Tabulation: Visible Minority (15), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey

• Visible minority (15): Total - Population by visible minority
• Age groups (10): Total - Age groups

This table details visible minority , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Manitoba^{Footnote 1}
Global non-response rate (GNR)^{Footnote 2} = 26.2 %

Selected demographic, cultural, educational, labour force and income characteristics (315)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total population aged 15 years and over in private households by marital status^Footnote 3	946,940	463,120	483,820
Married or living with a common-law partner	552,240	276,075	276,165
Married (and not separated)	475,000	237,500	237,495
Living common law	77,245	38,575	38,670
Not married and not living with a common-law partner	394,700	187,050	207,655
Single (never legally married)	270,655	146,030	124,625
Separated	22,655	10,330	12,325
Divorced	50,025	20,455	29,570
Widowed	51,370	10,230	41,135
Total - Census family status^Footnote 4	1,174,345	579,965	594,375
Married spouses	467,885	233,975	233,905
Common-law partners	77,240	38,570	38,670
Lone parents	55,080	12,005	43,080
Children in census families	377,400	201,080	176,315
Persons not in census families^Footnote 5	196,740	94,335	102,400
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago^Footnote 6	1,159,210	572,220	586,985
Non-movers	1,013,830	501,025	512,805
Movers	145,380	71,195	74,180
Non-migrants	92,745	45,365	47,380
Migrants	52,630	25,830	26,795
Internal migrants	37,945	18,635	19,310
Intraprovincial migrants	26,875	13,100	13,775
Interprovincial migrants	11,075	5,535	5,535
External migrants	14,690	7,200	7,495
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago^Footnote 7	1,098,275	541,060	557,215
Non-movers	679,540	336,375	343,165
Movers	418,735	204,685	214,055
Non-migrants	247,815	120,555	127,260
Migrants	170,920	84,125	86,790
Internal migrants	115,660	56,540	59,120
Intraprovincial migrants	78,805	37,975	40,835
Interprovincial migrants	36,855	18,565	18,290
External migrants	55,260	27,590	27,665
Total population by mother tongue^Footnote 8	1,174,345	579,970	594,375
English	871,675	432,855	438,820
French	38,360	18,525	19,835
Non-official language	247,450	120,220	127,225
English and French	1,775	885	885
English and non-official language	14,245	6,995	7,245
French and non-official language	770	435	335
English, French and non-official language	75	45	35
Total population by language spoken most often at home^Footnote 9	1,174,345	579,970	594,380
English	1,009,640	499,125	510,520
French	16,770	7,835	8,940
Non-official language	118,105	58,425	59,685
English and French	1,200	560	640
English and non-official language	28,155	13,790	14,365
French and non-official language	385	195	195
English, French and non-official language	80	45	40
Total population by knowledge of official languages^Footnote 10	1,174,345	579,970	594,375
English only	1,058,705	526,665	532,040
French only	1,510	620	890
English and French	101,195	46,855	54,335
Neither English nor French	12,930	5,830	7,105
Total population aged 15 years and over by language used most often at work^Footnote 11	681,805	354,655	327,150
English	663,080	345,785	317,295
French	5,930	2,060	3,870
Non-official language	7,710	4,485	3,225
Aboriginal	2,725	1,620	1,105
Non-Aboriginal	4,985	2,870	2,115
English and French	2,155	790	1,365
English and non-official language	2,875	1,500	1,375
French and non-official language	15	0	0
English, French and non-official language	45	25	15
Total population by citizenship^Footnote 12	1,174,345	579,965	594,380
Canadian citizens	1,099,400	542,785	556,620
Canadian citizens only	1,081,080	533,775	547,305
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	18,320	9,010	9,315
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 13	74,940	37,185	37,755
Total population in private households by immigrant status and period of immigration^Footnote 14	1,174,345	579,970	594,375
Non-immigrants^Footnote 15	981,205	485,355	495,850
Immigrants^Footnote 16	184,505	90,010	94,495
Before 1971	32,675	15,440	17,240
1971 to 1980	22,995	11,395	11,600
1981 to 1990	21,950	10,700	11,245
1991 to 2000	25,005	12,000	13,010
2001 to 2011^Footnote 17	81,875	40,475	41,400
2001 to 2005	24,220	11,860	12,360
2006 to 2011^Footnote 18	57,655	28,615	29,040
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 19	8,640	4,605	4,035
Total immigrant population in private households by age at immigration^Footnote 20	184,505	90,005	94,495
Under 5 years	21,575	10,840	10,740
5 to 14 years	37,210	18,810	18,395
15 to 24 years	41,035	19,425	21,615
25 to 44 years	70,285	34,280	36,005
45 years and over	14,390	6,655	7,740
Total population in private households by immigrant status and selected places of birth^Footnote 21	1,174,345	579,970	594,375
Non-immigrants^Footnote 22	981,200	485,355	495,845
Born in province of residence	836,205	415,210	420,995
Born outside province of residence	145,000	70,145	74,855
Immigrants^Footnote 23	184,505	90,005	94,495
Americas	30,710	14,775	15,935
United States	7,415	3,235	4,185
Jamaica	1,350	610	740
Guyana	1,100	475	625
Haiti	100	40	60
Mexico	6,605	3,295	3,310
Trinidad and Tobago	1,750	790	960
Colombia	1,090	605	485
El Salvador	2,400	1,335	1,065
Peru	265	145	125
Chile	795	425	370
Other places of birth in Americas	7,835	3,830	4,015
Europe	57,525	28,475	29,050
United Kingdom^Footnote 24	13,235	6,400	6,835
Italy	3,030	1,670	1,365
Germany	10,850	5,475	5,370
Poland	5,520	2,305	3,215
Portugal	4,060	2,165	1,890
Netherlands	2,505	1,285	1,215
France	820	435	385
Romania	775	430	340
Russian Federation	3,890	1,815	2,070
Greece	670	375	295
Ukraine	4,015	1,980	2,035
Croatia	1,090	545	535
Hungary	770	430	335
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,060	490	570
Serbia	405	205	200
Ireland, Republic of	555	275	285
Other places of birth in Europe	4,285	2,185	2,105
Africa	11,250	5,850	5,400
Morocco	385	220	170
Algeria	45	25	20
Egypt	570	300	270
South Africa, Republic of	945	485	455
Nigeria	1,445	825	620
Ethiopia	1,660	835	825
Kenya	580	305	275
Other places of birth in Africa	5,625	2,855	2,770
Asia	84,310	40,520	43,785
India	12,175	6,205	5,970
China^Footnote 25	7,205	3,495	3,705
Philippines	45,240	21,075	24,165
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	1,510	740	770
Viet Nam^Footnote 26	3,440	1,740	1,705
Pakistan	1,705	935	770
Sri Lanka	755	380	375
Iran^Footnote 27	885	520	360
Korea, South^Footnote 28	2,215	990	1,225
Lebanon	130	80	55
Taiwan	285	140	145
Iraq	655	350	310
Bangladesh	385	195	190
Afghanistan	700	355	345
Japan	250	65	180
Turkey	155	55	100
Other places of birth in Asia	6,625	3,210	3,410
Oceania and other^Footnote 29	705	380	330
Fiji	35	30	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 30	675	350	325
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 31	8,635	4,605	4,030
Total population in private households by generation status^Footnote 32	1,174,345	579,970	594,375
First generation^Footnote 33	196,720	96,600	100,120
Second generation^Footnote 34	197,860	95,820	102,040
Third generation or more^Footnote 35	779,770	387,545	392,220
Total population by selected religions^Footnote 36	1,174,345	579,965	594,375
Buddhist	6,770	3,285	3,485
Christian	803,640	382,310	421,335
Anglican	67,040	30,975	36,070
Baptist	19,815	9,650	10,165
Catholic	309,455	150,275	159,180
Christian Orthodox	14,660	7,075	7,585
Lutheran	40,915	19,225	21,685
Pentecostal	22,670	10,755	11,915
Presbyterian	9,760	4,455	5,305
United Church	130,215	59,080	71,135
Other Christian	189,110	90,815	98,295
Hindu	7,715	3,870	3,850
Jewish	11,110	5,460	5,650
Muslim	12,405	6,335	6,070
Sikh	10,195	5,120	5,080
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality	7,155	3,415	3,740
Other religions	4,250	1,840	2,400
No religious affiliation	311,105	168,335	142,765
Total population aged 25 to 64 years by highest certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 37	623,945	306,885	317,060
No certificate, diploma or degree	107,025	59,750	47,270
High school diploma or equivalent^Footnote 38	159,495	78,200	81,300
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 39	357,425	168,935	188,490
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma^Footnote 40	66,200	41,870	24,330
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	120,155	50,680	69,470
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level^Footnote 41	29,490	12,895	16,590
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	141,580	63,485	78,100
Bachelor's degree	96,035	41,325	54,705
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level^Footnote 42	45,550	22,155	23,395
Total population aged 15 years and over by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2011^Footnote 43	946,945	463,120	483,820
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 44	500,105	249,660	250,445
Education	45,020	12,430	32,585
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,045	6,305	6,740
Humanities	23,545	10,080	13,470
Social and behavioural sciences and law	38,930	13,610	25,315
Business, management and public administration	87,800	31,950	55,855
Physical and life sciences and technologies	14,210	7,415	6,790
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,845	9,740	6,100
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	89,760	84,345	5,415
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,505	9,970	3,530
Health and related fields^Footnote 45	78,935	14,395	64,540
Personal, protective and transportation services	26,190	13,205	12,985
Other fields of study^Footnote 46	45	0	45
Total population aged 15 years and over by location of study compared with province or territory of residence^Footnote 47	946,945	463,120	483,820
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	500,110	249,665	250,445
With postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	446,835	213,460	233,375
Location of study inside Canada	385,810	181,895	203,915
Same as province or territory of residence	337,325	156,430	180,895
Another province or territory	48,485	25,465	23,025
Location of study outside Canada	61,020	31,565	29,460
Total population aged 15 years and over by labour force status^Footnote 48	946,940	463,120	483,820
In the labour force	636,835	334,165	302,675
Employed	597,290	312,865	284,425
Unemployed	39,550	21,295	18,250
Not in the labour force	310,105	128,960	181,145
Participation rate	67.3	72.2	62.6
Employment rate	63.1	67.6	58.8
Unemployment rate	6.2	6.4	6.0
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker^Footnote 49	636,835	334,160	302,675
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 50	11,030	5,165	5,865
All classes of worker^Footnote 51	625,805	328,995	296,805
Employee	560,315	284,905	275,410
Self-employed^Footnote 52	65,490	44,095	21,395
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011^Footnote 53	636,835	334,160	302,670
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 54	11,030	5,165	5,865
All occupations^Footnote 55	625,805	329,000	296,810
0 Management occupations	69,775	45,005	24,770
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	97,845	28,285	69,560
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	33,635	26,800	6,835
3 Health occupations	46,555	9,570	36,985
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	82,195	27,695	54,500
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	13,470	5,995	7,470
6 Sales and service occupations	140,970	59,650	81,325
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	95,085	90,410	4,675
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	17,385	13,985	3,395
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	28,895	21,605	7,290
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007^Footnote 56	636,835	334,165	302,675
Industry - not applicable^Footnote 57	11,030	5,165	5,865
All industries^Footnote 58	625,805	328,995	296,810
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	27,390	20,095	7,295
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	5,325	4,850	480
22 Utilities	8,040	6,165	1,875
23 Construction	41,390	36,980	4,410
31-33 Manufacturing	55,295	42,015	13,285
41 Wholesale trade	21,555	15,480	6,075
44-45 Retail trade	68,720	32,305	36,415
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	33,355	26,295	7,060
51 Information and cultural industries	11,485	6,080	5,405
52 Finance and insurance	26,045	8,990	17,055
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,100	4,560	3,540
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	26,880	14,770	12,105
55 Management of companies and enterprises	505	325	185
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	21,285	12,480	8,805
61 Educational services	52,525	16,905	35,620
62 Health care and social assistance	83,700	16,095	67,600
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	12,495	6,475	6,020
72 Accommodation and food services	40,490	16,075	24,415
81 Other services (except public administration)	27,535	13,800	13,740
91 Public administration	53,690	28,255	25,430
Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2010^Footnote 59	352,410	202,560	149,850
Median employment income in 2010 $	43,621	47,872	39,515
Average employment income in 2010 $	51,037	55,679	44,761
Total income in 2010 of population aged 15 years and over^Footnote 60	946,945	463,120	483,825
Without income	45,905	21,630	24,270
With income	901,040	441,490	459,545
Under $5,000^Footnote 61	94,370	46,905	47,470
$5,000 to $9,999	68,530	25,370	43,160
$10,000 to $14,999	80,415	30,200	50,215
$15,000 to $19,999	83,785	31,360	52,420
$20,000 to $29,999	135,385	56,925	78,460
$30,000 to $39,999	123,090	59,635	63,455
$40,000 to $49,999	95,700	51,335	44,365
$50,000 to $59,999	66,935	40,975	25,960
$60,000 to $79,999	82,780	50,390	32,390
$80,000 to $99,999	36,305	23,455	12,855
$100,000 and over	33,740	24,940	8,800
$100,000 to $124,999	16,840	11,965	4,875
$125,000 and over	16,900	12,980	3,925
Median income $^Footnote 62	29,029	35,055	24,227
Average income $^Footnote 63	36,696	42,867	30,768
After-tax income in 2010 of population 15 years and over^Footnote 64	946,940	463,120	483,820
Without after-tax income	46,025	21,620	24,410
With after-tax income	900,915	441,505	459,415
Under $5,000^Footnote 65	96,300	47,340	48,965
$5,000 to $9,999	70,565	25,790	44,775
$10,000 to $14,999	85,085	32,335	52,745
$15,000 to $19,999	94,385	36,060	58,320
$20,000 to $29,999	166,025	72,575	93,450
$30,000 to $39,999	142,760	73,675	69,080
$40,000 to $49,999	97,635	57,510	40,125
$50,000 to $59,999	60,970	37,665	23,305
$60,000 to $79,999	58,020	36,890	21,130
$80,000 to $99,999	15,945	11,435	4,515
$100,000 and over	13,230	10,220	3,010
Median after-tax income $^Footnote 66	26,150	30,927	22,284
Average after-tax income $^Footnote 67	30,702	35,163	26,415
Composition of total income in 2010 of population 15 years and over %^Footnote 68	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income %^Footnote 69	87.5	91.1	82.7
Employment income %^Footnote 70	75.4	78.7	70.8
Wages and salaries %^Footnote 71	71.0	73.2	68.0
Self-employment income %^Footnote 72	4.4	5.6	2.8
Investment income %^Footnote 73	3.7	3.5	4.0
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities %^Footnote 74	7.0	7.5	6.3
Other money income %^Footnote 75	1.5	1.4	1.7
Government transfer payments %^Footnote 76	12.5	8.9	17.3
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits %^Footnote 77	3.9	3.4	4.5
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement %^Footnote 78	3.4	2.6	4.6
Employment Insurance benefits %^Footnote 79	1.4	1.2	1.7
Child benefits %^Footnote 80	1.8	0.2	4.1
Other income from government sources %^Footnote 81	1.9	1.5	2.3
Income taxes paid as a % of total income^Footnote 82	16.3	18.0	14.2
After-tax income as a % of total income^Footnote 83	83.7	82.0	85.8
Net capital gains or losses as a % of total income^Footnote 84	1.5	1.5	1.4
Total population by income status in 2010 based on after-tax low-income measure^Footnote 85	1,174,345	579,970	594,375
Population for the income status based on after-tax low-income measure	1,111,380	547,975	563,400
Low-income population	181,945	82,795	99,150
Prevalence of low income %	16.4	15.1	17.6
Other population	929,435	465,175	464,255
Concept not applicable^Footnote 86	62,965	31,995	30,970

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

Excludes National Household Survey data for one or more incompletely enumerated Indian reserves or Indian settlements.

Footnote 2

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.

Footnote 3

Marital status
Refers to the marital status of the person, taking into account his/her common-law status. Persons who are married or living common law may be of opposite sex or of the same sex. The classification is as follows:
Married (and not separated): A person who is married and has not separated or obtained a divorce, and whose spouse is living.

Common-law: A person who is living with another person as a couple but who is not legally married to that person.

Separated: A person who is married but who no longer lives with his/her spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and who has not obtained a divorce. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Divorced: A person who has obtained a legal divorce and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Widowed: A person who has lost his/her spouse through death and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Single (never legally married): A person who has never married or a person whose marriage has been annulled and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Footnote 4

Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a married spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.

Footnote 5

Persons not in census families may live with relatives (without forming a census family with them), they may live with non-relatives only or they may live alone.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 8

Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 9

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 10

Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

Footnote 11

Population by language used most often at work.

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2011 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2010.

Footnote 12

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

Footnote 13

Includes persons who are stateless.

Footnote 14

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status. A landed immigrant/permanent resident refers to a person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 15

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 16

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 17

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 18

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 19

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 20

Age at immigration refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant/permanent resident status. Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 21

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

Footnote 22

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 23

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 24

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 25

China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

Footnote 26

The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Footnote 27

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 28

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 29

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 30

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 31

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 32

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. It identifies persons as being first generation, second generation or third generation or more.

Footnote 33

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 34

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 35

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 36

Religion refers to the person's self-identification as having a connection or affiliation with any religious denomination, group, body, sect, cult or other religiously defined community or system of belief. Religion is not limited to formal membership in a religious organization or group. Persons without a religious connection or affiliation can self-identify as atheist, agnostic or humanist, or can provide another applicable response.

Footnote 37

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 38

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 39

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 40

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

Footnote 41

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

Footnote 42

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

Footnote 43

'Major field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level and classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2011. This variable shows the 'primary groupings,' a CIP variant.



For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2011, Catalogue no. 12-590-X available from: www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/classification-eng.htm.



For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 44

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed a registered apprenticeship certificate (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) or other trades certificate or diploma, a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 45

Called 'Health, parks, recreation and fitness' in CIP Canada 2000.

Footnote 46

Includes 'Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other.'

Footnote 47

'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence' indicates whether the 'Location of study' is the same as the province or territory of residence in 2011, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. 'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country of the institution where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.



Users should be aware that some respondents may have reported the physical location of study rather than the location of the certificate, diploma or degree-granting institution. This could affect the responses of those who obtained a certificate, diploma or degree through a joint program or by distance learning with credentials granted in another province or country. In particular, a number of persons reported a location of study for a university credential in one of the territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), even though there were no educational institutions in the territories with the authority to grant university degrees.



For any other comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable or 'Location of study,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 48

Refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 49

Refers to whether an employed person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed include persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 50

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 51

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 52

Includes self-employed with an incorporated business and self-employed with an unincorporated business. Also included among the self-employed are unpaid family workers.

Footnote 53

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The 2011 National Household Survey occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2011.

Footnote 54

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 55

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 56

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2011 National Household Survey industry data are produced according to the NAICS 2007.

Footnote 57

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 58

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 59

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2010 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.


Net non-farm income from unincorporated business or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution, ranked by size of income, into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) with income in that group.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

The above concept and procedures also apply in the calculation of these statistics for earnings.

Work activity in 2010 - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 60

Total income - Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2010. It includes employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities); income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, employment insurance, old age security pension, Canada or Quebec pension plan benefits and disability income; income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and RRIFs; income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, GICs and mutual funds; and other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. It excludes one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump sum insurance settlements, capital gains and RRSP withdrawals. Capital gains are excluded because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are less likely to be fully spent in the period in which they are received, unlike income that is regular and recurring. Also excluded are employer's contributions to registered pension plans, Canada and Quebec pension plans, and employment insurance. Finally, voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter, and goods produced for own consumption are excluded from this total income definition.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 61

Including loss.

Footnote 62

For population with income.

Footnote 63

For population with income.

Footnote 64

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2010.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 65

Including loss.

Footnote 66

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 67

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 68

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

Total income - Total of income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income and any other money income.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 69

Market income - Refers to the sum of employment income (wages and salaries, net farm income and net income from non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities (including those from RRSPs and RRIFs) and other money income. It is equivalent to total income before tax minus all government transfers and is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Footnote 70

Earnings or employment income - Total wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

Footnote 71

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Footnote 72

Self-employment net income - Refers to the total amount received by persons aged 15 years and over during calendar year 2010 as net farm income from self-employment, or net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Footnote 73

Investment income - Refers to interest received during calendar year 2010 from deposits in banks, trust companies, cooperatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures, and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign corporate stocks and mutual funds. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources, such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. Does not include capital gains or losses.

Footnote 74

Retirement pensions - Refers to all regular income received by the respondent during calendar year 2010 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF), a matured Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed-term annuity, or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widow(er)s or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP, or refunds of over-contributions.

Footnote 75

Other money income - Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 2010 and not reported in any of the other sources listed on the questionnaire. For example, severance pay and retirement allowances, alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, income from abroad (excluding dividends and interest), non refundable scholarships, bursaries, fellowships and study grants, and artists' project grants are included.

Footnote 76

Government transfer payments - Refers to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during 2010. This variable is derived by summing the amounts reported in:

- the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor
- benefits from Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- child benefits
- other income from government sources.

Footnote 77

Benefits from Canada or Quebec pension plan - Refers to benefits received during calendar year 2010 from the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (For example, retirement pensions, survivors' benefits and disability pensions). Does not include lump-sum death benefits.

Footnote 78

Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement - Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons aged 65 years and over, and to the Allowance or Allowance for the survivor paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of old age security recipients or widow(er)s by the federal government during the calendar year 2010.

Footnote 79

Benefits from employment insurance - Refers to total Employment Insurance benefits received during calendar year 2010, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, work sharing, retraining and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal Employment Insurance Program or the Quebec Parental Insurance Program.

Footnote 80

Child benefits - Refers to payments received under the Canada Child Tax Benefit program during calendar year 2010 by parents with dependent children under 18 years of age. Included with the Canada Child Tax Benefit is the National Child Benefit Supplement (NCBS) for low-income families with children. The NCBS is the federal contribution to the National Child Benefit (NCB), a joint initiative of federal, provincial and territorial governments. Also included in this variable are child benefits, child disability benefits and earned income supplements provided by certain provinces and territories and the Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB).

Footnote 81

Other income from government sources - Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Employment Insurance benefits and child benefits) received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal programs during 2010.

Footnote 82

Income tax paid - Refers to all federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid on 2010 income. Federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid refer to taxes on income, after taking into account exemptions, deductions, non-refundable tax credits and the Quebec abatement. These taxes are obtained from the income tax files for persons who allowed access to their income tax data and from direct responses on the questionnaire for others.

Footnote 83

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid for 2010.

Footnote 84

Net capital gains or losses -
Refers to the net gains received or losses incurred during calendar year 2010 from the sale of capital property. This represents the proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base of the property and outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property. Capital property includes depreciable property and any property which, if sold, would result in a capital gain or loss (for example, cottages, buildings and securities such as mutual funds).

Non-taxable capital gains or losses on the sale of a principal residence are excluded.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the definition of Total income as published in standard products.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the concept of total income but are expressed here as a percentage to obtain a relative measure of size.

Footnote 85

Low income can be measured in several different ways in household surveys. For the standard products of the National Household Survey, the line chosen is a relative measure: the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT).

For this measure, the income used is after-tax income of households. There are no regional variations to account for prices or cost of living differences: all applicable households in Canada face the same line adjusted for household size. This line is set at half the median of adjusted household after-tax income. To account for potential economies of scale, the income of households with more than one member is divided by the square root of the size of the household.

All household members are considered to share the household income and are attributed the same income status.

Note: Low-income estimates in the 2011 National Household Survey

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), low-income statistics are presented based on the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). This measure is not related to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) presented in the 2006 Census and prevalence rates are conceptually not comparable. Because of the sensitivity of certain income indicators to differences in methodology and response patterns, direct comparisons to establish trends with low-income estimates from other household surveys, administrative programs or the 2006 Census are discouraged. The prevalence rates observed in the NHS at the national level are generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher than seen for similar concepts in other programs. However, analysis of the NHS data suggests that it is valid to compare low-income data for different sub-populations within the NHS (i.e., for different geographic areas or demographic groups). For more information, refer to the Income Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011006.

Footnote 86

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting or fishing) could have made the interpretation of low-income rates more difficult.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011038.