Tabulation: Visible Minority (15), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey

• Visible minority (15): Total - Population by visible minority
• Age groups (10): Total - Age groups

This table details visible minority , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Winnipeg^{Footnote 1}
Global non-response rate (GNR)^{Footnote 2} = 21.9 %

Selected demographic, cultural, educational, labour force and income characteristics (315)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total population aged 15 years and over in private households by marital status^Footnote 3	590,295	286,090	304,200
Married or living with a common-law partner	330,260	164,935	165,325
Married (and not separated)	283,655	141,685	141,975
Living common law	46,600	23,245	23,355
Not married and not living with a common-law partner	260,035	121,160	138,875
Single (never legally married)	178,965	94,935	84,040
Separated	14,745	6,505	8,245
Divorced	35,515	13,980	21,535
Widowed	30,805	5,740	25,060
Total - Census family status^Footnote 4	714,640	349,820	364,820
Married spouses	278,935	139,450	139,480
Common-law partners	46,600	23,250	23,350
Lone parents	35,250	7,495	27,755
Children in census families	222,660	118,080	104,575
Persons not in census families^Footnote 5	131,195	61,540	69,650
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago^Footnote 6	706,520	345,800	360,715
Non-movers	609,765	298,745	311,020
Movers	96,755	47,055	49,695
Non-migrants	68,530	33,300	35,235
Migrants	28,220	13,755	14,465
Internal migrants	16,420	7,870	8,550
Intraprovincial migrants	9,645	4,655	4,985
Interprovincial migrants	6,770	3,210	3,565
External migrants	11,805	5,885	5,915
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago^Footnote 7	673,985	329,165	344,815
Non-movers	402,815	196,965	205,845
Movers	271,170	132,200	138,970
Non-migrants	178,065	86,460	91,600
Migrants	93,105	45,735	47,370
Internal migrants	50,290	24,600	25,695
Intraprovincial migrants	29,580	14,245	15,340
Interprovincial migrants	20,710	10,355	10,355
External migrants	42,810	21,135	21,675
Total population by mother tongue^Footnote 8	714,640	349,820	364,820
English	520,320	257,560	262,760
French	25,700	11,960	13,745
Non-official language	155,685	73,915	81,770
English and French	1,245	620	625
English and non-official language	11,060	5,435	5,630
French and non-official language	570	295	270
English, French and non-official language	60	30	30
Total population by language spoken most often at home^Footnote 9	714,640	349,815	364,820
English	603,120	296,295	306,820
French	11,065	4,845	6,220
Non-official language	75,930	36,685	39,240
English and French	715	305	410
English and non-official language	23,420	11,485	11,935
French and non-official language	335	170	160
English, French and non-official language	65	30	30
Total population by knowledge of official languages^Footnote 10	714,635	349,815	364,820
English only	630,230	311,580	318,645
French only	1,130	460	665
English and French	74,755	34,090	40,665
Neither English nor French	8,530	3,680	4,845
Total population aged 15 years and over by language used most often at work^Footnote 11	433,540	222,120	211,420
English	422,720	217,405	205,320
French	4,120	1,370	2,750
Non-official language	3,200	1,710	1,490
Aboriginal	45	25	20
Non-Aboriginal	3,150	1,680	1,465
English and French	1,565	575	990
English and non-official language	1,895	1,030	865
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	40	25	15
Total population by citizenship^Footnote 12	714,640	349,820	364,820
Canadian citizens	657,410	321,490	335,920
Canadian citizens only	643,420	314,605	328,810
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	13,985	6,880	7,110
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 13	57,225	28,330	28,900
Total population in private households by immigrant status and period of immigration^Footnote 14	714,635	349,815	364,820
Non-immigrants^Footnote 15	560,880	274,925	285,955
Immigrants^Footnote 16	147,295	71,520	75,775
Before 1971	26,055	12,295	13,755
1971 to 1980	19,445	9,620	9,825
1981 to 1990	18,000	8,685	9,315
1991 to 2000	20,260	9,630	10,635
2001 to 2011^Footnote 17	63,545	31,300	32,245
2001 to 2005	18,275	8,900	9,375
2006 to 2011^Footnote 18	45,275	22,400	22,875
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 19	6,465	3,375	3,090
Total immigrant population in private households by age at immigration^Footnote 20	147,295	71,520	75,775
Under 5 years	15,550	7,910	7,640
5 to 14 years	27,795	14,180	13,610
15 to 24 years	33,340	15,705	17,630
25 to 44 years	58,250	28,090	30,160
45 years and over	12,365	5,635	6,730
Total population in private households by immigrant status and selected places of birth^Footnote 21	714,635	349,815	364,825
Non-immigrants^Footnote 22	560,880	274,925	285,960
Born in province of residence	471,535	231,760	239,775
Born outside province of residence	89,345	43,165	46,180
Immigrants^Footnote 23	147,300	71,520	75,775
Americas	17,275	8,235	9,040
United States	4,560	2,050	2,510
Jamaica	1,300	580	725
Guyana	1,070	470	600
Haiti	90	40	55
Mexico	1,050	530	515
Trinidad and Tobago	1,635	740	895
Colombia	370	205	165
El Salvador	1,520	845	670
Peru	235	130	105
Chile	725	370	355
Other places of birth in Americas	4,720	2,280	2,440
Europe	41,700	20,520	21,180
United Kingdom^Footnote 24	9,170	4,445	4,725
Italy	2,960	1,630	1,335
Germany	5,115	2,555	2,555
Poland	5,100	2,115	2,985
Portugal	3,860	2,100	1,760
Netherlands	1,440	760	680
France	640	360	275
Romania	710	405	305
Russian Federation	1,780	740	1,045
Greece	625	350	270
Ukraine	3,360	1,620	1,740
Croatia	1,050	525	520
Hungary	700	385	315
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,020	460	560
Serbia	370	200	175
Ireland, Republic of	340	155	185
Other places of birth in Europe	3,460	1,705	1,755
Africa	9,955	5,200	4,755
Morocco	355	215	150
Algeria	45	30	20
Egypt	515	265	250
South Africa, Republic of	525	280	245
Nigeria	1,325	740	585
Ethiopia	1,490	760	730
Kenya	530	285	245
Other places of birth in Africa	5,170	2,630	2,535
Asia	77,865	37,320	40,540
India	11,310	5,755	5,555
China^Footnote 25	6,015	2,885	3,130
Philippines	43,390	20,240	23,145
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	1,425	680	750
Viet Nam^Footnote 26	3,375	1,680	1,690
Pakistan	1,425	790	635
Sri Lanka	725	370	360
Iran^Footnote 27	835	485	355
Korea, South^Footnote 28	1,965	845	1,120
Lebanon	85	55	25
Taiwan	250	125	125
Iraq	520	270	250
Bangladesh	320	165	155
Afghanistan	700	355	345
Japan	185	30	155
Turkey	85	45	40
Other places of birth in Asia	5,260	2,560	2,700
Oceania and other^Footnote 29	510	250	255
Fiji	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 30	505	250	260
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 31	6,465	3,375	3,090
Total population in private households by generation status^Footnote 32	714,640	349,820	364,820
First generation^Footnote 33	155,775	76,000	79,775
Second generation^Footnote 34	139,165	67,155	72,015
Third generation or more^Footnote 35	419,700	206,665	213,030
Total population by selected religions^Footnote 36	714,640	349,815	364,820
Buddhist	6,315	3,040	3,275
Christian	460,755	215,420	245,335
Anglican	32,855	14,825	18,030
Baptist	11,310	5,300	6,015
Catholic	212,450	101,590	110,860
Christian Orthodox	10,880	5,205	5,680
Lutheran	23,770	10,925	12,845
Pentecostal	10,610	4,805	5,810
Presbyterian	4,835	2,195	2,640
United Church	60,315	26,360	33,960
Other Christian	93,720	44,215	49,495
Hindu	6,845	3,410	3,435
Jewish	10,735	5,270	5,465
Muslim	11,260	5,740	5,525
Sikh	9,885	4,955	4,925
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality	1,845	730	1,120
Other religions	3,010	1,260	1,750
No religious affiliation	203,985	109,985	94,000
Total population aged 25 to 64 years by highest certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 37	395,720	193,505	202,215
No certificate, diploma or degree	49,420	26,835	22,585
High school diploma or equivalent^Footnote 38	99,905	49,190	50,710
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 39	246,395	117,485	128,915
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma^Footnote 40	38,075	23,940	14,135
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	76,430	33,775	42,660
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level^Footnote 41	20,945	9,130	11,815
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	110,940	50,640	60,305
Bachelor's degree	74,040	32,605	41,435
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level^Footnote 42	36,905	18,035	18,870
Total population aged 15 years and over by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2011^Footnote 43	590,295	286,090	304,200
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 44	285,380	139,185	146,190
Education	27,545	7,835	19,710
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,335	4,985	5,350
Humanities	17,450	7,355	10,095
Social and behavioural sciences and law	29,945	11,030	18,915
Business, management and public administration	64,195	25,380	38,810
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,515	5,950	5,560
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,825	8,040	4,790
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	58,355	54,070	4,285
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,680	3,765	1,920
Health and related fields^Footnote 45	51,260	10,430	40,825
Personal, protective and transportation services	15,790	8,065	7,730
Other fields of study^Footnote 46	20	0	25
Total population aged 15 years and over by location of study compared with province or territory of residence^Footnote 47	590,295	286,095	304,205
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	285,380	139,185	146,195
With postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	304,915	146,905	158,010
Location of study inside Canada	254,855	121,375	133,475
Same as province or territory of residence	225,155	106,055	119,100
Another province or territory	29,700	15,325	14,375
Location of study outside Canada	50,060	25,525	24,530
Total population aged 15 years and over by labour force status^Footnote 48	590,290	286,095	304,205
In the labour force	405,595	209,400	196,195
Employed	382,270	197,305	184,970
Unemployed	23,325	12,100	11,225
Not in the labour force	184,700	76,695	108,005
Participation rate	68.7	73.2	64.5
Employment rate	64.8	69.0	60.8
Unemployment rate	5.8	5.8	5.7
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker^Footnote 49	405,595	209,395	196,195
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 50	6,280	2,955	3,330
All classes of worker^Footnote 51	399,315	206,445	192,870
Employee	367,385	185,395	181,990
Self-employed^Footnote 52	31,930	21,050	10,875
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011^Footnote 53	405,595	209,400	196,195
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 54	6,280	2,950	3,325
All occupations^Footnote 55	399,315	206,445	192,870
0 Management occupations	38,575	23,620	14,955
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	69,740	21,520	48,220
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	25,995	20,535	5,460
3 Health occupations	30,620	6,935	23,685
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	52,250	18,205	34,050
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	10,395	4,905	5,490
6 Sales and service occupations	95,530	42,845	52,685
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	53,845	51,185	2,660
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,305	3,530	780
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	18,055	13,160	4,895
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007^Footnote 56	405,590	209,400	196,195
Industry - not applicable^Footnote 57	6,280	2,955	3,325
All industries^Footnote 58	399,315	206,445	192,870
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,385	2,245	1,140
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	615	525	95
22 Utilities	4,960	3,565	1,395
23 Construction	24,815	22,190	2,625
31-33 Manufacturing	36,345	27,245	9,095
41 Wholesale trade	15,630	10,945	4,685
44-45 Retail trade	44,510	21,280	23,225
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	21,445	16,885	4,565
51 Information and cultural industries	8,775	4,830	3,945
52 Finance and insurance	19,465	7,205	12,265
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	6,210	3,590	2,620
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	21,040	11,880	9,160
55 Management of companies and enterprises	430	280	155
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	15,965	9,275	6,690
61 Educational services	32,690	10,950	21,740
62 Health care and social assistance	53,875	11,375	42,500
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,240	4,805	4,435
72 Accommodation and food services	27,740	11,805	15,935
81 Other services (except public administration)	18,030	8,540	9,490
91 Public administration	34,145	17,035	17,110
Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2010^Footnote 59	227,460	127,070	100,390
Median employment income in 2010 $	45,543	49,963	41,074
Average employment income in 2010 $	53,451	58,922	46,525
Total income in 2010 of population aged 15 years and over^Footnote 60	590,295	286,090	304,200
Without income	29,225	13,810	15,420
With income	561,070	272,285	288,785
Under $5,000^Footnote 61	52,230	25,395	26,835
$5,000 to $9,999	41,245	15,895	25,350
$10,000 to $14,999	46,875	18,095	28,780
$15,000 to $19,999	49,100	18,315	30,785
$20,000 to $29,999	83,605	34,265	49,335
$30,000 to $39,999	76,865	36,385	40,475
$40,000 to $49,999	62,250	31,930	30,315
$50,000 to $59,999	44,995	26,500	18,495
$60,000 to $79,999	55,655	32,695	22,955
$80,000 to $99,999	24,295	15,475	8,820
$100,000 and over	23,965	17,325	6,640
$100,000 to $124,999	11,615	7,925	3,690
$125,000 and over	12,350	9,400	2,950
Median income $^Footnote 62	30,804	36,582	26,220
Average income $^Footnote 63	38,806	45,212	32,766
After-tax income in 2010 of population 15 years and over^Footnote 64	590,290	286,095	304,205
Without after-tax income	29,305	13,795	15,505
With after-tax income	560,985	272,295	288,695
Under $5,000^Footnote 65	53,485	25,650	27,835
$5,000 to $9,999	42,615	16,190	26,425
$10,000 to $14,999	49,680	19,525	30,160
$15,000 to $19,999	56,215	21,435	34,785
$20,000 to $29,999	103,760	44,525	59,235
$30,000 to $39,999	90,380	44,865	45,505
$40,000 to $49,999	64,895	36,860	28,030
$50,000 to $59,999	40,665	24,150	16,515
$60,000 to $79,999	38,740	24,040	14,705
$80,000 to $99,999	10,660	7,435	3,220
$100,000 and over	9,890	7,615	2,275
Median after-tax income $^Footnote 66	27,503	31,898	23,973
Average after-tax income $^Footnote 67	32,189	36,754	27,884
Composition of total income in 2010 of population 15 years and over %^Footnote 68	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income %^Footnote 69	88.8	92.1	84.5
Employment income %^Footnote 70	76.5	79.6	72.4
Wages and salaries %^Footnote 71	72.6	74.8	69.9
Self-employment income %^Footnote 72	3.8	4.9	2.5
Investment income %^Footnote 73	3.7	3.5	3.9
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities %^Footnote 74	7.1	7.6	6.4
Other money income %^Footnote 75	1.5	1.4	1.7
Government transfer payments %^Footnote 76	11.2	7.9	15.5
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits %^Footnote 77	3.6	3.1	4.4
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement %^Footnote 78	3.0	2.1	4.0
Employment Insurance benefits %^Footnote 79	1.4	1.1	1.7
Child benefits %^Footnote 80	1.4	0.1	3.1
Other income from government sources %^Footnote 81	1.8	1.4	2.3
Income taxes paid as a % of total income^Footnote 82	17.1	18.7	14.9
After-tax income as a % of total income^Footnote 83	82.9	81.3	85.1
Net capital gains or losses as a % of total income^Footnote 84	1.1	1.2	1.0
Total population by income status in 2010 based on after-tax low-income measure^Footnote 85	714,640	349,815	364,820
Population for the income status based on after-tax low-income measure	714,635	349,820	364,820
Low-income population	113,340	51,655	61,675
Prevalence of low income %	15.9	14.8	16.9
Other population	601,300	298,160	303,140
Concept not applicable^Footnote 86	0	0	0

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

Excludes National Household Survey data for one or more incompletely enumerated Indian reserves or Indian settlements.

Footnote 2

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.

Footnote 3

Marital status
Refers to the marital status of the person, taking into account his/her common-law status. Persons who are married or living common law may be of opposite sex or of the same sex. The classification is as follows:
Married (and not separated): A person who is married and has not separated or obtained a divorce, and whose spouse is living.

Common-law: A person who is living with another person as a couple but who is not legally married to that person.

Separated: A person who is married but who no longer lives with his/her spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and who has not obtained a divorce. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Divorced: A person who has obtained a legal divorce and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Widowed: A person who has lost his/her spouse through death and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Single (never legally married): A person who has never married or a person whose marriage has been annulled and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Footnote 4

Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a married spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.

Footnote 5

Persons not in census families may live with relatives (without forming a census family with them), they may live with non-relatives only or they may live alone.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 8

Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 9

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 10

Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

Footnote 11

Population by language used most often at work.

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2011 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2010.

Footnote 12

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

Footnote 13

Includes persons who are stateless.

Footnote 14

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status. A landed immigrant/permanent resident refers to a person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 15

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 16

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 17

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 18

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 19

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 20

Age at immigration refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant/permanent resident status. Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 21

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

Footnote 22

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 23

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 24

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 25

China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

Footnote 26

The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Footnote 27

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 28

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 29

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 30

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 31

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 32

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. It identifies persons as being first generation, second generation or third generation or more.

Footnote 33

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 34

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 35

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 36

Religion refers to the person's self-identification as having a connection or affiliation with any religious denomination, group, body, sect, cult or other religiously defined community or system of belief. Religion is not limited to formal membership in a religious organization or group. Persons without a religious connection or affiliation can self-identify as atheist, agnostic or humanist, or can provide another applicable response.

Footnote 37

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 38

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 39

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 40

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

Footnote 41

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

Footnote 42

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

Footnote 43

'Major field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level and classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2011. This variable shows the 'primary groupings,' a CIP variant.



For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2011, Catalogue no. 12-590-X available from: www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/classification-eng.htm.



For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 44

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed a registered apprenticeship certificate (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) or other trades certificate or diploma, a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 45

Called 'Health, parks, recreation and fitness' in CIP Canada 2000.

Footnote 46

Includes 'Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other.'

Footnote 47

'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence' indicates whether the 'Location of study' is the same as the province or territory of residence in 2011, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. 'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country of the institution where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.



Users should be aware that some respondents may have reported the physical location of study rather than the location of the certificate, diploma or degree-granting institution. This could affect the responses of those who obtained a certificate, diploma or degree through a joint program or by distance learning with credentials granted in another province or country. In particular, a number of persons reported a location of study for a university credential in one of the territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), even though there were no educational institutions in the territories with the authority to grant university degrees.



For any other comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable or 'Location of study,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 48

Refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 49

Refers to whether an employed person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed include persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 50

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 51

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 52

Includes self-employed with an incorporated business and self-employed with an unincorporated business. Also included among the self-employed are unpaid family workers.

Footnote 53

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The 2011 National Household Survey occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2011.

Footnote 54

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 55

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 56

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2011 National Household Survey industry data are produced according to the NAICS 2007.

Footnote 57

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 58

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 59

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2010 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.


Net non-farm income from unincorporated business or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution, ranked by size of income, into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) with income in that group.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

The above concept and procedures also apply in the calculation of these statistics for earnings.

Work activity in 2010 - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 60

Total income - Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2010. It includes employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities); income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, employment insurance, old age security pension, Canada or Quebec pension plan benefits and disability income; income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and RRIFs; income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, GICs and mutual funds; and other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. It excludes one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump sum insurance settlements, capital gains and RRSP withdrawals. Capital gains are excluded because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are less likely to be fully spent in the period in which they are received, unlike income that is regular and recurring. Also excluded are employer's contributions to registered pension plans, Canada and Quebec pension plans, and employment insurance. Finally, voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter, and goods produced for own consumption are excluded from this total income definition.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 61

Including loss.

Footnote 62

For population with income.

Footnote 63

For population with income.

Footnote 64

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2010.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 65

Including loss.

Footnote 66

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 67

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 68

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

Total income - Total of income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income and any other money income.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 69

Market income - Refers to the sum of employment income (wages and salaries, net farm income and net income from non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities (including those from RRSPs and RRIFs) and other money income. It is equivalent to total income before tax minus all government transfers and is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Footnote 70

Earnings or employment income - Total wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

Footnote 71

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Footnote 72

Self-employment net income - Refers to the total amount received by persons aged 15 years and over during calendar year 2010 as net farm income from self-employment, or net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Footnote 73

Investment income - Refers to interest received during calendar year 2010 from deposits in banks, trust companies, cooperatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures, and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign corporate stocks and mutual funds. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources, such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. Does not include capital gains or losses.

Footnote 74

Retirement pensions - Refers to all regular income received by the respondent during calendar year 2010 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF), a matured Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed-term annuity, or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widow(er)s or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP, or refunds of over-contributions.

Footnote 75

Other money income - Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 2010 and not reported in any of the other sources listed on the questionnaire. For example, severance pay and retirement allowances, alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, income from abroad (excluding dividends and interest), non refundable scholarships, bursaries, fellowships and study grants, and artists' project grants are included.

Footnote 76

Government transfer payments - Refers to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during 2010. This variable is derived by summing the amounts reported in:

- the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor
- benefits from Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- child benefits
- other income from government sources.

Footnote 77

Benefits from Canada or Quebec pension plan - Refers to benefits received during calendar year 2010 from the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (For example, retirement pensions, survivors' benefits and disability pensions). Does not include lump-sum death benefits.

Footnote 78

Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement - Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons aged 65 years and over, and to the Allowance or Allowance for the survivor paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of old age security recipients or widow(er)s by the federal government during the calendar year 2010.

Footnote 79

Benefits from employment insurance - Refers to total Employment Insurance benefits received during calendar year 2010, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, work sharing, retraining and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal Employment Insurance Program or the Quebec Parental Insurance Program.

Footnote 80

Child benefits - Refers to payments received under the Canada Child Tax Benefit program during calendar year 2010 by parents with dependent children under 18 years of age. Included with the Canada Child Tax Benefit is the National Child Benefit Supplement (NCBS) for low-income families with children. The NCBS is the federal contribution to the National Child Benefit (NCB), a joint initiative of federal, provincial and territorial governments. Also included in this variable are child benefits, child disability benefits and earned income supplements provided by certain provinces and territories and the Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB).

Footnote 81

Other income from government sources - Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Employment Insurance benefits and child benefits) received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal programs during 2010.

Footnote 82

Income tax paid - Refers to all federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid on 2010 income. Federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid refer to taxes on income, after taking into account exemptions, deductions, non-refundable tax credits and the Quebec abatement. These taxes are obtained from the income tax files for persons who allowed access to their income tax data and from direct responses on the questionnaire for others.

Footnote 83

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid for 2010.

Footnote 84

Net capital gains or losses -
Refers to the net gains received or losses incurred during calendar year 2010 from the sale of capital property. This represents the proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base of the property and outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property. Capital property includes depreciable property and any property which, if sold, would result in a capital gain or loss (for example, cottages, buildings and securities such as mutual funds).

Non-taxable capital gains or losses on the sale of a principal residence are excluded.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the definition of Total income as published in standard products.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the concept of total income but are expressed here as a percentage to obtain a relative measure of size.

Footnote 85

Low income can be measured in several different ways in household surveys. For the standard products of the National Household Survey, the line chosen is a relative measure: the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT).

For this measure, the income used is after-tax income of households. There are no regional variations to account for prices or cost of living differences: all applicable households in Canada face the same line adjusted for household size. This line is set at half the median of adjusted household after-tax income. To account for potential economies of scale, the income of households with more than one member is divided by the square root of the size of the household.

All household members are considered to share the household income and are attributed the same income status.

Note: Low-income estimates in the 2011 National Household Survey

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), low-income statistics are presented based on the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). This measure is not related to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) presented in the 2006 Census and prevalence rates are conceptually not comparable. Because of the sensitivity of certain income indicators to differences in methodology and response patterns, direct comparisons to establish trends with low-income estimates from other household surveys, administrative programs or the 2006 Census are discouraged. The prevalence rates observed in the NHS at the national level are generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher than seen for similar concepts in other programs. However, analysis of the NHS data suggests that it is valid to compare low-income data for different sub-populations within the NHS (i.e., for different geographic areas or demographic groups). For more information, refer to the Income Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011006.

Footnote 86

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting or fishing) could have made the interpretation of low-income rates more difficult.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011038.