Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Pickering, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	99,186	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	91,771	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.1	...	...	8.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	34,327	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	33,425	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	429.2	...	...	429.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	231.10	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	99,185	48,095	51,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16,405	8,275	8,125	16.5	17.2	15.9
0 to 4 years	5,275	2,625	2,650	5.3	5.5	5.2
5 to 9 years	5,510	2,780	2,735	5.6	5.8	5.4
10 to 14 years	5,615	2,870	2,740	5.7	6.0	5.4
15 to 64 years	66,350	32,345	34,010	66.9	67.3	66.6
15 to 19 years	5,915	3,025	2,895	6.0	6.3	5.7
20 to 24 years	6,275	3,245	3,025	6.3	6.7	5.9
25 to 29 years	6,430	3,340	3,090	6.5	6.9	6.0
30 to 34 years	6,820	3,365	3,450	6.9	7.0	6.8
35 to 39 years	6,955	3,305	3,650	7.0	6.9	7.1
40 to 44 years	6,235	2,950	3,280	6.3	6.1	6.4
45 to 49 years	6,100	2,910	3,190	6.2	6.1	6.2
50 to 54 years	6,750	3,125	3,620	6.8	6.5	7.1
55 to 59 years	7,885	3,725	4,160	7.9	7.7	8.1
60 to 64 years	6,985	3,345	3,645	7.0	7.0	7.1
65 years and over	16,435	7,480	8,955	16.6	15.6	17.5
65 to 69 years	5,535	2,615	2,920	5.6	5.4	5.7
70 to 74 years	4,395	2,080	2,315	4.4	4.3	4.5
75 to 79 years	2,785	1,295	1,490	2.8	2.7	2.9
80 to 84 years	1,865	810	1,055	1.9	1.7	2.1
85 years and over	1,855	675	1,180	1.9	1.4	2.3
85 to 89 years	1,150	440	710	1.2	0.9	1.4
90 to 94 years	555	195	360	0.6	0.4	0.7
95 to 99 years	135	40	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.5	17.2	15.9	16.5	17.2	15.9
15 to 64 years	66.9	67.3	66.6	66.9	67.3	66.6
65 years and over	16.6	15.6	17.5	16.6	15.6	17.5
85 years and over	1.9	1.4	2.3	1.9	1.4	2.3
Average age of the population	40.9	39.9	41.8	40.9	39.9	41.8
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.0	40.8	39.2	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	19,915	...	...	59.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,510	...	...	7.5	...	...
Row house	4,980	...	...	14.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,825	...	...	5.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,105	...	...	3.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,060	...	...	9.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	20	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	5,740	...	...	17.2	...	...
2 persons	9,715	...	...	29.1	...	...
3 persons	6,445	...	...	19.3	...	...
4 persons	6,805	...	...	20.4	...	...
5 or more persons	4,720	...	...	14.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	98,585	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	82,785	39,820	42,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	48,125	24,030	24,095	58.1	60.3	56.1
Married	42,865	21,395	21,470	51.8	53.7	50.0
Living common-law	5,265	2,635	2,625	6.4	6.6	6.1
Living common law - Never married	3,580	1,790	1,790	4.3	4.5	4.2
Living common law - Separated	255	150	100	0.3	0.4	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,270	625	645	1.5	1.6	1.5
Living common law - Widowed	155	70	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	34,655	15,790	18,865	41.9	39.7	43.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,345	12,800	11,545	29.4	32.1	26.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,040	775	1,260	2.5	1.9	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,130	1,365	2,770	5.0	3.4	6.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,140	855	3,290	5.0	2.1	7.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,790	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,025	...	...	41.8	...	...
3 persons	7,045	...	...	24.5	...	...
4 persons	6,960	...	...	24.2	...	...
5 or more persons	2,760	...	...	9.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,795	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	23,505	...	...	81.6	...	...
Married couples	20,870	...	...	72.5	...	...
With children⁶	13,425	...	...	46.6	...	...
Without children	7,450	...	...	25.9	...	...
Common-law couples	2,630	...	...	9.1	...	...
With children⁶	1,110	...	...	3.9	...	...
Without children	1,520	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,290	...	...	18.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,240	...	...	14.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,055	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	98,585	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	87,675	43,265	44,410	88.9	90.4	87.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	47,005	23,485	23,515	47.7	49.0	46.4
Parents in one-parent families	5,290	1,055	4,235	5.4	2.2	8.4
Children⁶	35,380	18,725	16,655	35.9	39.1	32.9
In a two-parent family	26,980	14,160	12,825	27.4	29.6	25.3
In a one-parent family	8,400	4,565	3,830	8.5	9.5	7.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	10,910	4,615	6,295	11.1	9.6	12.4
Living alone	5,740	2,360	3,375	5.8	4.9	6.7
Living with other relatives⁷	3,205	1,125	2,080	3.3	2.3	4.1
Living with non-relatives only	1,960	1,125	835	2.0	2.3	1.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,545	...	...	67.4	...	...
Couple-family households	18,995	...	...	56.8	...	...
With children⁶	11,850	...	...	35.5	...	...
Without children	7,145	...	...	21.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,550	...	...	10.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,530	...	...	7.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	455	...	...	1.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,365	...	...	4.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	790	...	...	2.4	...	...
One-person households	5,740	...	...	17.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	82,195	39,615	42,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,640	37,775	40,865	95.7	95.4	96.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,000	41,200	45,200	50,000	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,670	37,790	40,880	95.7	95.4	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	44,000	37,600	40,400	44,000	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,960	34,620	36,340	86.3	87.4	85.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	47,600	34,000	40,400	47,600	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	59,260	29,785	29,475	72.1	75.2	69.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,800	38,800	43,200	48,800	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,795	33,580	37,215	86.1	84.8	87.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	6,280	9,700	8,300	6,280	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,365	3,045	4,325	9.0	7.7	10.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,880	5,640	6,000	5,880	5,640	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,745	12,115	12,625	30.1	30.6	29.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	9,000	9,000	9,000	9,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	82,195	39,610	42,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,595	37,775	40,820	95.6	95.4	95.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,050	67,500	53,150	60,050	67,500	53,150
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,610	37,785	40,825	95.6	95.4	95.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,040	53,950	44,520	49,040	53,950	44,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,855	34,465	36,390	86.2	87.0	85.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,250	65,000	47,920	56,250	65,000	47,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	59,260	29,720	29,540	72.1	75.0	69.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,000	62,800	49,200	56,000	62,800	49,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,675	33,520	37,155	86.0	84.6	87.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,380	9,190	11,450	10,380	9,190	11,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,290	2,965	4,330	8.9	7.5	10.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,140	6,320	7,700	7,140	6,320	7,700
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,580	11,985	12,600	29.9	30.3	29.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,750	9,830	9,660	9,750	9,830	9,660
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	82,195	39,615	42,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,350	15,575	13,775	35.7	39.3	32.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,500	78,000	69,500	73,500	78,000	69,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	85,600	91,800	78,700	85,600	91,800	78,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,195	10,070	11,120	25.8	25.4	26.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	19,200	16,200	17,400	19,200	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,600	35,720	26,000	30,600	35,720	26,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	88.0	80.4	84.4	88.0	80.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	73.2	67.0	70.4	73.2	67.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.6	12.1	19.6	15.6	12.1	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.7	1.5	1.1	0.7	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.9	6.4	5.6	4.9	6.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.1	4.6	5.6	5.1	4.6	5.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	82,195	39,620	42,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,555	1,840	1,710	4.3	4.6	4.0
With total income	78,640	37,775	40,865	95.7	95.3	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,730	2,925	3,810	8.6	7.7	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	8,535	3,800	4,735	10.9	10.1	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	11,320	4,965	6,350	14.4	13.1	15.5
$30,000 to $39,999	8,665	3,700	4,965	11.0	9.8	12.1
$40,000 to $49,999	7,705	3,460	4,240	9.8	9.2	10.4
$50,000 to $59,999	6,670	3,025	3,640	8.5	8.0	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	5,635	2,670	2,960	7.2	7.1	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,765	2,370	2,390	6.1	6.3	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	4,005	2,125	1,880	5.1	5.6	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	3,300	1,805	1,495	4.2	4.8	3.7
$100,000 and over	11,325	6,930	4,395	14.4	18.3	10.8
$100,000 to $149,999	7,690	4,415	3,275	9.8	11.7	8.0
$150,000 and over	3,640	2,515	1,120	4.6	6.7	2.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	82,195	39,620	42,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,525	1,830	1,695	4.3	4.6	4.0
With after-tax income	78,665	37,785	40,885	95.7	95.4	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,040	3,020	4,025	8.9	8.0	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	8,990	4,010	4,985	11.4	10.6	12.2
$20,000 to $29,999	12,640	5,585	7,050	16.1	14.8	17.2
$30,000 to $39,999	10,175	4,475	5,700	12.9	11.8	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	9,190	4,195	4,995	11.7	11.1	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,725	3,650	4,075	9.8	9.7	10.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6,095	3,040	3,055	7.7	8.0	7.5
$70,000 to $79,999	4,825	2,650	2,170	6.1	7.0	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	3,940	2,025	1,920	5.0	5.4	4.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,380	1,340	1,040	3.0	3.5	2.5
$100,000 and over	5,670	3,800	1,875	7.2	10.1	4.6
$100,000 to $124,999	2,975	1,910	1,065	3.8	5.1	2.6
$125,000 and over	2,700	1,890	815	3.4	5.0	2.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	82,195	39,620	42,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	22,935	9,830	13,100	27.9	24.8	30.8
With employment income	59,260	29,785	29,475	72.1	75.2	69.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,970	4,280	4,695	15.1	14.4	15.9
$5,000 to $9,999	4,905	2,275	2,635	8.3	7.6	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	5,890	2,725	3,165	9.9	9.1	10.7
$20,000 to $29,999	4,295	1,915	2,380	7.2	6.4	8.1
$30,000 to $39,999	4,110	1,975	2,130	6.9	6.6	7.2
$40,000 to $49,999	4,325	1,985	2,340	7.3	6.7	7.9
$50,000 to $59,999	4,315	1,980	2,330	7.3	6.6	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	4,035	1,975	2,055	6.8	6.6	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,500	1,760	1,740	5.9	5.9	5.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,090	1,725	1,370	5.2	5.8	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,755	1,430	1,320	4.6	4.8	4.5
$100,000 and over	9,070	5,750	3,325	15.3	19.3	11.3
$100,000 to $124,999	4,220	2,415	1,805	7.1	8.1	6.1
$125,000 and over	4,850	3,330	1,515	8.2	11.2	5.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	82,195	39,615	42,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,915	36,880	40,035	93.6	93.1	94.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	49,200	38,800	43,600	49,200	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,950	36,880	40,065	93.6	93.1	94.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,200	35,600	39,200	43,200	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,230	34,290	35,935	85.4	86.6	84.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	48,800	36,400	42,000	48,800	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,415	29,860	29,555	72.3	75.4	69.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	49,600	40,400	44,400	49,600	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,450	31,505	34,945	80.8	79.5	82.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,640	820	3,880	1,640	820	3,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,015	1,850	3,165	6.1	4.7	7.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,160	5,520	6,700	6,160	5,520	6,700
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	82,195	39,610	42,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,040	36,990	40,055	93.7	93.4	94.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,450	65,400	50,160	57,450	65,400	50,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,090	36,995	40,095	93.8	93.4	94.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,720	51,900	41,920	46,720	51,900	41,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,205	34,235	35,965	85.4	86.4	84.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,900	65,900	48,400	56,900	65,900	48,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,285	29,850	29,435	72.1	75.4	69.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,300	64,300	50,200	57,300	64,300	50,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,255	31,350	34,905	80.6	79.1	82.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,510	5,200	7,680	6,510	5,200	7,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,845	1,825	3,020	5.9	4.6	7.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,120	6,650	9,000	8,120	6,650	9,000
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	82,195	39,615	42,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,130	15,440	13,690	35.4	39.0	32.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	75,000	65,500	69,500	75,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,400	89,400	74,500	82,400	89,400	74,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	19,945	9,565	10,380	24.3	24.1	24.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	26,800	23,000	24,400	26,800	23,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,160	44,240	32,560	38,160	44,240	32,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	93.2	86.6	90.2	93.2	86.6
Employment income (%)	76.8	79.4	73.6	76.8	79.4	73.6
Government transfers (%)	9.7	6.7	13.4	9.7	6.7	13.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.4	0.9	0.5	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	33,425	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	5,740	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,000	...	...	54,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...	46,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,685	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	33,425	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	141,200	...	...	141,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...	115,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	5,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	66,800	...	...	66,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,350	...	...	54,350	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,685	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	156,600	...	...	156,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	205	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	80	...	...	0.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	165	...	...	0.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	225	...	...	0.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	515	...	...	1.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	565	...	...	1.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	600	...	...	1.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	645	...	...	1.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	725	...	...	2.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	765	...	...	2.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,625	...	...	4.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,755	...	...	5.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,920	...	...	5.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,785	...	...	5.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,885	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,980	...	...	59.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,355	...	...	13.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,890	...	...	11.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,510	...	...	16.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,225	...	...	18.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	245	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	170	...	...	0.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	245	...	...	0.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	555	...	...	1.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	655	...	...	2.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	680	...	...	2.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	765	...	...	2.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	845	...	...	2.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	920	...	...	2.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,055	...	...	6.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,250	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,325	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,295	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,235	...	...	6.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,100	...	...	51.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,105	...	...	15.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,005	...	...	12.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,985	...	...	23.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,300	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,000	...	...	158,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,495	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	7,705	3,490	4,215	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,800	52,000	46,800	48,800	52,000	46,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	45,200	41,600	43,200	45,200	41,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,315	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	155,600	...	...	155,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,415	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	139,800	...	...	139,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,500	...	...	110,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,630	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,000	...	...	180,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,000	...	...	147,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	101,300	...	...	101,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	7,700	3,445	4,255	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	61,250	66,800	56,750	61,250	66,800	56,750
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,280	53,250	47,920	50,280	53,250	47,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	98,585	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,880	10,030	9,850	20.2	20.9	19.4
0 to 5 years	6,405	3,195	3,210	6.5	6.7	6.3
18 to 64 years	62,775	30,525	32,245	63.7	63.8	63.6
65 years and over	15,935	7,325	8,605	16.2	15.3	17.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	5,215	2,420	2,800	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,370	705	665	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	460	235	225	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,830	1,360	1,470	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,015	355	660	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.3	5.1	5.5	5.3	5.1	5.5
0 to 17 years (%)	6.9	7.0	6.8	6.9	7.0	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	7.2	7.3	7.1	7.2	7.3	7.1
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.6
65 years and over (%)	6.4	4.8	7.7	6.4	4.8	7.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	98,580	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,880	10,030	9,845	20.2	20.9	19.4
0 to 5 years	6,405	3,195	3,210	6.5	6.7	6.3
18 to 64 years	62,775	30,525	32,245	63.7	63.8	63.6
65 years and over	15,930	7,325	8,610	16.2	15.3	17.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,870	1,435	1,435	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	660	325	335	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	230	110	120	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	1,885	980	900	...	...	...
65 years and over	330	130	200	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.9	3.0	2.8	2.9	3.0	2.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.4
0 to 5 years (%)	3.6	3.4	3.8	3.6	3.4	3.8
18 to 64 years (%)	3.0	3.2	2.8	3.0	3.2	2.8
65 years and over (%)	2.1	1.8	2.3	2.1	1.8	2.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	98,585	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	34,130	16,105	18,030	34.6	33.6	35.6
In bottom decile	4,545	2,180	2,360	4.6	4.6	4.7
In second decile	5,990	2,715	3,275	6.1	5.7	6.5
In third decile	7,070	3,285	3,785	7.2	6.9	7.5
In fourth decile	7,705	3,635	4,070	7.8	7.6	8.0
In fifth decile	8,815	4,290	4,525	8.9	9.0	8.9
In top half of the distribution	64,450	31,775	32,675	65.4	66.4	64.4
In sixth decile	9,720	4,770	4,945	9.9	10.0	9.8
In seventh decile	11,255	5,455	5,800	11.4	11.4	11.4
In eighth decile	13,125	6,430	6,695	13.3	13.4	13.2
In ninth decile	14,760	7,255	7,500	15.0	15.2	14.8
In top decile	15,590	7,865	7,730	15.8	16.4	15.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	98,580	...	...	98,580	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.314	...	...	0.314	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.413	...	...	0.413	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.271	...	...	0.271	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	98,760	47,930	50,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	90,255	44,455	45,800	91.4	92.7	90.1
French only	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and French	7,130	2,980	4,145	7.2	6.2	8.2
Neither English nor French	1,315	475	840	1.3	1.0	1.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	98,760	47,930	50,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	95,855	46,755	49,100	97.1	97.5	96.6
French	1,115	490	625	1.1	1.0	1.2
English and French	500	225	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	1,285	465	825	1.3	1.0	1.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	98,760	47,930	50,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	93,590	45,480	48,105	94.8	94.9	94.6
Official languages	69,415	33,970	35,445	70.3	70.9	69.7
English	68,335	33,495	34,845	69.2	69.9	68.6
French	1,080	475	600	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official languages	24,170	11,510	12,660	24.5	24.0	24.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,175	11,510	12,660	24.5	24.0	24.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,460	750	715	1.5	1.6	1.4
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,375	705	670	1.4	1.5	1.3
Amharic	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,205	635	580	1.2	1.3	1.1
Aramaic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	160	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,020	805	1,215	2.0	1.7	2.4
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,750	700	1,050	1.8	1.5	2.1
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,420	1,675	1,745	3.5	3.5	3.4
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	280	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,985	1,450	1,535	3.0	3.0	3.0
Telugu	135	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,360	7,000	7,360	14.5	14.6	14.5
Albanian	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	235	120	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	1,560	725	830	1.6	1.5	1.6
Baltic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,520	715	805	1.5	1.5	1.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	450	220	230	0.5	0.5	0.5
Polish	430	195	235	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	165	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	720	335	390	0.7	0.7	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	530	235	295	0.5	0.5	0.6
German	525	235	295	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	160	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	140	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	615	300	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	8,135	4,035	4,100	8.2	8.4	8.1
Indo-Aryan languages	6,485	3,220	3,265	6.6	6.7	6.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	720	340	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Gujarati	1,005	490	515	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hindi	655	325	325	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kacchi	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	645	335	315	0.7	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	3,045	1,525	1,520	3.1	3.2	3.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,650	815	835	1.7	1.7	1.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	245	120	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	1,360	670	690	1.4	1.4	1.4
Dari	905	440	465	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iranian Persian	295	145	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,015	1,445	1,570	3.1	3.0	3.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,025	525	505	1.0	1.1	1.0
Portuguese	470	225	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	405	180	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,115	515	600	1.1	1.1	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,745	755	985	1.8	1.6	1.9
Chinese languages	1,720	750	970	1.7	1.6	1.9
Hakka	50	20	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	815	355	460	0.8	0.7	0.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	795	350	440	0.8	0.7	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	285	130	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	210	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,175	2,450	2,720	5.2	5.1	5.4
English and French	415	185	235	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	4,205	2,020	2,180	4.3	4.2	4.3
French and non-official language(s)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	360	165	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	98,760	47,930	50,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	70,730	34,645	36,090	71.6	72.3	71.0
French	255	120	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	5,420	2,505	2,910	5.5	5.2	5.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,420	2,505	2,910	5.5	5.2	5.7
English and French	1,110	455	660	1.1	0.9	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	20,030	9,685	10,345	20.3	20.2	20.4
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	660	280	385	0.7	0.6	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	510	235	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	98,760	47,930	50,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	93,485	45,430	48,055	94.7	94.8	94.5
Official languages	81,340	39,595	41,750	82.4	82.6	82.1
English	80,970	39,420	41,550	82.0	82.2	81.8
French	370	175	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	12,145	5,840	6,305	12.3	12.2	12.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,145	5,840	6,305	12.3	12.2	12.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	685	330	355	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	650	310	340	0.7	0.6	0.7
Amharic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	590	285	305	0.6	0.6	0.6
Aramaic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	845	375	470	0.9	0.8	0.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	725	325	400	0.7	0.7	0.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,210	1,070	1,135	2.2	2.2	2.2
Kannada	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	150	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	1,955	940	1,015	2.0	2.0	2.0
Telugu	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,845	3,330	3,510	6.9	6.9	6.9
Albanian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	525	255	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	525	255	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	155	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	4,930	2,415	2,515	5.0	5.0	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages	3,920	1,935	1,990	4.0	4.0	3.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	445	210	235	0.5	0.4	0.5
Gujarati	595	285	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	370	185	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	375	195	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,960	975	985	2.0	2.0	1.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,005	485	520	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	150	70	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Persian languages	845	410	435	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	535	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.6
Iranian Persian	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,005	475	535	1.0	1.0	1.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	180	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	180	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	515	255	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,055	505	545	1.1	1.1	1.1
Chinese languages	1,050	505	545	1.1	1.1	1.1
Hakka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	595	290	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	415	200	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,275	2,500	2,770	5.3	5.2	5.5
English and French	245	90	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,855	2,330	2,525	4.9	4.9	5.0
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	98,760	47,930	50,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	80,735	39,310	41,430	81.7	82.0	81.5
English	5,465	2,710	2,755	5.5	5.7	5.4
French	935	385	550	0.9	0.8	1.1
Non-official language	9,225	4,370	4,850	9.3	9.1	9.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,220	4,370	4,850	9.3	9.1	9.5
English and French	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	850	445	405	0.9	0.9	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	350	150	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,120	530	590	1.1	1.1	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	98,585	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	97,265	47,385	49,880	98.7	99.0	98.4
English	97,220	47,375	49,845	98.6	98.9	98.3
French	7,160	2,925	4,230	7.3	6.1	8.3
Non-official languages	34,680	16,520	18,155	35.2	34.5	35.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,680	16,520	18,155	35.2	34.5	35.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,360	1,230	1,130	2.4	2.6	2.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,275	1,195	1,080	2.3	2.5	2.1
Amharic	190	75	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	2,010	1,080	930	2.0	2.3	1.8
Aramaic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	215	75	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	195	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,745	1,075	1,665	2.8	2.2	3.3
Bikol	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	150	40	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,590	995	1,595	2.6	2.1	3.1
Waray-Waray	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	435	185	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian Creole	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Krio	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	205	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	4,880	2,395	2,480	5.0	5.0	4.9
Kannada	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	345	180	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	4,320	2,100	2,225	4.4	4.4	4.4
Telugu	305	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,690	10,545	11,145	22.0	22.0	22.0
Albanian	125	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	385	175	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	2,095	940	1,160	2.1	2.0	2.3
Baltic languages	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,045	920	1,125	2.1	1.9	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	755	340	410	0.8	0.7	0.8
Polish	570	240	330	0.6	0.5	0.7
Russian	335	135	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,195	540	655	1.2	1.1	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	835	390	440	0.8	0.8	0.9
German	825	385	440	0.8	0.8	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	130	180	0.3	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dutch	255	120	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	95	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	955	405	555	1.0	0.8	1.1
Indo-Iranian languages	12,660	6,450	6,210	12.8	13.5	12.2
Indo-Aryan languages	10,925	5,600	5,325	11.1	11.7	10.5
Assamese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,295	675	625	1.3	1.4	1.2
Gujarati	1,575	785	790	1.6	1.6	1.6
Hindi	3,655	1,855	1,800	3.7	3.9	3.6
Kacchi	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	180	115	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nepali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,645	870	765	1.7	1.8	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	505	260	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Urdu	5,385	2,770	2,615	5.5	5.8	5.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,950	970	975	2.0	2.0	1.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	240	130	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	1,800	885	915	1.8	1.8	1.8
Dari	1,100	555	555	1.1	1.2	1.1
Iranian Persian	425	190	235	0.4	0.4	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	290	150	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,735	2,175	2,565	4.8	4.5	5.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,765	835	925	1.8	1.7	1.8
Portuguese	650	315	340	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	500	215	285	0.5	0.4	0.6
Spanish	1,980	875	1,100	2.0	1.8	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	140	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korean	365	160	205	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	545	255	290	0.6	0.5	0.6
Akan (Twi)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	175	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,230	1,040	1,190	2.3	2.2	2.3
Chinese languages	2,210	1,035	1,180	2.2	2.2	2.3
Hakka	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mandarin	1,230	540	690	1.2	1.1	1.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,130	530	600	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	300	160	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	250	125	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	98,585	47,885	50,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,065	530	535	1.1	1.1	1.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,010	510	505	1.0	1.1	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	450	235	220	0.5	0.5	0.4
Métis	540	270	270	0.5	0.6	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	97,515	47,350	50,165	98.9	98.9	98.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	98,585	47,885	50,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	245	130	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	98,335	47,750	50,585	99.7	99.7	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	28,470	...	...	85.2	...	...
Renter	4,960	...	...	14.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	5,865	...	...	17.5	...	...
Not condominium	27,560	...	...	82.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	70	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	1,685	...	...	5.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,765	...	...	11.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,820	...	...	38.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,085	...	...	45.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,890	...	...	14.6	...	...
5 rooms	4,320	...	...	12.9	...	...
6 rooms	5,280	...	...	15.8	...	...
7 rooms	5,255	...	...	15.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,680	...	...	40.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	32,675	...	...	97.8	...	...
More than one person per room	745	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	31,650	...	...	94.7	...	...
Not suitable	1,775	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,070	...	...	6.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,350	...	...	25.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,955	...	...	26.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,540	...	...	19.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,680	...	...	5.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,315	...	...	3.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,675	...	...	5.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,845	...	...	8.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	32,220	...	...	96.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,205	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	13,785	...	...	41.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,260	...	...	51.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,380	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	200	...	...	0.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,400	...	...	10.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,045	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,745	...	...	20.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,100	...	...	24.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,375	...	...	16.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,615	...	...	7.8	...	...
85 years and over	950	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	33,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,240	...	...	75.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	8,030	...	...	24.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,355	...	...	22.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	33,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	10,220	...	...	30.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,355	...	...	22.0	...	...
Not suitable only	1,400	...	...	4.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	705	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	260	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	380	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	23,205	...	...	69.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	32,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,330	...	...	10.2	...	...
Not in core need	29,265	...	...	89.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,435	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.1	...	...	65.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.7	...	...	21.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.7	...	...	7.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,980	...	...	1,980	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,052	...	...	2,052	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	880,000	...	...	880,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	929,000	...	...	929,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,950	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.4	...	...	38.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.3	...	...	25.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	1,720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,730	...	...	1,730	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	98,580	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	185	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	175	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,245	610	640	1.3	1.3	1.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,195	580	610	1.2	1.2	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	785	370	410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	400	205	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	97,150	47,160	49,990	98.5	98.5	98.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	98,580	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	92,515	45,020	47,500	93.8	94.0	93.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,165	9,650	9,515	19.4	20.2	18.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	73,345	35,365	37,985	74.4	73.9	74.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	6,065	2,865	3,205	6.2	6.0	6.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	98,580	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	61,835	30,795	31,040	62.7	64.3	61.2
Immigrants⁸¹	35,780	16,565	19,220	36.3	34.6	37.9
Before 1980	8,955	3,970	4,995	9.1	8.3	9.9
1980 to 1990	4,805	2,210	2,585	4.9	4.6	5.1
1991 to 2000	8,480	3,935	4,540	8.6	8.2	9.0
2001 to 2010	7,830	3,785	4,045	7.9	7.9	8.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	5,710	2,660	3,050	5.8	5.6	6.0
2011 to 2015	2,895	1,325	1,565	2.9	2.8	3.1
2016 to 2021	2,815	1,335	1,480	2.9	2.8	2.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	965	525	435	1.0	1.1	0.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	35,780	16,560	19,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,360	1,640	1,720	9.4	9.9	8.9
5 to 14 years	7,280	3,615	3,670	20.3	21.8	19.1
15 to 24 years	7,995	3,430	4,560	22.3	20.7	23.7
25 to 44 years	14,640	6,755	7,880	40.9	40.8	41.0
45 years and over	2,520	1,120	1,395	7.0	6.8	7.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	35,780	16,560	19,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,855	3,770	5,090	24.7	22.8	26.5
Brazil	70	25	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	125	50	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
El Salvador	65	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	2,370	1,055	1,320	6.6	6.4	6.9
Haiti	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	2,560	1,020	1,540	7.2	6.2	8.0
Mexico	90	25	70	0.3	0.2	0.4
Peru	55	20	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	1,310	575	735	3.7	3.5	3.8
United States of America	615	265	350	1.7	1.6	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,555	670	880	4.3	4.0	4.6
Europe	6,430	2,945	3,485	18.0	17.8	18.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Croatia	70	40	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	80	25	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germany	390	200	185	1.1	1.2	1.0
Greece	330	145	185	0.9	0.9	1.0
Hungary	120	45	70	0.3	0.3	0.4
Italy	590	295	295	1.6	1.8	1.5
Netherlands	120	80	45	0.3	0.5	0.2
Poland	365	150	210	1.0	0.9	1.1
Portugal	280	120	155	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romania	405	175	230	1.1	1.1	1.2
Russian Federation	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	80	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,490	1,125	1,365	7.0	6.8	7.1
Other places of birth in Europe	980	440	540	2.7	2.7	2.8
Africa	1,955	960	1,000	5.5	5.8	5.2
Algeria	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	25	30	0.1	0.2	0.2
Egypt	345	190	155	1.0	1.1	0.8
Eritrea	35	30	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	150	60	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
Morocco	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	200	100	105	0.6	0.6	0.5
Somalia	40	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	125	50	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	970	480	490	2.7	2.9	2.5
Asia	18,460	8,845	9,615	51.6	53.4	50.0
Afghanistan	870	450	425	2.4	2.7	2.2
Iran⁸⁸	310	165	145	0.9	1.0	0.8
Iraq	290	140	145	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lebanon	360	200	160	1.0	1.2	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	150	85	70	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkey	80	45	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	955	380	575	2.7	2.3	3.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	310	145	165	0.9	0.9	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	265	100	170	0.7	0.6	0.9
Taiwan	65	30	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	2,675	1,035	1,640	7.5	6.3	8.5
Viet Nam	215	90	125	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bangladesh	880	450	430	2.5	2.7	2.2
India	4,000	1,985	2,015	11.2	12.0	10.5
Pakistan	2,830	1,420	1,410	7.9	8.6	7.3
Sri Lanka	2,930	1,460	1,470	8.2	8.8	7.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,280	675	605	3.6	4.1	3.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	50	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,820	1,335	1,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	415	185	230	14.7	13.9	15.5
Brazil	30	15	15	1.1	1.1	1.0
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	135	60	75	4.8	4.5	5.1
Mexico	15	0	15	0.5	0.0	1.0
United States of America	105	60	45	3.7	4.5	3.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	115	45	70	4.1	3.4	4.7
Europe	130	70	60	4.6	5.2	4.0
France	20	15	10	0.7	1.1	0.7
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	30	20	15	1.1	1.5	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	55	30	30	2.0	2.2	2.0
Africa	210	95	115	7.4	7.1	7.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	15	10	0	0.5	0.7	0.0
Eritrea	20	15	0	0.7	1.1	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	80	35	45	2.8	2.6	3.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	0	10	0.7	0.0	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	10	20	1.1	0.7	1.3
Asia	2,065	980	1,080	73.2	73.4	72.7
Afghanistan	70	30	35	2.5	2.2	2.4
Bangladesh	100	50	55	3.5	3.7	3.7
China⁹⁰	160	55	105	5.7	4.1	7.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	835	415	420	29.6	31.1	28.3
Iran⁸⁸	15	10	10	0.5	0.7	0.7
Iraq	70	35	30	2.5	2.6	2.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.7
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	25	0	20	0.9	0.0	1.3
Lebanon	15	0	0	0.5	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	270	140	125	9.6	10.5	8.4
Philippines	165	55	110	5.9	4.1	7.4
Saudi Arabia	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	110	60	45	3.9	4.5	3.0
Syria⁸⁹	85	35	50	3.0	2.6	3.4
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	45	35	10	1.6	2.6	0.7
Viet Nam	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	60	30	25	2.1	2.2	1.7
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	98,585	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	37,535	17,440	20,095	38.1	36.4	39.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	31,075	15,480	15,595	31.5	32.3	30.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	29,970	14,965	15,010	30.4	31.3	29.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	26,825	12,595	14,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,760	6,345	6,415	47.6	50.4	45.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,040	3,125	1,915	18.8	24.8	13.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,715	3,220	4,500	28.8	25.6	31.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,410	3,785	5,625	35.1	30.1	39.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,275	2,270	2,005	15.9	18.0	14.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	375	190	190	1.4	1.5	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	26,825	12,595	14,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,325	1,260	1,060	8.7	10.0	7.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,380	1,110	1,270	8.9	8.8	8.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	405	155	250	1.5	1.2	1.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,185	560	630	4.4	4.4	4.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	120	55	65	0.4	0.4	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	20,405	9,450	10,950	76.1	75.0	77.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	98,585	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	51,125	24,470	26,650	51.9	51.1	52.6
South Asian	20,890	10,415	10,475	21.2	21.8	20.7
Chinese	2,935	1,430	1,505	3.0	3.0	3.0
Black	11,275	5,240	6,030	11.4	10.9	11.9
Filipino	4,085	1,750	2,335	4.1	3.7	4.6
Arab	1,640	870	775	1.7	1.8	1.5
Latin American	1,500	685	810	1.5	1.4	1.6
Southeast Asian	570	235	335	0.6	0.5	0.7
West Asian	2,060	1,015	1,045	2.1	2.1	2.1
Korean	420	180	240	0.4	0.4	0.5
Japanese	335	185	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,580	1,155	1,425	2.6	2.4	2.8
Multiple visible minorities	2,825	1,305	1,525	2.9	2.7	3.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	47,460	23,410	24,045	48.1	48.9	47.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	98,585	47,880	50,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	10,485	5,225	5,260	10.6	10.9	10.4
English	13,810	6,750	7,060	14.0	14.1	13.9
Irish	11,290	5,405	5,885	11.5	11.3	11.6
Scottish	10,820	5,340	5,485	11.0	11.2	10.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,215	1,545	1,670	3.3	3.2	3.3
German	4,955	2,405	2,545	5.0	5.0	5.0
Chinese	3,805	1,745	2,060	3.9	3.6	4.1
Italian	5,570	2,760	2,815	5.6	5.8	5.6
Indian (India)	9,455	4,520	4,930	9.6	9.4	9.7
Ukrainian	1,510	835	675	1.5	1.7	1.3
Dutch	1,960	1,060	900	2.0	2.2	1.8
Polish	2,015	990	1,025	2.0	2.1	2.0
Québécois	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,515	1,755	1,760	3.6	3.7	3.5
Filipino	4,210	1,850	2,355	4.3	3.9	4.6
French Canadian	945	460	480	1.0	1.0	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,065	515	555	1.1	1.1	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	350	190	155	0.4	0.4	0.3
Métis	525	280	245	0.5	0.6	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,060	510	550	1.1	1.1	1.1
Russian	620	270	350	0.6	0.6	0.7
Norwegian	310	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Welsh	1,450	730	720	1.5	1.5	1.4
Portuguese	2,280	1,150	1,130	2.3	2.4	2.2
American	745	365	380	0.8	0.8	0.7
Spanish	1,370	600	770	1.4	1.3	1.5
Swedish	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
Hungarian	745	405	345	0.8	0.8	0.7
Acadian	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	3,450	1,750	1,700	3.5	3.7	3.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,275	1,090	1,180	2.3	2.3	2.3
Jewish	465	250	220	0.5	0.5	0.4
Punjabi	625	320	305	0.6	0.7	0.6
Vietnamese	360	175	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	780	445	330	0.8	0.9	0.7
Greek	2,095	995	1,100	2.1	2.1	2.2
Jamaican	4,220	1,970	2,255	4.3	4.1	4.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,060	475	580	1.1	1.0	1.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korean	415	170	240	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	610	265	350	0.6	0.6	0.7
Lebanese	570	290	280	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian	415	185	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	600	325	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
Danish	250	150	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	120	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	535	265	275	0.5	0.6	0.5
Belgian	185	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	1,450	730	715	1.5	1.5	1.4
Mexican	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mennonite	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	150	80	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Finnish	300	180	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lankan	3,255	1,620	1,630	3.3	3.4	3.2
Croatian	235	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japanese	425	240	190	0.4	0.5	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,675	850	825	1.7	1.8	1.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	135	90	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Muslim	780	395	385	0.8	0.8	0.8
Egyptian	540	295	245	0.5	0.6	0.5
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	325	160	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,205	1,120	1,085	2.2	2.3	2.1
Icelandic	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Colombian	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	210	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	270	170	95	0.3	0.4	0.2
Guyanese	2,725	1,270	1,455	2.8	2.7	2.9
Afghan	1,640	845	795	1.7	1.8	1.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,160	540	620	1.2	1.1	1.2
Serbian	145	95	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	255	125	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hong Konger	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	305	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian	310	120	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,455	685	775	1.5	1.4	1.5
Turkish	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	975	530	445	1.0	1.1	0.9
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigerian	155	65	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Armenian	565	255	310	0.6	0.5	0.6
Slovak	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	160	95	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	90	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	1,250	560	690	1.3	1.2	1.4
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	380	180	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,020	440	580	1.0	0.9	1.1
Algonquin	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,135	515	620	1.2	1.1	1.2
Lithuanian	135	75	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
South African	155	95	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australian	95	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	160	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ethiopian	165	50	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	185	75	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	1,060	500	560	1.1	1.0	1.1
Slovenian	190	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	200	120	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrean	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Canadian	285	105	180	0.3	0.2	0.4
Israeli	100	75	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Mohawk	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	125	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Barbadian	745	355	385	0.8	0.7	0.8
African American	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	85	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cuban	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	360	185	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	170	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Franco Ontarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jatt	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	90	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	155	70	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	155	90	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Jordanian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	150	65	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Malayali	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chaldean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	215	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mayan	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduran	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	225	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malay	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ugandan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	155	55	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Prince Edward Islander	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	45	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Singaporean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	98,580	47,885	50,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	510	220	290	0.5	0.5	0.6
Christian	52,975	24,450	28,520	53.7	51.1	56.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,890	4,205	4,685	9.0	8.8	9.2
Anabaptist	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	3,815	1,670	2,145	3.9	3.5	4.2
Baptist	1,270	655	620	1.3	1.4	1.2
Catholic	25,315	11,760	13,555	25.7	24.6	26.7
Christian Orthodox	3,765	1,805	1,965	3.8	3.8	3.9
Jehovah's Witness	515	225	290	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	485	215	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	235	95	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,985	865	1,120	2.0	1.8	2.2
Presbyterian	1,390	620	760	1.4	1.3	1.5
Reformed	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Church	2,960	1,340	1,620	3.0	2.8	3.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,215	930	1,280	2.2	1.9	2.5
Hindu	8,210	4,065	4,150	8.3	8.5	8.2
Jewish	375	180	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	12,380	6,220	6,160	12.6	13.0	12.1
Sikh	750	345	410	0.8	0.7	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	470	210	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	22,885	12,180	10,710	23.2	25.4	21.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	97,630	47,435	50,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	89,190	43,375	45,815	91.4	91.4	91.3
Movers	8,435	4,055	4,380	8.6	8.5	8.7
Non-migrants	3,265	1,595	1,675	3.3	3.4	3.3
Migrants	5,175	2,465	2,705	5.3	5.2	5.4
Internal migrants	4,720	2,250	2,475	4.8	4.7	4.9
Intraprovincial migrants	4,600	2,195	2,400	4.7	4.6	4.8
Interprovincial migrants	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	445	215	230	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	93,395	45,305	48,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	62,410	30,240	32,170	66.8	66.7	66.9
Movers	30,985	15,065	15,920	33.2	33.3	33.1
Non-migrants	6,735	3,320	3,415	7.2	7.3	7.1
Migrants	24,250	11,745	12,505	26.0	25.9	26.0
Internal migrants	21,565	10,480	11,085	23.1	23.1	23.1
Intraprovincial migrants	20,900	10,160	10,740	22.4	22.4	22.3
Interprovincial migrants	665	320	345	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	2,685	1,260	1,420	2.9	2.8	3.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,195	39,610	42,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,425	5,230	5,200	12.7	13.2	12.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	71,770	34,385	37,385	87.3	86.8	87.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,080	25,935	28,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,590	1,925	1,665	6.6	7.4	5.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,495	24,010	26,485	93.4	92.6	94.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,195	39,610	42,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,500	4,685	4,820	11.6	11.8	11.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,440	11,290	12,155	28.5	28.5	28.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,250	23,640	25,610	59.9	59.7	60.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,005	12,125	11,880	29.2	30.6	27.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,000	2,910	1,085	4.9	7.3	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,945	1,235	710	2.4	3.1	1.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,060	1,680	380	2.5	4.2	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,880	8,155	9,720	21.8	20.6	22.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,125	1,055	1,075	2.6	2.7	2.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,245	11,520	13,730	30.7	29.1	32.2
Bachelor's degree	17,785	8,040	9,740	21.6	20.3	22.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,670	690	980	2.0	1.7	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	500	255	245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	4,870	2,290	2,585	5.9	5.8	6.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	420	235	185	0.5	0.6	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,085	25,935	28,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,045	1,655	1,390	5.6	6.4	4.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,595	6,355	6,235	23.3	24.5	22.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	38,445	17,925	20,525	71.1	69.1	72.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,820	8,765	9,055	32.9	33.8	32.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,715	1,975	740	5.0	7.6	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,315	835	475	2.4	3.2	1.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,405	1,140	270	2.6	4.4	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,555	6,045	7,505	25.1	23.3	26.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,545	740	810	2.9	2.9	2.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,625	9,155	11,465	38.1	35.3	40.7
Bachelor's degree	14,325	6,380	7,940	26.5	24.6	28.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,375	535	845	2.5	2.1	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	445	220	220	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	4,150	1,830	2,315	7.7	7.1	8.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	330	190	140	0.6	0.7	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	82,195	39,610	42,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	32,945	15,970	16,975	40.1	40.3	39.9
Education	2,415	530	1,890	2.9	1.3	4.4
13. Education	2,415	530	1,890	2.9	1.3	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,635	720	915	2.0	1.8	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	260	195	70	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,375	530	845	1.7	1.3	2.0
Humanities	2,300	790	1,515	2.8	2.0	3.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	160	40	120	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	660	175	490	0.8	0.4	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	790	225	560	1.0	0.6	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	100	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	155	85	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	265	145	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	0	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,305	2,175	5,130	8.9	5.5	12.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	0	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	850	310	535	1.0	0.8	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,160	80	1,085	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,235	260	975	1.5	0.7	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	215	60	160	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,090	285	805	1.3	0.7	1.9
45. Social sciences	2,695	1,185	1,515	3.3	3.0	3.6
Business, management and public administration	12,565	5,675	6,890	15.3	14.3	16.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	880	140	745	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,640	5,525	6,120	14.2	13.9	14.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,350	990	1,360	2.9	2.5	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	985	375	610	1.2	0.9	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	685	285	400	0.8	0.7	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	490	295	195	0.6	0.7	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	135	30	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,840	1,980	860	3.5	5.0	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,345	1,730	620	2.9	4.4	1.5
25. Library science	60	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	375	205	175	0.5	0.5	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,005	8,105	900	11.0	20.5	2.1
04. Architecture and related services	365	255	110	0.4	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	2,805	2,275	530	3.4	5.7	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,080	1,885	190	2.5	4.8	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,680	1,670	10	2.0	4.2	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,445	1,405	40	1.8	3.5	0.1
48. Precision production	635	615	15	0.8	1.6	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	555	275	280	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	320	145	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	235	130	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	6,090	1,325	4,765	7.4	3.3	11.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	605	280	320	0.7	0.7	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,355	960	4,400	6.5	2.4	10.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	115	70	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,170	1,075	1,090	2.6	2.7	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,055	300	750	1.3	0.8	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	875	575	295	1.1	1.5	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	225	185	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	54,085	25,935	28,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	15,635	8,010	7,625	28.9	30.9	27.1
Education	1,785	330	1,455	3.3	1.3	5.2
13. Education	1,785	330	1,455	3.3	1.3	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,270	520	745	2.3	2.0	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	180	125	60	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,085	400	685	2.0	1.5	2.4
Humanities	1,715	550	1,165	3.2	2.1	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	130	30	105	0.2	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	480	115	365	0.9	0.4	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	600	160	435	1.1	0.6	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	80	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	210	115	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,960	1,720	4,240	11.0	6.6	15.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	725	265	465	1.3	1.0	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	940	60	880	1.7	0.2	3.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,055	205	850	2.0	0.8	3.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	185	50	135	0.3	0.2	0.5
42. Psychology	830	205	625	1.5	0.8	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,165	935	1,230	4.0	3.6	4.4
Business, management and public administration	10,165	4,495	5,665	18.8	17.3	20.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	690	75	615	1.3	0.3	2.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,430	4,400	5,030	17.4	17.0	17.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,735	690	1,050	3.2	2.7	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	800	290	505	1.5	1.1	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	450	170	280	0.8	0.7	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	360	205	155	0.7	0.8	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	15	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,430	1,715	720	4.5	6.6	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,055	1,510	545	3.8	5.8	1.9
25. Library science	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	280	160	120	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,600	5,845	755	12.2	22.5	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	235	180	55	0.4	0.7	0.2
14. Engineering	2,230	1,730	500	4.1	6.7	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,515	1,350	165	2.8	5.2	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,200	1,195	0	2.2	4.6	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,050	1,025	30	1.9	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	370	360	10	0.7	1.4	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	420	215	200	0.8	0.8	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	225	115	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	195	105	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	4,735	1,035	3,695	8.8	4.0	13.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	480	220	260	0.9	0.8	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,155	760	3,395	7.7	2.9	12.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	55	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,605	795	805	3.0	3.1	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	765	200	565	1.4	0.8	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	670	450	220	1.2	1.7	0.8
49. Transportation and materials moving	170	140	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	54,085	25,935	28,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,635	8,010	7,625	28.9	30.9	27.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	38,445	17,920	20,525	71.1	69.1	72.9
Location of study inside Canada	30,115	13,985	16,125	55.7	53.9	57.3
Same as province or territory of residence	28,785	13,365	15,415	53.2	51.5	54.8
Different than province or territory of residence	1,330	625	710	2.5	2.4	2.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,335	3,935	4,400	15.4	15.2	15.6
Americas	1,565	775	790	2.9	3.0	2.8
United States of America	895	495	400	1.7	1.9	1.4
Mexico	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cuba	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazil	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	345	130	215	0.6	0.5	0.8
Europe	1,210	565	640	2.2	2.2	2.3
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germany	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Netherlands	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	185	75	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian Federation	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	485	220	265	0.9	0.8	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	165	75	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	360	190	165	0.7	0.7	0.6
Nigeria	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	120	65	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	160	95	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
Asia	5,040	2,315	2,725	9.3	8.9	9.7
Iran⁸⁸	80	40	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iraq	85	30	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Israel	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	45	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	250	100	145	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	885	320	565	1.6	1.2	2.0
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	260	125	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sri Lanka	275	135	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	1,785	855	925	3.3	3.3	3.3
Pakistan	955	480	475	1.8	1.9	1.7
Other locations of study in Asia	225	110	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oceania	155	85	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Australia	145	80	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
New Zealand	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	82,195	39,610	42,585	...	...	...
In the labour force	53,705	27,550	26,155	...	...	...
Employed	46,795	24,190	22,605	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,910	3,365	3,545	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	28,490	12,060	16,430	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.3	69.6	61.4	65.3	69.6	61.4
Employment rate	56.9	61.1	53.1	56.9	61.1	53.1
Unemployment rate	12.9	12.2	13.6	12.9	12.2	13.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	82,195	39,610	42,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,530	12,715	16,815	35.9	32.1	39.5
Worked	52,665	26,895	25,770	64.1	67.9	60.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,100	16,105	13,995	36.6	40.7	32.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	22,565	10,790	11,775	27.5	27.2	27.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.4	42.1	40.6	41.4	42.1	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	53,700	27,555	26,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	885	830	3.2	3.2	3.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	51,980	26,665	25,320	96.8	96.8	96.8
Employee	44,475	21,800	22,670	82.8	79.1	86.7
Permanent position	38,300	18,920	19,380	71.3	68.7	74.1
Temporary position	6,175	2,880	3,295	11.5	10.5	12.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,055	980	1,070	3.8	3.6	4.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,120	1,900	2,220	7.7	6.9	8.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,505	4,860	2,645	14.0	17.6	10.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	53,700	27,555	26,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	885	830	3.2	3.2	3.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	51,980	26,665	25,320	96.8	96.8	96.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	800	525	275	1.5	1.9	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,605	3,930	7,675	21.6	14.3	29.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,375	4,055	1,320	10.0	14.7	5.0
3 Health occupations	3,400	750	2,650	6.3	2.7	10.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,490	1,865	4,625	12.1	6.8	17.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,540	780	760	2.9	2.8	2.9
6 Sales and service occupations	12,370	5,695	6,670	23.0	20.7	25.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,185	7,400	780	15.2	26.9	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	635	485	145	1.2	1.8	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,585	1,170	415	3.0	4.2	1.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	53,700	27,555	26,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	885	830	3.2	3.2	3.2
All industries¹⁹¹	51,980	26,665	25,320	96.8	96.8	96.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	260	140	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	730	495	235	1.4	1.8	0.9
23 Construction	3,840	3,305	535	7.2	12.0	2.0
31-33 Manufacturing	3,135	2,170	960	5.8	7.9	3.7
41 Wholesale trade	1,905	1,090	810	3.5	4.0	3.1
44-45 Retail trade	5,510	2,905	2,605	10.3	10.5	10.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,915	2,285	630	5.4	8.3	2.4
51 Information and cultural industries	1,730	985	740	3.2	3.6	2.8
52 Finance and insurance	4,840	2,150	2,690	9.0	7.8	10.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,210	625	585	2.3	2.3	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,210	2,790	2,420	9.7	10.1	9.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	315	185	130	0.6	0.7	0.5
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,520	1,440	1,080	4.7	5.2	4.1
61 Educational services	3,850	1,165	2,685	7.2	4.2	10.3
62 Health care and social assistance	5,730	1,090	4,645	10.7	4.0	17.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,000	515	480	1.9	1.9	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	2,250	975	1,270	4.2	3.5	4.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,045	930	1,110	3.8	3.4	4.2
91 Public administration	2,915	1,355	1,560	5.4	4.9	6.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	56,825	28,955	27,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	54,390	27,860	26,530	95.7	96.2	95.2
French	90	30	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	245	90	155	0.4	0.3	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	245	90	155	0.4	0.3	0.6
English and French	780	250	530	1.4	0.9	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	1,255	685	570	2.2	2.4	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	56,825	28,955	27,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	56,455	28,800	27,655	99.3	99.5	99.2
Official languages	56,045	28,600	27,445	98.6	98.8	98.5
English	55,845	28,550	27,295	98.3	98.6	97.9
French	210	50	155	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official languages	405	195	210	0.7	0.7	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	405	195	210	0.7	0.7	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	50	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	50	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	150	65	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	105	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bengali	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dari	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	155	80	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	155	80	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	105	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	370	155	215	0.7	0.5	0.8
English and French	145	45	110	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	220	110	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	56,825	28,955	27,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	55,085	28,135	26,945	96.9	97.2	96.7
English	235	100	135	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	530	185	345	0.9	0.6	1.2
Non-official language	810	435	375	1.4	1.5	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	810	435	375	1.4	1.5	1.3
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	80	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	46,790	24,190	22,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	16,745	7,470	9,275	35.8	30.9	41.0
Worked outside Canada	180	115	65	0.4	0.5	0.3
No fixed workplace address	5,475	4,190	1,290	11.7	17.3	5.7
Usual place of work	24,385	12,415	11,975	52.1	51.3	53.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	24,390	12,410	11,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	6,485	3,080	3,405	26.6	24.8	28.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,295	1,635	1,660	13.5	13.2	13.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	14,595	7,685	6,910	59.8	61.9	57.7
Commute to a different province or territory	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	29,865	16,605	13,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	26,000	14,980	11,025	87.1	90.2	83.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	23,800	14,105	9,705	79.7	84.9	73.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,195	875	1,320	7.3	5.3	10.0
Public transit	2,335	985	1,355	7.8	5.9	10.2
Walked	565	220	345	1.9	1.3	2.6
Bicycle	80	60	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other method	880	360	520	2.9	2.2	3.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	29,865	16,605	13,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,605	2,650	2,955	18.8	16.0	22.3
15 to 29 minutes	8,450	4,550	3,905	28.3	27.4	29.4
30 to 44 minutes	8,175	4,850	3,325	27.4	29.2	25.1
45 to 59 minutes	3,820	2,305	1,515	12.8	13.9	11.4
60 minutes and over	3,810	2,245	1,560	12.8	13.5	11.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	29,865	16,605	13,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,450	1,785	660	8.2	10.7	5.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,020	3,070	1,950	16.8	18.5	14.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,030	3,665	3,360	23.5	22.1	25.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,305	3,095	3,210	21.1	18.6	24.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,420	2,145	2,275	14.8	12.9	17.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,640	2,830	1,810	15.5	17.0	13.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	20,295	10,250	10,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,670	830	840	8.2	8.1	8.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,625	9,420	9,205	91.8	91.9	91.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,615	7,435	7,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,280	640	640	8.8	8.6	8.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	775	355	415	5.3	4.8	5.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	505	280	225	3.5	3.8	3.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,330	6,795	6,535	91.2	91.4	91.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 17, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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