Tabulation: Visible Minority (15), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey

• Visible minority (15): Total - Population by visible minority
• Age groups (10): Total - Age groups

This table details visible minority , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in London
Global non-response rate (GNR)^{Footnote 1} = 23.7 %

Selected demographic, cultural, educational, labour force and income characteristics (315)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total population aged 15 years and over in private households by marital status^Footnote 2	388,445	186,570	201,875
Married or living with a common-law partner	222,745	111,275	111,475
Married (and not separated)	189,405	94,485	94,920
Living common law	33,340	16,785	16,560
Not married and not living with a common-law partner	165,700	75,300	90,395
Single (never legally married)	109,385	57,135	52,255
Separated	12,755	5,240	7,515
Divorced	24,090	9,095	14,995
Widowed	19,465	3,825	15,640
Total - Census family status^Footnote 3	467,260	227,230	240,030
Married spouses	186,770	93,365	93,405
Common-law partners	33,340	16,785	16,555
Lone parents	22,410	4,215	18,195
Children in census families	141,015	74,915	66,105
Persons not in census families^Footnote 4	83,720	37,955	45,770
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago^Footnote 5	462,395	224,655	237,740
Non-movers	398,540	193,165	205,370
Movers	63,855	31,490	32,370
Non-migrants	42,790	21,455	21,335
Migrants	21,065	10,030	11,035
Internal migrants	17,770	8,405	9,365
Intraprovincial migrants	15,680	7,405	8,275
Interprovincial migrants	2,095	1,000	1,095
External migrants	3,290	1,625	1,665
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago^Footnote 6	441,145	214,005	227,145
Non-movers	258,910	125,920	132,995
Movers	182,235	88,085	94,150
Non-migrants	114,945	56,085	58,860
Migrants	67,290	31,995	35,295
Internal migrants	53,450	25,290	28,160
Intraprovincial migrants	47,330	22,315	25,015
Interprovincial migrants	6,115	2,980	3,140
External migrants	13,845	6,705	7,140
Total population by mother tongue^Footnote 7	467,260	227,230	240,030
English	378,440	184,755	193,690
French	6,110	2,585	3,530
Non-official language	77,815	37,440	40,370
English and French	335	115	215
English and non-official language	4,260	2,175	2,085
French and non-official language	240	125	120
English, French and non-official language	60	35	30
Total population by language spoken most often at home^Footnote 8	467,255	227,225	240,030
English	417,860	203,510	214,350
French	1,890	810	1,080
Non-official language	37,580	18,150	19,430
English and French	175	30	145
English and non-official language	9,615	4,675	4,940
French and non-official language	95	35	60
English, French and non-official language	50	25	25
Total population by knowledge of official languages^Footnote 9	467,260	227,225	240,030
English only	430,790	212,165	218,630
French only	170	80	90
English and French	31,520	13,140	18,385
Neither English nor French	4,770	1,845	2,930
Total population aged 15 years and over by language used most often at work^Footnote 10	267,355	135,690	131,665
English	263,075	133,860	129,215
French	1,240	310	930
Non-official language	1,245	745	500
Aboriginal	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal	1,240	745	500
English and French	620	210	405
English and non-official language	1,145	555	585
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	25	0	20
Total population by citizenship^Footnote 11	467,260	227,230	240,030
Canadian citizens	445,795	216,990	228,800
Canadian citizens only	433,615	211,070	222,550
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	12,175	5,920	6,250
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 12	21,465	10,235	11,230
Total population in private households by immigrant status and period of immigration^Footnote 13	467,260	227,230	240,030
Non-immigrants^Footnote 14	374,880	182,865	192,010
Immigrants^Footnote 15	87,655	41,945	45,710
Before 1971	25,675	11,980	13,700
1971 to 1980	10,830	4,995	5,830
1981 to 1990	14,050	7,000	7,055
1991 to 2000	14,675	7,060	7,615
2001 to 2011^Footnote 16	22,425	10,920	11,505
2001 to 2005	10,515	5,100	5,420
2006 to 2011^Footnote 17	11,910	5,820	6,090
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 18	4,730	2,410	2,315
Total immigrant population in private households by age at immigration^Footnote 19	87,650	41,945	45,705
Under 5 years	10,290	5,060	5,230
5 to 14 years	17,640	9,045	8,595
15 to 24 years	21,065	9,350	11,715
25 to 44 years	33,405	16,030	17,380
45 years and over	5,255	2,470	2,785
Total population in private households by immigrant status and selected places of birth^Footnote 20	467,260	227,230	240,030
Non-immigrants^Footnote 21	374,875	182,865	192,010
Born in province of residence	341,410	166,885	174,530
Born outside province of residence	33,470	15,985	17,485
Immigrants^Footnote 22	87,650	41,945	45,710
Americas	15,495	7,740	7,755
United States	4,520	2,115	2,405
Jamaica	975	585	390
Guyana	480	230	250
Haiti	55	25	25
Mexico	740	370	375
Trinidad and Tobago	600	230	370
Colombia	3,785	1,955	1,825
El Salvador	1,515	765	750
Peru	115	50	70
Chile	235	140	95
Other places of birth in Americas	2,475	1,280	1,190
Europe	43,155	20,110	23,045
United Kingdom^Footnote 23	12,495	5,810	6,685
Italy	2,425	1,215	1,210
Germany	2,530	1,105	1,425
Poland	4,655	2,070	2,585
Portugal	4,690	2,080	2,610
Netherlands	4,350	2,045	2,310
France	285	105	185
Romania	850	320	525
Russian Federation	440	250	185
Greece	1,260	645	610
Ukraine	685	300	385
Croatia	825	380	450
Hungary	945	480	465
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,190	635	550
Serbia	605	275	335
Ireland, Republic of	650	290	360
Other places of birth in Europe	4,265	2,105	2,165
Africa	4,040	2,060	1,990
Morocco	75	40	40
Algeria	55	30	30
Egypt	810	395	415
South Africa, Republic of	475	230	245
Nigeria	165	100	65
Ethiopia	325	150	170
Kenya	205	125	80
Other places of birth in Africa	1,935	990	945
Asia	24,570	11,860	12,710
India	2,745	1,335	1,410
China^Footnote 24	3,015	1,390	1,625
Philippines	1,455	510	940
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	830	375	450
Viet Nam^Footnote 25	1,740	890	845
Pakistan	925	495	430
Sri Lanka	265	110	160
Iran^Footnote 26	1,135	570	565
Korea, South^Footnote 27	2,355	1,135	1,215
Lebanon	1,600	780	815
Taiwan	295	100	195
Iraq	1,850	925	925
Bangladesh	195	115	80
Afghanistan	620	300	320
Japan	160	55	110
Turkey	100	50	45
Other places of birth in Asia	5,305	2,720	2,585
Oceania and other^Footnote 28	385	175	210
Fiji	60	0	45
Other places of birth^Footnote 29	325	160	165
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 30	4,730	2,415	2,315
Total population in private households by generation status^Footnote 31	467,260	227,230	240,030
First generation^Footnote 32	93,550	44,930	48,620
Second generation^Footnote 33	95,265	46,545	48,720
Third generation or more^Footnote 34	278,440	135,750	142,690
Total population by selected religions^Footnote 35	467,255	227,230	240,035
Buddhist	2,970	1,390	1,580
Christian	298,160	138,105	160,050
Anglican	35,325	15,760	19,565
Baptist	14,695	6,690	8,005
Catholic	121,245	57,020	64,225
Christian Orthodox	6,930	3,520	3,410
Lutheran	5,760	2,615	3,145
Pentecostal	5,665	2,570	3,095
Presbyterian	14,185	6,350	7,830
United Church	50,120	22,550	27,575
Other Christian	44,230	21,025	23,200
Hindu	3,050	1,440	1,615
Jewish	1,760	850	915
Muslim	16,025	8,100	7,925
Sikh	740	355	385
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality	325	185	135
Other religions	2,415	1,035	1,380
No religious affiliation	141,800	75,755	66,045
Total population aged 25 to 64 years by highest certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 36	255,570	123,240	132,330
No certificate, diploma or degree	26,075	13,945	12,130
High school diploma or equivalent^Footnote 37	66,040	32,885	33,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 38	163,455	76,410	87,045
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma^Footnote 39	20,045	12,815	7,225
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	69,685	29,865	39,825
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level^Footnote 40	9,275	4,225	5,050
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	64,445	29,500	34,940
Bachelor's degree	37,770	16,675	21,095
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level^Footnote 41	26,675	12,825	13,850
Total population aged 15 years and over by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2011^Footnote 42	388,445	186,570	201,875
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 43	179,275	87,315	91,960
Education	14,720	4,010	10,710
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,425	3,355	4,070
Humanities	13,350	5,575	7,780
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,735	8,170	15,560
Business, management and public administration	40,680	15,570	25,110
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,000	4,060	3,945
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,450	5,510	2,940
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	39,435	36,600	2,840
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,800	2,695	1,100
Health and related fields^Footnote 44	37,385	7,400	29,985
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,165	6,300	5,860
Other fields of study^Footnote 45	30	0	20
Total population aged 15 years and over by location of study compared with province or territory of residence^Footnote 46	388,445	186,570	201,870
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	179,275	87,315	91,960
With postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	209,170	99,255	109,915
Location of study inside Canada	181,250	84,490	96,760
Same as province or territory of residence	170,960	79,725	91,235
Another province or territory	10,290	4,760	5,530
Location of study outside Canada	27,925	14,765	13,160
Total population aged 15 years and over by labour force status^Footnote 47	388,445	186,570	201,875
In the labour force	253,515	129,360	124,155
Employed	231,750	117,925	113,825
Unemployed	21,765	11,435	10,330
Not in the labour force	134,930	57,210	77,720
Participation rate	65.3	69.3	61.5
Employment rate	59.7	63.2	56.4
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.8	8.3
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker^Footnote 48	253,520	129,360	124,155
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 49	7,350	3,750	3,600
All classes of worker^Footnote 50	246,170	125,605	120,560
Employee	223,460	110,855	112,600
Self-employed^Footnote 51	22,705	14,750	7,960
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011^Footnote 52	253,515	129,360	124,155
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 53	7,345	3,755	3,600
All occupations^Footnote 54	246,170	125,610	120,560
0 Management occupations	24,455	15,290	9,165
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	38,295	11,035	27,265
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	13,970	11,010	2,955
3 Health occupations	18,975	4,115	14,860
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	31,685	10,975	20,710
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	6,110	2,725	3,380
6 Sales and service occupations	62,260	26,640	35,615
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	32,075	30,275	1,800
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,695	2,885	810
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	14,650	10,655	3,995
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007^Footnote 55	253,515	129,360	124,155
Industry - not applicable^Footnote 56	7,345	3,750	3,595
All industries^Footnote 57	246,165	125,610	120,560
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,700	2,525	1,175
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	255	210	45
22 Utilities	1,165	950	220
23 Construction	14,235	12,710	1,525
31-33 Manufacturing	28,615	21,250	7,375
41 Wholesale trade	8,610	6,115	2,495
44-45 Retail trade	28,130	12,640	15,490
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	11,085	8,390	2,700
51 Information and cultural industries	4,545	2,305	2,240
52 Finance and insurance	13,580	5,040	8,540
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,595	2,750	1,845
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	14,195	7,690	6,510
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	75	40
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	12,600	6,920	5,680
61 Educational services	22,540	8,370	14,175
62 Health care and social assistance	33,885	6,750	27,135
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,435	2,805	2,630
72 Accommodation and food services	17,520	7,225	10,295
81 Other services (except public administration)	10,430	4,890	5,540
91 Public administration	10,930	6,015	4,915
Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2010^Footnote 58	135,075	74,075	60,995
Median employment income in 2010 $	47,963	52,740	43,305
Average employment income in 2010 $	56,869	63,300	49,061
Total income in 2010 of population aged 15 years and over^Footnote 59	388,445	186,570	201,875
Without income	19,050	8,675	10,380
With income	369,395	177,895	191,500
Under $5,000^Footnote 60	37,740	18,585	19,160
$5,000 to $9,999	27,270	10,430	16,840
$10,000 to $14,999	32,755	12,785	19,975
$15,000 to $19,999	32,845	12,730	20,115
$20,000 to $29,999	55,265	23,520	31,745
$30,000 to $39,999	44,410	20,160	24,255
$40,000 to $49,999	38,675	19,310	19,365
$50,000 to $59,999	27,245	14,750	12,495
$60,000 to $79,999	34,725	20,505	14,220
$80,000 to $99,999	20,420	12,030	8,395
$100,000 and over	18,035	13,090	4,940
$100,000 to $124,999	9,615	6,660	2,955
$125,000 and over	8,420	6,430	1,990
Median income $^Footnote 61	29,772	35,549	25,592
Average income $^Footnote 62	39,361	46,034	33,162
After-tax income in 2010 of population 15 years and over^Footnote 63	388,445	186,570	201,870
Without after-tax income	19,080	8,670	10,410
With after-tax income	369,365	177,900	191,465
Under $5,000^Footnote 64	38,335	18,750	19,580
$5,000 to $9,999	28,020	10,550	17,470
$10,000 to $14,999	33,905	13,135	20,765
$15,000 to $19,999	35,350	13,840	21,510
$20,000 to $29,999	63,150	27,100	36,050
$30,000 to $39,999	54,410	26,065	28,345
$40,000 to $49,999	40,855	21,590	19,260
$50,000 to $59,999	26,625	15,525	11,100
$60,000 to $79,999	31,500	18,805	12,690
$80,000 to $99,999	9,920	6,975	2,940
$100,000 and over	7,300	5,550	1,750
Median after-tax income $^Footnote 65	27,514	32,403	24,077
Average after-tax income $^Footnote 66	33,379	38,256	28,847
Composition of total income in 2010 of population 15 years and over %^Footnote 67	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income %^Footnote 68	86.0	89.1	82.1
Employment income %^Footnote 69	72.6	75.5	68.8
Wages and salaries %^Footnote 70	67.6	69.2	65.5
Self-employment income %^Footnote 71	5.0	6.4	3.2
Investment income %^Footnote 72	3.9	3.6	4.2
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities %^Footnote 73	8.0	8.7	7.1
Other money income %^Footnote 74	1.6	1.2	2.1
Government transfer payments %^Footnote 75	14.0	10.9	17.9
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits %^Footnote 76	4.1	3.6	4.8
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement %^Footnote 77	3.0	2.2	4.1
Employment Insurance benefits %^Footnote 78	1.5	1.3	1.8
Child benefits %^Footnote 79	1.5	0.1	3.3
Other income from government sources %^Footnote 80	3.8	3.7	4.0
Income taxes paid as a % of total income^Footnote 81	15.2	16.9	13.0
After-tax income as a % of total income^Footnote 82	84.8	83.1	87.0
Net capital gains or losses as a % of total income^Footnote 83	1.1	1.2	0.8
Total population by income status in 2010 based on after-tax low-income measure^Footnote 84	467,260	227,230	240,030
Population for the income status based on after-tax low-income measure	467,260	227,230	240,030
Low-income population	73,375	33,900	39,475
Prevalence of low income %	15.7	14.9	16.4
Other population	393,885	193,330	200,555
Concept not applicable^Footnote 85	0	0	0

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.

Footnote 2

Marital status
Refers to the marital status of the person, taking into account his/her common-law status. Persons who are married or living common law may be of opposite sex or of the same sex. The classification is as follows:
Married (and not separated): A person who is married and has not separated or obtained a divorce, and whose spouse is living.

Common-law: A person who is living with another person as a couple but who is not legally married to that person.

Separated: A person who is married but who no longer lives with his/her spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and who has not obtained a divorce. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Divorced: A person who has obtained a legal divorce and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Widowed: A person who has lost his/her spouse through death and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Single (never legally married): A person who has never married or a person whose marriage has been annulled and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Footnote 3

Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a married spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.

Footnote 4

Persons not in census families may live with relatives (without forming a census family with them), they may live with non-relatives only or they may live alone.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 8

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 9

Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

Footnote 10

Population by language used most often at work.

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2011 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2010.

Footnote 11

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

Footnote 12

Includes persons who are stateless.

Footnote 13

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status. A landed immigrant/permanent resident refers to a person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 14

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 15

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 16

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 17

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 18

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 19

Age at immigration refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant/permanent resident status. Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 20

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

Footnote 21

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 22

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 23

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 24

China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

Footnote 25

The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Footnote 26

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 27

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 28

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 29

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 30

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 31

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. It identifies persons as being first generation, second generation or third generation or more.

Footnote 32

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 33

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 34

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 35

Religion refers to the person's self-identification as having a connection or affiliation with any religious denomination, group, body, sect, cult or other religiously defined community or system of belief. Religion is not limited to formal membership in a religious organization or group. Persons without a religious connection or affiliation can self-identify as atheist, agnostic or humanist, or can provide another applicable response.

Footnote 36

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 37

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 38

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 39

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

Footnote 40

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

Footnote 41

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

Footnote 42

'Major field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level and classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2011. This variable shows the 'primary groupings,' a CIP variant.



For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2011, Catalogue no. 12-590-X available from: www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/classification-eng.htm.



For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 43

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed a registered apprenticeship certificate (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) or other trades certificate or diploma, a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 44

Called 'Health, parks, recreation and fitness' in CIP Canada 2000.

Footnote 45

Includes 'Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other.'

Footnote 46

'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence' indicates whether the 'Location of study' is the same as the province or territory of residence in 2011, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. 'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country of the institution where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.



Users should be aware that some respondents may have reported the physical location of study rather than the location of the certificate, diploma or degree-granting institution. This could affect the responses of those who obtained a certificate, diploma or degree through a joint program or by distance learning with credentials granted in another province or country. In particular, a number of persons reported a location of study for a university credential in one of the territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), even though there were no educational institutions in the territories with the authority to grant university degrees.



For any other comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable or 'Location of study,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 47

Refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 48

Refers to whether an employed person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed include persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 49

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 50

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 51

Includes self-employed with an incorporated business and self-employed with an unincorporated business. Also included among the self-employed are unpaid family workers.

Footnote 52

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The 2011 National Household Survey occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2011.

Footnote 53

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 54

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 55

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2011 National Household Survey industry data are produced according to the NAICS 2007.

Footnote 56

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 57

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 58

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2010 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.


Net non-farm income from unincorporated business or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution, ranked by size of income, into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) with income in that group.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

The above concept and procedures also apply in the calculation of these statistics for earnings.

Work activity in 2010 - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 59

Total income - Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2010. It includes employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities); income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, employment insurance, old age security pension, Canada or Quebec pension plan benefits and disability income; income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and RRIFs; income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, GICs and mutual funds; and other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. It excludes one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump sum insurance settlements, capital gains and RRSP withdrawals. Capital gains are excluded because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are less likely to be fully spent in the period in which they are received, unlike income that is regular and recurring. Also excluded are employer's contributions to registered pension plans, Canada and Quebec pension plans, and employment insurance. Finally, voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter, and goods produced for own consumption are excluded from this total income definition.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 60

Including loss.

Footnote 61

For population with income.

Footnote 62

For population with income.

Footnote 63

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2010.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 64

Including loss.

Footnote 65

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 66

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 67

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

Total income - Total of income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income and any other money income.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 68

Market income - Refers to the sum of employment income (wages and salaries, net farm income and net income from non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities (including those from RRSPs and RRIFs) and other money income. It is equivalent to total income before tax minus all government transfers and is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Footnote 69

Earnings or employment income - Total wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

Footnote 70

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Footnote 71

Self-employment net income - Refers to the total amount received by persons aged 15 years and over during calendar year 2010 as net farm income from self-employment, or net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Footnote 72

Investment income - Refers to interest received during calendar year 2010 from deposits in banks, trust companies, cooperatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures, and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign corporate stocks and mutual funds. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources, such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. Does not include capital gains or losses.

Footnote 73

Retirement pensions - Refers to all regular income received by the respondent during calendar year 2010 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF), a matured Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed-term annuity, or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widow(er)s or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP, or refunds of over-contributions.

Footnote 74

Other money income - Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 2010 and not reported in any of the other sources listed on the questionnaire. For example, severance pay and retirement allowances, alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, income from abroad (excluding dividends and interest), non refundable scholarships, bursaries, fellowships and study grants, and artists' project grants are included.

Footnote 75

Government transfer payments - Refers to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during 2010. This variable is derived by summing the amounts reported in:

- the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor
- benefits from Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- child benefits
- other income from government sources.

Footnote 76

Benefits from Canada or Quebec pension plan - Refers to benefits received during calendar year 2010 from the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (For example, retirement pensions, survivors' benefits and disability pensions). Does not include lump-sum death benefits.

Footnote 77

Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement - Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons aged 65 years and over, and to the Allowance or Allowance for the survivor paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of old age security recipients or widow(er)s by the federal government during the calendar year 2010.

Footnote 78

Benefits from employment insurance - Refers to total Employment Insurance benefits received during calendar year 2010, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, work sharing, retraining and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal Employment Insurance Program or the Quebec Parental Insurance Program.

Footnote 79

Child benefits - Refers to payments received under the Canada Child Tax Benefit program during calendar year 2010 by parents with dependent children under 18 years of age. Included with the Canada Child Tax Benefit is the National Child Benefit Supplement (NCBS) for low-income families with children. The NCBS is the federal contribution to the National Child Benefit (NCB), a joint initiative of federal, provincial and territorial governments. Also included in this variable are child benefits, child disability benefits and earned income supplements provided by certain provinces and territories and the Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB).

Footnote 80

Other income from government sources - Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Employment Insurance benefits and child benefits) received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal programs during 2010.

Footnote 81

Income tax paid - Refers to all federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid on 2010 income. Federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid refer to taxes on income, after taking into account exemptions, deductions, non-refundable tax credits and the Quebec abatement. These taxes are obtained from the income tax files for persons who allowed access to their income tax data and from direct responses on the questionnaire for others.

Footnote 82

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid for 2010.

Footnote 83

Net capital gains or losses -
Refers to the net gains received or losses incurred during calendar year 2010 from the sale of capital property. This represents the proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base of the property and outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property. Capital property includes depreciable property and any property which, if sold, would result in a capital gain or loss (for example, cottages, buildings and securities such as mutual funds).

Non-taxable capital gains or losses on the sale of a principal residence are excluded.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the definition of Total income as published in standard products.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the concept of total income but are expressed here as a percentage to obtain a relative measure of size.

Footnote 84

Low income can be measured in several different ways in household surveys. For the standard products of the National Household Survey, the line chosen is a relative measure: the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT).

For this measure, the income used is after-tax income of households. There are no regional variations to account for prices or cost of living differences: all applicable households in Canada face the same line adjusted for household size. This line is set at half the median of adjusted household after-tax income. To account for potential economies of scale, the income of households with more than one member is divided by the square root of the size of the household.

All household members are considered to share the household income and are attributed the same income status.

Note: Low-income estimates in the 2011 National Household Survey

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), low-income statistics are presented based on the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). This measure is not related to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) presented in the 2006 Census and prevalence rates are conceptually not comparable. Because of the sensitivity of certain income indicators to differences in methodology and response patterns, direct comparisons to establish trends with low-income estimates from other household surveys, administrative programs or the 2006 Census are discouraged. The prevalence rates observed in the NHS at the national level are generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher than seen for similar concepts in other programs. However, analysis of the NHS data suggests that it is valid to compare low-income data for different sub-populations within the NHS (i.e., for different geographic areas or demographic groups). For more information, refer to the Income Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011006.

Footnote 85

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting or fishing) could have made the interpretation of low-income rates more difficult.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011038.