis single ancestry	5,930	2,885	3,050	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	335	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	995	435	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	920	405	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	41,540	20,000	21,545	4.2	4.0	4.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	39,910	19,225	20,685	4.0	3.9	4.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	23,575	11,345	12,235	2.4	2.3	2.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15,795	7,585	8,205	1.6	1.5	1.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	290	245	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,630	770	855	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,490	700	785	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	930,790	464,640	466,150	93.4	93.7	93.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	996,485	496,015	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	863,500	431,725	431,775	86.7	87.0	86.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	197,490	101,310	96,185	19.8	20.4	19.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	666,005	330,415	335,590	66.8	66.6	67.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	132,985	64,290	68,700	13.3	13.0	13.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	996,485	496,015	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	648,190	326,580	321,610	65.0	65.8	64.3
Immigrants⁸¹	324,310	156,800	167,515	32.5	31.6	33.5
Before 1980	37,140	18,260	18,880	3.7	3.7	3.8
1980 to 1990	32,440	16,020	16,420	3.3	3.2	3.3
1991 to 2000	41,995	19,605	22,390	4.2	4.0	4.5
2001 to 2010	77,150	37,305	39,840	7.7	7.5	8.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	135,590	65,605	69,990	13.6	13.2	14.0
2011 to 2015	67,510	33,300	34,210	6.8	6.7	6.8
2016 to 2021	68,085	32,305	35,780	6.8	6.5	7.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	23,985	12,640	11,345	2.4	2.5	2.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	324,315	156,795	167,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	26,970	13,990	12,975	8.3	8.9	7.7
5 to 14 years	53,855	27,560	26,290	16.6	17.6	15.7
15 to 24 years	61,200	28,385	32,815	18.9	18.1	19.6
25 to 44 years	151,325	72,445	78,875	46.7	46.2	47.1
45 years and over	30,970	14,415	16,550	9.5	9.2	9.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	324,315	156,795	167,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	28,960	13,630	15,325	8.9	8.7	9.1
Brazil	995	375	615	0.3	0.2	0.4
Colombia	2,720	1,315	1,405	0.8	0.8	0.8
El Salvador	2,525	1,170	1,355	0.8	0.7	0.8
Guyana	1,145	570	575	0.4	0.4	0.3
Haiti	600	315	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	3,440	1,590	1,855	1.1	1.0	1.1
Mexico	2,820	1,430	1,385	0.9	0.9	0.8
Peru	485	205	280	0.1	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	1,370	625	745	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	6,290	2,855	3,440	1.9	1.8	2.1
Other places of birth in Americas	6,570	3,175	3,390	2.0	2.0	2.0
Europe	47,105	23,130	23,975	14.5	14.8	14.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,530	775	750	0.5	0.5	0.4
Croatia	1,315	670	650	0.4	0.4	0.4
France	715	320	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	4,025	1,950	2,080	1.2	1.2	1.2
Greece	560	310	245	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	650	320	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	2,755	1,320	1,435	0.8	0.8	0.9
Netherlands	2,005	980	1,030	0.6	0.6	0.6
Poland	6,475	3,040	3,435	2.0	1.9	2.1
Portugal	2,085	1,035	1,045	0.6	0.7	0.6
Romania	1,915	940	970	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	1,945	830	1,120	0.6	0.5	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	830	400	430	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	3,615	1,585	2,025	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,990	5,285	4,705	3.1	3.4	2.8
Other places of birth in Europe	6,690	3,360	3,335	2.1	2.1	2.0
Africa	47,395	23,980	23,415	14.6	15.3	14.0
Algeria	365	220	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,830	940	890	0.6	0.6	0.5
Egypt	2,670	1,460	1,210	0.8	0.9	0.7
Eritrea	4,090	2,235	1,855	1.3	1.4	1.1
Ethiopia	5,605	2,675	2,930	1.7	1.7	1.7
Morocco	890	435	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	5,675	2,995	2,680	1.7	1.9	1.6
Somalia	5,765	2,835	2,930	1.8	1.8	1.7
South Africa, Republic of	1,805	865	940	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Africa	18,700	9,300	9,395	5.8	5.9	5.6
Asia	196,955	94,215	102,745	60.7	60.1	61.3
Afghanistan	1,850	880	970	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	2,630	1,360	1,275	0.8	0.9	0.8
Iraq	1,780	960	825	0.5	0.6	0.5
Lebanon	4,550	2,440	2,110	1.4	1.6	1.3
Syria⁸⁹	4,370	2,355	2,010	1.3	1.5	1.2
Turkey	1,525	915	615	0.5	0.6	0.4
China⁹⁰	21,110	9,560	11,545	6.5	6.1	6.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,985	3,430	3,550	2.2	2.2	2.1
Korea, South⁹²	5,565	2,580	2,990	1.7	1.6	1.8
Taiwan	935	385	550	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	54,855	24,295	30,565	16.9	15.5	18.2
Viet Nam	10,285	4,825	5,460	3.2	3.1	3.3
Bangladesh	2,055	1,045	1,015	0.6	0.7	0.6
India	50,440	25,490	24,950	15.6	16.3	14.9
Pakistan	8,900	4,475	4,420	2.7	2.9	2.6
Sri Lanka	2,150	1,090	1,060	0.7	0.7	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	16,975	8,130	8,840	5.2	5.2	5.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,890	1,840	2,055	1.2	1.2	1.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	68,085	32,305	35,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,305	2,495	2,805	7.8	7.7	7.8
Brazil	295	120	180	0.4	0.4	0.5
Colombia	455	200	250	0.7	0.6	0.7
Haiti	85	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	950	460	490	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mexico	1,035	565	475	1.5	1.7	1.3
United States of America	1,120	530	595	1.6	1.6	1.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	170	65	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	1,200	510	690	1.8	1.6	1.9
Europe	4,400	2,165	2,235	6.5	6.7	6.2
France	120	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	160	60	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	280	165	120	0.4	0.5	0.3
Italy	150	85	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	260	100	165	0.4	0.3	0.5
Ukraine	745	310	435	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	785	435	350	1.2	1.3	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	1,890	940	950	2.8	2.9	2.7
Africa	13,520	6,490	7,030	19.9	20.1	19.6
Algeria	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundi	380	200	180	0.6	0.6	0.5
Cameroon	380	145	230	0.6	0.4	0.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	590	285	305	0.9	0.9	0.9
Côte d'Ivoire	190	75	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Egypt	480	230	250	0.7	0.7	0.7
Eritrea	2,045	1,020	1,020	3.0	3.2	2.9
Ethiopia	1,580	705	875	2.3	2.2	2.4
Morocco	175	65	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	2,770	1,430	1,340	4.1	4.4	3.7
Somalia	1,275	665	615	1.9	2.1	1.7
South Africa, Republic of	295	130	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	485	220	260	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tunisia	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	2,705	1,235	1,470	4.0	3.8	4.1
Asia	44,495	20,955	23,540	65.4	64.9	65.8
Afghanistan	415	225	190	0.6	0.7	0.5
Bangladesh	440	200	245	0.6	0.6	0.7
China⁹⁰	3,540	1,540	2,005	5.2	4.8	5.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	345	160	180	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	14,005	7,085	6,920	20.6	21.9	19.3
Iran⁸⁸	510	230	275	0.7	0.7	0.8
Iraq	315	165	150	0.5	0.5	0.4
Israel	270	160	110	0.4	0.5	0.3
Japan	85	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
Jordan	240	125	120	0.4	0.4	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,195	485	705	1.8	1.5	2.0
Lebanon	420	190	225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nepal	510	235	275	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pakistan	1,295	600	690	1.9	1.9	1.9
Philippines	14,200	6,285	7,915	20.9	19.5	22.1
Saudi Arabia	375	170	205	0.6	0.5	0.6
Sri Lanka	415	200	215	0.6	0.6	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	3,310	1,795	1,515	4.9	5.6	4.2
Turkey	415	215	200	0.6	0.7	0.6
United Arab Emirates	260	140	120	0.4	0.4	0.3
Viet Nam	670	230	435	1.0	0.7	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	1,270	510	760	1.9	1.6	2.1
Oceania and other⁹³	365	195	170	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	185	125	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	185	70	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	996,485	496,015	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	356,830	173,885	182,945	35.8	35.1	36.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	217,370	108,715	108,655	21.8	21.9	21.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	422,280	213,410	208,870	42.4	43.0	41.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	287,175	138,540	148,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	153,380	77,385	75,995	53.4	55.9	51.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	64,270	38,640	25,635	22.4	27.9	17.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	89,110	38,745	50,360	31.0	28.0	33.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	81,980	33,610	48,370	28.5	24.3	32.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	49,110	26,205	22,910	17.1	18.9	15.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,705	1,340	1,365	0.9	1.0	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	287,175	138,540	148,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	11,065	6,320	4,745	3.9	4.6	3.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	38,980	17,800	21,185	13.6	12.8	14.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,135	4,145	3,995	2.8	3.0	2.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,930	10,110	7,815	6.2	7.3	5.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,160	480	680	0.4	0.3	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	209,905	99,685	110,215	73.1	72.0	74.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	996,485	496,015	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	426,195	210,120	216,070	42.8	42.4	43.2
South Asian	114,985	58,570	56,420	11.5	11.8	11.3
Chinese	59,740	28,960	30,780	6.0	5.8	6.2
Black	75,525	37,955	37,570	7.6	7.7	7.5
Filipino	70,550	32,405	38,140	7.1	6.5	7.6
Arab	30,485	15,920	14,565	3.1	3.2	2.9
Latin American	19,455	9,445	10,010	2.0	1.9	2.0
Southeast Asian	19,205	9,015	10,190	1.9	1.8	2.0
West Asian	7,690	3,960	3,730	0.8	0.8	0.7
Korean	8,045	3,790	4,255	0.8	0.8	0.9
Japanese	2,180	950	1,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,240	2,040	2,205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	14,090	7,115	6,975	1.4	1.4	1.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	570,295	285,890	284,400	57.2	57.6	56.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	996,490	496,015	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	84,995	44,550	40,445	8.5	9.0	8.1
English	132,440	65,940	66,495	13.3	13.3	13.3
Irish	108,030	52,370	55,655	10.8	10.6	11.1
Scottish	116,785	57,665	59,120	11.7	11.6	11.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	73,060	36,180	36,880	7.3	7.3	7.4
German	115,540	56,870	58,665	11.6	11.5	11.7
Chinese	64,525	30,980	33,550	6.5	6.2	6.7
Italian	22,640	11,365	11,280	2.3	2.3	2.3
Indian (India)	61,940	31,180	30,755	6.2	6.3	6.1
Ukrainian	92,615	44,880	47,730	9.3	9.0	9.5
Dutch	29,900	14,705	15,195	3.0	3.0	3.0
Polish	44,080	20,835	23,240	4.4	4.2	4.6
Québécois	1,270	740	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	23,035	11,785	11,250	2.3	2.4	2.2
Filipino	67,395	31,160	36,235	6.8	6.3	7.2
French Canadian	7,185	3,370	3,815	0.7	0.7	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	13,740	7,090	6,645	1.4	1.4	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	15,175	7,125	8,045	1.5	1.4	1.6
Métis	24,235	11,630	12,605	2.4	2.3	2.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	13,250	6,990	6,260	1.3	1.4	1.3
Russian	17,395	8,210	9,185	1.7	1.7	1.8
Norwegian	25,790	12,575	13,220	2.6	2.5	2.6
Welsh	14,425	7,240	7,185	1.4	1.5	1.4
Portuguese	8,175	4,175	3,995	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	10,515	5,150	5,370	1.1	1.0	1.1
Spanish	11,065	5,110	5,955	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	16,210	7,425	8,785	1.6	1.5	1.8
Hungarian	8,750	4,395	4,360	0.9	0.9	0.9
Acadian	1,955	995	960	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	12,175	6,155	6,015	1.2	1.2	1.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	13,365	6,685	6,680	1.3	1.3	1.3
Jewish	4,210	2,110	2,100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	15,425	8,010	7,415	1.5	1.6	1.5
Vietnamese	14,465	7,020	7,445	1.5	1.4	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,970	5,220	4,755	1.0	1.1	1.0
Greek	3,645	1,950	1,690	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jamaican	5,455	2,730	2,725	0.5	0.6	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,650	4,675	4,980	1.0	0.9	1.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	13,325	6,290	7,035	1.3	1.3	1.4
Korean	7,835	3,720	4,110	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romanian	7,430	3,580	3,850	0.7	0.7	0.8
Lebanese	12,085	6,080	6,005	1.2	1.2	1.2
Iranian	3,440	1,770	1,665	0.3	0.4	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,070	1,530	1,540	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	8,805	4,245	4,560	0.9	0.9	0.9
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,775	3,330	3,445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sikh	10,965	5,715	5,245	1.1	1.2	1.0
Austrian	7,995	4,030	3,965	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belgian	4,090	2,000	2,095	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	815	425	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	9,145	4,720	4,430	0.9	1.0	0.9
Mexican	5,240	2,595	2,640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	2,330	1,065	1,260	0.2	0.2	0.3
Swiss	3,485	1,735	1,745	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	3,165	1,455	1,710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	2,120	1,050	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	3,960	2,010	1,950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	3,235	1,490	1,745	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,120	1,535	1,585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,390	695	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,725	2,505	2,220	0.5	0.5	0.4
Muslim	5,170	2,555	2,615	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	3,775	2,025	1,755	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,190	1,580	1,615	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,360	715	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	3,185	1,620	1,560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombian	2,875	1,400	1,475	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	1,140	600	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	3,530	1,575	1,955	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syrian	3,980	2,075	1,905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyanese	1,355	730	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	2,805	1,415	1,390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,810	1,380	1,430	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	2,680	1,310	1,370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	1,060	520	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	1,320	715	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	2,385	1,245	1,140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ontarian	470	250	220	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian	1,420	700	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,960	960	1,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	3,100	1,735	1,370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	965	500	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	2,370	1,300	1,070	0.2	0.3	0.2
Algerian	410	195	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,340	595	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	3,995	2,020	1,975	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	515	250	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	1,985	975	1,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,710	785	925	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	11,460	5,590	5,870	1.2	1.1	1.2
Taiwanese	1,070	460	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	1,270	705	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	2,900	1,380	1,525	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	915	435	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,285	1,065	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,145	1,205	940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,650	735	915	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	360	145	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	750	370	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	1,460	695	765	0.1	0.1	0.2
South African	1,465	685	790	0.1	0.1	0.2
Australian	1,345	665	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	2,080	1,085	1,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	2,790	1,390	1,400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	1,830	945	885	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	345	160	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	5,165	2,475	2,685	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,515	705	810	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	735	330	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	2,350	1,230	1,120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,740	875	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	370	200	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	950	530	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	220	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	290	135	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,035	520	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,005	465	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	315	180	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,920	945	975	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	4,580	2,295	2,280	0.5	0.5	0.5
African Canadian	1,000	500	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	505	290	210	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	465	205	265	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,410	605	805	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	615	310	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	4,100	2,070	2,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ghanaian	1,845	890	955	0.2	0.2	0.2
Barbadian	540	300	245	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	1,100	585	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,060	480	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	470	260	215	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,165	625	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	650	330	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	1,435	735	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	605	315	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	705	340	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	760	385	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	860	365	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	665	320	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,115	470	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	740	370	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,935	860	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	570	275	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	460	255	205	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	285	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	345	170	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	450	225	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	455	230	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,025	540	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	2,335	1,115	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jatt	1,150	580	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	350	195	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	720	350	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,130	435	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	325	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,860	975	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	110	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	195	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,355	740	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	875	430	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,050	495	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	560	290	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	570	265	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	610	290	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	1,700	945	760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Breton	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	315	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	1,150	485	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	950	430	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	340	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	55	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	500	230	270	0.1	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	925	445	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	185	120	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,135	590	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	405	175	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	385	155	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	805	420	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	2,465	1,290	1,175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nicaraguan	510	275	240	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	355	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	1,035	495	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	595	305	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	210	125	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	145	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	990	525	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	255	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	755	385	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	460	235	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	330	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	345	140	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	395	190	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	265	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	370	190	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	570	295	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	130	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	340	160	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	1,345	600	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	415	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	390	185	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	970	470	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	1,885	1,010	870	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tanzanian	555	295	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	475	225	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	220	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	440	285	155	0.0	0.1	0.0
Basque	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	675	310	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	265	140	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	275	115	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	250	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	225	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	315	130	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	560	260	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	405	220	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	800	420	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	996,485	496,015	500,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	15,365	6,895	8,475	1.5	1.4	1.7
Christian	444,690	208,455	236,230	44.6	42.0	47.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	90,430	42,855	47,575	9.1	8.6	9.5
Anabaptist	1,070	475	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	17,325	7,855	9,470	1.7	1.6	1.9
Baptist	10,845	4,985	5,860	1.1	1.0	1.2
Catholic	208,905	99,210	109,695	21.0	20.0	21.9
Christian Orthodox	23,445	11,260	12,185	2.4	2.3	2.4
Jehovah's Witness	3,770	1,580	2,185	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	5,030	2,400	2,625	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lutheran	13,840	6,365	7,475	1.4	1.3	1.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,405	645	760	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,500	6,580	7,920	1.5	1.3	1.6
Presbyterian	3,915	1,870	2,045	0.4	0.4	0.4
Reformed	2,600	1,175	1,425	0.3	0.2	0.3
United Church	22,375	9,525	12,850	2.2	1.9	2.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	25,235	11,665	13,565	2.5	2.4	2.7
Hindu	33,905	17,315	16,585	3.4	3.5	3.3
Jewish	3,515	1,700	1,820	0.4	0.3	0.4
Muslim	83,015	42,155	40,860	8.3	8.5	8.2
Sikh	41,385	21,030	20,360	4.2	4.2	4.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,995	845	1,160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	9,965	4,570	5,395	1.0	0.9	1.1
No religion and secular perspectives	362,645	193,055	169,590	36.4	38.9	33.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	984,475	489,965	494,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	837,690	417,305	420,390	85.1	85.2	85.0
Movers	146,785	72,660	74,125	14.9	14.8	15.0
Non-migrants	112,710	55,955	56,755	11.4	11.4	11.5
Migrants	34,075	16,710	17,370	3.5	3.4	3.5
Internal migrants	25,540	12,690	12,845	2.6	2.6	2.6
Intraprovincial migrants	15,395	7,690	7,710	1.6	1.6	1.6
Interprovincial migrants	10,140	5,000	5,135	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	8,540	4,020	4,520	0.9	0.8	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	935,115	464,320	470,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	515,210	255,095	260,110	55.1	54.9	55.2
Movers	419,905	209,230	210,685	44.9	45.1	44.8
Non-migrants	265,930	133,325	132,600	28.4	28.7	28.2
Migrants	153,980	75,900	78,080	16.5	16.3	16.6
Internal migrants	99,140	49,690	49,450	10.6	10.7	10.5
Intraprovincial migrants	62,145	31,260	30,885	6.6	6.7	6.6
Interprovincial migrants	36,995	18,435	18,560	4.0	4.0	3.9
External migrants	54,840	26,210	28,635	5.9	5.6	6.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	812,605	401,755	410,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	134,660	69,305	65,360	16.6	17.3	15.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	677,945	332,455	345,490	83.4	82.8	84.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	562,080	280,190	281,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,480	35,675	29,810	11.6	12.7	10.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	496,600	244,525	252,080	88.4	87.3	89.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	812,610	401,755	410,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	119,345	59,695	59,655	14.7	14.9	14.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	227,215	115,415	111,795	28.0	28.7	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	466,045	226,640	239,405	57.4	56.4	58.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	224,565	116,770	107,795	27.6	29.1	26.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	59,580	46,555	13,025	7.3	11.6	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	19,095	11,510	7,595	2.3	2.9	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	40,485	35,050	5,430	5.0	8.7	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	134,560	57,885	76,675	16.6	14.4	18.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,425	12,325	18,100	3.7	3.1	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	241,480	109,870	131,610	29.7	27.3	32.0
Bachelor's degree	163,340	71,690	91,650	20.1	17.8	22.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	12,350	5,475	6,875	1.5	1.4	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	7,790	4,010	3,785	1.0	1.0	0.9
Master's degree	47,840	22,675	25,160	5.9	5.6	6.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	10,155	6,020	4,135	1.2	1.5	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	562,080	280,195	281,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	55,060	29,320	25,740	9.8	10.5	9.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	132,900	70,435	62,460	23.6	25.1	22.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	374,120	180,440	193,685	66.6	64.4	68.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	173,745	90,680	83,060	30.9	32.4	29.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	44,965	35,315	9,645	8.0	12.6	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	13,875	8,555	5,320	2.5	3.1	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	31,085	26,760	4,330	5.5	9.6	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	105,310	45,865	59,440	18.7	16.4	21.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,480	9,500	13,980	4.2	3.4	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	200,380	89,755	110,620	35.6	32.0	39.2
Bachelor's degree	134,645	58,570	76,080	24.0	20.9	27.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,695	4,305	5,390	1.7	1.5	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,555	3,180	3,375	1.2	1.1	1.2
Master's degree	41,455	19,190	22,260	7.4	6.8	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,035	4,510	3,525	1.4	1.6	1.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	812,610	401,755	410,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	346,560	175,110	171,450	42.6	43.6	41.7
Education	30,710	7,425	23,285	3.8	1.8	5.7
13. Education	30,710	7,425	23,285	3.8	1.8	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,315	5,610	7,705	1.6	1.4	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,640	1,020	625	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	11,675	4,590	7,080	1.4	1.1	1.7
Humanities	21,795	8,875	12,925	2.7	2.2	3.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,430	555	1,870	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	4,615	1,425	3,190	0.6	0.4	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,445	2,775	4,665	0.9	0.7	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	330	115	215	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,500	890	605	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,570	1,585	985	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	2,405	1,370	1,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	500	150	350	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	47,530	16,035	31,495	5.8	4.0	7.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	900	235	665	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,450	2,290	3,160	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,430	720	6,710	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	8,385	3,215	5,175	1.0	0.8	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	745	225	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	9,265	2,365	6,895	1.1	0.6	1.7
45. Social sciences	15,345	6,985	8,365	1.9	1.7	2.0
Business, management and public administration	98,255	40,945	57,315	12.1	10.2	14.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	195	60	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,655	1,280	4,375	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	92,410	39,600	52,805	11.4	9.9	12.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	23,445	11,210	12,235	2.9	2.8	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	9,365	3,965	5,400	1.2	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,100	2,605	3,495	0.8	0.6	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	215	65	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	6,495	4,090	2,410	0.8	1.0	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,265	495	775	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	21,415	13,385	8,030	2.6	3.3	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,275	11,645	5,630	2.1	2.9	1.4
25. Library science	1,430	280	1,150	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,360	1,245	1,110	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	350	210	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	104,730	92,470	12,260	12.9	23.0	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	3,225	1,995	1,230	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	31,235	25,260	5,980	3.8	6.3	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,095	20,795	3,300	3.0	5.2	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	21,010	20,210	800	2.6	5.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	13,670	13,180	490	1.7	3.3	0.1
48. Precision production	11,465	11,015	450	1.4	2.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,965	4,080	3,885	1.0	1.0	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,985	2,375	2,610	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,985	1,705	1,275	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	76,555	16,550	60,005	9.4	4.1	14.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,425	2,235	2,185	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	69,675	12,990	56,690	8.6	3.2	13.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,320	1,270	1,045	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,270	10,025	10,245	2.5	2.5	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,510	4,095	8,415	1.5	1.0	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	105	100	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	175	140	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,955	2,520	1,445	0.5	0.6	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,520	3,170	350	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	562,085	280,195	281,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	187,960	99,755	88,200	33.4	35.6	31.3
Education	21,810	5,040	16,770	3.9	1.8	5.9
13. Education	21,810	5,040	16,770	3.9	1.8	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,765	4,500	6,270	1.9	1.6	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,150	705	440	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	9,615	3,795	5,820	1.7	1.4	2.1
Humanities	17,020	6,795	10,220	3.0	2.4	3.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,965	455	1,510	0.3	0.2	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	3,575	1,080	2,495	0.6	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,040	2,200	3,840	1.1	0.8	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	270	110	170	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,190	700	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,815	1,140	685	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,820	1,025	795	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	340	90	245	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	39,175	12,835	26,340	7.0	4.6	9.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	755	195	560	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,630	1,845	2,785	0.8	0.7	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,875	600	5,280	1.0	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	6,990	2,445	4,545	1.2	0.9	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	650	190	460	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	7,420	1,820	5,600	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	12,855	5,745	7,115	2.3	2.1	2.5
Business, management and public administration	81,015	33,500	47,520	14.4	12.0	16.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	155	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,505	935	3,570	0.8	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,360	32,505	43,855	13.6	11.6	15.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	18,045	8,510	9,545	3.2	3.0	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,380	3,105	4,275	1.3	1.1	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,575	1,940	2,630	0.8	0.7	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	150	50	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	5,025	3,050	1,980	0.9	1.1	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	920	360	560	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,605	11,665	6,945	3.3	4.2	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	15,365	10,315	5,050	2.7	3.7	1.8
25. Library science	1,085	235	850	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,875	950	925	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	290	170	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	83,240	72,585	10,660	14.8	25.9	3.8
04. Architecture and related services	2,525	1,500	1,020	0.4	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	26,095	20,830	5,270	4.6	7.4	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	19,290	16,440	2,845	3.4	5.9	1.0
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	16,595	15,850	745	3.0	5.7	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	9,965	9,540	425	1.8	3.4	0.2
48. Precision production	8,765	8,420	345	1.6	3.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,465	3,135	3,335	1.2	1.1	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,925	1,720	2,205	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,540	1,410	1,130	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	61,845	13,710	48,145	11.0	4.9	17.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,450	1,780	1,670	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	56,370	10,885	45,485	10.0	3.9	16.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,890	990	905	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,060	8,150	7,915	2.9	2.9	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,670	3,250	6,415	1.7	1.2	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	95	90	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	120	100	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,330	2,130	1,205	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,855	2,580	270	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	562,085	280,195	281,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	187,960	99,755	88,200	33.4	35.6	31.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	374,125	180,435	193,685	66.6	64.4	68.7
Location of study inside Canada	270,890	132,780	138,110	48.2	47.4	49.0
Same as province or territory of residence	220,310	107,070	113,240	39.2	38.2	40.2
Different than province or territory of residence	50,580	25,710	24,870	9.0	9.2	8.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	103,235	47,655	55,575	18.4	17.0	19.7
Americas	12,305	6,030	6,275	2.2	2.2	2.2
United States of America	7,125	3,680	3,445	1.3	1.3	1.2
Mexico	1,255	635	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	200	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	105	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	610	280	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	540	215	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	705	260	445	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peru	145	40	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	255	105	155	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,365	655	710	0.2	0.2	0.3
Europe	13,955	7,230	6,725	2.5	2.6	2.4
Belgium	145	110	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	510	270	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	825	425	400	0.1	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	235	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	150	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	250	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	1,275	590	685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	660	315	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	830	410	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	1,665	725	940	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	530	305	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,120	2,320	1,805	0.7	0.8	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	290	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	210	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	300	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	1,835	965	865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	9,535	4,890	4,640	1.7	1.7	1.6
Nigeria	2,095	1,070	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algeria	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	450	235	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	245	135	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,310	650	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	560	275	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	4,685	2,415	2,275	0.8	0.9	0.8
Asia	65,865	28,640	37,225	11.7	10.2	13.2
Iran⁸⁸	1,180	555	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	410	220	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	190	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	695	325	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	520	255	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	460	280	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	5,330	2,250	3,075	0.9	0.8	1.1
Taiwan	260	85	170	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	385	105	275	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	430	135	295	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,985	875	1,100	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	24,240	9,515	14,725	4.3	3.4	5.2
Viet Nam	530	180	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	925	385	535	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	575	300	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	21,705	10,430	11,280	3.9	3.7	4.0
Pakistan	3,110	1,420	1,695	0.6	0.5	0.6
Other locations of study in Asia	2,955	1,225	1,725	0.5	0.4	0.6
Oceania	1,580	870	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	1,130	595	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	235	145	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	215	135	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	812,610	401,755	410,850	...	...	...
In the labour force	554,040	291,355	262,685	...	...	...
Employed	483,855	254,785	229,075	...	...	...
Unemployed	70,185	36,580	33,605	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	258,565	110,395	148,170	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.2	72.5	63.9	68.2	72.5	63.9
Employment rate	59.5	63.4	55.8	59.5	63.4	55.8
Unemployment rate	12.7	12.6	12.8	12.7	12.6	12.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	812,610	401,755	410,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	280,650	123,465	157,185	34.5	30.7	38.3
Worked	531,960	278,290	253,670	65.5	69.3	61.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	274,975	154,230	120,745	33.8	38.4	29.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	256,990	124,060	132,920	31.6	30.9	32.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.2	39.8	40.5	41.2	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	554,040	291,360	262,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885	9,725	10,165	3.6	3.3	3.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	534,160	281,635	252,525	96.4	96.7	96.1
Employee	467,470	239,985	227,485	84.4	82.4	86.6
Permanent position	382,595	196,890	185,705	69.1	67.6	70.7
Temporary position	84,870	43,095	41,780	15.3	14.8	15.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	28,125	13,410	14,715	5.1	4.6	5.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	56,745	29,685	27,060	10.2	10.2	10.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	66,690	41,655	25,035	12.0	14.3	9.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	554,040	291,360	262,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885	9,725	10,165	3.6	3.3	3.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	534,160	281,635	252,525	96.4	96.7	96.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,535	3,060	1,475	0.8	1.1	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	90,840	29,005	61,835	16.4	10.0	23.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	45,680	35,190	10,495	8.2	12.1	4.0
3 Health occupations	50,115	10,955	39,165	9.0	3.8	14.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	65,050	23,350	41,700	11.7	8.0	15.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	12,985	5,655	7,330	2.3	1.9	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	137,280	61,675	75,605	24.8	21.2	28.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	102,620	93,235	9,380	18.5	32.0	3.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	7,815	6,290	1,530	1.4	2.2	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	17,230	13,215	4,005	3.1	4.5	1.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	554,040	291,360	262,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885	9,725	10,165	3.6	3.3	3.9
All industries¹⁹¹	534,160	281,635	252,525	96.4	96.7	96.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,415	1,365	1,050	0.4	0.5	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	10,225	8,845	1,375	1.8	3.0	0.5
22 Utilities	5,075	3,455	1,620	0.9	1.2	0.6
23 Construction	50,765	43,385	7,380	9.2	14.9	2.8
31-33 Manufacturing	29,530	22,080	7,450	5.3	7.6	2.8
41 Wholesale trade	18,070	12,820	5,250	3.3	4.4	2.0
44-45 Retail trade	63,085	29,795	33,290	11.4	10.2	12.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	31,195	24,670	6,530	5.6	8.5	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	7,440	4,530	2,910	1.3	1.6	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	18,335	7,520	10,820	3.3	2.6	4.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	9,980	5,465	4,515	1.8	1.9	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	41,125	23,680	17,450	7.4	8.1	6.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	720	350	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	23,660	13,670	9,995	4.3	4.7	3.8
61 Educational services	39,035	13,465	25,570	7.0	4.6	9.7
62 Health care and social assistance	77,255	16,835	60,420	13.9	5.8	23.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,445	4,525	4,920	1.7	1.6	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	35,390	15,735	19,655	6.4	5.4	7.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	25,285	11,815	13,475	4.6	4.1	5.1
91 Public administration	36,125	17,640	18,485	6.5	6.1	7.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	578,920	302,735	276,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	548,320	287,800	260,520	94.7	95.1	94.3
French	1,195	380	815	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	3,930	2,005	1,925	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,920	2,005	1,920	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	5,490	2,280	3,210	0.9	0.8	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	19,270	9,945	9,325	3.3	3.3	3.4
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	450	210	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	578,920	302,735	276,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	574,590	300,505	274,090	99.3	99.3	99.2
Official languages	567,195	296,680	270,520	98.0	98.0	98.0
English	565,135	296,060	269,075	97.6	97.8	97.4
French	2,065	620	1,445	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	7,395	3,820	3,570	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,380	3,820	3,560	1.3	1.3	1.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	445	235	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	335	185	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	410	150	260	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	405	145	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	320	130	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	300	125	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,195	1,865	1,330	0.6	0.6	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	270	95	180	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	270	95	180	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	100	15	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,135	1,335	800	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	2,050	1,290	760	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bengali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,780	1,160	620	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sindhi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	725	415	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	675	390	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	380	165	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,300	1,105	1,195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	2,280	1,090	1,190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,010	500	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,255	590	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	80	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	80	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,325	2,230	2,095	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and French	730	330	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,490	1,855	1,630	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	578,920	302,735	276,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	557,280	292,170	265,110	96.3	96.5	96.0
English	3,750	1,755	1,990	0.6	0.6	0.7
French	3,945	1,735	2,215	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	11,560	5,915	5,645	2.0	2.0	2.0
Indigenous³⁹	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,340	5,825	5,520	2.0	1.9	2.0
English and French	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	370	195	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	340	150	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,655	810	850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	483,855	254,785	229,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	102,215	46,605	55,610	21.1	18.3	24.3
Worked outside Canada	1,335	930	400	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	73,790	55,820	17,970	15.3	21.9	7.8
Usual place of work	306,525	151,430	155,095	63.4	59.4	67.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	306,525	151,430	155,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	257,805	119,720	138,085	84.1	79.1	89.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	40,125	25,390	14,740	13.1	16.8	9.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	6,670	5,005	1,665	2.2	3.3	1.1
Commute to a different province or territory	1,920	1,315	605	0.6	0.9	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	380,315	207,245	173,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	323,705	182,465	141,235	85.1	88.0	81.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	298,320	173,695	124,630	78.4	83.8	72.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,380	8,775	16,605	6.7	4.2	9.6
Public transit	30,860	11,905	18,950	8.1	5.7	10.9
Walked	13,430	5,705	7,725	3.5	2.8	4.5
Bicycle	3,355	2,270	1,085	0.9	1.1	0.6
Other method	8,970	4,900	4,070	2.4	2.4	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	380,315	207,245	173,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	86,415	39,905	46,510	22.7	19.3	26.9
15 to 29 minutes	174,830	95,525	79,310	46.0	46.1	45.8
30 to 44 minutes	82,100	49,605	32,495	21.6	23.9	18.8
45 to 59 minutes	19,050	11,450	7,595	5.0	5.5	4.4
60 minutes and over	17,920	10,765	7,160	4.7	5.2	4.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	380,315	207,245	173,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	24,640	18,095	6,540	6.5	8.7	3.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	66,830	41,970	24,855	17.6	20.3	14.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	101,205	54,330	46,875	26.6	26.2	27.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	69,150	33,705	35,445	18.2	16.3	20.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	52,815	23,870	28,945	13.9	11.5	16.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	65,680	35,275	30,400	17.3	17.0	17.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	219,735	112,780	106,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,445	8,825	8,625	7.9	7.8	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	202,290	103,960	98,325	92.1	92.2	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	153,920	79,085	74,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,585	6,370	6,220	8.2	8.1	8.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,675	3,315	3,360	4.3	4.2	4.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,910	3,050	2,860	3.8	3.9	3.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	141,335	72,715	68,615	91.8	91.9	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 25, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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