Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Winnipeg, City (CY)More information: Manitoba [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	749,607	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	705,244	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	315,465	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	300,431	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,623.3	...	...	1,623.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	461.78	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	749,605	369,205	380,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	124,345	63,865	60,490	16.6	17.3	15.9
0 to 4 years	39,810	20,250	19,560	5.3	5.5	5.1
5 to 9 years	42,130	21,750	20,380	5.6	5.9	5.4
10 to 14 years	42,410	21,860	20,545	5.7	5.9	5.4
15 to 64 years	497,940	249,740	248,195	66.4	67.6	65.2
15 to 19 years	42,490	22,040	20,450	5.7	6.0	5.4
20 to 24 years	56,365	29,780	26,585	7.5	8.1	7.0
25 to 29 years	55,040	28,165	26,880	7.3	7.6	7.1
30 to 34 years	54,930	27,335	27,595	7.3	7.4	7.3
35 to 39 years	53,845	26,630	27,215	7.2	7.2	7.2
40 to 44 years	50,115	24,525	25,595	6.7	6.6	6.7
45 to 49 years	46,635	23,135	23,495	6.2	6.3	6.2
50 to 54 years	44,555	21,980	22,575	5.9	6.0	5.9
55 to 59 years	48,230	23,775	24,455	6.4	6.4	6.4
60 to 64 years	45,735	22,380	23,350	6.1	6.1	6.1
65 years and over	127,320	55,605	71,710	17.0	15.1	18.9
65 to 69 years	39,550	18,630	20,915	5.3	5.0	5.5
70 to 74 years	33,270	15,150	18,120	4.4	4.1	4.8
75 to 79 years	22,025	9,780	12,245	2.9	2.6	3.2
80 to 84 years	15,050	6,185	8,870	2.0	1.7	2.3
85 years and over	17,430	5,860	11,570	2.3	1.6	3.0
85 to 89 years	10,155	3,805	6,350	1.4	1.0	1.7
90 to 94 years	5,425	1,640	3,785	0.7	0.4	1.0
95 to 99 years	1,585	365	1,215	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	260	50	215	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	16.6	17.3	15.9
15 to 64 years	66.4	67.6	65.2	66.4	67.6	65.2
65 years and over	17.0	15.1	18.9	17.0	15.1	18.9
85 years and over	2.3	1.6	3.0	2.3	1.6	3.0
Average age of the population	40.3	39.0	41.5	40.3	39.0	41.5
Median age of the population	38.8	37.6	40.0	38.8	37.6	40.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	172,765	...	...	57.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,015	...	...	4.0	...	...
Row house	11,700	...	...	3.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	5,515	...	...	1.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	56,430	...	...	18.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	41,055	...	...	13.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	285	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	665	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	300,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	90,705	...	...	30.2	...	...
2 persons	96,125	...	...	32.0	...	...
3 persons	45,425	...	...	15.1	...	...
4 persons	40,895	...	...	13.6	...	...
5 or more persons	27,285	...	...	9.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	736,660	363,645	373,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	625,260	305,345	319,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	336,075	167,725	168,355	53.7	54.9	52.6
Married	280,110	139,785	140,325	44.8	45.8	43.9
Living common-law	55,970	27,940	28,025	9.0	9.2	8.8
Living common law - Never married	42,285	21,165	21,125	6.8	6.9	6.6
Living common law - Separated	2,135	1,120	1,020	0.3	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	10,455	5,185	5,275	1.7	1.7	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	1,085	475	610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	289,185	137,625	151,555	46.3	45.1	47.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	203,765	110,345	93,420	32.6	36.1	29.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,415	6,135	8,280	2.3	2.0	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	37,040	14,250	22,790	5.9	4.7	7.1
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	33,965	6,895	27,065	5.4	2.3	8.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	199,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	97,475	...	...	49.0	...	...
3 persons	43,835	...	...	22.0	...	...
4 persons	39,505	...	...	19.9	...	...
5 or more persons	18,195	...	...	9.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	199,005	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	163,295	...	...	82.1	...	...
Married couples	135,310	...	...	68.0	...	...
With children⁶	77,570	...	...	39.0	...	...
Without children	57,740	...	...	29.0	...	...
Common-law couples	27,980	...	...	14.1	...	...
With children⁶	9,945	...	...	5.0	...	...
Without children	18,035	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	35,715	...	...	17.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	28,085	...	...	14.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	7,630	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	736,660	363,645	373,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	582,730	288,345	294,380	79.1	79.3	78.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	326,585	163,095	163,490	44.3	44.9	43.8
Parents in one-parent families	35,715	7,635	28,080	4.8	2.1	7.5
Children⁶	220,425	117,620	102,805	29.9	32.3	27.6
In a two-parent family	163,700	86,720	76,980	22.2	23.8	20.6
In a one-parent family	56,730	30,900	25,825	7.7	8.5	6.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	153,935	75,300	78,635	20.9	20.7	21.1
Living alone	90,710	41,285	49,425	12.3	11.4	13.3
Living with other relatives⁷	26,280	11,930	14,350	3.6	3.3	3.8
Living with non-relatives only	36,945	22,085	14,860	5.0	6.1	4.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	171,950	...	...	57.2	...	...
Couple-family households	144,435	...	...	48.1	...	...
With children⁶	76,710	...	...	25.5	...	...
Without children	67,720	...	...	22.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	27,515	...	...	9.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,070	...	...	2.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,755	...	...	0.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	10,830	...	...	3.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	17,120	...	...	5.7	...	...
One-person households	90,710	...	...	30.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	612,550	299,945	312,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	591,230	289,135	302,095	96.5	96.4	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	43,600	36,800	39,600	43,600	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	591,420	289,235	302,180	96.6	96.4	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,000	32,800	35,200	38,000	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	526,990	261,815	265,175	86.0	87.3	84.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,000	29,000	34,400	40,000	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	432,160	222,120	210,040	70.6	74.1	67.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	31,800	36,400	40,800	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	544,345	263,020	281,330	88.9	87.7	90.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,600	5,120	9,500	7,600	5,120	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,835	31,455	35,380	10.9	10.5	11.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,200	5,200	5,200	5,200	5,200	5,200
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	160,780	78,050	82,730	26.2	26.0	26.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	612,550	299,885	312,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	591,650	289,370	302,280	96.6	96.5	96.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,120	56,550	44,000	50,120	56,550	44,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	591,805	289,455	302,350	96.6	96.5	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	45,400	37,200	41,200	45,400	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	527,445	262,505	264,945	86.1	87.5	84.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,040	53,800	38,360	46,040	53,800	38,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	432,160	222,505	209,655	70.6	74.2	67.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,400	52,900	39,480	46,400	52,900	39,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	545,050	263,625	281,420	89.0	87.9	90.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,840	8,480	11,120	9,840	8,480	11,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,315	31,380	34,935	10.8	10.5	11.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,115	5,800	6,395	6,115	5,800	6,395
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	159,805	77,905	81,905	26.1	26.0	26.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,740	8,560	8,910	8,740	8,560	8,910
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	612,550	299,885	312,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	213,275	118,795	94,485	34.8	39.6	30.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,000	62,000	53,200	58,000	62,000	53,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,700	75,100	60,800	68,700	75,100	60,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	170,365	79,515	90,850	27.8	26.5	29.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600	19,000	16,400	17,600	19,000	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,280	29,480	23,520	26,280	29,480	23,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.0	86.4	76.4	82.0	86.4	76.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	72.0	62.3	67.6	72.0	62.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.1	13.7	23.5	18.1	13.7	23.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7	1.4	1.1	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.8	4.8	7.0	5.8	4.8	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	4.1	5.5	4.7	4.1	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	612,555	299,945	312,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	21,320	10,810	10,510	3.5	3.6	3.4
With total income	591,230	289,140	302,095	96.5	96.4	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	56,360	27,165	29,195	9.5	9.4	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	64,895	28,120	36,780	11.0	9.7	12.2
$20,000 to $29,999	94,155	40,555	53,605	15.9	14.0	17.7
$30,000 to $39,999	81,775	36,035	45,740	13.8	12.5	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	73,305	33,985	39,320	12.4	11.8	13.0
$50,000 to $59,999	57,035	27,935	29,100	9.6	9.7	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	43,130	23,310	19,815	7.3	8.1	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	31,605	17,945	13,655	5.3	6.2	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	23,710	13,565	10,150	4.0	4.7	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	18,465	10,165	8,295	3.1	3.5	2.7
$100,000 and over	46,795	30,360	16,430	7.9	10.5	5.4
$100,000 to $149,999	32,650	20,205	12,440	5.5	7.0	4.1
$150,000 and over	14,145	10,155	3,990	2.4	3.5	1.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	612,555	299,945	312,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	21,135	10,710	10,425	3.5	3.6	3.3
With after-tax income	591,415	289,240	302,180	96.5	96.4	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	58,750	27,810	30,940	9.9	9.6	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	70,515	30,860	39,655	11.9	10.7	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	112,575	49,090	63,480	19.0	17.0	21.0
$30,000 to $39,999	100,235	45,785	54,455	16.9	15.8	18.0
$40,000 to $49,999	81,705	39,605	42,100	13.8	13.7	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	57,850	31,095	26,750	9.8	10.8	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	38,490	21,715	16,780	6.5	7.5	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	27,055	14,955	12,100	4.6	5.2	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	15,350	8,780	6,575	2.6	3.0	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	9,025	5,615	3,410	1.5	1.9	1.1
$100,000 and over	19,860	13,935	5,930	3.4	4.8	2.0
$100,000 to $124,999	10,075	6,865	3,210	1.7	2.4	1.1
$125,000 and over	9,790	7,065	2,725	1.7	2.4	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	612,555	299,945	312,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	180,390	77,825	102,570	29.4	25.9	32.8
With employment income	432,160	222,125	210,040	70.6	74.1	67.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	52,755	24,705	28,055	12.2	11.1	13.4
$5,000 to $9,999	35,240	15,795	19,440	8.2	7.1	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	53,585	24,815	28,775	12.4	11.2	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	45,970	21,525	24,450	10.6	9.7	11.6
$30,000 to $39,999	45,340	22,090	23,255	10.5	9.9	11.1
$40,000 to $49,999	43,980	21,630	22,350	10.2	9.7	10.6
$50,000 to $59,999	35,610	18,895	16,710	8.2	8.5	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	28,925	16,655	12,270	6.7	7.5	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	22,305	13,215	9,095	5.2	5.9	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	18,325	10,555	7,770	4.2	4.8	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	14,875	8,240	6,635	3.4	3.7	3.2
$100,000 and over	35,245	24,010	11,235	8.2	10.8	5.3
$100,000 to $124,999	18,000	11,415	6,590	4.2	5.1	3.1
$125,000 and over	17,245	12,600	4,650	4.0	5.7	2.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	612,550	299,945	312,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	572,340	279,010	293,325	93.4	93.0	93.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,400	34,000	37,600	42,400	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	572,530	279,035	293,500	93.5	93.0	93.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,800	30,600	33,200	36,800	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	518,390	256,935	261,455	84.6	85.7	83.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,800	30,400	35,200	40,800	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	431,875	221,085	210,790	70.5	73.7	67.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,600	32,800	36,800	41,600	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	499,100	240,255	258,845	81.5	80.1	82.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,020	1,120	4,840	2,020	1,120	4,840
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	42,415	19,715	22,700	6.9	6.6	7.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,640	5,640	5,640	5,640	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	612,550	299,885	312,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	572,520	279,320	293,200	93.5	93.1	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,880	54,700	41,360	47,880	54,700	41,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	572,705	279,325	293,375	93.5	93.1	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,080	43,680	34,680	39,080	43,680	34,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	518,240	257,390	260,845	84.6	85.8	83.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,480	54,350	38,680	46,480	54,350	38,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	431,370	221,250	210,125	70.4	73.8	67.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	52,900	39,560	46,400	52,900	39,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	498,905	240,460	258,445	81.4	80.2	82.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,670	5,380	7,870	6,670	5,380	7,870
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	42,495	20,040	22,455	6.9	6.7	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,130	6,560	7,640	7,130	6,560	7,640
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	612,550	299,885	312,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	211,690	117,810	93,885	34.6	39.3	30.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,400	58,800	49,200	54,400	58,800	49,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,500	70,900	56,550	64,500	70,900	56,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	159,045	74,035	85,010	26.0	24.7	27.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,000	24,800	21,400	23,000	24,800	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,680	35,680	28,200	31,680	35,680	28,200
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.8	91.6	83.2	87.8	91.6	83.2
Employment income (%)	73.0	76.6	68.6	73.0	76.6	68.6
Government transfers (%)	12.1	8.5	16.8	12.1	8.5	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.9	1.4	1.1	0.9	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	300,435	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	90,710	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	209,720	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	300,430	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,700	...	...	98,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,200	...	...	81,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	90,825	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,650	...	...	51,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,560	...	...	42,560	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	209,605	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,100	...	...	119,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,900	...	...	97,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,870	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,585	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,825	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,475	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	11,165	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	11,090	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,205	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	11,170	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	12,070	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	11,865	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	23,360	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	22,375	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	21,205	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	19,380	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	18,225	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	112,560	...	...	37.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	36,495	...	...	12.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	25,530	...	...	8.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	28,730	...	...	9.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	21,805	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,185	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,655	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,930	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,985	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	12,465	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	13,245	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,675	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,175	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	14,510	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	14,200	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	27,845	...	...	9.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	26,255	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	24,665	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	21,740	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	18,915	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	82,990	...	...	27.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	34,720	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	21,050	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	27,220	...	...	9.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	198,275	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	69,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	87,715	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	32,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	127,650	63,370	64,285	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	37,200	37,200	37,600	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	33,600	33,600	33,600	33,600	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	198,185	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,900	...	...	119,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,200	...	...	98,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	69,100	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,700	...	...	111,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	87,995	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...	144,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	32,575	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,400	...	...	76,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,800	...	...	66,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	127,655	63,105	64,550	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,160	47,400	44,960	46,160	47,400	44,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,560	39,000	38,080	38,560	39,000	38,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	736,660	363,645	373,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	148,750	76,400	72,355	20.2	21.0	19.4
0 to 5 years	48,080	24,555	23,525	6.5	6.8	6.3
18 to 64 years	469,065	234,145	234,920	63.7	64.4	63.0
65 years and over	118,845	53,105	65,735	16.1	14.6	17.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	95,370	44,995	50,375	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	26,315	13,510	12,805	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	9,615	4,870	4,750	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	54,255	26,120	28,135	...	...	...
65 years and over	14,800	5,365	9,435	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.9	12.4	13.5	12.9	12.4	13.5
0 to 17 years (%)	17.7	17.7	17.7	17.7	17.7	17.7
0 to 5 years (%)	20.0	19.8	20.2	20.0	19.8	20.2
18 to 64 years (%)	11.6	11.2	12.0	11.6	11.2	12.0
65 years and over (%)	12.5	10.1	14.4	12.5	10.1	14.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	736,660	363,645	373,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	148,750	76,395	72,355	20.2	21.0	19.4
0 to 5 years	48,085	24,555	23,530	6.5	6.8	6.3
18 to 64 years	469,070	234,145	234,920	63.7	64.4	63.0
65 years and over	118,840	53,105	65,735	16.1	14.6	17.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	61,700	31,680	30,020	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	14,220	7,425	6,800	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	5,135	2,625	2,515	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	42,665	22,330	20,330	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,815	1,925	2,885	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.4	8.7	8.1	8.4	8.7	8.1
0 to 17 years (%)	9.6	9.7	9.4	9.6	9.7	9.4
0 to 5 years (%)	10.7	10.7	10.7	10.7	10.7	10.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.1	9.5	8.7	9.1	9.5	8.7
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.6	4.4	4.1	3.6	4.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	736,660	363,645	373,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	410,185	199,135	211,050	55.7	54.8	56.6
In bottom decile	88,735	43,950	44,790	12.0	12.1	12.0
In second decile	80,825	37,715	43,105	11.0	10.4	11.6
In third decile	81,590	39,505	42,090	11.1	10.9	11.3
In fourth decile	80,190	39,155	41,035	10.9	10.8	11.0
In fifth decile	78,850	38,815	40,030	10.7	10.7	10.7
In top half of the distribution	326,470	164,510	161,965	44.3	45.2	43.4
In sixth decile	77,220	38,615	38,610	10.5	10.6	10.4
In seventh decile	73,440	36,910	36,530	10.0	10.2	9.8
In eighth decile	69,335	34,885	34,450	9.4	9.6	9.2
In ninth decile	59,395	30,005	29,390	8.1	8.3	7.9
In top decile	47,080	24,095	22,980	6.4	6.6	6.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	736,660	...	...	736,660	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.333	...	...	0.333	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.443	...	...	0.443	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290	...	...	0.290	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	742,360	365,905	376,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	656,970	327,710	329,260	88.5	89.6	87.5
French only	1,260	580	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	71,705	32,200	39,495	9.7	8.8	10.5
Neither English nor French	12,435	5,415	7,020	1.7	1.5	1.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	742,360	365,905	376,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	706,105	349,470	356,640	95.1	95.5	94.7
French	20,820	9,570	11,250	2.8	2.6	3.0
English and French	3,465	1,685	1,780	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	11,960	5,175	6,785	1.6	1.4	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	742,360	365,905	376,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	702,865	346,690	356,175	94.7	94.7	94.6
Official languages	504,910	250,755	254,160	68.0	68.5	67.5
English	484,365	241,350	243,020	65.2	66.0	64.6
French	20,540	9,400	11,140	2.8	2.6	3.0
Non-official languages	197,955	95,935	102,015	26.7	26.2	27.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,100	1,240	1,860	0.4	0.3	0.5
Algonquian languages	2,870	1,145	1,725	0.4	0.3	0.5
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,040	405	630	0.1	0.1	0.2
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	1,040	405	630	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	360	130	225	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	600	245	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,830	735	1,090	0.2	0.2	0.3
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	635	260	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway languages	1,190	475	715	0.2	0.1	0.2
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	240	85	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	890	360	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	194,855	94,700	100,155	26.2	25.9	26.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,655	6,545	6,110	1.7	1.8	1.6
Berber languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	60	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	75	55	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,675	825	850	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	180	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	315	170	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,175	550	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10,740	5,575	5,160	1.4	1.5	1.4
Amharic	1,680	790	895	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	5,845	3,140	2,705	0.8	0.9	0.7
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	505	280	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,660	1,350	1,305	0.4	0.4	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,720	2,240	2,480	0.6	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	245	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	4,465	2,115	2,350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	49,130	22,590	26,535	6.6	6.2	7.0
Bikol	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	365	150	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	770	350	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	395	170	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	1,320	595	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	900	435	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	44,670	20,560	24,105	6.0	5.6	6.4
Waray-Waray	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	405	180	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,690	945	745	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	860	495	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	455	230	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	260	145	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	97,015	48,070	48,940	13.1	13.1	13.0
Albanian	310	155	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	18,635	8,345	10,290	2.5	2.3	2.7
Baltic languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	18,550	8,305	10,245	2.5	2.3	2.7
Belarusian	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	355	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	4,050	1,790	2,255	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	5,620	2,680	2,935	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,980	935	1,045	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	580	280	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	745	330	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	625	305	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	250	95	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	185	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	5,805	2,410	3,395	0.8	0.7	0.9
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	12,180	5,360	6,820	1.6	1.5	1.8
Frisian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	8,995	3,965	5,030	1.2	1.1	1.3
German	8,780	3,855	4,925	1.2	1.1	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,835	1,225	1,605	0.4	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,000	470	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	205	60	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	1,345	565	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	325	160	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,055	515	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	47,215	25,100	22,115	6.4	6.9	5.9
Indo-Aryan languages	44,090	23,515	20,575	5.9	6.4	5.5
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,000	1,235	765	0.3	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	3,160	1,705	1,460	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hindi	3,050	1,610	1,435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	695	355	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30,575	16,190	14,380	4.1	4.4	3.8
Rohingya	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	765	365	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	3,515	1,875	1,640	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,120	1,580	1,535	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	835	415	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,040	1,045	1,000	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	580	280	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,280	665	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,525	8,545	8,980	2.4	2.3	2.4
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,805	1,330	1,470	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	6,300	3,060	3,240	0.8	0.8	0.9
Romanian	445	215	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	7,945	3,925	4,020	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	455	155	300	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	3,040	1,420	1,620	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,425	2,185	2,235	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	405	215	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	255	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	180	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	915	435	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,425	720	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	440	215	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	365	195	165	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dinka	170	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	265	140	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	250	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	18,475	8,975	9,495	2.5	2.5	2.5
Chinese languages	17,935	8,695	9,240	2.4	2.4	2.5
Hakka	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	11,185	5,515	5,670	1.5	1.5	1.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	250	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	6,165	2,905	3,265	0.8	0.8	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	510	265	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	390	205	185	0.1	0.1	0.0
S'gaw Karen	355	185	165	0.0	0.1	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	905	415	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	685	340	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	215	75	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	400	220	175	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	270	150	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	840	365	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	710	310	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	39,490	19,215	20,280	5.3	5.3	5.4
English and French	4,605	2,215	2,400	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	30,695	14,985	15,710	4.1	4.1	4.2
French and non-official language(s)	810	405	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	600	280	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	2,780	1,330	1,450	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	742,360	365,905	376,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	510,595	253,465	257,130	68.8	69.3	68.3
French	5,310	2,415	2,890	0.7	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	56,540	27,845	28,700	7.6	7.6	7.6
Indigenous³⁹	495	205	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	56,050	27,645	28,410	7.6	7.6	7.5
English and French	13,370	5,975	7,390	1.8	1.6	2.0
English and non-official language(s)	145,805	71,115	74,685	19.6	19.4	19.8
French and non-official language(s)	775	365	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,440	2,070	2,370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	5,530	2,645	2,880	0.7	0.7	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	742,360	365,905	376,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	703,180	346,965	356,215	94.7	94.8	94.6
Official languages	580,205	286,070	294,140	78.2	78.2	78.1
English	571,855	282,315	289,540	77.0	77.2	76.9
French	8,355	3,755	4,600	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official languages	122,975	60,895	62,075	16.6	16.6	16.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	835	350	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	795	330	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	225	80	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	225	80	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	165	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	565	255	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	255	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	315	135	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	122,135	60,545	61,595	16.5	16.5	16.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,250	4,145	4,100	1.1	1.1	1.1
Berber languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,105	525	585	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bilen	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	810	365	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,040	3,575	3,465	0.9	1.0	0.9
Amharic	920	425	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	3,905	2,005	1,905	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	360	200	165	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,825	940	895	0.2	0.3	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,415	1,640	1,775	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	3,290	1,575	1,710	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	31,895	15,085	16,810	4.3	4.1	4.5
Bikol	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	415	195	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	220	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	645	310	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	550	275	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	29,615	13,985	15,630	4.0	3.8	4.2
Waray-Waray	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	195	70	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,045	580	465	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kannada	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	565	320	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	275	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	57,225	29,180	28,045	7.7	8.0	7.4
Albanian	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	8,015	3,845	4,170	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	8,000	3,840	4,165	1.1	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,455	650	800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	3,855	1,890	1,965	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	870	405	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	280	135	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	255	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	325	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,515	740	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,140	500	640	0.2	0.1	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	865	380	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	855	370	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	250	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	430	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	38,750	20,450	18,295	5.2	5.6	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages	36,550	19,370	17,180	4.9	5.3	4.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,245	720	530	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	2,385	1,260	1,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	2,120	1,095	1,025	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	520	250	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,145	14,425	12,720	3.7	3.9	3.4
Rohingya	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	485	240	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,470	1,280	1,190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,195	1,075	1,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	660	320	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	155	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,375	690	695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	380	180	200	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	880	450	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,680	4,070	4,605	1.2	1.1	1.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	735	300	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	3,370	1,590	1,775	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	165	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	4,405	2,105	2,305	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	185	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	2,355	1,135	1,225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,960	940	1,015	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	515	245	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	615	275	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	420	240	185	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	365	200	165	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,100	6,930	7,175	1.9	1.9	1.9
Chinese languages	13,675	6,700	6,975	1.8	1.8	1.9
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,010	4,495	4,515	1.2	1.2	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	4,350	2,055	2,300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	415	220	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	335	180	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	310	165	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	525	245	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	415	200	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	205	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	180	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	39,180	18,940	20,240	5.3	5.2	5.4
English and French	2,665	1,235	1,435	0.4	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	34,860	16,910	17,950	4.7	4.6	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	375	180	195	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	485	255	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	795	365	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	742,360	365,905	376,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	604,755	299,320	305,435	81.5	81.8	81.1
English	53,905	26,610	27,295	7.3	7.3	7.3
French	9,325	4,190	5,140	1.3	1.1	1.4
Non-official language	56,170	26,625	29,540	7.6	7.3	7.8
Indigenous³⁹	2,255	890	1,360	0.3	0.2	0.4
Non-Indigenous	53,915	25,740	28,180	7.3	7.0	7.5
English and French	635	285	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	9,650	4,940	4,710	1.3	1.4	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,905	850	1,050	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	5,865	3,000	2,865	0.8	0.8	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	736,660	363,630	373,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	724,310	358,280	366,030	98.3	98.5	98.1
English	723,085	357,755	365,330	98.2	98.4	97.9
French	72,665	32,570	40,100	9.9	9.0	10.7
Non-official languages	261,030	126,510	134,520	35.4	34.8	36.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,175	2,080	3,095	0.7	0.6	0.8
Algonquian languages	4,835	1,935	2,900	0.7	0.5	0.8
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,755	690	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	1,755	690	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	610	195	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	945	405	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	3,185	1,300	1,885	0.4	0.4	0.5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	985	435	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway languages	2,245	895	1,355	0.3	0.2	0.4
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	370	145	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ojibway, n.o.s.	1,755	710	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.3
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	65	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	65	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	255,980	124,490	131,500	34.7	34.2	35.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	20,350	10,305	10,045	2.8	2.8	2.7
Berber languages	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	310	205	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hausa	290	195	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mina	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	170	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,230	1,075	1,155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	380	190	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,585	775	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	18,310	9,260	9,050	2.5	2.5	2.4
Amharic	3,355	1,545	1,810	0.5	0.4	0.5
Arabic	9,335	4,880	4,450	1.3	1.3	1.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	3,640	1,850	1,790	0.5	0.5	0.5
Maltese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	4,095	2,040	2,060	0.6	0.6	0.6
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,300	2,950	3,345	0.9	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	345	155	195	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	5,935	2,785	3,150	0.8	0.8	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	65,485	30,340	35,145	8.9	8.3	9.4
Bikol	210	125	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	585	255	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	1,355	655	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	685	330	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	3,000	1,395	1,605	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indonesian	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,625	815	810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pangasinan	320	110	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	64,325	29,735	34,590	8.7	8.2	9.3
Waray-Waray	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	845	415	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	1,205	585	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	385	195	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morisyen	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	220	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,505	1,330	1,180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	290	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,090	550	545	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	980	545	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	510	270	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	124,645	62,185	62,460	16.9	17.1	16.7
Albanian	455	200	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	22,770	10,425	12,350	3.1	2.9	3.3
Baltic languages	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	22,710	10,400	12,310	3.1	2.9	3.3
Belarusian	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	420	190	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	5,310	2,435	2,880	0.7	0.7	0.8
Russian	8,645	4,165	4,475	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,465	1,210	1,255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	830	415	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,255	605	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,050	545	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	295	115	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	270	110	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	8,620	3,720	4,900	1.2	1.0	1.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	155	100	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	16,220	7,485	8,735	2.2	2.1	2.3
Frisian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	12,850	5,905	6,945	1.7	1.6	1.9
German	12,425	5,740	6,685	1.7	1.6	1.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	405	150	260	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,640	1,705	1,935	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	370	200	170	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dutch	1,360	660	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	245	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	1,625	715	910	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	585	305	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	150	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,450	740	715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	59,015	31,750	27,265	8.0	8.7	7.3
Indo-Aryan languages	55,360	29,855	25,505	7.5	8.2	6.8
Assamese	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,655	1,595	1,065	0.4	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	4,200	2,390	1,810	0.6	0.7	0.5
Hindi	23,320	12,360	10,960	3.2	3.4	2.9
Kacchi	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	340	195	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	765	375	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	39,215	21,115	18,095	5.3	5.8	4.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	85	65	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,160	595	570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	6,160	3,325	2,835	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,955	2,045	1,920	0.5	0.6	0.5
Baluchi	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,165	570	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	440	220	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,500	1,315	1,180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	855	405	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,500	830	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	225	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	27,580	13,020	14,565	3.7	3.6	3.9
Catalan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,570	2,125	2,450	0.6	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	7,865	3,905	3,955	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romanian	545	290	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	15,660	7,275	8,385	2.1	2.0	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,275	660	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	3,860	1,840	2,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mongolian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	12,495	6,340	6,155	1.7	1.7	1.7
Akan (Twi)	335	190	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	205	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	145	95	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	50	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,365	765	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	450	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	490	235	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	395	195	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	295	155	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	2,760	1,375	1,385	0.4	0.4	0.4
Wojenaka	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	320	185	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	5,300	2,660	2,635	0.7	0.7	0.7
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,535	755	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	530	260	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	255	145	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	245	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,600	580	1,020	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	1,475	510	970	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	21,550	10,315	11,235	2.9	2.8	3.0
Chinese languages	20,965	10,035	10,925	2.8	2.8	2.9
Hakka	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	15,160	7,330	7,830	2.1	2.0	2.1
Min Dong	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	425	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	8,060	3,725	4,335	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	600	285	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	415	195	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	385	190	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,420	610	810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	1,100	510	595	0.1	0.1	0.2
Thai	515	185	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	690	405	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	115	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	605	340	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,120	495	630	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	935	415	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	736,660	363,635	373,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	90,995	43,585	47,410	12.4	12.0	12.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	88,655	42,495	46,160	12.0	11.7	12.4
First Nations (North American Indian)	40,290	18,880	21,405	5.5	5.2	5.7
Métis	47,915	23,385	24,530	6.5	6.4	6.6
Inuk (Inuit)	455	230	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,600	740	860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	740	350	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	645,665	320,050	325,615	87.6	88.0	87.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	736,660	363,635	373,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	36,690	17,090	19,605	5.0	4.7	5.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	699,970	346,545	353,425	95.0	95.3	94.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	189,575	...	...	63.1	...	...
Renter	110,855	...	...	36.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	30,160	...	...	10.0	...	...
Not condominium	270,270	...	...	90.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	4,000	...	...	1.3	...	...
1 bedroom	50,935	...	...	17.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	79,835	...	...	26.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	101,020	...	...	33.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	64,640	...	...	21.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	106,380	...	...	35.4	...	...
5 rooms	49,255	...	...	16.4	...	...
6 rooms	44,165	...	...	14.7	...	...
7 rooms	34,735	...	...	11.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	65,905	...	...	21.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	288,735	...	...	96.1	...	...
More than one person per room	11,695	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	276,300	...	...	92.0	...	...
Not suitable	24,130	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	94,010	...	...	31.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	92,410	...	...	30.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	36,600	...	...	12.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	19,030	...	...	6.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	9,695	...	...	3.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	12,055	...	...	4.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	15,490	...	...	5.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	21,140	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	280,850	...	...	93.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	19,580	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	154,495	...	...	51.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	130,400	...	...	43.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	15,540	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	11,615	...	...	3.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	46,285	...	...	15.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	55,860	...	...	18.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	51,940	...	...	17.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	56,510	...	...	18.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	44,825	...	...	14.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	23,965	...	...	8.0	...	...
85 years and over	9,440	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	299,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	239,255	...	...	79.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	60,490	...	...	20.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	53,280	...	...	17.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	300,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	94,430	...	...	31.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	52,455	...	...	17.5	...	...
Not suitable only	18,635	...	...	6.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	13,810	...	...	4.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	3,760	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	4,030	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,490	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	240	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	206,000	...	...	68.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	292,540	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	34,425	...	...	11.8	...	...
Not in core need	258,120	...	...	88.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	189,560	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.9	...	...	63.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.0	...	...	11.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,326	...	...	1,326	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	340,000	...	...	340,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	364,000	...	...	364,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	110,855	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	15.8	...	...	15.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.0	...	...	36.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.2	...	...	24.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,100	...	...	1,100	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,137	...	...	1,137	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	736,660	363,635	373,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	42,460	20,030	22,430	5.8	5.5	6.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	41,075	19,400	21,680	5.6	5.3	5.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	29,575	13,800	15,775	4.0	3.8	4.2
Métis single ancestry	11,270	5,475	5,795	1.5	1.5	1.6
Inuit single ancestry	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	1,390	635	750	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	1,340	605	735	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	50,730	24,670	26,065	6.9	6.8	7.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	48,430	23,710	24,725	6.6	6.5	6.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	18,690	9,110	9,585	2.5	2.5	2.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	29,470	14,470	14,995	4.0	4.0	4.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	275	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	2,300	960	1,340	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,215	920	1,295	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	643,465	318,935	324,530	87.3	87.7	87.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	736,660	363,630	373,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	634,515	311,040	323,480	86.1	85.5	86.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	132,535	67,745	64,785	18.0	18.6	17.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	501,980	243,290	258,690	68.1	66.9	69.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	102,145	52,595	49,550	13.9	14.5	13.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	736,660	363,630	373,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	505,525	249,260	256,260	68.6	68.5	68.7
Immigrants⁸¹	201,040	97,480	103,560	27.3	26.8	27.8
Before 1980	29,080	13,490	15,585	3.9	3.7	4.2
1980 to 1990	17,290	8,640	8,650	2.3	2.4	2.3
1991 to 2000	17,060	7,820	9,240	2.3	2.2	2.5
2001 to 2010	48,280	23,545	24,735	6.6	6.5	6.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	89,330	43,985	45,350	12.1	12.1	12.2
2011 to 2015	43,430	21,155	22,270	5.9	5.8	6.0
2016 to 2021	45,900	22,825	23,075	6.2	6.3	6.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	30,095	16,890	13,200	4.1	4.6	3.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	201,040	97,480	103,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	19,145	9,850	9,290	9.5	10.1	9.0
5 to 14 years	37,070	19,205	17,865	18.4	19.7	17.3
15 to 24 years	35,750	16,795	18,955	17.8	17.2	18.3
25 to 44 years	91,925	43,405	48,520	45.7	44.5	46.9
45 years and over	17,155	8,220	8,930	8.5	8.4	8.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	201,040	97,480	103,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	17,800	8,495	9,300	8.9	8.7	9.0
Brazil	1,555	775	780	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	795	410	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	1,465	760	700	0.7	0.8	0.7
Guyana	1,105	475	625	0.5	0.5	0.6
Haiti	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	1,820	865	950	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mexico	950	465	480	0.5	0.5	0.5
Peru	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	1,505	750	755	0.7	0.8	0.7
United States of America	3,875	1,735	2,140	1.9	1.8	2.1
Other places of birth in Americas	4,380	2,085	2,295	2.2	2.1	2.2
Europe	33,300	16,135	17,165	16.6	16.6	16.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	825	440	380	0.4	0.5	0.4
Croatia	640	290	355	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	655	375	280	0.3	0.4	0.3
Germany	3,010	1,415	1,595	1.5	1.5	1.5
Greece	705	390	315	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	470	210	260	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	2,265	1,110	1,155	1.1	1.1	1.1
Netherlands	1,045	545	495	0.5	0.6	0.5
Poland	3,465	1,555	1,915	1.7	1.6	1.8
Portugal	3,430	1,635	1,795	1.7	1.7	1.7
Romania	510	270	240	0.3	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	1,945	835	1,110	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	360	170	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	3,895	1,855	2,045	1.9	1.9	2.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,455	3,170	3,285	3.2	3.3	3.2
Other places of birth in Europe	3,615	1,865	1,750	1.8	1.9	1.7
Africa	23,455	11,695	11,765	11.7	12.0	11.4
Algeria	340	145	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,325	690	635	0.7	0.7	0.6
Egypt	1,165	600	570	0.6	0.6	0.6
Eritrea	2,615	1,350	1,265	1.3	1.4	1.2
Ethiopia	2,445	1,125	1,315	1.2	1.2	1.3
Morocco	440	220	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	7,440	3,855	3,585	3.7	4.0	3.5
Somalia	785	320	465	0.4	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	660	335	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	6,250	3,050	3,200	3.1	3.1	3.1
Asia	125,980	60,885	65,090	62.7	62.5	62.9
Afghanistan	795	365	425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,030	585	440	0.5	0.6	0.4
Iraq	1,220	600	620	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanon	285	160	125	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	1,670	905	765	0.8	0.9	0.7
Turkey	245	140	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	8,900	4,140	4,760	4.4	4.2	4.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,165	600	570	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	2,655	1,305	1,350	1.3	1.3	1.3
Taiwan	265	100	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	62,100	28,940	33,160	30.9	29.7	32.0
Viet Nam	4,340	2,005	2,330	2.2	2.1	2.2
Bangladesh	1,245	635	610	0.6	0.7	0.6
India	27,605	14,265	13,340	13.7	14.6	12.9
Pakistan	3,735	1,915	1,820	1.9	2.0	1.8
Sri Lanka	1,065	500	560	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	7,650	3,720	3,930	3.8	3.8	3.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	515	270	250	0.3	0.3	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	45,900	22,825	23,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,505	1,810	1,690	7.6	7.9	7.3
Brazil	1,265	650	620	2.8	2.8	2.7
Colombia	275	140	135	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haiti	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	335	190	140	0.7	0.8	0.6
Mexico	215	130	90	0.5	0.6	0.4
United States of America	590	325	260	1.3	1.4	1.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Americas	750	340	405	1.6	1.5	1.8
Europe	2,770	1,410	1,360	6.0	6.2	5.9
France	130	80	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Germany	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	80	50	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italy	130	60	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	425	190	230	0.9	0.8	1.0
Ukraine	920	435	480	2.0	1.9	2.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	245	150	95	0.5	0.7	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	800	420	375	1.7	1.8	1.6
Africa	9,410	4,700	4,705	20.5	20.6	20.4
Algeria	250	85	160	0.5	0.4	0.7
Burundi	90	60	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Cameroon	80	30	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	395	205	185	0.9	0.9	0.8
Côte d'Ivoire	75	20	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Egypt	255	125	130	0.6	0.5	0.6
Eritrea	1,230	640	585	2.7	2.8	2.5
Ethiopia	540	215	325	1.2	0.9	1.4
Morocco	210	110	100	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	4,350	2,275	2,075	9.5	10.0	9.0
Somalia	300	135	165	0.7	0.6	0.7
South Africa, Republic of	130	75	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sudan⁹⁷	340	155	185	0.7	0.7	0.8
Tunisia	95	70	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,075	500	580	2.3	2.2	2.5
Asia	30,145	14,860	15,285	65.7	65.1	66.2
Afghanistan	135	55	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bangladesh	570	265	305	1.2	1.2	1.3
China⁹⁰	3,350	1,560	1,790	7.3	6.8	7.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	185	85	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
India	11,030	5,650	5,380	24.0	24.8	23.3
Iran⁸⁸	255	140	115	0.6	0.6	0.5
Iraq	645	305	340	1.4	1.3	1.5
Israel	470	230	235	1.0	1.0	1.0
Japan	75	25	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	145	60	85	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	750	385	370	1.6	1.7	1.6
Lebanon	140	85	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Nepal	85	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	1,090	575	515	2.4	2.5	2.2
Philippines	7,945	3,740	4,205	17.3	16.4	18.2
Saudi Arabia	115	55	55	0.3	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	175	80	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,380	750	625	3.0	3.3	2.7
Turkey	120	55	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
United Arab Emirates	155	80	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Viet Nam	530	220	305	1.2	1.0	1.3
Other places of birth in Asia	795	395	395	1.7	1.7	1.7
Oceania and other⁹³	80	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	736,660	363,635	373,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	236,410	117,070	119,345	32.1	32.2	32.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	131,455	65,405	66,055	17.8	18.0	17.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	368,795	181,160	187,635	50.1	49.8	50.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	171,965	83,990	87,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	113,765	57,290	56,470	66.2	68.2	64.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	46,180	26,005	20,175	26.9	31.0	22.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	67,580	31,285	36,300	39.3	37.2	41.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	35,860	15,365	20,495	20.9	18.3	23.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	21,840	11,145	10,700	12.7	13.3	12.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	500	195	305	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	171,965	83,990	87,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,900	1,060	840	1.1	1.3	1.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	9,430	4,555	4,870	5.5	5.4	5.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	3,080	1,585	1,490	1.8	1.9	1.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	9,760	5,475	4,285	5.7	6.5	4.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	685	340	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	147,110	70,975	76,140	85.5	84.5	86.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	736,660	363,635	373,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	253,630	127,430	126,200	34.4	35.0	33.8
South Asian	62,460	33,650	28,810	8.5	9.3	7.7
Chinese	22,745	11,105	11,640	3.1	3.1	3.1
Black	40,085	20,415	19,670	5.4	5.6	5.3
Filipino	83,305	40,035	43,265	11.3	11.0	11.6
Arab	7,035	3,670	3,365	1.0	1.0	0.9
Latin American	8,910	4,460	4,440	1.2	1.2	1.2
Southeast Asian	10,285	4,950	5,335	1.4	1.4	1.4
West Asian	3,280	1,715	1,565	0.4	0.5	0.4
Korean	3,825	1,855	1,970	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	1,520	715	805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,800	1,295	1,505	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	7,380	3,560	3,825	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	483,030	236,205	246,825	65.6	65.0	66.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	736,660	363,630	373,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	51,625	26,385	25,240	7.0	7.3	6.8
English	107,395	52,540	54,860	14.6	14.4	14.7
Irish	77,850	36,970	40,885	10.6	10.2	11.0
Scottish	99,465	48,065	51,395	13.5	13.2	13.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	66,405	31,720	34,685	9.0	8.7	9.3
German	84,850	41,305	43,545	11.5	11.4	11.7
Chinese	26,290	12,790	13,505	3.6	3.5	3.6
Italian	16,915	8,380	8,530	2.3	2.3	2.3
Indian (India)	33,570	17,810	15,760	4.6	4.9	4.2
Ukrainian	90,380	43,520	46,860	12.3	12.0	12.6
Dutch	20,605	10,070	10,535	2.8	2.8	2.8
Polish	45,295	21,485	23,815	6.1	5.9	6.4
Québécois	765	370	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	16,525	8,255	8,270	2.2	2.3	2.2
Filipino	80,110	38,430	41,680	10.9	10.6	11.2
French Canadian	7,525	3,440	4,085	1.0	0.9	1.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	8,225	4,215	4,015	1.1	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	21,030	10,105	10,925	2.9	2.8	2.9
Métis	44,360	21,515	22,850	6.0	5.9	6.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,835	4,030	3,810	1.1	1.1	1.0
Russian	21,260	10,030	11,230	2.9	2.8	3.0
Norwegian	9,620	4,420	5,200	1.3	1.2	1.4
Welsh	9,555	4,610	4,945	1.3	1.3	1.3
Portuguese	10,280	5,225	5,060	1.4	1.4	1.4
American	4,305	2,060	2,240	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	8,450	4,040	4,415	1.1	1.1	1.2
Swedish	11,545	5,345	6,195	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hungarian	6,200	3,155	3,040	0.8	0.9	0.8
Acadian	880	385	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	4,510	2,350	2,165	0.6	0.6	0.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	7,195	3,720	3,475	1.0	1.0	0.9
Jewish	10,270	5,060	5,210	1.4	1.4	1.4
Punjabi	12,640	6,905	5,735	1.7	1.9	1.5
Vietnamese	6,790	3,235	3,560	0.9	0.9	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,925	1,610	1,310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	3,040	1,580	1,460	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	3,550	1,850	1,700	0.5	0.5	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	8,345	4,130	4,215	1.1	1.1	1.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	9,470	4,330	5,145	1.3	1.2	1.4
Korean	3,715	1,765	1,950	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	3,385	1,615	1,770	0.5	0.4	0.5
Lebanese	1,095	585	515	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian	1,330	765	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,025	1,070	955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	4,145	1,990	2,155	0.6	0.5	0.6
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	8,225	3,965	4,255	1.1	1.1	1.1
Sikh	8,390	4,500	3,890	1.1	1.2	1.0
Austrian	6,505	3,060	3,440	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belgian	9,305	4,535	4,775	1.3	1.2	1.3
Haitian	305	175	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	3,470	1,885	1,590	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexican	1,795	885	910	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	15,125	7,505	7,620	2.1	2.1	2.0
Swiss	2,485	1,145	1,340	0.3	0.3	0.4
Finnish	2,475	1,195	1,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	1,075	560	515	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatian	2,330	1,160	1,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	2,205	1,055	1,150	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,545	825	725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	620	280	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,265	1,040	1,235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	1,660	875	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	1,380	720	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,870	850	1,025	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tamil	325	190	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	15,870	7,740	8,125	2.2	2.1	2.2
Colombian	975	490	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	485	220	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	2,655	1,310	1,345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	1,265	650	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	1,270	620	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	1,195	595	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,885	990	895	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	1,105	550	550	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	8,225	3,825	4,405	1.1	1.1	1.2
Newfoundlander	365	180	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	990	500	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	305	135	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	495	255	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,060	990	1,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	775	455	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	635	320	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	1,830	1,115	720	0.2	0.3	0.2
Algerian	285	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,800	875	925	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	4,700	2,420	2,285	0.6	0.7	0.6
Armenian	305	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,205	565	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,945	925	1,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	1,355	655	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	385	130	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraqi	680	315	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	1,600	845	760	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	700	285	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,770	900	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	595	320	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,075	475	600	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	245	135	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,035	500	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	855	425	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	570	300	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	575	265	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	530	280	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	1,345	670	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	1,295	650	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	210	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	2,480	1,180	1,300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	905	510	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	290	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	4,320	2,260	2,060	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cambodian (Khmer)	740	355	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	440	185	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	255	90	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	240	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	775	370	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	465	205	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	855	540	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	3,055	1,505	1,550	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Canadian	525	270	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	1,250	680	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	340	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	840	355	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	270	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	445	265	180	0.1	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	470	225	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	660	350	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	605	310	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	140	95	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	820	440	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	205	70	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	920	450	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	810	445	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	470	310	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	470	265	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	495	225	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	1,620	770	855	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	1,080	600	475	0.1	0.2	0.1
Northern Irish	365	190	175	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	395	210	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	250	100	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	530	245	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	225	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	590	300	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	1,145	565	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	240	145	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	560	265	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	630	240	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	220	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	590	315	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,440	765	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Byelorussian	595	285	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	355	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	265	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	315	135	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	145	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	285	160	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	400	200	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	345	155	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	1,380	585	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	1,830	730	1,100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Burundian	350	180	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	1,225	640	585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nicaraguan	345	180	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	445	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	1,415	635	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vincentian	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	3,215	1,570	1,640	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cape Bretoner	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	335	145	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Grenadian	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	600	275	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	390	205	185	0.1	0.1	0.0
Honduran	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	115	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	430	185	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	115	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	305	120	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	445	200	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	300	165	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	240	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	130	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	435	235	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	150	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	190	60	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	60	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	200	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	90	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	460	250	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	365	205	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tajik	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	340	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	690	350	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	736,660	363,635	373,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	6,860	3,080	3,785	0.9	0.8	1.0
Christian	371,345	172,145	199,200	50.4	47.3	53.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	65,290	31,500	33,790	8.9	8.7	9.1
Anabaptist	9,285	4,225	5,065	1.3	1.2	1.4
Anglican	19,790	8,605	11,195	2.7	2.4	3.0
Baptist	7,015	3,245	3,765	1.0	0.9	1.0
Catholic	177,020	82,785	94,235	24.0	22.8	25.3
Christian Orthodox	12,390	5,765	6,620	1.7	1.6	1.8
Jehovah's Witness	2,670	1,195	1,475	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,020	515	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	13,420	5,945	7,475	1.8	1.6	2.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,055	545	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	10,775	5,085	5,690	1.5	1.4	1.5
Presbyterian	2,890	1,300	1,590	0.4	0.4	0.4
Reformed	975	450	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	29,530	12,265	17,265	4.0	3.4	4.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	18,200	8,725	9,475	2.5	2.4	2.5
Hindu	14,745	8,035	6,715	2.0	2.2	1.8
Jewish	10,835	5,340	5,495	1.5	1.5	1.5
Muslim	24,170	12,820	11,350	3.3	3.5	3.0
Sikh	32,510	17,135	15,375	4.4	4.7	4.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	2,805	1,225	1,585	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other religions and spiritual traditions	5,440	2,330	3,110	0.7	0.6	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	267,945	141,530	126,410	36.4	38.9	33.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	728,830	359,575	369,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	628,490	309,445	319,045	86.2	86.1	86.4
Movers	100,335	50,130	50,205	13.8	13.9	13.6
Non-migrants	78,555	38,875	39,685	10.8	10.8	10.7
Migrants	21,780	11,260	10,525	3.0	3.1	2.9
Internal migrants	14,360	7,510	6,845	2.0	2.1	1.9
Intraprovincial migrants	5,325	2,535	2,785	0.7	0.7	0.8
Interprovincial migrants	9,035	4,975	4,060	1.2	1.4	1.1
External migrants	7,425	3,745	3,675	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	696,950	343,520	353,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	410,540	200,770	209,775	58.9	58.4	59.4
Movers	286,405	142,750	143,660	41.1	41.6	40.6
Non-migrants	187,720	92,630	95,090	26.9	27.0	26.9
Migrants	98,690	50,120	48,570	14.2	14.6	13.7
Internal migrants	41,775	20,660	21,115	6.0	6.0	6.0
Intraprovincial migrants	24,630	11,950	12,680	3.5	3.5	3.6
Interprovincial migrants	17,145	8,710	8,440	2.5	2.5	2.4
External migrants	56,915	29,460	27,455	8.2	8.6	7.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	612,550	299,885	312,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	98,815	50,700	48,115	16.1	16.9	15.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	513,735	249,190	264,545	83.9	83.1	84.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	395,650	195,770	199,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	39,215	22,050	17,165	9.9	11.3	8.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	356,435	173,720	182,720	90.1	88.7	91.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	612,550	299,890	312,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	89,430	45,405	44,025	14.6	15.1	14.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	182,910	93,775	89,135	29.9	31.3	28.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	340,215	160,715	179,495	55.5	53.6	57.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	161,460	79,745	81,720	26.4	26.6	26.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	34,885	24,205	10,680	5.7	8.1	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	18,160	10,765	7,400	3.0	3.6	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	16,725	13,445	3,280	2.7	4.5	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	107,675	47,455	60,215	17.6	15.8	19.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,910	8,085	10,820	3.1	2.7	3.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	178,745	80,970	97,780	29.2	27.0	31.3
Bachelor's degree	124,190	55,125	69,065	20.3	18.4	22.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,490	5,930	7,565	2.2	2.0	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,860	2,675	2,190	0.8	0.9	0.7
Master's degree	30,770	14,055	16,715	5.0	4.7	5.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,435	3,185	2,250	0.9	1.1	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	395,650	195,770	199,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	34,465	19,405	15,060	8.7	9.9	7.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	102,120	55,715	46,410	25.8	28.5	23.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	259,070	120,650	138,415	65.5	61.6	69.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	114,410	56,525	57,885	28.9	28.9	29.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	23,625	16,460	7,165	6.0	8.4	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,145	7,345	4,800	3.1	3.8	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,480	9,115	2,360	2.9	4.7	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	77,885	34,485	43,405	19.7	17.6	21.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,895	5,585	7,315	3.3	2.9	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	144,655	64,125	80,530	36.6	32.8	40.3
Bachelor's degree	101,005	44,485	56,515	25.5	22.7	28.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	10,095	4,305	5,795	2.6	2.2	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,000	2,035	1,970	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	25,575	11,185	14,390	6.5	5.7	7.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,990	2,130	1,865	1.0	1.1	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	612,555	299,890	312,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	272,340	139,170	133,165	44.5	46.4	42.6
Education	26,245	6,955	19,290	4.3	2.3	6.2
13. Education	26,245	6,955	19,290	4.3	2.3	6.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,120	4,695	5,420	1.7	1.6	1.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,045	795	250	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	9,075	3,900	5,175	1.5	1.3	1.7
Humanities	18,355	7,715	10,645	3.0	2.6	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,575	415	1,155	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	3,510	1,045	2,470	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,445	2,710	3,735	1.1	0.9	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	405	165	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,120	685	435	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,235	1,315	920	0.4	0.4	0.3
54. History	2,335	1,250	1,085	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	740	135	605	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	39,170	14,045	25,120	6.4	4.7	8.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	795	155	635	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,790	1,785	2,000	0.6	0.6	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,965	550	6,420	1.1	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	5,715	2,105	3,610	0.9	0.7	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,060	280	780	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	7,015	2,000	5,015	1.1	0.7	1.6
45. Social sciences	13,820	7,165	6,655	2.3	2.4	2.1
Business, management and public administration	74,940	31,850	43,090	12.2	10.6	13.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	180	45	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,420	1,375	4,045	0.9	0.5	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	69,340	30,435	38,910	11.3	10.1	12.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	14,030	6,945	7,080	2.3	2.3	2.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,955	2,765	3,190	1.0	0.9	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,190	2,080	2,110	0.7	0.7	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	505	90	415	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,740	1,815	925	0.4	0.6	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	630	195	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	19,165	12,260	6,905	3.1	4.1	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	16,180	10,985	5,195	2.6	3.7	1.7
25. Library science	865	165	705	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,895	970	920	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	220	140	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	59,740	52,810	6,935	9.8	17.6	2.2
04. Architecture and related services	2,495	1,425	1,070	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	16,535	13,260	3,275	2.7	4.4	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	13,910	12,240	1,675	2.3	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	10,445	10,175	265	1.7	3.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	10,850	10,515	330	1.8	3.5	0.1
48. Precision production	5,500	5,185	315	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,510	3,510	3,000	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,580	2,490	2,090	0.7	0.8	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,930	1,025	905	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	56,510	12,660	43,845	9.2	4.2	14.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,040	1,455	1,585	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	51,715	10,250	41,465	8.4	3.4	13.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	110	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,635	915	725	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	15,385	7,260	8,125	2.5	2.4	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,810	2,780	7,030	1.6	0.9	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	90	85	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	100	90	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,560	1,735	825	0.4	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,820	2,565	255	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	395,655	195,765	199,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	136,585	75,120	61,470	34.5	38.4	30.8
Education	17,925	4,585	13,340	4.5	2.3	6.7
13. Education	17,925	4,585	13,340	4.5	2.3	6.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,835	3,600	4,235	2.0	1.8	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	705	520	185	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	7,135	3,080	4,055	1.8	1.6	2.0
Humanities	13,190	5,295	7,895	3.3	2.7	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,350	360	990	0.3	0.2	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	2,690	770	1,920	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,685	1,900	2,780	1.2	1.0	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	260	95	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	845	515	335	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,420	850	570	0.4	0.4	0.3
54. History	1,465	755	710	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	475	55	420	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	30,995	10,720	20,275	7.8	5.5	10.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	685	145	540	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,260	1,490	1,770	0.8	0.8	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,415	440	4,980	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	4,730	1,570	3,155	1.2	0.8	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	895	210	680	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	5,235	1,490	3,745	1.3	0.8	1.9
45. Social sciences	10,775	5,370	5,405	2.7	2.7	2.7
Business, management and public administration	57,130	23,730	33,400	14.4	12.1	16.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	40	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,000	910	3,095	1.0	0.5	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	52,990	22,785	30,200	13.4	11.6	15.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,440	4,955	5,490	2.6	2.5	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,525	2,000	2,520	1.1	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,030	1,455	1,575	0.8	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	440	75	365	0.1	0.0	0.2
40. Physical sciences	2,050	1,295	755	0.5	0.7	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	395	125	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,645	10,040	5,605	4.0	5.1	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	13,410	9,090	4,320	3.4	4.6	2.2
25. Library science	550	110	440	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,510	735	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180	105	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	45,295	39,455	5,845	11.4	20.2	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	2,010	1,130	880	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	14,185	11,195	2,990	3.6	5.7	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,105	8,870	1,240	2.6	4.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,595	7,360	235	1.9	3.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,560	7,315	245	1.9	3.7	0.1
48. Precision production	3,825	3,565	265	1.0	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,090	2,635	2,460	1.3	1.3	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,505	1,810	1,695	0.9	0.9	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,585	825	760	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	44,245	10,315	33,930	11.2	5.3	17.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,350	1,110	1,240	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	40,505	8,495	32,010	10.2	4.3	16.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	85	20	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,305	690	610	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,240	5,320	5,920	2.8	2.7	3.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,970	1,930	5,045	1.8	1.0	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	75	65	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	55	45	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,105	1,435	670	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,040	1,850	190	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	395,655	195,765	199,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	136,585	75,120	61,470	34.5	38.4	30.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	259,065	120,650	138,415	65.5	61.6	69.2
Location of study inside Canada	188,395	87,170	101,225	47.6	44.5	50.6
Same as province or territory of residence	165,815	75,940	89,870	41.9	38.8	45.0
Different than province or territory of residence	22,575	11,225	11,350	5.7	5.7	5.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	70,675	33,480	37,195	17.9	17.1	18.6
Americas	7,865	3,825	4,045	2.0	2.0	2.0
United States of America	4,365	2,190	2,175	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mexico	300	125	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	1,205	575	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	435	200	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	1,065	520	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	6,995	3,655	3,335	1.8	1.9	1.7
Belgium	80	60	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	370	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	345	205	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	410	200	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	785	360	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	1,600	780	820	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,765	985	775	0.4	0.5	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	145	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	765	375	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	6,150	3,190	2,955	1.6	1.6	1.5
Nigeria	3,200	1,610	1,585	0.8	0.8	0.8
Algeria	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	590	275	315	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	265	155	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	1,695	930	770	0.4	0.5	0.4
Asia	49,070	22,505	26,570	12.4	11.5	13.3
Iran⁸⁸	415	210	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	720	355	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	150	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	3,605	1,635	1,970	0.9	0.8	1.0
Taiwan	130	40	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	420	210	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	210	65	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,080	460	625	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	24,470	10,710	13,755	6.2	5.5	6.9
Viet Nam	545	260	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	570	270	300	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	295	140	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	13,665	6,720	6,945	3.5	3.4	3.5
Pakistan	1,365	680	680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	1,125	545	575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oceania	590	310	285	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australia	535	275	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	612,550	299,890	312,665	...	...	...
In the labour force	402,365	209,645	192,720	...	...	...
Employed	366,595	191,045	175,550	...	...	...
Unemployed	35,770	18,600	17,165	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	210,185	90,240	119,945	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.7	69.9	61.6	65.7	69.9	61.6
Employment rate	59.8	63.7	56.1	59.8	63.7	56.1
Unemployment rate	8.9	8.9	8.9	8.9	8.9	8.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	612,555	299,890	312,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	214,675	93,400	121,275	35.0	31.1	38.8
Worked	397,870	206,490	191,385	65.0	68.9	61.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	218,230	121,875	96,350	35.6	40.6	30.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	179,640	84,610	95,035	29.3	28.2	30.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.4	40.9	41.7	42.4	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	402,365	209,650	192,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	9,690	4,700	4,985	2.4	2.2	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	392,680	204,945	187,730	97.6	97.8	97.4
Employee	352,710	179,120	173,590	87.7	85.4	90.1
Permanent position	297,890	153,155	144,735	74.0	73.1	75.1
Temporary position	54,820	25,965	28,855	13.6	12.4	15.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	17,825	7,810	10,015	4.4	3.7	5.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	36,995	18,155	18,845	9.2	8.7	9.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	39,970	25,830	14,140	9.9	12.3	7.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	402,365	209,650	192,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	9,690	4,700	4,985	2.4	2.2	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	392,680	204,945	187,730	97.6	97.8	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,615	2,475	1,140	0.9	1.2	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	69,570	23,830	45,740	17.3	11.4	23.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	28,430	21,625	6,805	7.1	10.3	3.5
3 Health occupations	35,390	8,990	26,405	8.8	4.3	13.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	53,890	18,660	35,235	13.4	8.9	18.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	11,125	5,215	5,910	2.8	2.5	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	102,610	47,325	55,290	25.5	22.6	28.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	64,295	59,645	4,655	16.0	28.4	2.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,325	3,410	915	1.1	1.6	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,425	13,780	5,640	4.8	6.6	2.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	402,365	209,650	192,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	9,690	4,700	4,985	2.4	2.2	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	392,680	204,945	187,730	97.6	97.8	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,340	1,460	880	0.6	0.7	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	665	585	80	0.2	0.3	0.0
22 Utilities	3,435	2,405	1,035	0.9	1.1	0.5
23 Construction	25,400	22,455	2,945	6.3	10.7	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	34,390	24,810	9,580	8.5	11.8	5.0
41 Wholesale trade	11,145	7,985	3,160	2.8	3.8	1.6
44-45 Retail trade	43,970	21,725	22,250	10.9	10.4	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	27,430	22,080	5,350	6.8	10.5	2.8
51 Information and cultural industries	7,370	4,540	2,830	1.8	2.2	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	18,545	7,915	10,630	4.6	3.8	5.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,850	3,280	2,570	1.5	1.6	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	23,690	13,180	10,515	5.9	6.3	5.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	775	395	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	18,665	10,480	8,185	4.6	5.0	4.2
61 Educational services	32,785	10,945	21,845	8.1	5.2	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	60,445	14,760	45,685	15.0	7.0	23.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	7,945	4,105	3,840	2.0	2.0	2.0
72 Accommodation and food services	24,925	11,005	13,915	6.2	5.2	7.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	16,855	7,805	9,050	4.2	3.7	4.7
91 Public administration	26,050	13,035	13,010	6.5	6.2	6.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	426,270	220,975	205,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	397,295	207,455	189,840	93.2	93.9	92.5
French	2,255	700	1,550	0.5	0.3	0.8
Non-official language	2,395	1,340	1,055	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,385	1,340	1,040	0.6	0.6	0.5
English and French	9,485	3,770	5,715	2.2	1.7	2.8
English and non-official language(s)	14,345	7,480	6,865	3.4	3.4	3.3
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	325	140	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	426,270	220,975	205,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	421,975	218,835	203,140	99.0	99.0	99.0
Official languages	417,115	216,230	200,885	97.9	97.9	97.9
English	412,870	214,895	197,975	96.9	97.2	96.4
French	4,245	1,330	2,915	1.0	0.6	1.4
Non-official languages	4,860	2,610	2,250	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,760	2,565	2,195	1.1	1.2	1.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	215	65	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	215	65	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	585	225	355	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	575	225	350	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,120	1,330	790	0.5	0.6	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,530	1,055	470	0.4	0.5	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,490	1,035	450	0.3	0.5	0.2
Bengali	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,360	965	395	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	310	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	210	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	100	20	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	100	20	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,345	730	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	1,345	730	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	810	450	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	530	270	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,300	2,135	2,160	1.0	1.0	1.1
English and French	1,435	585	850	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	2,795	1,535	1,255	0.7	0.7	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	426,270	220,975	205,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	405,855	211,440	194,415	95.2	95.7	94.7
English	4,130	1,750	2,385	1.0	0.8	1.2
French	6,180	2,600	3,580	1.4	1.2	1.7
Non-official language	8,600	4,380	4,220	2.0	2.0	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	285	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	8,320	4,260	4,065	2.0	1.9	2.0
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	200	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	200	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,095	630	465	0.3	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	366,595	191,045	175,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	68,960	32,340	36,615	18.8	16.9	20.9
Worked outside Canada	865	695	170	0.2	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	41,355	31,555	9,795	11.3	16.5	5.6
Usual place of work	255,420	126,455	128,970	69.7	66.2	73.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	255,420	126,450	128,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	236,720	113,985	122,735	92.7	90.1	95.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,530	965	570	0.6	0.8	0.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	16,010	10,710	5,300	6.3	8.5	4.1
Commute to a different province or territory	1,165	795	370	0.5	0.6	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	296,775	158,010	138,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	245,055	135,110	109,945	82.6	85.5	79.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	217,750	126,725	91,025	73.4	80.2	65.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	27,305	8,385	18,920	9.2	5.3	13.6
Public transit	27,710	11,290	16,410	9.3	7.1	11.8
Walked	14,090	6,135	7,950	4.7	3.9	5.7
Bicycle	3,880	2,680	1,195	1.3	1.7	0.9
Other method	6,050	2,785	3,260	2.0	1.8	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	296,775	158,010	138,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	80,145	37,730	42,415	27.0	23.9	30.6
15 to 29 minutes	135,335	72,725	62,610	45.6	46.0	45.1
30 to 44 minutes	58,480	34,565	23,915	19.7	21.9	17.2
45 to 59 minutes	12,270	6,800	5,460	4.1	4.3	3.9
60 minutes and over	10,540	6,180	4,355	3.6	3.9	3.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	296,775	158,010	138,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	13,930	9,945	3,985	4.7	6.3	2.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	48,035	30,045	17,985	16.2	19.0	13.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	80,580	42,170	38,415	27.2	26.7	27.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	61,385	27,810	33,575	20.7	17.6	24.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	37,505	17,485	20,025	12.6	11.1	14.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	55,335	30,555	24,780	18.6	19.3	17.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	151,665	77,925	73,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,465	9,275	9,185	12.2	11.9	12.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	133,205	68,645	64,560	87.8	88.1	87.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	109,055	56,215	52,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,065	7,050	7,020	12.9	12.5	13.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,475	4,690	4,785	8.7	8.3	9.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,595	2,360	2,235	4.2	4.2	4.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	94,990	49,165	45,825	87.1	87.5	86.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 28, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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