Tabulation: Visible Minority (15), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey

• Visible minority (15): Total - Population by visible minority
• Age groups (10): Total - Age groups

This table details visible minority , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo
Global non-response rate (GNR)^{Footnote 1} = 23.4 %

Selected demographic, cultural, educational, labour force and income characteristics (315)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total population aged 15 years and over in private households by marital status^Footnote 2	383,630	188,190	195,440
Married or living with a common-law partner	227,660	113,915	113,750
Married (and not separated)	196,055	98,095	97,960
Living common law	31,610	15,815	15,795
Not married and not living with a common-law partner	155,970	74,280	81,690
Single (never legally married)	106,325	58,150	48,180
Separated	11,900	5,085	6,815
Divorced	21,105	7,795	13,305
Widowed	16,635	3,255	13,385
Total - Census family status^Footnote 3	469,935	232,490	237,445
Married spouses	193,725	96,890	96,835
Common-law partners	31,610	15,810	15,795
Lone parents	20,790	4,035	16,750
Children in census families	152,825	81,235	71,585
Persons not in census families^Footnote 4	70,995	34,520	36,480
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago^Footnote 5	464,525	229,760	234,765
Non-movers	403,605	199,615	203,990
Movers	60,925	30,150	30,775
Non-migrants	35,925	17,750	18,180
Migrants	25,000	12,395	12,600
Internal migrants	21,195	10,600	10,595
Intraprovincial migrants	18,985	9,520	9,470
Interprovincial migrants	2,205	1,080	1,130
External migrants	3,805	1,800	2,000
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago^Footnote 6	441,260	217,880	223,380
Non-movers	264,720	130,005	134,725
Movers	176,535	87,880	88,660
Non-migrants	99,485	49,860	49,625
Migrants	77,055	38,020	39,030
Internal migrants	61,060	30,470	30,590
Intraprovincial migrants	54,535	27,275	27,260
Interprovincial migrants	6,525	3,200	3,330
External migrants	15,990	7,555	8,440
Total population by mother tongue^Footnote 7	469,935	232,485	237,445
English	352,335	175,065	177,270
French	6,250	2,905	3,345
Non-official language	105,575	51,590	53,985
English and French	310	150	160
English and non-official language	5,240	2,655	2,580
French and non-official language	150	100	55
English, French and non-official language	75	15	55
Total population by language spoken most often at home^Footnote 8	469,935	232,485	237,445
English	398,545	197,570	200,970
French	1,765	905	860
Non-official language	56,615	27,460	29,160
English and French	150	60	90
English and non-official language	12,665	6,395	6,270
French and non-official language	50	30	25
English, French and non-official language	135	70	70
Total population by knowledge of official languages^Footnote 9	469,930	232,490	237,450
English only	432,185	216,120	216,070
French only	240	120	120
English and French	30,670	13,400	17,270
Neither English nor French	6,830	2,835	3,995
Total population aged 15 years and over by language used most often at work^Footnote 10	283,210	147,010	136,205
English	278,445	144,955	133,490
French	820	250	570
Non-official language	2,420	1,140	1,280
Aboriginal	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal	2,420	1,145	1,280
English and French	475	135	345
English and non-official language	1,010	510	500
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	35	20	15
Total population by citizenship^Footnote 11	469,935	232,490	237,445
Canadian citizens	445,255	220,825	224,435
Canadian citizens only	429,245	212,840	216,415
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	16,015	7,990	8,025
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 12	24,675	11,665	13,015
Total population in private households by immigrant status and period of immigration^Footnote 13	469,935	232,490	237,445
Non-immigrants^Footnote 14	357,300	177,465	179,835
Immigrants^Footnote 15	108,720	53,040	55,680
Before 1971	23,705	11,195	12,510
1971 to 1980	14,925	7,225	7,695
1981 to 1990	15,805	8,155	7,645
1991 to 2000	23,910	11,605	12,305
2001 to 2011^Footnote 16	30,370	14,850	15,525
2001 to 2005	15,125	7,595	7,530
2006 to 2011^Footnote 17	15,240	7,255	7,990
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 18	3,910	1,985	1,930
Total immigrant population in private households by age at immigration^Footnote 19	108,720	53,040	55,680
Under 5 years	12,455	6,275	6,180
5 to 14 years	21,885	11,675	10,205
15 to 24 years	24,955	11,215	13,740
25 to 44 years	42,340	20,635	21,705
45 years and over	7,090	3,240	3,845
Total population in private households by immigrant status and selected places of birth^Footnote 20	469,930	232,490	237,445
Non-immigrants^Footnote 21	357,305	177,465	179,840
Born in province of residence	320,080	159,440	160,645
Born outside province of residence	37,220	18,025	19,195
Immigrants^Footnote 22	108,725	53,040	55,680
Americas	16,290	7,515	8,775
United States	4,065	1,720	2,345
Jamaica	1,390	625	765
Guyana	2,365	1,070	1,295
Haiti	15	0	0
Mexico	795	340	460
Trinidad and Tobago	725	315	415
Colombia	1,195	575	615
El Salvador	2,210	1,125	1,085
Peru	175	120	55
Chile	325	150	180
Other places of birth in Americas	3,025	1,460	1,555
Europe	52,260	25,365	26,895
United Kingdom^Footnote 23	11,595	5,570	6,030
Italy	1,090	565	520
Germany	4,785	2,205	2,580
Poland	4,535	2,220	2,310
Portugal	7,780	3,830	3,945
Netherlands	1,855	960	895
France	380	190	190
Romania	4,620	2,320	2,300
Russian Federation	930	495	435
Greece	600	295	305
Ukraine	770	320	445
Croatia	2,350	1,130	1,210
Hungary	740	385	355
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,215	1,495	1,715
Serbia	2,215	955	1,260
Ireland, Republic of	650	285	360
Other places of birth in Europe	4,160	2,135	2,030
Africa	6,075	3,135	2,935
Morocco	35	25	0
Algeria	65	50	20
Egypt	900	500	395
South Africa, Republic of	435	210	230
Nigeria	240	115	125
Ethiopia	765	350	415
Kenya	475	215	260
Other places of birth in Africa	3,155	1,675	1,480
Asia	33,825	16,890	16,940
India	6,645	3,355	3,290
China^Footnote 24	5,505	2,630	2,880
Philippines	1,835	780	1,050
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	870	465	400
Viet Nam^Footnote 25	2,670	1,355	1,315
Pakistan	3,180	1,590	1,595
Sri Lanka	670	345	325
Iran^Footnote 26	1,360	765	595
Korea, South^Footnote 27	1,130	580	555
Lebanon	345	190	150
Taiwan	455	180	275
Iraq	1,360	670	690
Bangladesh	515	280	235
Afghanistan	985	420	565
Japan	180	50	130
Turkey	385	190	195
Other places of birth in Asia	5,735	3,035	2,705
Oceania and other^Footnote 28	270	140	130
Fiji	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 29	260	130	130
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 30	3,915	1,980	1,930
Total population in private households by generation status^Footnote 31	469,930	232,485	237,445
First generation^Footnote 32	113,745	55,585	58,165
Second generation^Footnote 33	95,020	48,000	47,020
Third generation or more^Footnote 34	261,170	128,900	132,270
Total population by selected religions^Footnote 35	469,935	232,485	237,445
Buddhist	5,145	2,585	2,555
Christian	315,110	149,585	165,520
Anglican	22,705	10,505	12,205
Baptist	12,055	5,665	6,395
Catholic	136,415	65,515	70,900
Christian Orthodox	12,680	6,270	6,410
Lutheran	22,285	10,480	11,810
Pentecostal	8,880	4,275	4,605
Presbyterian	16,750	7,775	8,975
United Church	28,260	12,685	15,580
Other Christian	55,065	26,415	28,650
Hindu	6,270	3,220	3,045
Jewish	1,420	670	750
Muslim	18,945	9,705	9,240
Sikh	3,720	1,790	1,935
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality	125	55	65
Other religions	1,980	925	1,055
No religious affiliation	117,225	63,955	53,275
Total population aged 25 to 64 years by highest certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 36	261,805	128,775	133,030
No certificate, diploma or degree	31,465	16,230	15,230
High school diploma or equivalent^Footnote 37	67,290	32,785	34,505
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 38	163,050	79,760	83,290
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma^Footnote 39	21,300	14,660	6,635
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	62,750	27,560	35,190
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level^Footnote 40	9,010	4,175	4,835
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	69,995	33,365	36,625
Bachelor's degree	42,380	19,930	22,450
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level^Footnote 41	27,615	13,440	14,175
Total population aged 15 years and over by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2011^Footnote 42	383,635	188,195	195,440
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 43	183,005	88,885	94,115
Education	12,710	2,960	9,750
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,450	2,895	3,555
Humanities	13,280	5,115	8,165
Social and behavioural sciences and law	21,300	6,855	14,445
Business, management and public administration	40,415	15,855	24,555
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,980	4,105	3,875
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,965	7,195	3,770
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	47,120	42,505	4,615
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,330	2,050	1,280
Health and related fields^Footnote 44	25,385	4,070	21,315
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,455	5,665	5,790
Other fields of study^Footnote 45	235	25	210
Total population aged 15 years and over by location of study compared with province or territory of residence^Footnote 46	383,635	188,195	195,445
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	183,000	88,885	94,120
With postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	200,630	99,305	101,325
Location of study inside Canada	166,960	81,620	85,335
Same as province or territory of residence	156,600	76,310	80,290
Another province or territory	10,360	5,310	5,045
Location of study outside Canada	33,670	17,685	15,985
Total population aged 15 years and over by labour force status^Footnote 47	383,630	188,190	195,440
In the labour force	267,465	139,360	128,100
Employed	248,165	129,505	118,665
Unemployed	19,290	9,855	9,440
Not in the labour force	116,170	48,830	67,335
Participation rate	69.7	74.1	65.5
Employment rate	64.7	68.8	60.7
Unemployment rate	7.2	7.1	7.4
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker^Footnote 48	267,460	139,360	128,100
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 49	5,865	2,790	3,075
All classes of worker^Footnote 50	261,595	136,570	125,025
Employee	239,490	123,145	116,345
Self-employed^Footnote 51	22,110	13,425	8,685
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011^Footnote 52	267,465	139,360	128,100
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 53	5,865	2,790	3,075
All occupations^Footnote 54	261,595	136,570	125,025
0 Management occupations	28,080	17,325	10,750
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	41,330	12,330	29,000
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	22,645	17,845	4,800
3 Health occupations	13,235	2,250	10,985
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	28,885	9,080	19,810
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	6,305	2,710	3,595
6 Sales and service occupations	58,840	23,960	34,880
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	36,630	34,265	2,375
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,390	2,445	945
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	22,260	14,370	7,890
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007^Footnote 55	267,465	139,360	128,100
Industry - not applicable^Footnote 56	5,870	2,790	3,075
All industries^Footnote 57	261,595	136,570	125,025
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,535	1,400	1,135
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	255	230	35
22 Utilities	980	745	230
23 Construction	16,015	14,120	1,895
31-33 Manufacturing	49,225	34,510	14,715
41 Wholesale trade	12,875	8,790	4,085
44-45 Retail trade	30,035	13,700	16,340
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	11,080	8,485	2,590
51 Information and cultural industries	5,600	2,955	2,645
52 Finance and insurance	16,000	5,415	10,585
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,600	2,205	2,395
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	16,615	9,370	7,245
55 Management of companies and enterprises	175	130	45
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	11,140	5,970	5,170
61 Educational services	22,060	7,630	14,430
62 Health care and social assistance	23,260	3,110	20,145
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,900	2,005	1,900
72 Accommodation and food services	15,230	6,000	9,230
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,695	4,480	5,210
91 Public administration	10,335	5,315	5,020
Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2010^Footnote 58	149,320	84,835	64,485
Median employment income in 2010 $	49,788	55,838	42,941
Average employment income in 2010 $	59,238	67,016	49,005
Total income in 2010 of population aged 15 years and over^Footnote 59	383,630	188,190	195,440
Without income	18,430	8,320	10,110
With income	365,200	179,875	185,325
Under $5,000^Footnote 60	34,890	16,700	18,185
$5,000 to $9,999	25,025	8,920	16,105
$10,000 to $14,999	30,245	11,160	19,085
$15,000 to $19,999	29,270	10,675	18,595
$20,000 to $29,999	50,730	21,465	29,270
$30,000 to $39,999	45,790	21,070	24,725
$40,000 to $49,999	39,820	19,765	20,060
$50,000 to $59,999	30,285	17,615	12,670
$60,000 to $79,999	37,085	23,275	13,810
$80,000 to $99,999	21,675	14,025	7,655
$100,000 and over	20,380	15,210	5,175
$100,000 to $124,999	9,960	7,050	2,910
$125,000 and over	10,425	8,160	2,265
Median income $^Footnote 61	32,633	39,967	26,643
Average income $^Footnote 62	42,189	50,725	33,904
After-tax income in 2010 of population 15 years and over^Footnote 63	383,630	188,190	195,440
Without after-tax income	18,495	8,320	10,175
With after-tax income	365,140	179,870	185,265
Under $5,000^Footnote 64	35,300	16,775	18,525
$5,000 to $9,999	25,605	9,105	16,500
$10,000 to $14,999	31,000	11,340	19,660
$15,000 to $19,999	31,450	11,795	19,660
$20,000 to $29,999	60,555	25,785	34,765
$30,000 to $39,999	55,705	26,845	28,860
$40,000 to $49,999	44,280	24,475	19,805
$50,000 to $59,999	28,440	17,730	10,710
$60,000 to $79,999	33,420	21,670	11,750
$80,000 to $99,999	10,345	7,315	3,035
$100,000 and over	9,030	7,035	1,990
Median after-tax income $^Footnote 65	29,772	35,744	24,824
Average after-tax income $^Footnote 66	35,484	41,713	29,435
Composition of total income in 2010 of population 15 years and over %^Footnote 67	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income %^Footnote 68	88.5	91.6	84.1
Employment income %^Footnote 69	77.7	81.2	72.7
Wages and salaries %^Footnote 70	74.2	77.2	69.8
Self-employment income %^Footnote 71	3.6	4.0	2.9
Investment income %^Footnote 72	3.9	3.7	4.2
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities %^Footnote 73	5.3	5.3	5.3
Other money income %^Footnote 74	1.5	1.3	1.9
Government transfer payments %^Footnote 75	11.5	8.4	15.9
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits %^Footnote 76	3.1	2.6	3.8
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement %^Footnote 77	2.4	1.7	3.4
Employment Insurance benefits %^Footnote 78	1.5	1.2	2.0
Child benefits %^Footnote 79	1.4	0.1	3.4
Other income from government sources %^Footnote 80	3.1	2.8	3.4
Income taxes paid as a % of total income^Footnote 81	15.9	17.8	13.2
After-tax income as a % of total income^Footnote 82	84.1	82.2	86.8
Net capital gains or losses as a % of total income^Footnote 83	1.0	1.1	0.9
Total population by income status in 2010 based on after-tax low-income measure^Footnote 84	469,930	232,490	237,450
Population for the income status based on after-tax low-income measure	469,930	232,485	237,445
Low-income population	56,490	26,230	30,265
Prevalence of low income %	12.0	11.3	12.7
Other population	413,445	206,260	207,185
Concept not applicable^Footnote 85	0	0	0

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.

Footnote 2

Marital status
Refers to the marital status of the person, taking into account his/her common-law status. Persons who are married or living common law may be of opposite sex or of the same sex. The classification is as follows:
Married (and not separated): A person who is married and has not separated or obtained a divorce, and whose spouse is living.

Common-law: A person who is living with another person as a couple but who is not legally married to that person.

Separated: A person who is married but who no longer lives with his/her spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and who has not obtained a divorce. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Divorced: A person who has obtained a legal divorce and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Widowed: A person who has lost his/her spouse through death and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Single (never legally married): A person who has never married or a person whose marriage has been annulled and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Footnote 3

Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a married spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.

Footnote 4

Persons not in census families may live with relatives (without forming a census family with them), they may live with non-relatives only or they may live alone.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 8

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 9

Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

Footnote 10

Population by language used most often at work.

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2011 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2010.

Footnote 11

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

Footnote 12

Includes persons who are stateless.

Footnote 13

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status. A landed immigrant/permanent resident refers to a person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 14

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 15

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 16

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 17

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 18

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 19

Age at immigration refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant/permanent resident status. Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 20

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

Footnote 21

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 22

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 23

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 24

China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

Footnote 25

The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Footnote 26

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 27

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 28

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 29

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 30

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 31

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. It identifies persons as being first generation, second generation or third generation or more.

Footnote 32

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 33

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 34

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 35

Religion refers to the person's self-identification as having a connection or affiliation with any religious denomination, group, body, sect, cult or other religiously defined community or system of belief. Religion is not limited to formal membership in a religious organization or group. Persons without a religious connection or affiliation can self-identify as atheist, agnostic or humanist, or can provide another applicable response.

Footnote 36

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 37

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 38

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 39

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

Footnote 40

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

Footnote 41

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

Footnote 42

'Major field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level and classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2011. This variable shows the 'primary groupings,' a CIP variant.



For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2011, Catalogue no. 12-590-X available from: www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/classification-eng.htm.



For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 43

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed a registered apprenticeship certificate (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) or other trades certificate or diploma, a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 44

Called 'Health, parks, recreation and fitness' in CIP Canada 2000.

Footnote 45

Includes 'Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other.'

Footnote 46

'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence' indicates whether the 'Location of study' is the same as the province or territory of residence in 2011, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. 'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country of the institution where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.



Users should be aware that some respondents may have reported the physical location of study rather than the location of the certificate, diploma or degree-granting institution. This could affect the responses of those who obtained a certificate, diploma or degree through a joint program or by distance learning with credentials granted in another province or country. In particular, a number of persons reported a location of study for a university credential in one of the territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), even though there were no educational institutions in the territories with the authority to grant university degrees.



For any other comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable or 'Location of study,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 47

Refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 48

Refers to whether an employed person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed include persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 49

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 50

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 51

Includes self-employed with an incorporated business and self-employed with an unincorporated business. Also included among the self-employed are unpaid family workers.

Footnote 52

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The 2011 National Household Survey occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2011.

Footnote 53

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 54

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 55

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2011 National Household Survey industry data are produced according to the NAICS 2007.

Footnote 56

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 57

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 58

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2010 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.


Net non-farm income from unincorporated business or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution, ranked by size of income, into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) with income in that group.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

The above concept and procedures also apply in the calculation of these statistics for earnings.

Work activity in 2010 - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 59

Total income - Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2010. It includes employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities); income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, employment insurance, old age security pension, Canada or Quebec pension plan benefits and disability income; income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and RRIFs; income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, GICs and mutual funds; and other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. It excludes one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump sum insurance settlements, capital gains and RRSP withdrawals. Capital gains are excluded because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are less likely to be fully spent in the period in which they are received, unlike income that is regular and recurring. Also excluded are employer's contributions to registered pension plans, Canada and Quebec pension plans, and employment insurance. Finally, voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter, and goods produced for own consumption are excluded from this total income definition.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 60

Including loss.

Footnote 61

For population with income.

Footnote 62

For population with income.

Footnote 63

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2010.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 64

Including loss.

Footnote 65

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 66

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 67

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

Total income - Total of income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income and any other money income.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 68

Market income - Refers to the sum of employment income (wages and salaries, net farm income and net income from non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities (including those from RRSPs and RRIFs) and other money income. It is equivalent to total income before tax minus all government transfers and is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Footnote 69

Earnings or employment income - Total wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

Footnote 70

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Footnote 71

Self-employment net income - Refers to the total amount received by persons aged 15 years and over during calendar year 2010 as net farm income from self-employment, or net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Footnote 72

Investment income - Refers to interest received during calendar year 2010 from deposits in banks, trust companies, cooperatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures, and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign corporate stocks and mutual funds. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources, such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. Does not include capital gains or losses.

Footnote 73

Retirement pensions - Refers to all regular income received by the respondent during calendar year 2010 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF), a matured Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed-term annuity, or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widow(er)s or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP, or refunds of over-contributions.

Footnote 74

Other money income - Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 2010 and not reported in any of the other sources listed on the questionnaire. For example, severance pay and retirement allowances, alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, income from abroad (excluding dividends and interest), non refundable scholarships, bursaries, fellowships and study grants, and artists' project grants are included.

Footnote 75

Government transfer payments - Refers to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during 2010. This variable is derived by summing the amounts reported in:

- the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor
- benefits from Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- child benefits
- other income from government sources.

Footnote 76

Benefits from Canada or Quebec pension plan - Refers to benefits received during calendar year 2010 from the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (For example, retirement pensions, survivors' benefits and disability pensions). Does not include lump-sum death benefits.

Footnote 77

Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement - Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons aged 65 years and over, and to the Allowance or Allowance for the survivor paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of old age security recipients or widow(er)s by the federal government during the calendar year 2010.

Footnote 78

Benefits from employment insurance - Refers to total Employment Insurance benefits received during calendar year 2010, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, work sharing, retraining and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal Employment Insurance Program or the Quebec Parental Insurance Program.

Footnote 79

Child benefits - Refers to payments received under the Canada Child Tax Benefit program during calendar year 2010 by parents with dependent children under 18 years of age. Included with the Canada Child Tax Benefit is the National Child Benefit Supplement (NCBS) for low-income families with children. The NCBS is the federal contribution to the National Child Benefit (NCB), a joint initiative of federal, provincial and territorial governments. Also included in this variable are child benefits, child disability benefits and earned income supplements provided by certain provinces and territories and the Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB).

Footnote 80

Other income from government sources - Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Employment Insurance benefits and child benefits) received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal programs during 2010.

Footnote 81

Income tax paid - Refers to all federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid on 2010 income. Federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid refer to taxes on income, after taking into account exemptions, deductions, non-refundable tax credits and the Quebec abatement. These taxes are obtained from the income tax files for persons who allowed access to their income tax data and from direct responses on the questionnaire for others.

Footnote 82

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid for 2010.

Footnote 83

Net capital gains or losses -
Refers to the net gains received or losses incurred during calendar year 2010 from the sale of capital property. This represents the proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base of the property and outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property. Capital property includes depreciable property and any property which, if sold, would result in a capital gain or loss (for example, cottages, buildings and securities such as mutual funds).

Non-taxable capital gains or losses on the sale of a principal residence are excluded.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the definition of Total income as published in standard products.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the concept of total income but are expressed here as a percentage to obtain a relative measure of size.

Footnote 84

Low income can be measured in several different ways in household surveys. For the standard products of the National Household Survey, the line chosen is a relative measure: the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT).

For this measure, the income used is after-tax income of households. There are no regional variations to account for prices or cost of living differences: all applicable households in Canada face the same line adjusted for household size. This line is set at half the median of adjusted household after-tax income. To account for potential economies of scale, the income of households with more than one member is divided by the square root of the size of the household.

All household members are considered to share the household income and are attributed the same income status.

Note: Low-income estimates in the 2011 National Household Survey

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), low-income statistics are presented based on the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). This measure is not related to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) presented in the 2006 Census and prevalence rates are conceptually not comparable. Because of the sensitivity of certain income indicators to differences in methodology and response patterns, direct comparisons to establish trends with low-income estimates from other household surveys, administrative programs or the 2006 Census are discouraged. The prevalence rates observed in the NHS at the national level are generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher than seen for similar concepts in other programs. However, analysis of the NHS data suggests that it is valid to compare low-income data for different sub-populations within the NHS (i.e., for different geographic areas or demographic groups). For more information, refer to the Income Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011006.

Footnote 85

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting or fishing) could have made the interpretation of low-income rates more difficult.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011038.