Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	London, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	422,324	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	383,822	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	186,409	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	174,657	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,004.3	...	...	1,004.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	420.50	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	422,320	206,375	215,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	69,020	35,530	33,490	16.3	17.2	15.5
0 to 4 years	20,930	10,680	10,250	5.0	5.2	4.7
5 to 9 years	23,685	12,225	11,460	5.6	5.9	5.3
10 to 14 years	24,405	12,620	11,780	5.8	6.1	5.5
15 to 64 years	278,240	137,900	140,335	65.9	66.8	65.0
15 to 19 years	23,920	12,235	11,685	5.7	5.9	5.4
20 to 24 years	30,825	15,915	14,915	7.3	7.7	6.9
25 to 29 years	33,935	17,505	16,430	8.0	8.5	7.6
30 to 34 years	30,660	15,260	15,400	7.3	7.4	7.1
35 to 39 years	28,815	14,060	14,760	6.8	6.8	6.8
40 to 44 years	26,080	12,720	13,355	6.2	6.2	6.2
45 to 49 years	24,520	11,960	12,560	5.8	5.8	5.8
50 to 54 years	24,965	12,190	12,775	5.9	5.9	5.9
55 to 59 years	27,960	13,495	14,460	6.6	6.5	6.7
60 to 64 years	26,560	12,565	13,995	6.3	6.1	6.5
65 years and over	75,070	32,940	42,130	17.8	16.0	19.5
65 to 69 years	22,680	10,365	12,315	5.4	5.0	5.7
70 to 74 years	19,425	8,855	10,565	4.6	4.3	4.9
75 to 79 years	13,365	6,005	7,365	3.2	2.9	3.4
80 to 84 years	9,235	3,965	5,275	2.2	1.9	2.4
85 years and over	10,355	3,755	6,605	2.5	1.8	3.1
85 to 89 years	6,220	2,420	3,795	1.5	1.2	1.8
90 to 94 years	3,065	1,060	2,010	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	960	255	705	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	115	25	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.2	15.5	16.3	17.2	15.5
15 to 64 years	65.9	66.8	65.0	65.9	66.8	65.0
65 years and over	17.8	16.0	19.5	17.8	16.0	19.5
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.1	2.5	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	40.7	39.4	41.9	40.7	39.4	41.9
Median age of the population	38.8	37.2	40.4	38.8	37.2	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	85,275	...	...	48.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,940	...	...	3.4	...	...
Row house	23,305	...	...	13.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,470	...	...	2.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,800	...	...	10.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	37,550	...	...	21.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	160	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	160	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	174,660	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	54,230	...	...	31.0	...	...
2 persons	58,315	...	...	33.4	...	...
3 persons	25,470	...	...	14.6	...	...
4 persons	22,415	...	...	12.8	...	...
5 or more persons	14,225	...	...	8.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	416,265	203,680	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	353,305	170,840	182,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	187,390	93,395	93,990	53.0	54.7	51.5
Married	152,780	76,140	76,645	43.2	44.6	42.0
Living common-law	34,605	17,260	17,345	9.8	10.1	9.5
Living common law - Never married	25,580	12,760	12,820	7.2	7.5	7.0
Living common law - Separated	1,855	965	885	0.5	0.6	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	6,425	3,220	3,210	1.8	1.9	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	745	315	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	165,915	77,445	88,470	47.0	45.3	48.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	112,185	60,310	51,875	31.8	35.3	28.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	11,470	4,690	6,785	3.2	2.7	3.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,100	8,445	14,650	6.5	4.9	8.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	19,160	3,995	15,165	5.4	2.3	8.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	112,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	57,565	...	...	51.1	...	...
3 persons	23,755	...	...	21.1	...	...
4 persons	20,930	...	...	18.6	...	...
5 or more persons	10,510	...	...	9.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	112,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	91,365	...	...	81.0	...	...
Married couples	74,065	...	...	65.7	...	...
With children⁶	40,695	...	...	36.1	...	...
Without children	33,370	...	...	29.6	...	...
Common-law couples	17,295	...	...	15.3	...	...
With children⁶	5,780	...	...	5.1	...	...
Without children	11,520	...	...	10.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	21,400	...	...	19.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	17,225	...	...	15.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,175	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	416,265	203,680	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	327,475	161,125	166,350	78.7	79.1	78.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	182,725	91,205	91,520	43.9	44.8	43.1
Parents in one-parent families	21,400	4,175	17,225	5.1	2.0	8.1
Children⁶	123,350	65,745	57,605	29.6	32.3	27.1
In a two-parent family	89,405	47,415	41,985	21.5	23.3	19.7
In a one-parent family	33,945	18,325	15,620	8.2	9.0	7.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	88,790	42,550	46,235	21.3	20.9	21.7
Living alone	54,235	23,740	30,495	13.0	11.7	14.3
Living with other relatives⁷	9,685	4,155	5,525	2.3	2.0	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	24,875	14,665	10,210	6.0	7.2	4.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	174,660	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	100,520	...	...	57.6	...	...
Couple-family households	83,390	...	...	47.7	...	...
With children⁶	42,465	...	...	24.3	...	...
Without children	40,930	...	...	23.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,135	...	...	9.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,960	...	...	2.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	740	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,885	...	...	2.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,315	...	...	5.9	...	...
One-person households	54,230	...	...	31.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	347,330	168,190	179,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	331,040	159,715	171,325	95.3	95.0	95.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	42,400	36,800	39,600	42,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	331,180	159,790	171,385	95.4	95.0	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,400	34,000	36,000	38,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	290,200	143,010	147,195	83.6	85.0	82.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	38,800	29,000	34,000	38,800	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	235,780	121,420	114,360	67.9	72.2	63.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,000	31,000	34,400	38,000	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	303,800	144,615	159,185	87.5	86.0	88.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,200	7,350	10,800	9,200	7,350	10,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,100	14,045	16,050	8.7	8.4	9.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,360	5,480	5,480	5,360	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,890	49,850	49,040	28.5	29.6	27.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	347,330	168,190	179,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,250	159,995	171,255	95.4	95.1	95.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,440	55,650	45,600	50,440	55,650	45,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,410	160,095	171,315	95.4	95.2	95.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,560	46,000	39,360	42,560	46,000	39,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	290,270	143,030	147,240	83.6	85.0	82.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,160	52,600	39,920	46,160	52,600	39,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	235,775	121,375	114,400	67.9	72.2	63.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,160	50,000	40,040	45,160	50,000	40,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	303,850	144,920	158,930	87.5	86.2	88.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,900	9,540	12,140	10,900	9,540	12,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,525	14,195	16,325	8.8	8.4	9.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,290	5,675	6,820	6,290	5,675	6,820
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,885	49,735	49,150	28.5	29.6	27.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,930	8,760	9,100	8,930	8,760	9,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	347,330	168,195	179,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	106,620	58,325	48,300	30.7	34.7	27.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	62,800	57,200	60,400	62,800	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,700	76,600	65,700	71,700	76,600	65,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	96,220	46,035	50,180	27.7	27.4	28.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	18,600	15,800	17,000	18,600	15,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,040	28,760	23,560	26,040	28,760	23,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.2	84.4	75.2	80.2	84.4	75.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	63.7	68.2	58.7	63.7	68.2	58.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.8	15.5	24.7	19.8	15.5	24.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.4	1.2	0.9	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.0	5.4	6.8	6.0	5.4	6.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.3	4.9	5.7	5.3	4.9	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	347,325	168,190	179,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	16,290	8,475	7,815	4.7	5.0	4.4
With total income	331,040	159,715	171,325	95.3	95.0	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,030	12,755	15,275	8.5	8.0	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	42,140	18,870	23,270	12.7	11.8	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	53,365	23,505	29,860	16.1	14.7	17.4
$30,000 to $39,999	44,480	19,890	24,590	13.4	12.5	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	38,960	18,220	20,740	11.8	11.4	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	31,640	15,090	16,550	9.6	9.4	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	23,580	11,895	11,680	7.1	7.4	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	17,465	9,400	8,065	5.3	5.9	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	12,210	6,695	5,510	3.7	4.2	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	9,300	5,060	4,240	2.8	3.2	2.5
$100,000 and over	29,880	18,330	11,545	9.0	11.5	6.7
$100,000 to $149,999	20,555	11,915	8,640	6.2	7.5	5.0
$150,000 and over	9,320	6,415	2,910	2.8	4.0	1.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	347,325	168,190	179,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	16,150	8,395	7,755	4.6	5.0	4.3
With after-tax income	331,180	159,795	171,385	95.4	95.0	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	29,190	13,140	16,050	8.8	8.2	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	43,820	19,580	24,235	13.2	12.3	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	60,055	26,690	33,370	18.1	16.7	19.5
$30,000 to $39,999	52,430	24,235	28,195	15.8	15.2	16.5
$40,000 to $49,999	45,285	21,580	23,710	13.7	13.5	13.8
$50,000 to $59,999	32,235	15,945	16,285	9.7	10.0	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	21,860	11,600	10,260	6.6	7.3	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	14,325	7,810	6,515	4.3	4.9	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	11,005	5,660	5,345	3.3	3.5	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	6,300	3,700	2,600	1.9	2.3	1.5
$100,000 and over	14,665	9,850	4,815	4.4	6.2	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	7,520	4,900	2,620	2.3	3.1	1.5
$125,000 and over	7,145	4,950	2,195	2.2	3.1	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	347,325	168,190	179,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	111,550	46,765	64,785	32.1	27.8	36.2
With employment income	235,775	121,425	114,355	67.9	72.2	63.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	35,975	17,945	18,025	15.3	14.8	15.8
$5,000 to $9,999	20,675	9,510	11,165	8.8	7.8	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	29,500	13,925	15,570	12.5	11.5	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	22,055	10,720	11,335	9.4	8.8	9.9
$30,000 to $39,999	21,645	10,880	10,765	9.2	9.0	9.4
$40,000 to $49,999	22,645	11,155	11,485	9.6	9.2	10.0
$50,000 to $59,999	19,040	9,790	9,255	8.1	8.1	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	15,050	8,310	6,745	6.4	6.8	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	11,220	6,280	4,940	4.8	5.2	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	8,645	4,945	3,700	3.7	4.1	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	7,335	3,860	3,480	3.1	3.2	3.0
$100,000 and over	21,995	14,095	7,900	9.3	11.6	6.9
$100,000 to $124,999	11,080	6,400	4,680	4.7	5.3	4.1
$125,000 and over	10,915	7,690	3,220	4.6	6.3	2.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	347,330	168,190	179,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,480	155,720	167,760	93.1	92.6	93.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,400	33,600	36,800	40,400	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,555	155,735	167,820	93.2	92.6	93.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,400	31,200	33,600	36,400	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	284,830	140,075	144,755	82.0	83.3	80.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,000	30,400	34,800	40,000	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	233,910	120,040	113,865	67.3	71.4	63.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,800	32,000	35,200	38,800	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	285,925	135,390	150,535	82.3	80.5	84.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,700	1,190	5,920	2,700	1,190	5,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	21,010	9,545	11,460	6.0	5.7	6.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	4,960	5,720	5,440	4,960	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	347,330	168,190	179,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,315	155,855	167,465	93.1	92.7	93.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,560	53,200	42,280	47,560	53,200	42,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,405	155,855	167,550	93.1	92.7	93.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,120	44,000	36,520	40,120	44,000	36,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	284,980	140,190	144,790	82.0	83.4	80.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	53,150	39,840	46,400	53,150	39,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	234,205	120,125	114,075	67.4	71.4	63.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,080	50,120	39,760	45,080	50,120	39,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	285,315	135,305	150,005	82.1	80.4	83.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,540	6,190	8,760	7,540	6,190	8,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	20,600	9,570	11,030	5.9	5.7	6.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,940	5,940	7,810	6,940	5,940	7,810
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	347,330	168,195	179,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	105,580	57,600	47,985	30.4	34.2	26.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,400	60,000	52,800	56,400	60,000	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,000	72,200	60,700	67,000	72,200	60,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	89,265	42,495	46,775	25.7	25.3	26.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	24,000	20,400	22,000	24,000	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,880	34,640	27,440	30,880	34,640	27,440
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	89.8	81.4	86.0	89.8	81.4
Employment income (%)	68.6	72.6	64.0	68.6	72.6	64.0
Government transfers (%)	14.0	10.1	18.6	14.0	10.1	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2	0.9	0.7	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	174,660	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	54,230	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	120,425	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	174,660	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,700	...	...	95,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,800	...	...	80,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	54,245	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,640	...	...	50,640	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,960	...	...	42,960	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	120,415	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,800	...	...	97,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,545	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,255	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,620	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,145	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,735	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,525	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,355	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,785	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,050	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,310	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,470	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,480	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,505	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,305	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,105	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	61,470	...	...	35.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	20,075	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,550	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	14,935	...	...	8.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	12,910	...	...	7.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,700	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,295	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,675	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,300	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,195	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,410	...	...	4.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,495	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,035	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,480	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,420	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,430	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,285	...	...	8.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,950	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,415	...	...	7.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,520	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	48,055	...	...	27.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	19,385	...	...	11.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,590	...	...	6.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	17,080	...	...	9.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	112,400	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	41,975	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	46,790	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	20,050	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	79,110	38,400	40,705	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	34,800	36,000	35,600	34,800	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	32,400	33,600	33,200	32,400	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	112,300	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,500	...	...	117,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,700	...	...	98,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	41,735	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,800	...	...	89,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	46,805	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...	144,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...	120,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,900	...	...	67,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	79,140	38,405	40,735	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,440	44,120	44,760	44,440	44,120	44,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,240	37,800	38,640	38,240	37,800	38,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	416,265	203,675	212,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	82,960	42,780	40,185	19.9	21.0	18.9
0 to 5 years	25,510	13,070	12,440	6.1	6.4	5.9
18 to 64 years	262,470	129,365	133,105	63.1	63.5	62.6
65 years and over	70,835	31,535	39,300	17.0	15.5	18.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	57,385	27,165	30,220	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	14,400	7,540	6,860	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,780	2,470	2,310	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	34,080	16,295	17,790	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,900	3,325	5,575	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.8	13.3	14.2	13.8	13.3	14.2
0 to 17 years (%)	17.4	17.6	17.1	17.4	17.6	17.1
0 to 5 years (%)	18.7	18.9	18.6	18.7	18.9	18.6
18 to 64 years (%)	13.0	12.6	13.4	13.0	12.6	13.4
65 years and over (%)	12.6	10.5	14.2	12.6	10.5	14.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	416,265	203,680	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	82,965	42,775	40,185	19.9	21.0	18.9
0 to 5 years	25,510	13,065	12,445	6.1	6.4	5.9
18 to 64 years	262,465	129,370	133,100	63.1	63.5	62.6
65 years and over	70,835	31,535	39,300	17.0	15.5	18.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	27,265	14,265	13,000	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,715	2,475	2,240	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,455	740	710	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	21,145	11,210	9,940	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,410	585	820	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.6	7.0	6.1	6.6	7.0	6.1
0 to 17 years (%)	5.7	5.8	5.6	5.7	5.8	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	8.7	7.5	8.1	8.7	7.5
65 years and over (%)	2.0	1.9	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	416,265	203,680	212,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	232,165	112,230	119,940	55.8	55.1	56.4
In bottom decile	54,260	26,785	27,475	13.0	13.2	12.9
In second decile	47,435	22,115	25,320	11.4	10.9	11.9
In third decile	45,310	21,930	23,375	10.9	10.8	11.0
In fourth decile	43,490	21,020	22,475	10.4	10.3	10.6
In fifth decile	41,670	20,380	21,295	10.0	10.0	10.0
In top half of the distribution	184,095	91,445	92,650	44.2	44.9	43.6
In sixth decile	39,600	19,410	20,185	9.5	9.5	9.5
In seventh decile	38,220	18,975	19,245	9.2	9.3	9.1
In eighth decile	37,225	18,410	18,815	8.9	9.0	8.9
In ninth decile	36,090	18,000	18,095	8.7	8.8	8.5
In top decile	32,960	16,650	16,310	7.9	8.2	7.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	416,265	...	...	416,265	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.345	...	...	0.345	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.472	...	...	0.472	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301	...	...	0.301	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	418,220	204,445	213,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	380,125	188,205	191,915	90.9	92.1	89.8
French only	325	145	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	29,650	12,690	16,960	7.1	6.2	7.9
Neither English nor French	8,120	3,405	4,715	1.9	1.7	2.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	418,220	204,445	213,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	403,125	197,930	205,195	96.4	96.8	96.0
French	4,850	2,140	2,710	1.2	1.0	1.3
English and French	2,360	1,095	1,265	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	7,885	3,280	4,600	1.9	1.6	2.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	418,220	204,445	213,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	401,430	196,170	205,265	96.0	96.0	96.0
Official languages	302,115	147,845	154,270	72.2	72.3	72.2
English	297,525	145,825	151,695	71.1	71.3	71.0
French	4,595	2,015	2,575	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official languages	99,315	48,320	50,995	23.7	23.6	23.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	99,235	48,290	50,950	23.7	23.6	23.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	18,475	9,350	9,130	4.4	4.6	4.3
Berber languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	350	155	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	320	145	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	18,085	9,170	8,920	4.3	4.5	4.2
Amharic	295	135	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	15,475	7,895	7,580	3.7	3.9	3.5
Aramaic languages	1,595	775	825	0.4	0.4	0.4
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,315	635	680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	425	210	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,805	1,260	1,550	0.7	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	695	320	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	2,110	940	1,165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,350	1,360	1,995	0.8	0.7	0.9
Bikol	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	200	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	215	85	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,560	1,035	1,525	0.6	0.5	0.7
Waray-Waray	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,400	2,485	1,915	1.1	1.2	0.9
Kannada	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	3,175	1,745	1,430	0.8	0.9	0.7
Tamil	665	380	285	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	450	300	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	53,445	25,930	27,515	12.8	12.7	12.9
Albanian	1,015	505	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,295	4,775	5,525	2.5	2.3	2.6
Baltic languages	175	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10,120	4,705	5,415	2.4	2.3	2.5
Belarusian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	310	145	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	4,520	2,080	2,430	1.1	1.0	1.1
Russian	1,530	700	825	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,315	1,135	1,180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	655	315	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	735	350	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	880	450	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	260	115	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	850	385	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,155	1,770	2,390	1.0	0.9	1.1
Frisian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,035	850	1,185	0.5	0.4	0.6
German	1,985	835	1,150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,860	790	1,070	0.4	0.4	0.5
Afrikaans	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,610	680	935	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	220	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,565	735	830	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	16,440	8,700	7,745	3.9	4.3	3.6
Indo-Aryan languages	12,310	6,670	5,640	2.9	3.3	2.6
Assamese	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	715	345	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	1,765	1,105	660	0.4	0.5	0.3
Hindi	1,890	1,085	805	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kacchi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,200	610	590	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oriya languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,450	1,845	1,605	0.8	0.9	0.8
Rohingya	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	2,765	1,405	1,360	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,130	2,025	2,105	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,515	740	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	250	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,360	1,165	1,195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	800	390	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,330	665	670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	235	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	19,845	9,395	10,445	4.7	4.6	4.9
Catalan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,505	1,240	1,265	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	5,470	2,595	2,875	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	760	320	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	11,085	5,225	5,855	2.7	2.6	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	240	90	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	3,530	1,665	1,865	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,145	545	600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	220	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,350	4,420	4,930	2.2	2.2	2.3
Chinese languages	9,025	4,255	4,775	2.2	2.1	2.2
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,770	3,185	3,585	1.6	1.6	1.7
Min Dong	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,905	900	1,005	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	310	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	225	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	190	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	815	430	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	660	345	320	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,035	455	580	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	920	415	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	16,790	8,280	8,510	4.0	4.0	4.0
English and French	1,920	905	1,015	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	12,910	6,445	6,470	3.1	3.2	3.0
French and non-official language(s)	385	185	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	415	190	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,155	555	595	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	418,220	204,445	213,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	307,945	150,600	157,345	73.6	73.7	73.6
French	935	425	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	28,700	13,735	14,960	6.9	6.7	7.0
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	28,690	13,740	14,955	6.9	6.7	7.0
English and French	4,510	2,005	2,505	1.1	1.0	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	70,995	35,335	35,665	17.0	17.3	16.7
French and non-official language(s)	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,920	1,270	1,655	0.7	0.6	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	1,975	970	1,000	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	418,220	204,445	213,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	399,850	195,450	204,400	95.6	95.6	95.6
Official languages	343,030	167,560	175,470	82.0	82.0	82.1
English	341,435	166,830	174,605	81.6	81.6	81.7
French	1,595	725	865	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	56,820	27,890	28,930	13.6	13.6	13.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	56,800	27,880	28,915	13.6	13.6	13.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,545	5,655	5,885	2.8	2.8	2.8
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	175	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	160	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,350	5,570	5,775	2.7	2.7	2.7
Amharic	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	9,660	4,765	4,905	2.3	2.3	2.3
Aramaic languages	1,245	600	645	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,025	490	540	0.2	0.2	0.3
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	180	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	245	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,840	820	1,020	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	395	180	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,440	640	800	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,645	740	905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,265	555	705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,070	1,735	1,335	0.7	0.8	0.6
Kannada	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,430	1,345	1,090	0.6	0.7	0.5
Tamil	340	195	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	265	180	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,625	13,575	14,045	6.6	6.6	6.6
Albanian	440	220	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,610	2,180	2,430	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baltic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,590	2,170	2,415	1.1	1.1	1.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,085	970	1,115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	925	440	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,040	515	520	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	340	165	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	410	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	290	130	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	360	170	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	220	100	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
German	220	100	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	675	295	380	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	10,665	5,585	5,080	2.6	2.7	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	8,030	4,305	3,725	1.9	2.1	1.7
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	390	195	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,025	615	410	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	1,060	615	445	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	935	480	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,585	1,395	1,190	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,795	875	920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,635	1,275	1,355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,015	490	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,450	710	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	440	210	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	895	440	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,820	5,110	5,715	2.6	2.5	2.7
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	580	245	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	2,800	1,340	1,460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	305	140	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	7,125	3,375	3,755	1.7	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	2,750	1,310	1,440	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	455	200	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	220	125	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,570	3,195	3,375	1.6	1.6	1.6
Chinese languages	6,390	3,100	3,290	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,095	2,500	2,600	1.2	1.2	1.2
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,135	520	610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	175	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	520	255	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	435	215	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	250	115	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	240	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	18,370	8,995	9,370	4.4	4.4	4.4
English and French	775	330	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	16,815	8,310	8,505	4.0	4.1	4.0
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	370	165	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	330	150	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	418,220	204,445	213,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	353,020	172,320	180,695	84.4	84.3	84.5
English	23,445	11,810	11,635	5.6	5.8	5.4
French	3,980	1,750	2,225	1.0	0.9	1.0
Non-official language	29,805	14,535	15,270	7.1	7.1	7.1
Indigenous³⁹	190	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	29,615	14,465	15,155	7.1	7.1	7.1
English and French	445	195	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,020	1,530	1,490	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	1,290	555	730	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,150	1,710	1,440	0.8	0.8	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	416,265	203,680	212,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	408,295	200,405	207,885	98.1	98.4	97.8
English	407,975	200,275	207,700	98.0	98.3	97.7
French	29,920	12,870	17,050	7.2	6.3	8.0
Non-official languages	131,220	64,005	67,210	31.5	31.4	31.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	385	175	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	190	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	225	100	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cayuga	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	180	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	130,855	63,850	67,005	31.4	31.3	31.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,415	13,555	12,860	6.3	6.7	6.0
Berber languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	420	165	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	360	150	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	26,000	13,395	12,600	6.2	6.6	5.9
Amharic	585	285	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	23,385	12,140	11,250	5.6	6.0	5.3
Aramaic languages	2,285	1,110	1,180	0.5	0.5	0.6
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,715	840	875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	540	230	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	520	265	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	620	295	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,525	1,605	1,920	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,150	570	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	2,390	1,050	1,345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,715	1,975	2,735	1.1	1.0	1.3
Bikol	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	395	150	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	380	160	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	255	140	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,145	1,680	2,465	1.0	0.8	1.2
Waray-Waray	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	160	55	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	450	240	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140	95	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,240	3,505	2,735	1.5	1.7	1.3
Kannada	280	155	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	4,235	2,350	1,880	1.0	1.2	0.9
Tamil	1,555	895	655	0.4	0.4	0.3
Telugu	850	530	325	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	72,530	35,420	37,110	17.4	17.4	17.5
Albanian	1,585	745	845	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	12,630	6,015	6,615	3.0	3.0	3.1
Baltic languages	250	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	12,415	5,910	6,500	3.0	2.9	3.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	370	175	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	5,680	2,625	3,055	1.4	1.3	1.4
Russian	2,445	1,235	1,210	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,985	1,525	1,460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	945	485	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	1,250	640	610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	1,440	735	705	0.3	0.4	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	365	140	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	210	85	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	1,255	555	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,085	2,695	3,390	1.5	1.3	1.6
Frisian	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,850	1,790	2,060	0.9	0.9	1.0
German	3,760	1,735	2,025	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,025	880	1,150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Afrikaans	280	125	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,605	695	910	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	335	140	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	165	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,425	1,250	1,175	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	23,600	12,520	11,075	5.7	6.1	5.2
Indo-Aryan languages	18,555	9,975	8,585	4.5	4.9	4.0
Assamese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,110	570	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	2,410	1,440	980	0.6	0.7	0.5
Hindi	9,060	5,090	3,970	2.2	2.5	1.9
Kacchi	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	495	270	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,490	750	730	0.4	0.4	0.3
Oriya languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,975	3,165	2,805	1.4	1.6	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	180	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	4,800	2,415	2,385	1.2	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	5,305	2,685	2,625	1.3	1.3	1.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,870	970	900	0.4	0.5	0.4
Parsi	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	445	235	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	3,330	1,675	1,655	0.8	0.8	0.8
Dari	1,215	640	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	1,860	930	930	0.4	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	345	160	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	27,865	13,155	14,710	6.7	6.5	6.9
Catalan	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,485	2,230	2,255	1.1	1.1	1.1
Portuguese	7,065	3,510	3,555	1.7	1.7	1.7
Romanian	920	420	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	16,540	7,610	8,935	4.0	3.7	4.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	790	385	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	3,975	1,855	2,120	1.0	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,130	1,445	1,680	0.8	0.7	0.8
Akan (Twi)	230	90	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	365	150	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	310	145	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	245	110	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	190	110	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Shona	115	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	715	345	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	900	425	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	335	150	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	95	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	755	305	455	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	690	285	410	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,035	5,250	5,790	2.7	2.6	2.7
Chinese languages	10,505	4,980	5,520	2.5	2.4	2.6
Hakka	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	8,515	4,015	4,505	2.0	2.0	2.1
Min Dong	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,730	1,310	1,420	0.7	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	520	270	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	85	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	415	205	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	380	190	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	105	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	270	90	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	165	55	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,230	620	615	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	110	70	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,075	530	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,330	615	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	60	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,170	555	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	416,265	203,675	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	10,955	4,840	6,120	2.6	2.4	2.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	10,530	4,665	5,870	2.5	2.3	2.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,810	3,360	4,450	1.9	1.6	2.1
Métis	2,625	1,250	1,375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	185	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	240	85	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	405,310	198,840	206,465	97.4	97.6	97.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	416,265	203,675	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,920	2,035	2,885	1.2	1.0	1.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	411,345	201,645	209,700	98.8	99.0	98.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	101,555	...	...	58.1	...	...
Renter	73,100	...	...	41.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	28,475	...	...	16.3	...	...
Not condominium	146,190	...	...	83.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,080	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	26,920	...	...	15.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	44,225	...	...	25.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	61,340	...	...	35.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	41,095	...	...	23.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	51,665	...	...	29.6	...	...
5 rooms	24,630	...	...	14.1	...	...
6 rooms	25,050	...	...	14.3	...	...
7 rooms	21,400	...	...	12.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	51,905	...	...	29.7	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	170,090	...	...	97.4	...	...
More than one person per room	4,570	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	164,170	...	...	94.0	...	...
Not suitable	10,485	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	39,135	...	...	22.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	52,265	...	...	29.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	24,460	...	...	14.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	18,810	...	...	10.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	9,805	...	...	5.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,920	...	...	5.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,620	...	...	4.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	11,640	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	165,105	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	9,550	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	91,905	...	...	52.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	74,335	...	...	42.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,415	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,345	...	...	4.2	...	...
25 to 34 years	28,655	...	...	16.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	29,795	...	...	17.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	29,220	...	...	16.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	32,830	...	...	18.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	26,350	...	...	15.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	14,760	...	...	8.5	...	...
85 years and over	5,700	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	173,520	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	131,505	...	...	75.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,015	...	...	24.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	37,610	...	...	21.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	174,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	56,140	...	...	32.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	36,930	...	...	21.1	...	...
Not suitable only	7,465	...	...	4.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,030	...	...	3.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,200	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,700	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	635	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	185	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	118,515	...	...	67.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	169,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	18,915	...	...	11.2	...	...
Not in core need	150,200	...	...	88.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	101,490	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.5	...	...	60.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.7	...	...	13.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,424	...	...	1,424	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	548,000	...	...	548,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	583,500	...	...	583,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	73,100	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4	...	...	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.0	...	...	39.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.2	...	...	21.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130	...	...	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,213	...	...	1,213	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	416,265	203,680	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,205	1,875	2,330	1.0	0.9	1.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,185	1,860	2,320	1.0	0.9	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,625	1,600	2,030	0.9	0.8	1.0
Métis single ancestry	540	255	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	10,400	4,870	5,525	2.5	2.4	2.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	10,165	4,785	5,380	2.4	2.3	2.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,990	3,690	4,300	1.9	1.8	2.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,085	1,040	1,045	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	235	90	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	220	80	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	401,660	196,930	204,730	96.5	96.7	96.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	416,265	203,680	212,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	366,820	178,405	188,415	88.1	87.6	88.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	73,795	37,800	36,000	17.7	18.6	16.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	293,020	140,610	152,415	70.4	69.0	71.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	49,450	25,275	24,175	11.9	12.4	11.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	416,265	203,680	212,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	293,750	143,570	150,180	70.6	70.5	70.6
Immigrants⁸¹	103,300	49,675	53,625	24.8	24.4	25.2
Before 1980	21,515	10,030	11,485	5.2	4.9	5.4
1980 to 1990	11,815	5,820	6,000	2.8	2.9	2.8
1991 to 2000	15,695	7,585	8,110	3.8	3.7	3.8
2001 to 2010	21,070	9,855	11,210	5.1	4.8	5.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	33,205	16,390	16,820	8.0	8.0	7.9
2011 to 2015	13,520	6,370	7,150	3.2	3.1	3.4
2016 to 2021	19,685	10,020	9,670	4.7	4.9	4.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	19,220	10,435	8,780	4.6	5.1	4.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	103,300	49,675	53,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	12,010	6,155	5,860	11.6	12.4	10.9
5 to 14 years	21,055	10,695	10,365	20.4	21.5	19.3
15 to 24 years	19,070	8,510	10,560	18.5	17.1	19.7
25 to 44 years	42,990	20,465	22,520	41.6	41.2	42.0
45 years and over	8,170	3,850	4,325	7.9	7.8	8.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	103,300	49,675	53,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	16,375	7,510	8,865	15.9	15.1	16.5
Brazil	665	320	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombia	3,730	1,685	2,050	3.6	3.4	3.8
El Salvador	1,645	790	850	1.6	1.6	1.6
Guyana	490	225	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haiti	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	1,560	785	770	1.5	1.6	1.4
Mexico	570	235	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
Peru	125	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	790	365	425	0.8	0.7	0.8
United States of America	3,660	1,540	2,120	3.5	3.1	4.0
Other places of birth in Americas	3,125	1,510	1,615	3.0	3.0	3.0
Europe	30,700	14,505	16,200	29.7	29.2	30.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,015	515	500	1.0	1.0	0.9
Croatia	620	285	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
France	245	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	1,750	760	990	1.7	1.5	1.8
Greece	945	475	475	0.9	1.0	0.9
Hungary	715	345	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Italy	2,075	1,070	1,000	2.0	2.2	1.9
Netherlands	1,455	725	730	1.4	1.5	1.4
Poland	3,840	1,785	2,055	3.7	3.6	3.8
Portugal	3,225	1,560	1,670	3.1	3.1	3.1
Romania	880	385	495	0.9	0.8	0.9
Russian Federation	500	225	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	450	235	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ukraine	820	375	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,190	3,860	4,330	7.9	7.8	8.1
Other places of birth in Europe	3,975	1,800	2,180	3.8	3.6	4.1
Africa	8,010	4,000	4,015	7.8	8.1	7.5
Algeria	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	355	180	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egypt	1,185	610	575	1.1	1.2	1.1
Eritrea	455	240	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ethiopia	425	180	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Morocco	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	1,320	645	670	1.3	1.3	1.2
Somalia	245	100	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	555	305	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	3,270	1,640	1,630	3.2	3.3	3.0
Asia	47,770	23,430	24,340	46.2	47.2	45.4
Afghanistan	1,020	505	510	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iran⁸⁸	1,400	715	685	1.4	1.4	1.3
Iraq	3,645	1,795	1,850	3.5	3.6	3.4
Lebanon	2,225	1,120	1,100	2.2	2.3	2.1
Syria⁸⁹	4,820	2,500	2,320	4.7	5.0	4.3
Turkey	525	260	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	5,025	2,235	2,790	4.9	4.5	5.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	710	340	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	2,285	1,090	1,195	2.2	2.2	2.2
Taiwan	180	75	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	3,315	1,365	1,950	3.2	2.7	3.6
Viet Nam	1,800	790	1,010	1.7	1.6	1.9
Bangladesh	515	250	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	8,545	4,370	4,175	8.3	8.8	7.8
Pakistan	2,655	1,350	1,305	2.6	2.7	2.4
Sri Lanka	410	215	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	8,690	4,455	4,240	8.4	9.0	7.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	440	230	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	19,690	10,020	9,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,605	1,205	1,405	13.2	12.0	14.5
Brazil	285	135	150	1.4	1.3	1.6
Colombia	635	285	355	3.2	2.8	3.7
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	255	140	115	1.3	1.4	1.2
Mexico	90	40	50	0.5	0.4	0.5
United States of America	645	275	370	3.3	2.7	3.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	45	45	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	605	280	325	3.1	2.8	3.4
Europe	930	495	435	4.7	4.9	4.5
France	80	55	30	0.4	0.5	0.3
Germany	60	35	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	25	25	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Italy	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian Federation	70	30	40	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	165	85	80	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	160	90	70	0.8	0.9	0.7
Other places of birth in Europe	345	165	185	1.8	1.6	1.9
Africa	2,340	1,210	1,130	11.9	12.1	11.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	40	15	30	0.2	0.1	0.3
Cameroon	50	20	30	0.3	0.2	0.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	110	60	50	0.6	0.6	0.5
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	270	145	130	1.4	1.4	1.3
Eritrea	140	80	60	0.7	0.8	0.6
Ethiopia	90	30	65	0.5	0.3	0.7
Morocco	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	815	405	410	4.1	4.0	4.2
Somalia	55	25	30	0.3	0.2	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	75	40	35	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	185	120	65	0.9	1.2	0.7
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	475	265	210	2.4	2.6	2.2
Asia	13,760	7,085	6,670	69.9	70.7	69.0
Afghanistan	225	120	100	1.1	1.2	1.0
Bangladesh	125	60	60	0.6	0.6	0.6
China⁹⁰	990	450	540	5.0	4.5	5.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
India	3,815	2,075	1,740	19.4	20.7	18.0
Iran⁸⁸	230	100	125	1.2	1.0	1.3
Iraq	790	390	405	4.0	3.9	4.2
Israel	30	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	40	10	25	0.2	0.1	0.3
Jordan	295	155	145	1.5	1.5	1.5
Korea, South⁹²	400	200	200	2.0	2.0	2.1
Lebanon	340	180	160	1.7	1.8	1.7
Nepal	80	40	35	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pakistan	500	245	255	2.5	2.4	2.6
Philippines	635	285	350	3.2	2.8	3.6
Saudi Arabia	540	300	240	2.7	3.0	2.5
Sri Lanka	45	25	25	0.2	0.2	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	3,485	1,840	1,640	17.7	18.4	17.0
Turkey	225	130	100	1.1	1.3	1.0
United Arab Emirates	255	155	105	1.3	1.5	1.1
Viet Nam	145	60	90	0.7	0.6	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	550	255	300	2.8	2.5	3.1
Oceania and other⁹³	45	20	25	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australia	35	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	416,265	203,675	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	126,790	62,250	64,545	30.5	30.6	30.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	85,390	42,235	43,155	20.5	20.7	20.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	204,085	99,195	104,885	49.0	48.7	49.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	81,785	39,640	42,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	34,895	17,675	17,220	42.7	44.6	40.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,155	8,240	4,910	16.1	20.8	11.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	21,745	9,430	12,310	26.6	23.8	29.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	18,340	7,425	10,915	22.4	18.7	25.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	27,435	14,015	13,420	33.5	35.4	31.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,110	525	585	1.4	1.3	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	81,785	39,640	42,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	7,675	3,795	3,880	9.4	9.6	9.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,640	2,745	2,900	6.9	6.9	6.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,125	1,105	1,015	2.6	2.8	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,245	2,285	1,960	5.2	5.8	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	500	205	295	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	61,600	29,505	32,095	75.3	74.4	76.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	416,265	203,675	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	119,355	60,030	59,325	28.7	29.5	27.9
South Asian	27,085	14,560	12,525	6.5	7.1	5.9
Chinese	11,955	5,640	6,315	2.9	2.8	3.0
Black	17,450	8,770	8,685	4.2	4.3	4.1
Filipino	5,930	2,715	3,220	1.4	1.3	1.5
Arab	21,910	11,415	10,490	5.3	5.6	4.9
Latin American	12,575	5,885	6,695	3.0	2.9	3.1
Southeast Asian	5,955	2,890	3,065	1.4	1.4	1.4
West Asian	5,335	2,680	2,650	1.3	1.3	1.2
Korean	4,290	2,040	2,250	1.0	1.0	1.1
Japanese	685	315	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,160	1,085	1,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	4,020	2,040	1,985	1.0	1.0	0.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	296,910	143,650	153,265	71.3	70.5	72.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	416,265	203,680	212,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	50,185	24,975	25,215	12.1	12.3	11.9
English	91,260	43,945	47,315	21.9	21.6	22.3
Irish	69,845	32,545	37,300	16.8	16.0	17.5
Scottish	72,520	34,700	37,820	17.4	17.0	17.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	27,395	12,850	14,545	6.6	6.3	6.8
German	38,785	18,245	20,545	9.3	9.0	9.7
Chinese	12,470	5,805	6,670	3.0	2.9	3.1
Italian	18,530	9,095	9,435	4.5	4.5	4.4
Indian (India)	15,565	8,535	7,030	3.7	4.2	3.3
Ukrainian	9,170	4,430	4,740	2.2	2.2	2.2
Dutch	20,860	10,075	10,785	5.0	4.9	5.1
Polish	14,915	7,155	7,760	3.6	3.5	3.7
Québécois	615	305	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	17,770	8,510	9,260	4.3	4.2	4.4
Filipino	5,875	2,750	3,125	1.4	1.4	1.5
French Canadian	4,920	2,240	2,680	1.2	1.1	1.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,830	3,770	4,060	1.9	1.9	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,430	2,490	2,940	1.3	1.2	1.4
Métis	2,870	1,390	1,480	0.7	0.7	0.7
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	6,040	3,015	3,035	1.5	1.5	1.4
Russian	4,200	2,030	2,170	1.0	1.0	1.0
Norwegian	1,875	825	1,050	0.5	0.4	0.5
Welsh	7,340	3,510	3,825	1.8	1.7	1.8
Portuguese	9,910	5,005	4,900	2.4	2.5	2.3
American	4,645	2,220	2,425	1.1	1.1	1.1
Spanish	4,700	2,105	2,595	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	2,265	990	1,275	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hungarian	5,455	2,700	2,755	1.3	1.3	1.3
Acadian	810	430	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	3,670	1,880	1,795	0.9	0.9	0.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,845	1,965	1,885	0.9	1.0	0.9
Jewish	1,980	1,005	975	0.5	0.5	0.5
Punjabi	1,680	855	820	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	3,160	1,490	1,670	0.8	0.7	0.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	8,775	4,650	4,130	2.1	2.3	1.9
Greek	4,220	2,195	2,025	1.0	1.1	1.0
Jamaican	3,935	1,985	1,950	0.9	1.0	0.9
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,425	1,200	1,230	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	575	255	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	4,100	1,905	2,200	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	2,115	1,075	1,040	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanese	4,950	2,600	2,350	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iranian	1,415	680	730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,815	880	935	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	2,220	1,140	1,085	0.5	0.6	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,240	985	1,255	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sikh	1,295	750	545	0.3	0.4	0.3
Austrian	1,785	875	910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	3,185	1,535	1,645	0.8	0.8	0.8
Haitian	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,710	995	715	0.4	0.5	0.3
Mexican	1,400	690	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	645	280	365	0.2	0.1	0.2
Swiss	1,190	610	585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	1,510	725	785	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	515	245	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,165	1,040	1,120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	1,000	470	535	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,035	525	510	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	475	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,385	670	715	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	2,195	1,075	1,115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	1,580	850	735	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,140	1,055	1,090	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	375	225	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	435	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	4,235	2,040	2,195	1.0	1.0	1.0
Moroccan	275	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,505	710	795	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syrian	3,065	1,585	1,480	0.7	0.8	0.7
Guyanese	845	465	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	1,435	725	710	0.3	0.4	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,190	580	610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	1,730	870	860	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ojibway	965	470	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	810	415	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	275	120	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	1,980	970	1,010	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian	895	475	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,065	580	485	0.3	0.3	0.2
Turkish	1,165	595	575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	120	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	720	355	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,565	810	760	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	1,235	615	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	335	135	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	1,280	630	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	875	415	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	525	290	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	245	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	2,465	1,215	1,240	0.6	0.6	0.6
Salvadorean	1,780	870	915	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Caribbean	450	220	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	535	280	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,395	1,225	1,170	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	305	155	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	310	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	380	160	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	940	470	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	570	285	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	465	275	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	2,555	1,330	1,225	0.6	0.7	0.6
Chilean	230	100	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Congolese	365	145	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	315	160	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	520	245	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,115	465	645	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peruvian	190	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	710	365	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,640	865	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,600	750	850	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	1,510	770	740	0.4	0.4	0.3
Macedonian	475	205	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	655	345	315	0.2	0.2	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	595	305	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	410	265	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	630	325	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
African Canadian	450	180	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	290	140	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	380	165	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	490	195	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	235	95	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Albertan	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	235	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	560	325	230	0.1	0.2	0.1
African American	545	245	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	560	255	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	510	265	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	555	250	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	970	490	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuelan	455	230	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	380	185	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	280	155	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	130	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	480	220	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	440	235	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	215	80	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	525	255	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	280	125	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	210	60	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	225	135	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	265	100	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	1,205	655	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Fijian	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	185	115	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	285	170	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	310	160	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	920	465	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	1,370	660	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Igbo	315	135	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	240	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	210	90	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	150	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	1,170	630	540	0.3	0.3	0.3
Breton	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	270	105	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malaysian	175	60	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	365	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	55	50	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	210	55	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burundian	140	100	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	205	120	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nicaraguan	390	195	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	280	140	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	700	395	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Manitoban	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	350	155	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	175	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	495	245	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	510	230	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	290	160	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	205	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	160	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	145	100	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	280	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	225	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	290	135	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	50	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	45	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	85	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	405	205	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	416,265	203,675	212,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,755	1,740	2,020	0.9	0.9	1.0
Christian	203,220	92,560	110,665	48.8	45.4	52.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	34,755	16,230	18,525	8.3	8.0	8.7
Anabaptist	335	130	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	18,235	8,015	10,220	4.4	3.9	4.8
Baptist	5,860	2,545	3,315	1.4	1.2	1.6
Catholic	89,675	41,860	47,815	21.5	20.6	22.5
Christian Orthodox	7,640	3,665	3,975	1.8	1.8	1.9
Jehovah's Witness	1,485	675	810	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	930	455	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	2,660	1,185	1,480	0.6	0.6	0.7
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	825	380	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,995	2,285	2,710	1.2	1.1	1.3
Presbyterian	6,250	2,685	3,570	1.5	1.3	1.7
Reformed	1,200	580	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Church	19,530	7,820	11,705	4.7	3.8	5.5
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,840	4,035	4,805	2.1	2.0	2.3
Hindu	8,700	5,000	3,705	2.1	2.5	1.7
Jewish	1,970	975	1,000	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	35,070	17,905	17,165	8.4	8.8	8.1
Sikh	4,065	2,125	1,940	1.0	1.0	0.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	435	140	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,165	1,835	2,330	1.0	0.9	1.1
No religion and secular perspectives	154,880	81,410	73,475	37.2	40.0	34.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	412,320	201,665	210,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	352,560	171,955	180,610	85.5	85.3	85.7
Movers	59,760	29,710	30,050	14.5	14.7	14.3
Non-migrants	38,985	19,345	19,640	9.5	9.6	9.3
Migrants	20,775	10,365	10,410	5.0	5.1	4.9
Internal migrants	16,045	7,880	8,165	3.9	3.9	3.9
Intraprovincial migrants	13,870	6,795	7,075	3.4	3.4	3.4
Interprovincial migrants	2,180	1,085	1,095	0.5	0.5	0.5
External migrants	4,725	2,480	2,245	1.1	1.2	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	395,420	192,960	202,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	220,255	106,175	114,075	55.7	55.0	56.3
Movers	175,160	86,780	88,385	44.3	45.0	43.7
Non-migrants	91,400	45,170	46,230	23.1	23.4	22.8
Migrants	83,760	41,610	42,150	21.2	21.6	20.8
Internal migrants	52,625	25,370	27,250	13.3	13.1	13.5
Intraprovincial migrants	44,255	21,140	23,120	11.2	11.0	11.4
Interprovincial migrants	8,370	4,235	4,135	2.1	2.2	2.0
External migrants	31,140	16,240	14,900	7.9	8.4	7.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	347,330	168,195	179,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	55,965	28,390	27,575	16.1	16.9	15.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	291,365	139,800	151,560	83.9	83.1	84.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	221,900	109,020	112,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,980	12,485	10,490	10.4	11.5	9.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	198,925	96,535	102,390	89.6	88.5	90.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	347,330	168,190	179,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	51,155	25,705	25,450	14.7	15.3	14.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	94,620	48,295	46,325	27.2	28.7	25.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	201,550	94,190	107,360	58.0	56.0	59.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	100,510	47,800	52,705	28.9	28.4	29.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,285	10,925	5,360	4.7	6.5	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,370	4,815	3,555	2.4	2.9	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,915	6,110	1,805	2.3	3.6	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	76,895	33,580	43,315	22.1	20.0	24.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,320	3,295	4,025	2.1	2.0	2.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	101,045	46,390	54,650	29.1	27.6	30.5
Bachelor's degree	62,935	27,950	34,985	18.1	16.6	19.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,220	3,025	4,200	2.1	1.8	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,015	2,200	1,820	1.2	1.3	1.0
Master's degree	21,340	9,830	11,510	6.1	5.8	6.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,535	3,390	2,145	1.6	2.0	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	221,905	109,020	112,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	20,245	11,030	9,215	9.1	10.1	8.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	51,125	28,290	22,835	23.0	25.9	20.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	150,530	69,705	80,830	67.8	63.9	71.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	72,830	34,720	38,115	32.8	31.8	33.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,755	7,260	3,495	4.8	6.7	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,680	3,345	2,335	2.6	3.1	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,070	3,910	1,165	2.3	3.6	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	57,140	25,285	31,860	25.7	23.2	28.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,935	2,175	2,755	2.2	2.0	2.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	77,700	34,985	42,720	35.0	32.1	37.8
Bachelor's degree	47,450	21,035	26,415	21.4	19.3	23.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,525	2,255	3,265	2.5	2.1	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,305	1,655	1,645	1.5	1.5	1.5
Master's degree	17,190	7,595	9,590	7.7	7.0	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,240	2,430	1,805	1.9	2.2	1.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	347,330	168,195	179,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	145,775	74,000	71,775	42.0	44.0	40.1
Education	10,780	2,720	8,060	3.1	1.6	4.5
13. Education	10,780	2,720	8,060	3.1	1.6	4.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,555	3,500	4,050	2.2	2.1	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	605	455	155	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,950	3,050	3,900	2.0	1.8	2.2
Humanities	12,435	4,780	7,650	3.6	2.8	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,045	285	755	0.3	0.2	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	3,310	885	2,425	1.0	0.5	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,950	1,115	1,840	0.8	0.7	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	440	150	290	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	995	530	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,155	680	475	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	1,870	1,035	835	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	665	105	560	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	28,280	9,645	18,630	8.1	5.7	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	395	70	325	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,565	1,245	1,315	0.7	0.7	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,395	485	4,910	1.6	0.3	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	3,715	1,260	2,460	1.1	0.7	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	660	230	435	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	5,000	1,295	3,705	1.4	0.8	2.1
45. Social sciences	10,550	5,055	5,490	3.0	3.0	3.1
Business, management and public administration	39,905	17,055	22,850	11.5	10.1	12.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,860	735	3,130	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	35,990	16,310	19,675	10.4	9.7	11.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,675	4,340	4,335	2.5	2.6	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,325	2,000	2,320	1.2	1.2	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,620	705	910	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	130	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,120	1,410	710	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	485	180	305	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,995	6,765	3,230	2.9	4.0	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,580	5,570	2,015	2.2	3.3	1.1
25. Library science	880	205	675	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,330	830	500	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	205	155	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	34,045	30,035	4,005	9.8	17.9	2.2
04. Architecture and related services	1,535	1,040	500	0.4	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	10,925	8,730	2,195	3.1	5.2	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,800	6,965	840	2.2	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,210	5,085	125	1.5	3.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,495	5,350	150	1.6	3.2	0.1
48. Precision production	3,070	2,875	195	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,190	1,755	1,435	0.9	1.0	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,285	1,150	1,135	0.7	0.7	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	905	605	295	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	36,155	8,330	27,825	10.4	5.0	15.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,930	1,460	1,475	0.8	0.9	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	31,835	6,075	25,760	9.2	3.6	14.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,310	770	540	0.4	0.5	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,470	5,235	5,230	3.0	3.1	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,770	1,600	4,170	1.7	1.0	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	55	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	45	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,105	2,160	940	0.9	1.3	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,505	1,395	115	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	221,900	109,020	112,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	71,365	39,315	32,050	32.2	36.1	28.4
Education	7,290	1,795	5,500	3.3	1.6	4.9
13. Education	7,290	1,795	5,500	3.3	1.6	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,780	2,590	3,190	2.6	2.4	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	460	335	130	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	5,320	2,255	3,065	2.4	2.1	2.7
Humanities	8,875	3,430	5,445	4.0	3.1	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	730	225	505	0.3	0.2	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	2,435	615	1,820	1.1	0.6	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,140	850	1,285	1.0	0.8	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	315	100	215	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	730	385	350	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	690	435	255	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,360	750	610	0.6	0.7	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	470	80	390	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	21,575	7,185	14,395	9.7	6.6	12.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315	50	265	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,130	1,025	1,105	1.0	0.9	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,040	360	3,685	1.8	0.3	3.3
22. Legal professions and studies	2,970	875	2,100	1.3	0.8	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	515	190	325	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	3,555	860	2,695	1.6	0.8	2.4
45. Social sciences	8,055	3,830	4,220	3.6	3.5	3.7
Business, management and public administration	30,320	12,725	17,590	13.7	11.7	15.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,170	550	2,610	1.4	0.5	2.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	27,115	12,160	14,950	12.2	11.2	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,225	2,950	3,275	2.8	2.7	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,155	1,410	1,740	1.4	1.3	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,175	485	685	0.5	0.4	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,420	885	530	0.6	0.8	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	390	135	245	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,845	5,335	2,505	3.5	4.9	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,195	4,545	1,650	2.8	4.2	1.5
25. Library science	580	145	435	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	935	555	380	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	135	100	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	25,150	21,870	3,280	11.3	20.1	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,265	860	405	0.6	0.8	0.4
14. Engineering	8,600	6,740	1,865	3.9	6.2	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,750	5,085	670	2.6	4.7	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,675	3,575	100	1.7	3.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,775	3,685	90	1.7	3.4	0.1
48. Precision production	2,075	1,925	150	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,415	1,275	1,135	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,710	815	895	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	705	460	240	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	26,935	6,380	20,560	12.1	5.9	18.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,230	1,095	1,130	1.0	1.0	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	23,615	4,720	18,890	10.6	4.3	16.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	70	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,025	545	480	0.5	0.5	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,075	4,160	3,915	3.6	3.8	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,330	1,255	3,075	2.0	1.2	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,525	1,785	740	1.1	1.6	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,145	1,060	85	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	55	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	221,900	109,020	112,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	71,365	39,315	32,050	32.2	36.1	28.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	150,535	69,705	80,835	67.8	63.9	71.6
Location of study inside Canada	118,630	54,230	64,395	53.5	49.7	57.0
Same as province or territory of residence	112,610	51,345	61,265	50.7	47.1	54.3
Different than province or territory of residence	6,020	2,890	3,130	2.7	2.7	2.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	31,905	15,470	16,435	14.4	14.2	14.6
Americas	7,555	3,725	3,830	3.4	3.4	3.4
United States of America	3,635	1,945	1,690	1.6	1.8	1.5
Mexico	265	110	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	220	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	920	430	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	1,480	640	840	0.7	0.6	0.7
Peru	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	190	80	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	715	360	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	5,065	2,610	2,455	2.3	2.4	2.2
Belgium	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	190	120	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	185	130	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	110	65	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	120	45	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	650	305	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romania	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	260	140	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	330	130	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	230	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,770	970	800	0.8	0.9	0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	115	50	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	605	295	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	2,370	1,150	1,220	1.1	1.1	1.1
Nigeria	665	330	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	645	340	310	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	790	340	455	0.4	0.3	0.4
Asia	16,365	7,730	8,630	7.4	7.1	7.6
Iran⁸⁸	475	185	290	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iraq	535	265	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	415	200	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	510	280	230	0.2	0.3	0.2
Turkey	185	110	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,865	795	1,070	0.8	0.7	0.9
Taiwan	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	140	50	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,230	490	740	0.6	0.4	0.7
Philippines	1,950	695	1,255	0.9	0.6	1.1
Viet Nam	145	50	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	5,955	3,265	2,695	2.7	3.0	2.4
Pakistan	820	390	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	1,695	745	940	0.8	0.7	0.8
Oceania	555	260	290	0.3	0.2	0.3
Australia	475	230	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	347,330	168,190	179,135	...	...	...
In the labour force	214,460	111,515	102,950	...	...	...
Employed	186,040	97,815	88,230	...	...	...
Unemployed	28,425	13,700	14,720	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	132,870	56,685	76,185	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.7	66.3	57.5	61.7	66.3	57.5
Employment rate	53.6	58.2	49.3	53.6	58.2	49.3
Unemployment rate	13.3	12.3	14.3	13.3	12.3	14.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	347,330	168,195	179,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	135,480	58,685	76,790	39.0	34.9	42.9
Worked	211,850	109,510	102,345	61.0	65.1	57.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	109,400	60,120	49,285	31.5	35.7	27.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	102,450	49,385	53,060	29.5	29.4	29.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.4	40.2	40.8	41.4	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	214,465	111,510	102,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600	3,275	3,320	3.1	2.9	3.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	207,865	108,235	99,625	96.9	97.1	96.8
Employee	180,810	91,275	89,530	84.3	81.9	87.0
Permanent position	151,065	77,135	73,930	70.4	69.2	71.8
Temporary position	29,740	14,145	15,595	13.9	12.7	15.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	11,365	5,380	5,980	5.3	4.8	5.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	18,380	8,765	9,615	8.6	7.9	9.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	27,055	16,960	10,100	12.6	15.2	9.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	214,465	111,510	102,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600	3,275	3,320	3.1	2.9	3.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	207,865	108,235	99,625	96.9	97.1	96.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,845	1,290	555	0.9	1.2	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	33,120	10,960	22,160	15.4	9.8	21.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	16,365	12,820	3,545	7.6	11.5	3.4
3 Health occupations	20,400	4,875	15,530	9.5	4.4	15.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	26,920	9,135	17,785	12.6	8.2	17.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,775	2,585	3,190	2.7	2.3	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	55,525	25,650	29,875	25.9	23.0	29.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	32,650	29,795	2,850	15.2	26.7	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,615	2,080	540	1.2	1.9	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	12,645	9,055	3,595	5.9	8.1	3.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	214,465	111,510	102,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600	3,275	3,320	3.1	2.9	3.2
All industries¹⁹¹	207,865	108,235	99,625	96.9	97.1	96.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,540	1,020	515	0.7	0.9	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	265	220	40	0.1	0.2	0.0
22 Utilities	850	610	240	0.4	0.5	0.2
23 Construction	14,215	12,660	1,555	6.6	11.4	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	21,575	15,680	5,890	10.1	14.1	5.7
41 Wholesale trade	5,865	4,010	1,850	2.7	3.6	1.8
44-45 Retail trade	25,035	12,255	12,775	11.7	11.0	12.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,505	8,395	2,105	4.9	7.5	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	3,200	1,930	1,270	1.5	1.7	1.2
52 Finance and insurance	11,670	5,145	6,525	5.4	4.6	6.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,605	1,920	1,680	1.7	1.7	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	15,825	9,195	6,625	7.4	8.2	6.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	470	240	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	9,650	5,570	4,075	4.5	5.0	4.0
61 Educational services	19,765	7,035	12,725	9.2	6.3	12.4
62 Health care and social assistance	31,790	7,050	24,735	14.8	6.3	24.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,490	1,845	1,640	1.6	1.7	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	13,380	6,120	7,260	6.2	5.5	7.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	7,955	3,700	4,255	3.7	3.3	4.1
91 Public administration	7,235	3,620	3,615	3.4	3.2	3.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	228,590	117,900	110,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	217,760	112,955	104,805	95.3	95.8	94.7
French	715	200	520	0.3	0.2	0.5
Non-official language	1,145	615	530	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,145	615	530	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	2,815	970	1,845	1.2	0.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	5,770	2,975	2,795	2.5	2.5	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	295	140	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	228,590	117,900	110,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	227,060	117,180	109,885	99.3	99.4	99.3
Official languages	224,890	115,990	108,905	98.4	98.4	98.4
English	223,660	115,700	107,965	97.8	98.1	97.5
French	1,230	290	940	0.5	0.2	0.8
Non-official languages	2,175	1,195	980	1.0	1.0	0.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,175	1,195	980	1.0	1.0	0.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	345	220	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	345	220	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	300	195	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Aramaic languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	835	455	380	0.4	0.4	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	155	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	105	70	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	510	275	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	415	240	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	610	320	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	610	320	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	540	275	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,525	725	805	0.7	0.6	0.7
English and French	485	205	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,020	500	520	0.4	0.4	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	228,590	117,900	110,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	220,980	114,400	106,585	96.7	97.0	96.3
English	1,395	590	805	0.6	0.5	0.7
French	1,875	695	1,180	0.8	0.6	1.1
Non-official language	3,660	1,865	1,800	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,645	1,865	1,785	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	210	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	400	230	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	186,035	97,815	88,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	47,140	21,850	25,290	25.3	22.3	28.7
Worked outside Canada	740	515	225	0.4	0.5	0.3
No fixed workplace address	22,360	16,885	5,480	12.0	17.3	6.2
Usual place of work	115,795	58,560	57,235	62.2	59.9	64.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	115,795	58,555	57,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	99,230	47,545	51,685	85.7	81.2	90.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,405	2,770	1,640	3.8	4.7	2.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,965	8,125	3,840	10.3	13.9	6.7
Commute to a different province or territory	200	125	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	138,155	75,440	62,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	118,720	66,420	52,305	85.9	88.0	83.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	106,540	61,290	45,245	77.1	81.2	72.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,180	5,130	7,050	8.8	6.8	11.2
Public transit	8,790	3,740	5,050	6.4	5.0	8.1
Walked	6,290	3,015	3,280	4.6	4.0	5.2
Bicycle	1,295	960	335	0.9	1.3	0.5
Other method	3,060	1,310	1,755	2.2	1.7	2.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	138,155	75,440	62,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	47,460	23,170	24,295	34.4	30.7	38.7
15 to 29 minutes	59,460	32,115	27,355	43.0	42.6	43.6
30 to 44 minutes	18,880	11,915	6,970	13.7	15.8	11.1
45 to 59 minutes	6,005	3,840	2,165	4.3	5.1	3.5
60 minutes and over	6,345	4,405	1,935	4.6	5.8	3.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	138,155	75,440	62,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,325	5,680	2,640	6.0	7.5	4.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	23,385	14,325	9,055	16.9	19.0	14.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	33,570	18,310	15,260	24.3	24.3	24.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	28,970	13,270	15,700	21.0	17.6	25.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,185	8,995	9,190	13.2	11.9	14.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	25,720	14,855	10,870	18.6	19.7	17.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	84,540	43,555	40,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,010	4,550	4,460	10.7	10.4	10.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	75,525	39,005	36,520	89.3	89.6	89.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	62,130	32,090	30,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,900	3,475	3,425	11.1	10.8	11.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,625	2,255	2,370	7.4	7.0	7.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,265	1,215	1,055	3.6	3.8	3.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,230	28,620	26,615	88.9	89.2	88.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 16, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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